B. Aas, W. Beer, I. Beltrami, K. Bongardt, P. Ebersold, R. Eichler, Ledebur Th von, H. J. Leisi, W. W. Sapp, J-A Pinston, J. Kern, R. Lanners, and W. Schwitz, "Crystal-spectrometer measurement of the 3d-2p X-ray transition in muonic /sup 31/P," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A329, no. 3, pp. 450--62, 1979.
Abstract: The authors have measured the wavelength of the 3d/sub 5/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ muonic X-ray transition in /sup 31/P relative to the wavelength of the 84 keV gamma -ray from a /sup 170/Tm source. The result is lambda /sup P// lambda /sup Tm/=0.957247(31). Using the reported value for lambda /sup Tm/ they find ( lambda /sub exp//sup P/- lambda /sub th//sup P/)/ lambda /sub th//sup P/=(-28+or-32)*10/sup -6/, where lambda /sub th//sup P/ is the wavelength calculated according to the prescriptions of QED. Combining this result with the corresponding result reported earlier for mu -/sup 28/Si, they obtain a limit for an additional muon-nucleon interaction. They compare this limit to the prediction of the Weinberg-Salam model, i.e., the interaction mediated by the Higgs boson. (43 References).
B. Aas, R. Eichler, and HJ. Leisi, "Transition wavelengths of muonic X-rays of magnesium, silicon and phosphorus," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A375, no. 3, pp. 439--52, 1982.
Abstract: QED calculations are presented for the wavelengths of the 3d/sub 5/2/-2p/sub 3/2/, 3d/sub 3/2/-2p/sub 1/2/, 3d/sub 3/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ and 3s/sub 1/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ transitions in muonic /sup 24/Mg, /sup 28/Si and /sup 31/P. These values are need for the interpretation of recent crystal-spectrometer experiments. Various contributions to the transition wavelengths including nuclear finite-size and polarization shifts and the electron screening effect are discussed in detail. The authors conclude that, for the wavelengths of the 3d-2p transitions, the Dirac energy and the radiative corrections have uncertainties of the order of 1 ppm. At present, the limitation on the final precision is the uncertainty of the electron screening correction ( approximately 6 ppm); ways of improving the situation are indicated. (39 References).
B. Aas, W. Beer, I. Beltrami, P. Ebersold, R. Eichler, Th Ledebur, H. J. Leisi, W. Ruckstuhl, W. W. Sapp, A. Vacchi, J. Kern, J-A Pinston, and R. Weber, "Vacuum polarization test and search for direct muon-hadron interaction from muonic X-rays," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 406--10, 1982.
Abstract: Results are reported on wavelength measurements of 3d-2p X-ray transitions in muon /sup 24/Mg, /sup 28/Si and /sup 31/P. The experiments were performed with the bent-crystal spectrometer at SIN. The results are analysed as a QED test and, alternatively, as a search for muon-hadron interactions. The relative difference between theory and experiment for the vacuum polarization effect is (0.6+or-2.4)*10/sup -3/. (17 References).
B. Aas, W. Beer, I. Beltrami, P. Ebersold, R. Eichler, ThV Ledebur, H. J. Leisi, W. Ruckstuhl, W. W. Sapp, A. Vacchi, J. Kern, J-A Pinston, W. Schwitz, and R. Weber, "Vacuum polarization test and search for muon-hadron interactions from muonic X-rays. Crystal-spectrometer experiments," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A375, no. 3, pp. 405--38, 1982.
Abstract: The authors have measured the wavelengths of the 3d/sub 5/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ and the 3d/sub 3/2/-2p/sub 1/2/ X-ray transitions in mu -/sup 24/Mg, -/sup 28/Si and -/sup 31/P with the bent-crystal spectrometer at the SIN muon channel. The X-rays are measured relative to the wavelengths of the 84 keV and the 63 keV gamma -rays of /sup 170/Tm and /sup 169/Yb which have recently been calibrated to about 1 ppm. The measured X-ray wavelengths lambda /sub e/x/sub p/ are compared with theoretical values lambda /sub th/, as obtained from QED calculations. The relative difference, averaged over all six measured transitions, is mod ( lambda /sub exp/- lambda /sub th/)/( lambda /sub th/)=(2+or-8)*10/sup -6/. This result corresponds to a test of the vacuum polarization effect in QED of (0.6+or-2.4)*10/sup -3/. Assuming the QED calculations to be correct, they can use the result to put limits on additional muon-nucleon interactions (as required by gauge theories). If such an interaction is mediated by a scalar, isoscalar boson with a mass smaller than 1 MeV, the coupling constant is found to be (g/sub N/g/sub mu /)/(4 pi )=(-4+or-17)*10/sup -9/. Alternatively, they can deduce from the experiments the most accurate direct value to date for the negative muon mass, m/sub mu /=105.65906(91) MeV. (41 References).
V. M. Abazov, V. S. Butsev, D. Chultem, D. Knotek, A. Mastalka, and V. Presperin, "Negative pion capture in heterogeneous mixtures of elements," Nuclear Instruments & Methods, vol. 169, no. 3, pp. 423--5, 1980.
Abstract: Zn+Se and Cd+Te were studied by means of the measurement of the radioactivity produced by negative pion absorption. (6 References).
V. M. Abazov, N. A. Boinova-Eliseeva, V. A. Gordeev, C. A. Kutuzov, I. N. Mitropol'skii, H-G Ortlepp, B. M. Sabirov, and GE. Solyakin, "A test for monopole nuclear excitation in bound-muon decay," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1008--14, 1988.
Abstract: The physical basis is given for an attempt to define monopole nuclear excitation in bound-muon decay. (11 References).
D. J. Abbott, V. Markushin, and RT. Siegel, "Comment on a proposed experimental method to measure the hyperfine splitting of muonic hydrogen ( mu /sup -/p)/sub 1S/," Physics Letters A, vol. 178, no. 5-6, pp. 398--9, 1993.
Abstract: The authors simulated an experiment which has been proposed to measure the hyperfine splitting of the ground state of the muonic hydrogen atom. The observable effect of a laser pulse which excites singlet mu p atoms to the triplet state is smaller than described in the original proposal. (7 References).
D. J. Abbott and others, "Diffusion of muonic deuterium and hydrogen atoms," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 243--249, 1993.
D. J. Abbott, G. F. Chen, P. Guss, A. D. Hancock, J. B. Kraiman, R. T. Siegel, W. F. Vulcan, D. W. Viel, R. E. Welsh, C. Petitjean, A. Zehnder, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, P. Kammel, A. Scrinzi, J. Marton, J. Zmeskal, J. J. Reidy, H. L. Woolverton, F. J. Hartmann, A. Adamczak, V. E. Markushin, and VS. Melezhik, "Diffusion of muonic deuterium and hydrogen atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 214--29, 1997.
Abstract: Diffusion of muonic deuterium mu d and muonic hydrogen mu p atoms produced following the stopping of negative muons in D/sub 2/ or H/sub 2/ at 300 K was studied at pressures of 47-750 mbar (H/sub 2/) and 94-1520 mbar (D/sub 2/) in two distinct target geometries. Time intervals were recorded between entry of negative muons into the gas and arrival of each resulting mu d or mu p atom at one of 50 foils immersed in the gas, and spaced regularly along the muon beam axis. The results of such measurements were fitted to time distributions generated by Monte Carlo methods, using theoretical scattering predictions and empirically chosen forms for the initial energy distributions of the muonic atoms in the 1S state. Results indicate muonic atom energy distributions which (a) are different for mu d and mu p and (b) vary with pressure. The best-fit energy distributions have mean energies ranging from 1.5 eV for mu d at 94 mbar to [right angle bracket]or=9 eV for mu p at 750 mbar. The data are also sensitive to scattering cross sections for mu d and mu p, and are consistent with current theoretical calculations for the mu d+D/sub 2/ cross sections. In the case of mu p+H/sub 2/ scattering, the experimental data suggest discrepancies with the theoretical predictions. (43 References).
R. Abela, G. Backenstoss, I. Schwanner, P. Blum, D. Gotta, L. M. Simons, and P. Zsoldos, "Measurement of the circular polarization of muonic K/sub alpha / X-rays in Se and Pd," Physics Letters B, vol. 71B, no. 2, pp. 290--2, 1977.
Abstract: The circular polarization P/sub c/ of muonic K alpha X-rays was measured for the elements Se and Pd. The values for Se show an unexplained strong depolarization in the j=l-1/2 states. The values found in Pd indicate a quite normal cascade depolarization. (9 References).
R. Abela, P. Blum, R. Guigas, H. Koch, and H. Poth, "Measurement of the s-wave contribution to 2p-level shifts in pionic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 282, no. 1, pp. 93--6, 1977.
Abstract: Energies and widths of pionic 3d-2p transitions of /sub 30/Zn, /sub 32/Ge, and /sub 33/As are measured with a Ge detector. The values of the 2p shifts obtained from the measurement, i.e. epsilon /sub 2p/(Zn)=7.0+or-1.4 keV, epsilon /sub 2p/(Ge)=5.5+or-0.9 keV, and epsilon /sub 2p/(As)=4.6+or-0.9 keV, show a decreasing behaviour for large Z, which is caused by an increasing s-wave contribution as predicted by theory. (7 References).
R. Abela, G. Backenstoss, D'Qliveira A. Brandao, M. Izycki, H. O. Meyer, I. Schwanner, L. Tauscher, P. Blum, W. Fetscher, D. Gotta, H. Koch, H. Poth, and LM. Simons, "Pionic X-ray transitions in /sup 3/He," Physics Letters B, vol. 68B, no. 5, pp. 429--32, 1977.
Abstract: Pionic /sup 3/He atoms have been produced in a gaseous target. Energies and strong absorption broadening of the 2 to 1 and the 3 to 1 transition lines have been measured. The 1s level is shifted by 44 eV by the (attractive) strong interaction, and the natural 1s level width is 42 eV. (13 References).
R. Abela, W. Kunold, M. Schneider, and LM. Simons, "Observations of the 2s-2p muonic X-ray transition in /sup 68/Zn," Sin Newsletter, vol. 12, no. , pp. 36-7, 1979.
Abstract: The measurement was performed at the SIN mu E1 channel with a /sup 68/ZnO target of 10 g. An intrinsic germanium semiconductor diode with 80 mm/sup 2/ area and a thickness of 7 mm was used for the detection of the two components of the 2s-2p transition. An energy range from 10 to 65 keV was selected. In order to improve the sensitivity of the experiment a coincidence measurement between the signals of the Ge-diode and the 2p-1s transition at 1.595 MeV was performed. This transition was detected with a CsF crystal (5{"} diameter and 6{"} length) with an overall efficiency of 6% at 1.600 MeV. The coincidence requirement was essential to suppress the background due to mu /sup -/O and mu /sup -/C transitions and to increase the peak to background ratio. (3 References).
R. Abela, "Circular polarization of muonic X-ray radiation," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 52, no. 3, 1980.
Abstract: Summary form only given, as follows. The author reports a return to depolarisation measurement with apparatus improved in analytical capacity and efficiency. 4Ge(Li) detectors were used for detection of X-rays. The transmission polarimeter with a length of 10 cm was made from VACOFLUX (Fe, Co-alloy). Its analysis capacity amounts to (1.8+or-0.2)% at 1.33 MeV. The circular polarization of 2p-1s transitions of the following elements were measured: Se (amorphous), Se (metallic) Pd and Cd. The results are tabulated and discussed. (3 References).
R. Abela, G. Backenstoss, M. Izucki, W. Kowald, I. Schwanner, L. Tauscher, H. J. Weyer, M. Doerr, W. Fetscher, R. Guigas, D. Gotta, H. Poth, G. Schmidt, and H. Ullrich, "Isotope effects of light pionic atoms," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 413--14, 1980.
Abstract: Precision measurements with an intense pion beam to find the 1s state energy shift and line broadening for the isotopes /sup 16/O, /sup 18/O, and /sup 3/He. Significant differences were found for the isotope pairs /sup 3/He-/sup 4/He and /sup 16/O-/sup 18/O by reducing for helium the detector resolution from 310 to 190 eV and improving the statistics by 50% and for oxygen the energy resolution to one-half of the previous value. Also, for oxygen, the line-to-background ratio could be improved by a factor of 3 and the statistics were increased by a factor of 2.5. (4 References).
R. Abela, W. Kunold, R. Metzner, and LM. Simons, "Measurement of anisotropy of emission direction of muonic X-ray radiation with reference to beam direction," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 419--20, 1980.
Abstract: One of the basic assumptions in the computation of depolarization, which relates to the basic state of muon atoms, is the complete loss of directional memory of muons with reference to beam direction before the formation of the atoms (Mann and Rose, Phys. Rev., vol.121, p.239, 1961). The authors refer to this and other notions and measured data in previously published works by Leon and Seki, Vogel, Lum et al. and Korenman. They report that their measurements have produced results contrary to the popular hypotheses about Coulomb capture and the formation of muonic atoms. (5 References).
R. Abela, W. Kunold, R. Metzner, L. M. Simons, and H. Pilkuhn, "Measurement of anisotropy of muonic X-ray radiation with a one-dimensional platinum (KCP)-crystal," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 52, no. 3, 1980.
Abstract: Summary form only given, as follows. An anisotropy has been found in the intensity distribution of muonic X-ray radiation in the 2p/sub 3/2/ to 1s/sub 1/2/-transition with a platinum (KCP)-monocrystal as target. With the standardization condition that no anisotropy occurs in the placement of crystal axis perpendicular to the direction of radiation, the resulting anisotropy beta for a setting of the axis parallel to the beam amounts to -(8.6+or-2.2).10/sup -2/. (0 References).
R. Abela, W. Kunold, L. M. Simons, and M. Schneider, "Search for a dynamical E0 excitation in the muonic /sup 68/Zn atom," Physics Letters B, vol. 94B, no. 3, pp. 331--4, 1980.
Abstract: Using a coincidence technique, the 2s-2p transition in muonic /sup 68/Zn has been observed. The measured energies were compared with theory and no evidence for a dynamical E0 excitation was found indicating a value for the E0 matrix element much smaller than predicted. (7 References).
R. Abela, G. Backenstoss, W. Kunold, L. M. Simons, and R. Metzner, "Measurements of the polarization of the 2p and 1s states in muonic atoms and the helicity of the muon in pion decay," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A395, no. 2, pp. 413--34, 1983.
Abstract: The authors have measured the polarization of the 2p and 1s states in muonic selenium (amorphous and metallic modifications), cadmium, palladium and iodine, in order to study the depolarization of muons in the cascading process and to measure the helicity of the mu /sup -/. In the cases of cadmium, palladium and amorphous selenium good agreement between the measurements and cascade calculations is found. There is an unexpected depolarization of the 2p/sub 1/2/ state in metallic selenium. The helicity of the muon after the pion decay was measured to h/sub mu /=+0.99+or-0.16. (29 References).
R. Abela, P. Blum, D. Gotta, W. Kunold, K. Meissner, M. Schneider, and LM. Simons, "First experimental experience with a cyclotron trap," Sin Newsletter, vol. 16, no. , pp. 65-7, 1984.
Abstract: The study of the formation of muonic atoms in low-Z gaseous materials requires a high negative muon stop density in dilute gases such as Ne or B/sub 2/H/sub 6/ (diborane). In order to improve the available negative muon stop densities a new device (cyclotron-trap) was developed which makes use of the focusing properties of a suitably shaped magnetic field to concentrate charged particles in the center of the trap. The field is provided by a superconducting split coil magnet which produces a field strength of about 4 Tesla in the central region. A stop density of 2*10/sup 4/ mu /sup -/ at 100 mu A has been achieved. The stop distribution was measured by the detection of the nitrogen and oxygen X-rays of air from the central region of the trap. (0 References).
R. Abela, F. Foroughi, C. Petitjean, D. Renker, and E. Steiner, "Muon beams in the 90`s," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 459--65, 1991.
Abstract: The present upgrading of accelerators and beam facilities at PSI will greatly improve the offered muon beams. In particular, the new beam pi E5 will increase the maximum available fluxes substantially. Plans to build a new low energy muon facility to produce slow muons ([left angle bracket]or approximately=30 keV) at appreciable intensities are discussed. (12 References).
R. Abela, K. Bodek, P. Boeni, F. Foroughi, L. Grenacs, L. Jarczyk, S. Kistryn, J. Lang, R. Mueller, S. Navert, O. Navilliat-Cuncic, A. Proykova, J. Smyrski, J. Sromicki, E. Stephan, A. Strzalkowski, J. Zejma, and W. Zipper, "Optimization study for a measurement of polarization observables in mu /sup -/-capture on nuclei," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 223--4, 1995.
Abstract: The experiment is aimed at a precise determination of the induced pseudoscalar form factor F/sub P/ in mu /sup -/-capture on /sup 16/O nuclei via a measurement of the polarization observables P/sub av/, P/sub L/ and T/sup 0//sub 2/. The method uses the beta -decay asymmetry as an analyzer of the spin orientation of the produced /sup 16/N nuclei. Several tests were performed in order to find optimal conditions for measurement with stack targets, sensitive to the recoil direction of the /sup 16/N nuclei. In addition the possibility of measuring P/sub av/ using of a water-based target has been investigated. (4 References).
D. I. Abramov and VV. Gusev, "The Coulomb two-centre problem near the boundary of the continuous spectrum," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 2445--57, 1992.
Abstract: The wavefunctions of ZeZ system states close to the boundary of the continuous spectrum, the low-energy scattering phaseshifts and the energies of the Rydberg states have been studied. Their expressions in terms of the wavefunction of the zero energy state, its phaseshift Phi and normalization constant N have been obtained. The dependencies of Phi and N on the intercentre distance R have been plotted using numerical data and asymptotic formulae for R[right angle bracket][right angle bracket]1 and R[left angle bracket][left angle bracket]1 have been obtained. (14 References).
D. I. Abramov, V. V. Gusev, S. V. Klimenko, L. I. Ponomarev, W. Krueger, and W. Renz, "The quantum Coulomb three-body problem - Visualization of simulation results and numerical methods," in Proceedings Visualization '93, (G. M. Nielson and D. Bergeron, eds.), (Los Alamitos, CA, USA), pp. 378-81, 1993.
Abstract: Some years ago it was established that the muon catalyzed fusion phenomenon could be used for the production of energy. This fact has been causing a rebirth of interest in the universal methods of solving the quantum Coulomb three-body problem. The adiabatic hyperspherical (AHS) approach considered in this joint project has definite advantages in comparison with other methods. The case study proposed focuses on the study of the structure and behavior of the wave function of bound states of a quantum three-body system as well as of the basis functions of the AHS approach. Adapted scientific visualization tools such as surface rendering, volume ray tracing and texturing will be used. Visualization allows to discover interesting features in the behavior of the basis functions and to analyze the convergence of the AHS-expansion for the wave functions. (7 References).
D. I. Abramov, L. N. Bogdanova, V. V. Gusev, and LI. Ponomarev, "The local characteristics of the bound states of muonic molecules," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 301-6, 1996.
Abstract: The sticking probabilities omega /sup Jv/, G- and gamma -factors for all bound states of mesic molecules HH mu , HD mu , HT mu , DD mu , DT mu , and TT mu with J=0 and v=0, 1 have been calculated in the adiabatic hyperspherical approach (AHSA). (6 References).
D. I. Abramov, V. V. Gusev, and LI. Ponomarev, "Reduced adiabatic hyperspherical basis in the Coulomb three-body bound state problem," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 375-80, 1996.
Abstract: A new version of the adiabatic hyperspherical approach (AHSA) is suggested which has significant advantages for the calculation of three-body states with total angular momentum J[right angle bracket]0. The binding energies of all bound states of mesic molecules with normal parity are calculated by the suggested method. Comparison with results of variational calculations and the fast convergence of the method confirm its high efficiency. (13 References).
D. I. Abramov, V. V. Gusev, and LI. Ponomarev, "Relationship between the adiabatic hyperspherical and the Born-Oppenheimer approach to the Coulomb three-body problem," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 1259--70, 1997.
Abstract: "The relationship between the adiabatic hyperspherical (AHS) and the standard adiabatic (Born-Oppenheimer) approach to the Coulomb three-body problem in which the three charges satisfy the conditions Z/sub 1/[right angle bracket]0, Z/sub 2/[right angle bracket]0, and Z/sub 3/[left angle bracket]0 is studied. It is shown that, in the limit M to infinity
D. I. Abramov, L. N. Bogdanova, V. V. Gusev, and LI. Ponomarev, "Local characteristics of the bound states of muonic molecules," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 520--33, 1998.
Abstract: The sticking probabilities omega /sub 2/ and G, rho , and gamma factors for all bound states of muonic molecules pp mu , pd mu , p/ mu , dd mu , dt mu , and tt mu with total angular momentum J=0 are calculated in the adiabatic hyperspherical approach and are compared with the results of previous calculations. It is shown that the relative precision of about 10/sup -3/ of the calculated values is achieved already with 15 adiabatic hyperspherical basis functions. (43 References).
D. I. Abramov, V. V. Gusev, and LI. Ponomarev, "Elastic scattering, muon transfer, bound states and resonances in the three-body mesic molecular systems in the reduced adiabatic hyperspherical approach," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 127--32, 1999.
Abstract: The uniform method of numerical investigation of bound states and scattering processes 2 to 2 (including resonance states) in the Coulomb three-body systems is developed. It is based on the adiabatic hyperspherical approach and includes the numerical realization and applications to the three-body mesic atomic systems. The results of calculations of bound states of these systems (including the local characteristics of the wave functions) and the scattering processes 2 to 2 (including the characteristics of the resonance states) are presented. (9 References).
D. I. Abramov and VV. Gusev, "Calculation of resonant states of the (d mu /sup 3/He)/sub J=0/ ion in the adiabatic hyperspherical approach," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 891--903, 2000.
Abstract: The resonant state of the Coulomb three-body system d+( mu /sup 3/He) (J=0) below the ( mu d)/sub 1s/+/sup 3/He threshold is investigated using the adiabatic hyperspherical (AHS) approach. The effective numerical method for the scattering problem in the AHS basis is developed. This allows one to study in detail the energy dependence of the three-body wavefunction, its local characteristics (G- and gamma -factors) and the phase shift delta in the resonance range. The resonance position E/sub 0/=70.82 eV and the width Gamma =3.8*10/sup -4/ eV are obtained as the parameters of the Breit-Wigner formula which reproduces the numerical results for the regularized normalization constant N/sup 2/(E). The numerically calculated G-factor depends strongly on E within the resonance width. Its E dependence is reproduced with high accuracy by a three-parameter formula. In contrast to the G-factor, the numerically obtained gamma -factors do not depend on E noticeably in the resonance range. (24 References).
D. I. Abramov, V. V. Gusev, and LI. Ponomarev, "Adiabatic hyperspherical approach to the problems of muon catalyzed fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 271--4, 2001.
Abstract: "The adiabatic hyperspherical approach (AHSA) is applied for the numerical investigation of the scattering processes and resonances in Coulomb three-body mesic atomic systems. The results of the calculations of elastic and inelastic cross sections in low-energy collisions a mu + b (a
D. I. Abramov, V. V. Gusev, and LI. Ponomarev, "Adiabatic hyperspherical approach to describing low-energy mesic-atom scattering," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 1442--50, 2001.
Abstract: "The adiabatic hyperspherical approach developed previously is used to describe the asymmetric mesic-atom scattering a mu +b to a mu +b, a+b mu (a
D. I. Abramov and VV. Gusev, "Calculation of resonant states of muonic molecular ions p mu He, d mu He, t mu He in the adiabatic hyperspherical approach," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A689, no. 1-2, 2001.
Abstract: The resonant states of muonic molecular ions x mu /sup 3,4/He (x=p,d,t) are important for the theory of nuclear collisions at ultra low energies. The positions and the widths of these resonances, as well as G- and gamma -factors, are calculated in the adiabatic hyperspherical approach (AHSA) for total angular momentum J=0,1. This approach was used previously for bound states and scattering in the Coulomb three-body systems. The numerical method developed for resonances is based on the reduction of the hyperradial scattering problem to the boundary-value problem on the finite interval with the boundary conditions of R-matrix type. (16 References).
D. I. Abramov, V. V. Gusev, and LI. Ponomarev, "Low energy scattering processes in the Coulomb three-body systems," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A684, no. , pp. 675-7, 2001.
Abstract: For the description of the low energy collisions in the Coulomb three-body problem (two positively charged particles and one negatively charged) the effective method is developed. It is applied for the calculations of the cross sections of elastic and inelastic collision processes in the systems d mu p, t mu p and t mu d. (8 References).
D. I. Abramov, V. V. Gusev, and LI. Ponomarev, "Spin-flip and elastic processes in slow collisions of mesic atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 275--80, 2001.
Abstract: "The reduced adiabatic hyperspherical (RAHS) basis suggested previously is used for the calculation of elastic and spin-flip cross sections in the processes (a mu )/sub F/ + a to (a mu )/sub F'/ + a
A. G. Abrashkevich, I. V. Puzynin, YuS Smirnov, and SI. Vinitsky, "A generalized adiabatic approach to exotic three-body systems," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 381-9, 1996.
Abstract: A generalized adiabatic approach providing the asymptotic separation of the fast and slow variables for the three-body muonic scattering problem is considered. A uniform classification scheme of the different adiabatic bases for some typical three-body Coulomb systems is discussed. The estimations of the cross section of the elastic scattering process (Tp)/sub n=1/+d to (tp)/sub n=1/+d are presented. (19 References).
N. N. Achasov, V. V. Gubin, and VI. Shevchenko, "Production of scalar KK molecules in phi radiative decays," International Journal of Modern Physics A, vol. 12, no. 28, pp. 5019--37, 1997.
Abstract: The potentialities of the production of the scalar KK molecules in the phi radiative decays are considered beyond the narrow resonance width approximation. It is shown that BR( phi to gamma f/sub 0/(a/sub 0/) to gamma pi pi ( pi eta )) approximately=(1/2)*10/sup -5/, BR( phi to gamma (f/sub 0/+a/sub 0/) to gamma K/sup +/K/sup -/)[left angle bracket]or approximately=10/sup -6/ and BR( phi to gamma (f/sub 0/+a/sub 0/) to gamma K/sub S/K/sub S/)[left angle bracket]5.10/sup -8/. The mass spectra in the pi pi , pi eta , K/sup +/K/sup -/ channels are calculated. The imaginary part of the amplitude phi to gamma f/sub 0/(a/sub 0/) is calculated analytically. It is obtained by the phase of the scalar resonance production amplitude that causes the interference patterns in the reaction e/sup +/e/sup -/ to gamma pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/ in the phi meson mass region. (17 References).
P. Ackerbauer, J. Bistirlich, H. Bossy, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, K. M. Crowe, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, M. Jeitler, M. Justice, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Naegele, W. Neumann, C. Petitjean, H. Plendl, A. Scrinzi, R. H. Sherman, W. Schott, J. Werner, and J. Zmeskal, "New results in muon catalyzed fusion," Sin Newsletter, vol. 20, no. , pp. NL43-5, 1988.
Abstract: The authors discuss briefly their new experimental setup for the study of muon catalyzed fusion and present initial experimental results. For the experiment a new cryogenic target was developed capable of operating D-T mixtures between 10 K and 50 K in gaseons, liquid and solid phases. A counter system used for the measurement of multiple emissions of the 14 MeV fusion neutrons, muonic X-rays and electrons uses BGO and NaI detectors. Preliminary results involving tritium concentration and DT cycles rates are presented, the most striking feature being the effects of non-equilibration in the molecular composition and of nonlinear density dependence. The density dependence of normalized cycle rates is also presented. Results at densities [left angle bracket]0.25 are pronounced. Also shown are the effects of non-equilibration. (9 References).
P. Ackerbauer, D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, P. Baumann, H. Bossy, W. H. Breunlich, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, H. Daniel, M. Fuchs, S. Fussy, YuS Grigoriev, F. J. Hartmann, A. I. Ilyin, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, R. Lipowski, K. Lou, E. M. Maev, J. Marton, C. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, A. Scrinzi, G. G. Semenchuk, R. H. Sherman, A. A. Vorobyov, J. Werner, P. Wojciechowski, and J. Zmeskal, "Direct measurement of final sticking omega /sub s/ in muon catalyzed dt fusion," Psi Nuclear & Particle Physics Newsletter, no. , pp. 70-2, 1990.
Abstract: The authors report first results of a new experiment, aiming at a direct measurement of the mu alpha -sticking probability omega /sub s/ after the muon catalyzed fusion reaction, d mu t to alpha + mu +n, d mu t to mu alpha +n (+17.5 MeV). The factor omega /sub s/ is considered to determine the ultimate limit of energy output in muon catalysis. (3 References).
P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, M. Fuchs, S. Fussy, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, A. Scrinzi, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, H. Plendl, W. Schott, C. Petitjean, J. Bistirlich, H. Bossy, M. Justice, K. M. Crowe, R. H. Sherman, and W. Neumann, "Investigation of mu CF processes by detection of fusion neutrons: methods of analysis for time spectra," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 431--6, 1991.
Abstract: A good deal of the experimental knowledge about the kinetics of mu CF processes originates from the observation of the fusion neutrons. Analyzing the time distributions of these neutrons has proved to be a very efficient tool for determining relevant physical parameters. For a correct interpretation, it is indispensable to obtain clean neutron spectra free of background events (e.g. Michel electrons and their bremsstrahlung, neutron from nuclear capture of muons stopping in the target walls and accidental background). To achieve this, special analysis methods were developed and tested for possible systematic problems. Several different methods are explained and discussed. (18 References).
P. Ackerbauer, J. Werner, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, A. Scrinzi, J. Zmeskal, J. Bistirlich, K. M. Crowe, C. Petitjean, R. H. Sherman, P. Baumann, H. Bossy, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, W. Schott, Egidy T. von, and W. Neumann, "The kinetics of muon-catalyzed dt fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 357--72, 1993.
Abstract: A main source of information about the muon-catalyzed fusion cycle in D-T mixtures are the cycling rates lambda /sub c/, which are characteristic for the kinetic equilibrium of states attained rapidly in dense targets. The measurement, analysis and interpretation of these rates will be discussed, concentrating on the extensive set of rates observed at PSI over the last decade in gaseous, liquid and solid targets. (35 References).
P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Fuchs, S. Fussy, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, B. Lauss, J. Marton, W. Prymas, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, K. Lou, C. Petitjean, P. Baumann, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, W. Schott, Egidy T. von, P. Wojciechowski, D. Chatellard, J-P Egfer, E. Jeannet, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, R. H. Sherman, and V. Markushin, "Survey of experimental results on mu CF including hyperfine effects," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 243--58, 1993.
Abstract: Complementary to the investigations of the most efficient dt cycle, also the other muon-induced fusion cycles in mixtures of hydrogen isotopes have been studied. The results of these dedicated experiments provide rich information about muon-induced few-body reactions and contribute significantly to a better overall understanding of mu CF. A summary of the recent progress will be presented. Special emphasis will be put on two characteristic examples, namely a new experimental approach to study the muonic cascade in H-D mixtures and the systematic study of hyperfine effects in muon-induced reactions. (48 References).
P. Ackerbauer, M. Jeitler, J. Werner, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, S. Fussy, J. Marton, A. Scrinzi, J. Zmeskal, J. Bistirlich, K. M. Crowe, P. Kammel, J. Kurck, C. Petitjean, R. H. Sherman, H. Bossy, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, W. Neumann, and G. Schmidt, "Experimental results on muon-catalyzed dt fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 67-80, 1996.
Abstract: A comprehensive experimental study of the kinetics of muon-catalyzed dt fusion has been conducted at PSI, based on the measurement of the 14 MeV neutrons from the fusion process. The target conditions included densities from 1-150% of the atomic density of liquid hydrogen, relative tritium concentrations of 2-95%, and temperatures of 13-300 K. Information about the dt cycle has been obtained from the measured neutron time distributions by different methods: Monte Carlo simulations primarily aimed at investigating epithermal effects in molecular formation and the determination and interpretation of cycling rates describing the steady state regime. (29 References).
P. Ackerbauer and others, "Study of dµd and p$'mu$d fusion in D$_2$ and H/D mixtures," PSI Annual Report, vol. Annexe I, 1996.
P. Ackerbauer, D. V. Balin, V. M. Baturin, G. A. Beer, W. H. Breunlich, T. Case, K. Crowe, H. Daniel, J. Deutsch, J. Govaerts, YuS Grigoriev, F. J. Hartmann, P. Kammel, R. King, B. Lauss, E. M. Maev, V. E. Markushin, J. Marton, M. Muehlbauer, C. Petitjean, T. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, R. Prieels, W. Prymas, W. Schott, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, and P. Wojciechowski, "A precision measurement of nuclear muon capture on /sup 3/He," Physics Letters B, vol. 417, no. 3-4, pp. 224--32, 1998.
Abstract: The muon capture rate in the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 3/He to nu /sub mu /+/sup 3/H has been measured at PSI using a modular high pressure ionization chamber. The rate corresponding to statistical hyperfine population of the mu /sup 3/He atom is (1496.0+or-4.0) s/sup -1/. This result confirms the PCAC prediction for the pseudoscalar form factors of the /sup 3/He-/sup 3/H system and the nucleon. (21 References).
P. Ackerbauer, J. Werner, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, S. Fussy, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, A. Scrinzi, J. Zmeskal, J. Bistirlich, K. M. Crowe, J. Kurck, C. Petitjean, R. H. Sherman, H. Bossy, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, W. Neumann, G. Schmidt, and MP. Faifman, "Experimental investigation of muon-catalyzed dt fusion at cryogenic temperatures," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A652, no. 4, pp. 311--38, 1999.
Abstract: An experimental investigation of muon-catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) in gaseous, liquid and solid mixtures of deuterium and tritium was performed. The target conditions included the range of densities of 0.03[left angle bracket]or approximately= phi [left angle bracket]or approximately=1.5, tritium concentrations of 2%[left angle bracket]or approximately=c/sub t/[left angle bracket]or approximately=90% and temperatures of 13[left angle bracket]or approximately=T[left angle bracket]or approximately=40K. The study was based on the analysis of observed cycling rates extracted from the measured time distributions of the fusion neutrons. For the first time, the density dependence of the rates lambda /sub (dt mu )d//sup 0/ for the dt mu molecule formation in collisions of t mu atoms in the lower (F=0) hyperfine state with D/sub 2/ molecules was determined experimentally. Evidence for the proposed effects of below-threshold resonances on molecular formation was found. Measurements at low temperatures in mixtures of different molecular compositions revealed a clear predominance of the lambda /sub (dt mu )d//sup 0/ formation rate. The probability q/sub 1s/ for d mu atoms to reach the ground state was determined as a function of density and tritium concentration. (66 References).
J. Ackermann and J. Shertzer, "Finite-element calculations for the three-body Coulomb problem with two equal masses," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 54, pp. 365-371, 1996.
Abstract: An accurate numerical finite-element method (FEM) solution of the three-body Coulomb problem with two equal masses is presented. The application of the FEM to systems with mass ratios ranging from 1836 to 1/1836 yields upper bounds for energy eigenvalues to a precision in the range of 10(-11)-10(- 9) a.u. Expectation values for different operators are computed and discussed.
J. Ackermann, "Global and local properties of the S states of the dt mu molecular ion: A finite-element study," Physical Review A, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 4201--3, 1998.
Abstract: An accurate finite-element method (FEM) is applied to solve the three-dimensional Schrodinger equation for the S states of the dt mu molecular ion. Using an adaptive refinement of the grid and higher-order polynomials the energy eigenvalues are obtained with a relative precision better than 10/sup -11/. The deviation from the virial theorem, the two-body cusp ratios, and the expectation values [left angle bracket]1/r[right angle bracket],[left angle bracket]r[right angle bracket],[left angle bracket]r/sup 2/[right angle bracket],[left angle bracket] delta (r)[right angle bracket] for the three interparticle distances are computed and discussed. The FEM values turn out to be comparable to results obtained with sophisticated global basis sets. Special local refinement techniques are applied to study the expectation values for the Dirac delta functions. New benchmark values for these local properties are presented. . (35 References).
H. Adachi and T. Mukoyama, "Electronic structures of muonic atoms and molecules," Journal de Physique, Colloque, vol. 48, no. C-9vol1, pp. 733-6, 1987.
Abstract: Electronic structures of muonic atoms and molecules have been calculated for various muonic states. The system of the muon and electrons is treated self-consistently. The Hartree-Fock-Slater method is used for atoms and the discrete-variational X alpha method is applied for molecules. The obtained energy eigenvalues and charge distributions of electrons are compared with those of atoms and molecules with Z=1, where Z is the atomic number. (3 References).
M. Adam, G. Bardin, B. Coadou, J. Duclos, A. Godin, P. Leconte, A. Magnon, J. Martino, M. Maurier, A. Mougeot, and D. Roux, "An ultra-pure, deuterium-free liquid hydrogen target," Nuclear Instruments & Methods, vol. 177, no. 2-3, pp. 305--8, 1980.
Abstract: In order to measure the muon capture rate by the proton, a 7.7 l target of ultra-pure hydrogen was built in Saclay. The target is filled with deuterium-free hydrogen (protium). The required level of Z[left angle bracket]1 impurities is 10/sup -8/. This is obtained by properly evacuating the target during one week and running the protium through a hot silver-palladium cell. (4 References).
J. Jr Adam and E. Truhlik, "Axial meson exchange current effects in deuterium in the current algebra approximation," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B33, no. 5, pp. 558--67, 1983.
Abstract: The axial meson exchange current effects are studied in reactions of muon capture in deuterium and deuterium disintegration by the reactor antineutrinos. The exchange current operator is constructed using the weak production amplitude of the pion in the current algebra approximation. The results are compared with the hard pion method. (14 References).
J. Jr Adam, E. Truhlik, S. Ciechanowicz, and K-M. Schmitt, "Muon capture in deuterium and the meson exchange current effect," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A507, no. 3-4, pp. 675--97, 1990.
Abstract: The one-meson exchange current effect in the reaction mu /sup -/+d to 2n+ nu /sub mu / is calculated by using the weak axial current operator which satisfies the nuclear continuity equation up to the order 1/M/sup 2/ (M is the nucleon mass). In the vector part of the weak nuclear interaction the vector-isovector pion exchange currents are also included. Their contribution is found to be non-negligible. The nuclear wave functions are generated from the Paris, Reid soft-core and Bonn potential models. The authors' result is compatible with the previous one, obtained with only the static axial exchange currents included. (58 References).
A. Adamczak, V. S. Melezhik, and LI. Menshikov, "Electron screening in low energy scattering of muonic hydrogen on hydrogen atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 153--60, 1986.
Abstract: Electron screening corrections to the cross sections for low energy scattering of muonic hydrogen on hydrogen atoms are calculated. It is shown that the presence of the electron influences considerably the elastic cross sections at collision energies below 1 eV. This influence is relatively small for the spin-flip and isotopic exchange processes. (17 References).
A. Adamczak and VS. Melezhik, "Low energy scattering of muonic hydrogen on hydrogen molecules," Physics Letters A, vol. 118, no. 4, pp. 181--4, 1986.
Abstract: The influence of electron screening and the formation of muonic molecules on low energy scattering of muonic hydrogen on molecules of hydrogen isotopes is estimated. Cross sections for these processes at collision energies epsilon [right angle bracket]or approximately=0.04 eV are calculated. (14 References).
A. Adamczak and VS. Melezhik, "Influence of electron-screening and molecular binding on cross sections for scattering on muonic hydrogen," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 131--6, 1988.
Abstract: The effects of electron screening in the cross sections for the scattering of muonic hydrogen on hydrogen atoms and molecules are considered. The cross sections for muonic hydrogen scattering on nuclei of hydrogen isotopes are used as input. The influence of molecular binding on molecular cross sections in the range of collision energies 0-0.25 eV is discussed. The results for molecules consisting of various isotopes of hydrogen are presented. (14 References).
A. Adamczak and VS. Melezhik, "Atlas of cross sections for scattering. II. p mu +H/sub 2/, d mu +D/sub 2/ and t mu +T/sub 2/," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 303--39, 1989.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.4, p.31 (1989). The tables and figures of low energy elastic and spin-flip cross sections for the scattering processes p mu +H/sub 2/, d mu +D/sub 2/ and t mu +T/sub 2/ are presented. The respective nuclear cross sections of the processes p mu +p, d mu +d and t mu +t, obtained in the framework of the adiabatic method, have been used as input data. The muonic hydrogen interaction with the nuclei of the molecules is described in terms of the spin-dependent pseudopotentials. Molecular binding, electron screening and spin effects are taken into account. (11 References).
A. Adamczak, "Spin correlations and rovibrational transitions in muonic hydrogen scattering on hydrogen molecules," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 31--47, 1989.
Abstract: The method of calculation of the cross sections for scattering of muonic hydrogen on gaseous hydrogen which takes into account the electron screening, spin correlations and rovibrational transitions is presented. Numerical results are given for d mu scattering on ortho- and para-deuterium molecules within the collision energy range 0-0.5 eV. For energies above roughly 0.5 eV the electronic and molecular effects are negligible and the calculated cross sections coincide practically with the respective doubled cross sections for d mu scattering on deuterium nucleus. The formulae derived are expected to be applicable to liquid hydrogen at collision energies above the energy 0.007 eV which corresponds to the Debye temperature for hydrogen. (14 References).
A. Adamczak and VS. Melezhik, "Cross sections of processes p mu +H/sub 2/, d mu +D/sub 2/ and t mu +T/sub 2/," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 65--72, 1990.
Abstract: The low energy elastic and spin-flip cross sections for scattering of muonic hydrogen atoms on symmetric hydrogen molecules are presented. The calculations are based on previous results for the respective nuclear cross sections: p mu +p, d mu +d and t mu +t. The spin-dependent pseudopotentials and the first Born approximation have been used in order to estimate the molecular and spin effects. The electron screening corrections to the molecular cross sections are taken into account. (20 References).
A. Adamczak, V. I. Korobov, and VS. Melezhik, "Atlas of cross sections for muonic hydrogen scattering on hydrogen molecules. IV," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 309--65, 1992.
Abstract: The tables and figures of low energy elastic total cross sections for the scattering of muonic hydrogen on hydrogen molecules are presented. Different combinations of three hydrogen isotopes are considered. The results for the symmetric case, where all the nuclei are identical, have been published in the second part of the atlas. The respective nuclear cross sections, obtained in the framework of the adiabatic method, are used as input data. The muonic hydrogen interaction with the nuclei of hydrogen molecules is described in terms of the Fermi pseudo-potential method. Molecular binding and electron screening effects are taken into account. (15 References).
A. Adamczak, C. Chiccoli, V. I. Korobov, V. S. Melezhik, P. Pasini, L. I. Ponomarev, and J. Wozniak, "Muon transfer rates in hydrogen isotope mesic atom collisions," Physics Letters B, vol. 285, no. 4, pp. 319--24, 1992.
Abstract: The results of multi-level adiabatic calculations for the muon transfer rates in mesic atom ground states are presented for all hydrogen isotopes. The influence of the molecular structure and electron shell of hydrogen molecules on the processes has been taken into consideration. A comparison with previous theoretical data and experiments is reported. (26 References).
A. Adamczak, "Differential cross sections for muonic hydrogen scattering on hydrogen molecules," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 91--8, 1993.
Abstract: The results of first calculations of the differential cross sections for muonic hydrogen scattering on hydrogen molecules are presented. They are functions of the initial and final kinetic energy of the system and the scattering angle. These calculations are based on the respective set of cross sections for muonic hydrogen scattering on hydrogen nuclei, obtained within the framework of the adiabatic method. The Fermi pseudopotential method is used to estimate the molecular binding effects. The influence of electrons on the cross sections under consideration is described in terms of the effective screening potential. Rotational and vibrational transitions are taken into account. The calculated molecular differential cross sections show a strong angular dependence. This effect is very significant for the electronic contributions to the cross sections, e.g. for collision energies above approximately 0.1 eV only the cross sections of small scattering angles are influenced considerably by the screening. Since these differential cross sections give detailed information about the final energies and complicated angular distributions of the scattered muonic atoms they are the proper basis for calculations concerning the deceleration of muonic hydrogen atoms in molecular hydrogen targets and for Monte Carlo simulations of different experiments in muonic physics. (24 References).
A. Adamczak, V. I. Korobov, and VS. Melezhik, "Spin-flip cross sections in muonic hydrogen scattering on hydrogen molecules," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 96, no. 3-4, pp. 277--87, 1995.
Abstract: The results of calculations of the total cross sections of spin-flip processes in low energy muonic hydrogen scattering on hydrogen molecules are presented. These calculations are based on the respective set of cross sections for muonic hydrogen scattering on hydrogen nuclei, obtained within the framework of the multichannel adiabatic method. All combinations of the three hydrogen isotopes are considered. Molecular binding effects are described in terms of the Fermi pseudopotential method. Electron screening effects are calculated in the distorted wave Born approximation. Rotational and vibrational transitions of the molecules, due to collisions with muonic hydrogen atoms, are taken into account. The molecular and electron screening corrections do not exceed a few tens per cent for lowest collision energies. (19 References).
A. Adamczak, M. P. Faifman, L. I. Ponomarev, V. I. Korobov, V. S. Melezhik, R. T. Siegel, and J. Wozniak, "Atlas of cross sections for scattering of muonic hydrogen atoms on hydrogen isotope molecules," Atomic Data & Nuclear Data Tables, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 255--344, 1996.
Abstract: The total cross sections of the elastic, spin-flip, and charge-exchange processes for the scattering of muonic hydrogen isotope atoms (p mu , d mu , t mu ) in the ground state on hydrogen isotope molecules (H/sub 2/, D/sub 2/, T/sub 2/, HD, HT, DT) are calculated. The scattering cross sections of muonic hydrogen isotope atoms on hydrogen isotope nuclei obtained earlier in the multichannel adiabatic approach are used in the calculations. Molecular effects (electron screening, rotational and vibrational excitations of target molecules, etc.) are taken into account. The spin effects of the target molecules and of the incident muonic atoms are included. The cross sections are averaged over the Boltzmann distribution of the molecule rotational states and the Maxwellian distribution of the target molecule kinetic energies for temperatures 30, 100, 300, and 1000 K. The cross sections are given for kinetic energies of the incident muonic atoms ranging from 0.001 to 100 eV in the laboratory frame. (45 References).
A. Adamczak, "Thermalization of muonic hydrogen in hydrogen targets," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 113-24, 1996.
Abstract: The thermalization of H mu atoms in protium and D mu atoms in deuterium is considered. Monte Carlo calculations are performed for gaseous (300 K) and solid (3 K) protium and deuterium targets. Complete sets of the total and differential cross sections for the scattering of H mu on protium targets and D mu on deuterium targets are used as an input to the Monte Carlo simulations. At 300 K, muonic atom scattering from single molecules of H/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/ is considered. In the case of solid hydrogen the correlation effects from all molecules of the sample are taken into account. In particular, the Bragg and phonon scattering cross sections are calculated. The spin states and average energy of the muonic atoms are shown as functions of time. It is shown that at energies below about 0.01 eV the solidstate effects influence strongly the calculated cross sections, and therefore the deceleration processes in the solids are much slower than in the gaseous targets. It is shown that the neutron spectrum due to DD mu formation and subsequent DD fusion is significantly affected by slow D mu thermalization in solid deuterium. (33 References).
A. Adamczak, "Cross Sections Data File", 1997.
A. Adamczak, "Deceleration of muonic hydrogen atoms in solid hydrogens," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 23--33, 1999.
Abstract: Results of recent calculations of cross-sections for muonic hydrogen atom scattering in solid hydrogen isotope targets are presented. The coherent parts of these cross-sections, namely, the elastic Bragg scattering and phonon coherent scattering, are calculated accurately for the first time. A fine structure of Bragg peaks is obtained in the case of Bravais FCC structure of hydrogen targets frozen rapidly at 3 K. The one-phonon coherent cross-section is estimated using the Debye approximation. The calculated differential cross-sections are used for Monte Carlo simulations of muonic atom diffusion and slowing down in solid hydrogens. Also is calculated the energy-dependent rate of resonant dd mu molecule formation in 3 K solid deuterium quantum crystal, using the Debye model and van Hove's formalism of the response function. This rate is very different from that obtained for the 3 K gas model. The influence of d mu atom slowing down on the average dd mu formation rate is considered. It is shown that very slow d mu deceleration below 10 meV is important for explanation of experimental results. (27 References).
A. Adamczak, "Muonic molecule formation in condensed deuterium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 343--50, 2001.
Abstract: Resonant formation of the muonic molecule dd mu in d mu atom scattering in condensed deuterium is considered. In particular, dd mu formation in D/sub 2/ solid targets containing different ortho-D/sub 2/ concentration is discussed, and the respective time spectra of the dd fusion products are shown. The results of the first calculation of the resonant dd mu formation rate in liquid deuterium are presented. At large momentum transfers the dd mu formation rate takes the Doppler form, similar to that obtained for a dilute gas target. A condition of validity of this approximation is also discussed. (23 References).
A. Adamczak and MP. Faifman, "Resonant dd mu formation in condensed deuterium," Physical Review A, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 052705/1-14, 2001.
Abstract: The rate of dd mu muonic-molecule resonant formation in d mu atom collisions with a condensed deuterium target is expressed in terms of a single-particle response function. In particular, dd mu formation in solid deuterium at low pressures is considered. Numerical calculations of the rate in the case of fcc polycrystalline deuterium at 3 K have been performed using the isotropic Debye model of a solid. It is shown that the energy-dependent dd mu formation rates in the solid differ strongly from those obtained for D/sub 2/ gaseous targets, even at high d mu kinetic energies. Monte Carlo neutron spectra from dd fusion in dd mu molecules have been obtained for solid targets with different concentrations of orthodeuterium and paradeuterium. The recent experimental results performed in low-pressure solid targets (statistical mixture of ortho-D/sub 2/ and para-D/sub 2/) are explained by the presence of strong recoil-less resonance peaks in the vicinity of 2 meV and very slow deceleration of d mu atoms below 10 meV. Good agreement between the calculated and experimental spectra is achieved when a broadening of D/sub 2/ rotational and vibrational levels in solid deuterium is taken into account. It has been shown that resonant dd mu formation with simultaneous phonon creation in the solid gives only about 10% contribution to the fusion neutron yield. The neutron time spectra calculated for pure ortho-D/sub 2/ and para-D/sub 2/ targets are very similar. A practically constant value of the mean dd mu formation rate, observed for different experimental conditions, is ascribed to the fact that all the recent measurements have been performed at temperatures T[left angle bracket]or approximately=19 K, much lower than the target Debye temperature Theta /sub D/ approximately=110 K. In result, the formation rate, obtained in the limit T/ Theta /sub D/[left angle bracket][left angle bracket]1, depends weakly on the temperature. (44 References).
A. Adamczak, D. Bakalov, K. Bakalova, E. Polacco, and C. Rizzo, "On the use of a H-2-O-2 gas target in muonic hydrogen atom hyperfine splitting experiments," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 136, pp. 1-7, 2001.
Abstract: We propose a substantial improvement of the experimental method for the measurement of the hyperfine splitting of the ground state of muonic hydrogen described in earlier papers [1,2]. By further developing the idea to use the diffusion of the muon hydrogen atoms as a signature of laser-induced hyperfine transitions, we suggest a technique based on the energy dependence of the rate of muon transfer to oxygen in the thermal region, and demonstrate its efficiency and significant practical advantages.
A. Adamczak, D. Bakalov, K. Bakalova, E. Polacco, and C. Rizzo, "On the use of a H/sub 2/-O/sub 2/ gas target in muonic hydrogen atom hyperfine splitting experiments," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 136, no. 1-2, pp. 1--7, 2001.
Abstract: We propose a substantial improvement of the experimental method for the measurement of the hyperfine splitting of the ground state of muonic hydrogen. By further developing the idea to use the diffusion of the muon hydrogen atoms as a signature of laser-induced hyperfine transitions, we suggest a technique based on the energy dependence of the rate of muon transfer to oxygen in the thermal region, and demonstrate its efficiency and significant practical advantages. (11 References).
M. N. Adamov and AV. Filinskii, "Application of modified adiabatic approximation to pp mu , dd mu , and tt mu mesomolecules," Optika i Spektroskopiya, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 351--4, 1982.
Abstract: It is shown that the application to homonuclear mesomolecules of the modified adiabatic approximation (MAA) with the coefficient of adiabaticity independent of the slow subsystem coordinates yields results that are considerably more accurate than those obtained when the ordinary adiabatic approximation (OAA) is used. One can, therefore, attempt to use the MAA for calculation by expanding the desired wave function on the basis of modified two-center functions. (11 References).
M. N. Adamov and AV. Filinskii, "Adiabatic coefficients and condition at the particle collision point," Optika i Spektroskopiya, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1116--18, 1983.
Abstract: In the adiabatic approximation, the motions of the molecules are separated, and a foundation is laid for a theory of molecular spectra. When the electron is replaced by a muon, however, this approximation becomes too crude. To take the deviations from an adiabatic situation into account in the modified adiabatic approximation requires carrying out a laborious variational procedure. The authors propose a calculation method which avoids that procedure. (6 References).
M. N. Adamov, YuN Demkov, and AV. Filinskii, "Variational calculation of the ground state energy of three-particle systems on the exponential basis," Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, Fizika i Khimiya, , vol. 4, no. , pp. 73-6, 1983.
Abstract: The ground state energy of three-particle mesomolecules and exotic atoms is calculated on the purely exponential basis. The results obtained are lower than the results of much more accurate variational calculations. (11 References).
M. N. Adamov and AV. Filinski, "Half-integer powers of parametric coordinates in three-particle variational wave functions," Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, Fizika i Khimiya, , vol. 3, no. , pp. 68-70, 1984.
Abstract: A new trial function for three-particle systems with Coulomb interaction is suggested. The calculated energies of ground- and first excited S-states of molecules and positronium ion are more accurate, than the results of the best variational treatments. (6 References).
B. Addison-Jones, P. W. Percival, J-C Brodovitch, Ji Feng, D. Sharma, and S. Wlodek, "Detection of an alpha -Muonium-substituted methyl radical," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 87, no. 1-4, pp. 847--51, 1994.
Abstract: Reported here is the first observation of an alpha -Muonium-substituted methyl radical. The key to the success of this experiment was the use of a more stable precursor, trimethylsilyldiazomethane, in lieu of the prototypical diazomethane, The radical, .CHMuSi(CH/sub 3/)/sub 3/ was observed by TF- mu SR, with A/sub mu /=187.6(2) MHz. This result is compared to literature values for the proton analogue and the isotope effect is discussed. (9 References).
B. Addison-Jones, P. W. Percival, J. C. Brodovitch, and F. Ji, "Temperature dependence of the muon and proton hyperfine constants of an alpha -muonium-substituted methyl radical," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 106, no. 1-4, pp. 143--9, 1997.
Abstract: Muon hyperfine constants A/sub mu / have been measured by transverse field mu SR for (CH/sub 3/)/sub 3/SiCHMu in hexane from 167 K to 332 K. In addition, avoided level-crossing resonance was used to determine alpha -proton coupling constants A/sub p/ over a similar range of temperatures. The two hyperfine constants can be described by a common temperature dependence, d|A/sub i/|/dT=1.4*10/sup -3/ MHz K/sup -1/, where A/sub i/ represents A/sub p/ or the reduced muon constant A/sub mu /'=0.3141 A/sub mu /. There is a small isotope effect (A/sub mu /' is 2.2% larger than A/sub p/) consistent with zero-point motion in the anharmonic C-H bond stretch. The common temperature dependence is tentatively attributed to a coupled deviation of the C-H and C-Mu bonds out of the nodal plane of the p orbital containing the unpaired electron. (12 References).
E. G. Adelberger and others, Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 179, 1981.
S. L. Adler, R. F. Dashen, and SB. Treiman, "Comments on proposed explanations for the muonic-atom X-ray discrepancy," Physical Review D, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 3728--35, 1974.
Abstract: Shows that if the apparent muonic-atom X-ray discrepancy is due to a nonperturbative decrease in the vacuum polarization spectral function, then the vertex coupling of a time-like photon to an electron-positron pair must be reduced, thus lowering the pi /sup o/ Dalitz decay and leading to observable effects in e/sup +/e/sup -/ to e/sup +/e/sup -/ and e/sup +/e/sup -/ to mu /sup +or-/ mu /sup -or+/ processes. The other explanation, involving the existence of a weakly coupled light scalar isoscalar boson phi is shown to be inconsistent with the electron-neutron and electron-deuteron data for M/sub phi /[left angle bracket]or approximately=0.6 MeV. Discusses the role of isotope effects and pionic-atom experiments in determining the structure of the additional repulsive potential implied by the discrepancy. (26 References).
SL. Adler, "Some simple vacuum-polarization phenomenology: e/sup +/e/sup -/ to hadrons; the muonic-atom X-ray discrepancy and g/sub mu /-2," Physical Review D, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 3714--28, 1974.
Abstract: Uses dispersion relations to connect the timelike and spacelike regions of the renormalized hadronic polarization tensor and its derivative. Shows that sigma (e/sup +/e/sup -/ to hadrons), flat between t=25 and t=81 (GeV/c)/sup 2/, disagrees with the precocious asymptotic scaling in the colour triplet model for hadrons. Studies two explanations for the observed muonic-atom X-ray discrepancy; shows that the reduction of the asymptotic electronic vacuum polarization together with the monotonic rise of its spectral function leads to a decrease of the muon-magnetic-moment anomaly, while the existence of a weakly coupled scalar boson implies a very small increase. Both explanations predict a reduction of order 0.027 eV in the 2p/sub 1/2/-2s/sub 1/2/ transition energy in (/sup 4/He/sub 1/ mu )/sup +/. (36 References).
B. P. Ad'yasevich and others, "Study of the Reactions $^2$H $( \vecd , p )^3$ and $^2$H $( \vecd , n )^3$He with a polarized deuteron beam. Extrapolation of the Cross Sections to the Low--Energy region," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 33, pp. 1167--1172, 1981.
E. I. Afanasieva, I. V. Balabin, and VE. Markushin, "Software for solving the problem of kinetics of muon catalysed fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 477--80, 1991.
Abstract: The software GENKIN, developed for treating kinetics problems within a Markov chain approach, includes graphical interfaces for editing the system graph and analysis of the results, and a new code for the solution of the system of ordinary differential equations. Experimental data analysis by means of least chi-squared fitting is possible. (4 References).
L. G. Afanasyev, A. S. Chvyrov, O. E. Gorchakov, M. A. Ivanov, V. V. Karpukhin, A. V. Kolomyichenko, V. I. Komarov, V. V. Kruglov, A. V. Kuptsov, L. L. Nemenov, M. V. Nikitin, ZhP Pustylnik, A. V. Kulikov, S. V. Trusov, V. V. Yazkov, G. G. Mkrtchyan, and AP. Kurov, "Observation of atoms consisting of pi /sup +/ and pi /sup -/ mesons," Physics Letters B, vol. 308, no. 1-2, pp. 200--6, 1993.
Abstract: In the experiment 272+or-49 atoms consisting of pi /sup +/ and pi /sup -/ mesons were observed. The atoms were produced in a Ta target by 70 GeV protons and pi /sup +/ and pi /sup -/ mesons were detected from the atom break-up in the same target. (12 References).
L. G. Afanasyev, A. S. Chvyrov, O. E. Gorchakov, V. V. Karpukhin, A. V. Kolomyichenko, V. I. Komarov, V. V. Kruglov, A. V. Kuptsov, L. L. Nemenov, M. V. Nikitin, ZhP Pustylnika, A. V. Kulikov, S. V. Trusov, and VV. Yazkov, "Experimental estimation of the lifetime of atoms formed by mesons," Physics Letters B, vol. 338, no. 4, pp. 478--82, 1994.
Abstract: Based on observation (L.G. Afanasyev et al., Phys. Lett. B 308 (1993) 200) of 272+or-49 atoms formed by pi /sup +/ and pi /sup -/ an estimation of the atom lifetime in the ground (1S) state is obtained: tau /sub 1/=(2.9/sub -2.1//sup + infinity /).10/sup -15/ s or tau 1[right angle bracket]0.6.10/sup -15/ s at 90% confidence level. Atoms were produced in inclusive pTa interactions at 70 GeV. (18 References).
I. Ahmad and SK. Singh, "The ( alpha -d) cluster model of /sup 6/Li and muon capture," Pramana-Journal of Physics, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 249--54, 1982.
Abstract: The ( alpha -d) cluster model with parameters determined from electron scattering and pion photoproduction processes is used to calculate the muon capture rate in /sup 6/Li. The result is found to be better than the results calculated in other models and is in agreement with the experimental data. (39 References).
S. Ahmad, O. Hausser, J. A. MacDonald, B. H. Olaniyi, A. Olin, G. A. Beer, G. R. Mason, and SN. Kaplan, "Muon-induced fission in /sup 235/U and /sup 238/U," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 665--70, 1986.
Abstract: Muon-induced prompt and delayed fission yields in /sup 235/U and /sup 238/U have been measured. A coincidence with the muonic uranium K/sub a/ X-rays was used to identify the muon stop in the target. The experimental absolute fission yields per muon stop were 0.142+or-0.023 for /sup 235/U and 0.068+or-0.013 for /sup 238/U. The disappearance rate of muons from the 1s state of muonic uranium has also been measured in the fission mode. Muon-induced fission lifetimes were 71.6+or-0.6 ns for /sup 235/U and 77.2+or-0.4 ns for /sup 238/U. No evidence for a short-lifetime fission-isomer component was found. Comparison of lifetime results with previously measured values in the electron, gamma, and neutron decay modes indicated that the systematic discrepancies could be explained by muon capture on fission fragments produced from prompt fission. (33 References).
S. Ahmad, G. Azuelos, M. Blecher, D. Bryman, R. A. Burnham, ETH Clifford, P. Depommier, M. S. Dixit, K. Gotow, C. K. Hargrove, M. Hasinoff, J. A. Macdonald, H. Mes, T. Numao, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, J. Spuller, and J. Summhammer, "Searches for muon-electron and muon-positron conversion in titanium," Physical Review Letters, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 970--3, 1987.
Abstract: Searches have been performed by neutrinoless muon-electron conversion and muon-positron conversion using a time projection chamber. An upper limit on the branching ratio for the coherent reaction R( mu /sup -/+Ti to e/sup -/+Ti)[left angle bracket]4.6*10/sup -12/ (90% confidence level (CL)) relative to ordinary muon capture was obtained. For the process mu /sup -/+Ti to e/sup +/+Ca no events were observed for positron momenta p[right angle bracket]96 MeV/c leading to an upper limit on the partial branching ratio relative to ordinary muon capture Gamma /sub p[right angle bracket]96/( mu /sup -/+Ti to e/sup +/+Ca)/ Gamma ( mu /sup -/+Ti to capture)[left angle bracket]9*10/sup -12/ (90% CL). With the assumption of a giant-resonance-excitation model the integrated limit would be [left angle bracket]1.7*10/sup -10/ (90% CL). (18 References).
S. Ahmad, G. A. Beer, B. H. Olaniyi, A. Olin, S. N. Kaplan, A. Mireshghi, J. A. Macdonald, and O. Hausser, "Search for the shape-isomeric gamma decay in muonic uranium," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 753--5, 1987.
Abstract: A search for the gamma decay of nuclear shape isomers excited by the atomic cascade of a negative muon has been undertaken in /sup 236/U and /sup 238/U. No candidate gammas have been found with yields greater than 0.2% per stopping muon. Muon capture lifetimes in /sup 235/U, /sup 236/U, and /sup 238/U are also reported. (19 References).
S. Ahmad, G. Azuelos, M. Blecher, D. A. Bryman, R. A. Burnham, ETH Clifford, P. Depommier, M. S. Dixit, K. Gotow, C. K. Hargrove, M. Hasinoff, M. Leitch, J. A. Macdonald, H. Mes, I. Navon, T. Numao, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, P. Schlatter, J. Spuller, and J. Summhammer, "Search for muon-electron and muon-positron conversion," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, , pp. 836-41, 1988.
Abstract: Limits on the lepton flavor violating reactions mu /sup -/+Z to e/sup -/+Z and mu /sup -/+Z to e/sup +/+(Z-2), muon-electron and muon-positron conversion, have been obtained. Upper limits (90% CL) for the branching ratios compared to ordinary muon capture are: R/sub -/(Ti)[left angle bracket]4.6*10/sup -12/, R/sub +/(Ti)[left angle bracket]1.7*10/sup -10/ and R/sub -/(Pb)[left angle bracket]4.9*10/sup -10/. (3 References).
S. Ahmad, G. Azuelos, M. Blecher, D. A. Bryman, R. A. Burnham, ETH Clifford, P. Depommier, M. S. Dixit, K. Gotow, C. K. Hargrove, M. Hasinoff, M. Leitch, J. A. Macdonald, H. Mes, I. Navon, T. Numao, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, P. Schlatter, J. Spuller, and J. Summhammer, "Search for muon-electron and muon-positron conversion," Physical Review D, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 2102--20, 1988.
Abstract: Limits on the lepton-flavor-violating reactions mu /sup -/+Z to e/sup -/+Z and mu /sup -/+Z to e/sup +/+(Z-2), muon-electron and muon-positron conversion, have been obtained from a search performed at TRIUMF using a time-projection chamber. Upper limits (90% CL) for the branching ratios compared to ordinary muon capture for a titanium target are R/sub -/(Ti)= Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti to e/sup -/Ti)/ Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti capture)[left angle bracket]4.6*10/sup -12/ and R/sub +/(Ti)= Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti to e/sup +/Ca*)/ Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti capture)[left angle bracket]1.7*10/sup -10/. A smaller data set obtained using a lead target yielded R/sub -/(Pb)[left angle bracket]4.9*10/sup -10/. The implications of these results for extensions of the standard model which allow lepton-flavor violation are discussed. (63 References).
G. Aissing and HJ. Monkhorst, "Relativistic corrections to binding energies of muonic molecules," Physical Review A, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 3789--94, 1990.
Abstract: "First-order perturbation theory has been applied to calculate the relativistic corrections to the binding energies and the hyperfine splittings of muonic hydrogen molecular ions xy mu (x
G. Aissing, H. J. Monkhorst, and YuV. Petrov, "Simple analytical expressions for mesomolecular matrix elements," Physical Review A, vol. 42, no. 11, pp. 6894--6, 1990.
Abstract: The numerical values of dipole matrix elements related to the formation of dt mu mesomolecules obtained using a simple asymptotic wave function are compared to more precise ones calculated from a nearly exact wave function. The agreement is acceptable, which suggests that quantities involved in mesomolecular processes may now be estimated using simple analytical formulas. (6 References).
F. Ajzenberg--Selove, "Energy levels of light nuclei A=5--10," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 490, pp. 1--225, 1988.
Y. Akaishi, M. Kamimura, and H. Narumi, "Muonic three-body problem and muon-catalyzed fusion," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atomic Nuclei), vol. 328, no. 1, pp. 115--17, 1987.
Abstract: Recently, the muonic three-body system dt mu has aroused considerable attention in relation to the realization of muon-catalyzed fusion. This bound system must be solved for up to 6 digits in energy to establish the muon catalyzed fusion process. The authors applied the ATMS method and the coupled-channel method to the Coulomb three-body system and obtained detailed information on the energy levels and wave functions of the bound states. Further they investigated the effect of the nuclear interaction on the fusion rate in bound states and developed a formalism to calculate the muon sticking to /sup 4/He. They report the results obtained in collaborations. (11 References).
Y. Akaishi, "Muonic three-body problem and muon-catalyzed fusion," in Report of the Joint Seminar on Heavy-Ion Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Chemistry in the Energy Region of Tandem Accelerators (III) (JAERI-M 88-100), (Y. Sugiyama, A. Iwamoto, and S. Baba, eds.), (Ibaraki, Japan), pp. 61--2, Japan Atomic Energy Res. Inst., 1988.
Abstract: "The fusion rate in dt mu is proportional to the probability that d and t comes closer to the range of the nuclear interaction passing through the Coulomb barrier. The d-t nuclear interaction has a near-threshold nuclear resonance, which strongly couples with the dt mu molecular states, and makes the probability about 200 times larger than that of Coulomb interaction only. The fusion rate from the (J=0
EKh. Akhmedov, "On the suppression of the induced pseudoscalar formfactor during radiative and nonradiative muon capture by atomic nuclei," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 144--18, 1981.
Abstract: It is shown that in a nuclear material, the induced pseudoscalar formfactor must be suppressed in comparison to the vacuum value, and that this may be observed in experiments on radiative mu -capture by medium and heavy nuclei. (15 References).
EKh Akhmedov, T. V. Tetereva, and RA. Eramzhyan, "Influence of renormalization of weak nucleon form factors on radiative muon capture by nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 67--77, 1985.
Abstract: The effects of meson exchange currents are taken into account for the first time consistently in radiative muon capture (RMC) by complex nuclei. Photon spectra and ratios of the photon spectra and the RMC rate to the rate of ordinary muon capture (OMC) by the nucleus /sup 40/Ca are calculated. It is shown that the most reliable information on the renormalization of the induced pseudoscalar form factor in nuclei can be obtained in the study of partial transitions in RMC. (27 References).
V. R. Akylas and P. Vogel, "Muonic atomic cascade program," Computer Physics Communications, vol. 15, no. 3-4, pp. 291--302, 1978.
Abstract: Using the multipole radiative and Auger transition rates and an initial distribution of angular momentum of the negative muon, the population of the final states and the intensities of the resulting muonic X-rays are calculated in a systematic way and a catalogue of X-ray intensities is printed. (12 References).
D. Alba, H. Crater, and L. Lusanna, "The semiclassical relativistic Darwin potential for spinning particles in the rest-frame instant form: Two-body bound states with spin 1/2 constituents," Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, vol. 16, pp. 3365-3477, 2001.
Abstract: We extend previous results on the extraction of the Darwin potential to all orders in c(-2) from the radiation gauge Lienard-Wiechert solution for the system of N positives energy scalar particles plus the electromagnetic field in the Wigner- covariant rest-frame instant form of dynamics to the case of IV positive-energy spinning particles. This is done in the semiclassical approximation of using Grassmann-valued electric charges for regularizing the Coulomb self-energies and extracting the unique semiclassical action-at-a,distance interaction hidden in any Green function used for the LienardWiechert solution. By describing semiclassically also the spin of the particles with Grassmann variables, by means of a semiclassical Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation applied the the Dirac-like constraints of the manifestly Lorentz covariant spinning particles, we determine the coupling of positive- energy spinning particles to the electric field in the semiclassical approximation. Then we follow the same procedure developed for scalar particles and, in the sector where there is no in-radiation, we determine the effective semiclassical interparticle potential. Besides the relativistic Darwin term there are spinorbit and spin-spin terms in the potential. Quantization of the lowest order (in c(-2)) part of the closed form of the effective Hamiltonian in the case N = 2 reproduces exactly the standard result of the reduction of the Bethe- Salpeter equation for the bound states of two spin 1/2 constituents of arbitrary mass (hydrogen atom, positronium, muonium).
M. Alberg, E. M. Henley, and L. Wilets, "Kaonic atoms and nuclear density distributions," Comments on Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1--5, 1972.
Abstract: Kaon capture normally occurs through the exothermic reaction K/sup -/+N to Y+ pi . Whereas pion absorption is in first approximation proportional to p/sup 2/ and is weak in the nuclear periphery, kaon absorption is proportional to the density and is relatively strong in the periphery. Since kaonic orbits are primarily circular, absorption is expected to occur in the fringe by grazing orbits. Implications for the study of neutron and proton distributions are discussed. (11 References).
M. Alberg, E. M. Henley, and L. Wilets, "K/sup -/-nucleus optical potential," Physical Review Letters, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 255--7, 1973.
Abstract: A nonlocal, energy-dependent, K/sup -/-nucleus optical potential is derived by means of the independent pair approximation and a t-matrix method. Strong coupling of the K/sup -/-proton pair to the Y/sub 0/* is taken into account. The effects of nonlocality and off-energy-shell behavior of the t matrix are found to be appreciable. Approximately equivalent local potentials are defined; they all differ significantly from the shape of the nuclear density in the surface region. Shifts and widths of levels in several light kaonic atoms are calculated and found to be in reasonable agreement with experiment. (6 References).
M. Alberg, E. M. Henley, and L. Wilets, "Theory of kaonic atoms," Annals of Physics, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 43--87, 1976.
Abstract: A nonlocal energy-dependent self-consistent kaon-nucleus optical potential is derived for kaonic atoms. Energy level shifts and widths are calculated for several light nuclei, and the results are compared with experiment. The sensitivity of the results to changes in parameters of the nuclear matter distribution is studied. Nonlocality and off-energy-shell effects are examined. (43 References).
W. M. Alberico, M. Ericson, and A. Molinari, "The role of two particle-two hole excitations in the spin-isospin nuclear response," Annals of Physics, vol. 154, no. 2, pp. 356--95, 1984.
Abstract: The authors investigate the role of the 2p-2h states in the spin-isospin nuclear response function. This is done in the frame of a microscopic approach which includes the meson exchange currents and in nucleon-nucleon correlations. They first test the theory on the transverse response in the inclusive deep inelastic electron scattering, where they achieve a satisfactory agreement with the data for values of the momentum transfer ranging from 1 to 2 fm/sup -1/. They next explore the p-wave pion-nucleus absorptive optical potential. They find that a strong ( approximately 3) Lorentz-Lorenz-Ericson-Ericson quenching factor is needed to reproduce in the framework the phenomenological optical potential deduced from pi -mesic atom data. They also examine the real photon absorption cross section accounting rather satisfactorily for its behaviour, in particular for the Pauli blocking at small frequencies. Finally, they elucidate the conditions for the existence of a connection between the magnetic photon absorption and the p-wave pion absorption in nuclei. (26 References).
S. Albeverio, F. Gesztesy, R. Hoegh-Krohn, and L. Streit, "Charged particles with short range interactions," Annales de L'Institut Henri Poincare, Section a (Physique Theorique), vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 263-93, 1983.
Abstract: Schrodinger Hamiltonians for charged particles with an additional force of very short range studied by scaling techniques and with a view towards low energy parameters. The authors present results for the zero range limit. In particular they give the leading terms for the S-matrix as the range parameter becomes small. As applications they compare the scattering lengths of charged particles and of their neutral counterparts and discuss the level shifts of mesic atoms. (47 References).
S. Albeverio and R. Hoegh-Krohn, "Schrodinger operators with point interactions and short range expansions," Physica A, vol. 124A, no. 1-3, pp. 11--27, 1984.
Abstract: Gives a survey of recent results concerning Schrodinger operators with point interactions in R/sup 3/. In the case where the point interactions are located at a discrete set of points the authors discuss results about the resolvent, the spectrum, the resonances and the scattering quantities. They also discuss the approximation of point interactions by short range local potentials (short range or low energy expansions) and the one electron model of a 3-dimensional crystal. Moreover they discuss Schrodinger operators with Coulomb plus point interactions, with applications to the determination of scattering lengths and of level shifts in mesic atoms. Further applications to the multiple well problem, to multiparticle systems, to crystals with random impurities, to polymers and quantum fields are also briefly discussed. (53 References).
Y. Alexander, A. Gal, V. B. Mandelzweig, and E. Friedman, "Finite-range effects in pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A356, no. 2, pp. 307--16, 1981.
Abstract: Pionic atom data are refitted in terms of conventional pi /sup -/ nuclear optical potentials, modified to allow for finite range in the underlying p-wave pi N interaction. The authors find that level shifts and widths in light and medium-weight nuclei cannot distinguish between the various ranges tested. In heavy nuclei and for reasonable choices of neutron radii, the data tend to exclude ranges of order 0.5 fm and larger. (23 References).
S. A. Alexander, H. J. Monkhorst, and K. Szalewicz, "A comparison of muonic molecular calculations," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, no.181, 1988, pp.246-58, pp. 246-58, 1988.
Abstract: "For the muonic molecular ions xy mu (x
S. A. Alexander and HJ. Monkhorst, "High-accuracy calculation of muonic molecules using random-tempered basis sets," Physical Review A, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 26--32, 1988.
Abstract: "The authors use random-tempering formulas and explicitly correlated Slater-type geminals to calculate the S and P bound-state energies of the muonic molecules xy mu , where x
S. A. Alexander and HJ. Monkhorst, "On the accuracy of muonic molecular ion calculations," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 22, no. 20, pp. L581-4, 1989.
Abstract: The binding energies of the highly diffuse td mu (11) and dd mu (11) ions can be calculated to an accuracy of 1 mu eV or better using only a moderate number of basis functions. The authors describe how such calculations should be performed. (13 References).
S. A. Alexander, P. Froelich, and HJ. Monkhorst, "Nuclear fusion rates of muonic molecular ions," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 2854--7, 1990.
Abstract: "Using basis sets of random-tempered Slater-type geminals, the authors have calculated the nuclear fusion rates for the J=0, 1 bound states of the mesomolecular ions xy mu (x
E. B. Alexandrov and others, "Double resonance atomic magnetometers: from gas discharge to laser pumping," Laser {P}hysics, vol. 6, 1996.
I. A. Alimova, G. S. Anufriev, B. S. Boltenkov, N. N. Efremov, V. I. Ignatie, YuV Petrov, and NA. Yakovleva, "Hydrogen purification from helium by intermetallic compounds for the muon-catalyzed reactor," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 607--11, 1988.
Abstract: In a muon-catalyzed fusion reactor the D-T mixture must be purified from the helium accumulated. The purification problem was solved by the use of intermetallic compounds. The helium content was analysed by a high resolution, high sensitivity magnetic resonance mass-spectrometer. The investigations show that the He content in the gas purified is about 10/sup -7/, the purification time being about 0.5 hour. (8 References).
W. W. M. Allison, "Calculations of energy loss and multiple scattering (ELMS) in molecular hydrogen," J. Phys. G-Nucl. Part. Phys., vol. 29, pp. 1701-1703, 2003.
Abstract: To show that the principle of ionization cooling will work for muon beams we must be able to simulate energy loss and scattering in media reliably. We have three choices: we can use traditional calculations with their uncertainties; we can make measurements (MUSCAT) or, we can calculate the phenomena more carefully, looking afresh at the phenomena from first principles. In this paper we report on work following this third approach. We derive the double differential cross section for a collision with transverse momentum transfer P-t and longitudinal momentum transfer P-l from a knowledge of the UV and x-ray photoabsorption cross section of the medium, together with the known kinematics and dynamics of the scattering of point charges with screening. Distributions in energy loss and scattering may then be found by Monte Carlo techniques which take into account both correlations in scattering and energy loss, and the true effects of non-Gaussian tails in distributions of interest. Preliminary results are reported for molecular hydrogen. Further work is in progress.
A. N. Almaliev and IS. Batkin, "Two-photon decay of the 2s-state of a heavy muonic atom," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1024--8, 1983.
M. A. Almeida, A. Lopez-Castillo, and T. J. Stuchi, "Non-integrability proof of the frozen planetary atom configuration," J. Phys. A-Math. Gen., vol. 36, pp. 4805-4814, 2003.
Abstract: We give a computer-aided proof of the non-integrability of an important collinear configuration of the three-body problem in atomic physics. We consider the configuration of helium-like atoms where two electrons are on the same side of the atom. Numerical evidence shows that this configuration for helium atom has a Poincare section that is hardly distinguishable from an integrable system. We extend the model for several helium- like atoms with different values of Z and also consider the case where a heavier particle takes the place of an electron, such as the-muon.
B. Alper, A. N. Anderson, A. Bertin, V. R. Bom, M. Bruschi, J. D. Davies, G. H. Eaton, Eijk CWE van, JBA England, Haan H. de, S. E. Jones, J. Metcalf, M. A. Paciotti, M. Piccinini, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, A. Vitale, and A. Zoccoli, "Sources of error in the RAL sticking factor," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 297--302, 1990.
Abstract: The statistical uncertainty in the sticking factor, measured in low density D/sub 2/T/sub 2/ gas mixtures, is of the order of 1.5% absolute, using the data obtained at RAL up to date. Major systematic error components are caused by fluctuations of the background level. Improvements are indicated to increase the signal to background ratio, bringing within reach a sticking factor with a 15% relative error. (2 References).
G. Altarelli and L. Baulieu, "Muon number nonconserving processes in models with doubly charged leptons," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 463-6, 1977.
Abstract: The very good limit on the anomalous muon capture in copper which is R/sub Cu/[left angle bracket]1.6*10/sup -8/, gives the most restrictive constraint on muon number violation in models with doubly charged leptons. In these models muon number violation arises through the mixing of doubly charged massive leptons coupled to the electron and the muon. The mu e gamma effective vertex in these models is discussed and the muon capture ratio R/sub Cu/ as well as the bounds on mu to 3e and mu to e gamma are evaluated. (10 References).
A. Altman and Z. Fried, "Comment on mesic-atom Auger-rate calculation," Physical Review A, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 455--8, 1983.
Abstract: Auger rates for a mesic atom consisting of a lithium nucleus and two electrons are presented. It is shown that the results are sensitive to the screening of the initial and final state of the ejected electron by the spectator electron. These results are compared to transition rates one would obtain by following the procedure used by Burbridge and de Borde (1953), which neglect screening of one electron by the others. The authors' results show a 40% reduction in transition rates. (9 References).
L. W. Alvarez and others, "Catalysis of Nuclear Reactions by µ Mesons," Physical Review, vol. 105, pp. 1127--1128, 1957.
R. D. Amado, F. Lenz, and K. Yazaki, "Impulse approximation in the peripheral region," Physical Review C-Nuclear Physics, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 1918--31, 1978.
Abstract: The authors show that the peripheral part of the elastic impulse approximation can be expressed entirely in terms of on-shell information. The impulse approximation is given in terms of an integral over the on-shell elementary amplitude. The authors find the range of energies required in that amplitude for the peripheral part and discuss the closure approximation to this integral. (8 References).
H. Ami, M. Kobayashi, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Longitudinal polarization of /sup 12/B in muon capture reaction," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 632--48, 1981.
Abstract: A general formula is given for the longitudinal polarization of the recoil nucleus in polarized muon capture in a spin zero nucleus. The longitudinal polarization of the recoil /sup 12/B is studied numerically in the reaction /sup 12/C+ mu /sup -/ to /sup 12/B+ nu /sub mu /. Contributions from excited states play an important role in determining the induced pseudoscalar and induced tensor form factors. Existing experimental data on the longitudinal polarization and average polarization are consistent with the assumption of time reversal invariance. (24 References).
W. B. Amian, P. Cloth, A. Djaloeis, D. Filges, D. Gotta, K. Killian, H. Machner, H. P. Morsch, D. Protic, G. Riepe, E. Roderburg, Rossen P. von, P. Turek, K. H. Warzlawik, L. Jarczyk, J. Smyrski, A. Stralkowski, A. Budzanowski, H. Dabrowski, I. Skwirczynska, H. Plendl, and J. Konijn, "Experimental investigation of low-lying states of pionic atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, , pp. 232-7, 1991.
Abstract: The authors plan to study pionic atoms in low-lying states. The pions will be produced with the help of recoil free kinematics at small energies in the laboratory. A dedicated detector will be applied allowing the measurement of the width as well as the energy shift of these states. (4 References).
MYa Amusia, MJu Kuchiev, and VL. Yakhontov, "Computation of the hyperfine structure in the ( alpha - mu /sup -/ e/sup -/)/sup 0/ atom," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 16, no. 3, pp. L71-5, 1983.
Abstract: Computation of the ground-state hyperfine splitting of neutral muonic helium ( alpha - mu /sup -/ e/sup -/)/sup 0/ has been carried out. Account of two terms in the expansion of this quantity in power series of a small parameter beta approximately m/sub e//m/sub mu / approximately 1/200 results in the energy splitting value Delta v=4462.9 MHz. It is in good agreement with the experimental datum, Delta v=4464.95 (6) MHz, of Orth et al. (1980). The authors' value is also to be compared with previous theoretical results: Delta v=4462.6 MHz (Lakdawala and Mohr, 1980); Delta v=4465+or-1.0 MHz, Delta v=4478.7 MHz (Huang and Hughes, 1980); Delta v=4493.3 MHz (Borie, 1979). (6 References).
MYa Amusia and VL. Yakhontov, "Quadrupole moment in the excited 2P/sub 1/2/ state," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 17, no. 7, pp. L203-5, 1984.
Abstract: Computation of the quadrupole moment values in the 2P/sub 1/2/ states of hydrogen and meso-hydrogen is carried out. It is shown that allowance for the hyperfine interaction of the electron ( mu /sup -/ meson) with the proton in the first order of perturbation theory results in giant values of the quadrupole moment of the atoms: Q/sub H/=4.0*10/sup -19/ cm/sup 2/, Q/sub M/=3.3*10/sup -21/ cm/sup 2/. (3 References).
MYa Amusia and AV. Solov'yov, "Inelastic scattering on muonic hydrogen," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 18, no. 17, pp. 3663--6, 1985.
Abstract: Calculations of bremsstrahlung (BS) spectra for electron (positron) scattering on muonic hydrogen (H/sub mu /) are presented taking into account the H/sub mu / virtual excitations. (4 References).
MYa. Amusia, "The quadrupole moment of atoms with total spin j=1/2," Comments on Atomic & Molecular Physics, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 261--73, 1987.
Abstract: The quadrupole moment of atoms with total angular momentum of their electron shells j=1/2 is discussed. It is shown that the hyperfine interaction between electrons and nonzero nuclear spin leads to considerable values of the atomic quadrupole moment Q/sup A/ far exceeding the corresponding nuclear values. Particularly large is Q/sup A/ for an open shell electron configuration np/sub 1/2/. It is demonstrated that the quadrupole nuclear field may be strongly amplified by the np/sub 1/2/ open shell. The quadrupole moments of mesic and exotic atoms are discussed. Some observable manifestations of this characteristic are considered. (15 References).
MYa Amusia, MJu Kuchiev, and VL. Yakhontov, "High-accuracy calculation of the hyperfine splitting in the ground state of the (/sup 4/He/sup ++/- mu /sup -/e/sup -/)/sup 0/ and (/sup 3/He/sup ++/- mu /sup -/e/sup -/)/sup 0/ atoms," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 351--5, 1988.
Abstract: The results of the hyperfine splitting (HFS) calculations in the ground state of the muonic helium isotopes are presented. The HFS values, is found, are in good agreement with experimental data and at present are the best theoretical values of this quantity. (15 References).
MYa Amusia, G. F. Gribakin, V. A. Kharchenko, A. V. Korol, and AV. Solov'yov, "Light particle scattering by mesic hydrogen," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 143--8, 1988.
Abstract: The cross sections of elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons and positrons by mesic hydrogen atom (H/sub mu /) in the ground and excited state are calculated analytically. The dynamical polarization of H/sub mu / by the projectile is shown to play a dominant role in the most of the process in question. (5 References).
MYa. Amusia, "Quasi-three body problem: scattering and binding of a light particle by two heavy particles," Comments on Atomic & Molecular Physics, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 115--36, 1992.
Abstract: The three body problem dramatically simplifies in the case when one of the interacting particles is light, while two others are heavy. A new small parameter-the light to heavy particles mass ratio-permits one to expand all characteristics of the process into a series in this parameter, neglecting all but one or two first nonvanishing terms in the expansion. As a concrete example, the scattering of an electron from a H/sub mu / (muonic hydrogen) atom and the hyperfine structure of e mu alpha (e-an electron, alpha -particle) atom are calculated, the latter in very good agreement with experimental data. The formulae derived may be easily applied to a number of other systems. (24 References).
MYa Amus'ya, G. F. Gribakin, and AV. Korol', "Electron scattering by mesic hydrogen in the 2s state," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fizika, vol. 11, no. 23-24, pp. 1529--33, 1985.
Abstract: The authors have shown, for the first time, that the cross section for the scattering of slow electrons ( approximately 1 eV) by the long-lived 2s excited state of H mu is orders of magnitude larger than the cross section for scattering by the ground state. This difference is attributed to the large amplitude for the dipole transition of H mu (2s) to the close-lying 2p state (E/sub 2p/-E/sub 2s/ identical to Delta approximately=0.18 eV) in the field of the incident electron. This amplitude determines the cross section for inelastic scattering accompanied by excitation, H mu (2s) to H mu (2p), and the cross section for elastic scattering, in which this excitation is virtual. (5 References).
MYa Amus'ys, MYu Kuchiev, and VL. Yakhontov, "Relativistic correction to hyperfine splitting in (/sup 3,4/He/sup ++/- mu /sup -/e/sup -/)/sup 0/ atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 877--8, 1988.
Abstract: The relativistic correction delta /sub mass/ to hyperfine splitting in the ground state of the isotopes of neutral mu -helium has been calculated for the first time and it has been shown that this correction gives the best agreement at present between the theoretical values Delta nu /sub F/=4464.8 MHz (/sup 4/He), Delta nu /sub F/=4166.7 MHz (/sup 3/He) and the experimental results. The correction delta /sub mass/ appears when the two-photon exchange between an electron and a negative muon is determined by means of Feynman diagrams. (8 References).
D. F. Anagnostopoulos, M. Augsburger, G. Borchert, D. Chatellard, M. Daum, J-P Egger, D. Gotta, P. Hauser, P. Indelicato, E. Jeannet, K. Kirch, N. Nelms, OWB Schult, T. Siems, L. M. Simons, and A. Wells, "Precision determination of pion mass using X-ray CCD spectroscopy," in SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. Proceedings of Spie - the International Society for Optical Engineering, pp. 32-8, 1998.
Abstract: An experiment is described which aims to determine the pion mass to 1 ppm or better, from which a new determination of the upper limit of the muon neutrino mass is anticipated. The approach utilizes spectroscopy of X-ray emissions from pionic atoms formed in gaseous targets. The spectroscopy is performed with a Bragg crystal spectrometer, with an energy resolution of ~300 meV, using an array of X-ray CCDs mounted at the focus to measure the spectral line structure of the 4 keV pionic nitrogen transition. To achieve sub-ppm accuracy, an energy calibration a muonic oxygen transition is used. It is known with a precision of 0.3 ppm and almost coincides in energy with the pionic transition. (17 References).
D. F. Anagnostopoulos, S. Biri, V. Boisbourdain, M. Demeter, G. Borchert, J. P. Egger, H. Fuhrmann, D. Gotta, A. Gruber, M. Hennebach, P. Indelicato, Y. W. Liu, B. Manil, V. E. Markushin, H. Marton, N. Nelms, A. J. R. El Hassani, L. M. Simons, L. Stingelin, A. Wasser, A. Wells, and J. Zmeskal, "Highly charged ions in exotic atoms research at PSI," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, vol. 205, pp. 9-14, 2003.
Abstract: During their de-excitation, exotic atoms formed in low pressure gases reach a state of high or even complete ionization. X-rays emitted from higher n-states of electron-free atoms have well defined energies with the error originating only from the error in the mass values of the constituent particles. They served as a basis for a new determination of the pion mass as well as for a high precision measurement of the picnic hydrogen ground state shift. The response function of the Bragg spectrometer has been determined with X-rays from completely ionized pionic carbon and with a dedicated electron cyclotron resonance ion trap (ECRIT). A further extension of the ECRIT method implemented in the experiment allows a direct calibration of exotic atom transitions as well as a precise determination of the energy of fluorescence lines. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
D. F. Anagnostopoulos, D. Gotta, P. Indelicato, and LM. Simons, "Low-energy X-ray standards from hydrogenlike pionic atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 91, no. 24, 2003.
Abstract: We demonstrate the first step of a complete program, which consists in establishing an x-ray energy standard scale with the use of few-body atoms, in the few keV range. Light pionic and muonic atoms as well as one and two-electron ions from electron-cyclotron ion sources are used. The transition energies are calculable from quantum-electrodynamics, meaning that only a very limited subset need be measured and compared with theory, while providing a large number of standard lines. Here we show that circular transitions in pionic neon atoms, completely stripped from their electrons, reveal spectral lines which are narrow, symmetric, and well reproducible. We use these lines for the energy determination of transition energies in complex electronic systems, like the K alpha /sub 1,2/ transitions in metallic Ti, which may serve as secondary standard. (25 References).
A. Anastassov, Y. P. Gangrsky, B. K. Kul'djanov, K. P. Marinova, B. N. Markov, and SG. Zemlyanoi, "Isotope shifts and hyperfine splitting in HfI. Changes in nuclear charge radii of stable isotopes and /sup 182/Hf," Zeitschrift fur Physik A-Hadrons & Nuclei, vol. 348, no. 3, pp. 177--81, 1994.
Abstract: Isotope shifts and hyperfine structures in three optical transitions of HfI are investigated. Magnetic dipole coupling constant A and electric quadrupole coupling constant B of four atomic levels for both stable odd-even isotopes /sup 177/Hf and /sup 179/Hf are determined. Nuclear charge radii changes delta (r/sup 2/) of the stable Hf isotopes and /sup 182/Hf (T/sub 1/2/=9*10/sup 6/ y) are extracted using the standard semiempirical procedure. Strong deviation from muonic atom data on delta (r/sup 2/) is observed. The course of the delta (r/sup 2/) dependence on mass number indicates changes in nuclear deformation at A=174 and influence of higher order deformations on nuclear shape in this region. (27 References).
A. Anastassov, YuP Gangrsky, K. P. Marinova, B. N. Markov, and SG. Zemlyanoi, "Optical isotope shifts and changes in nuclear charge radii of stable Ti isotopes," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 275--8, 1994.
Abstract: Isotope shifts and hyperfine structures in three optical transitions of TiI have been investigated by using laser induced resonance fluorescence in a collimated atomic beam. From the isotope shifts data, changes of the mean square charge radii of the stable titanium isotopes have been determined for the first time. Using a combined analysis with muonic atom data on root mean square nuclear charge radii, improved model independent (r/sup 2/)/sup 1/2 / values for the odd-even Ti isotopes have been obtained. (11 References).
H. Anderhub, F. Kottmann, H. Hofer, P. LeCoultre, D. Makowiecki, O. Pitzurra, B. Sapp, P. G. Seiler, P. Schrager, M. Walchli, and P. Wolff, "Formation of the lightest muonic atoms in low density gases," Physics Letters B, vol. 60B, no. 3, pp. 273--5, 1976.
Abstract: A novel technique devised to produce light muonic atoms efficiently in low pressure gases (10 to 600 torr at 300 K) has been successfully implemented in helium. Muons produced by in-flight decay of 40 MeV/c pions are trapped in a magnetic bottle filled with the low density gas. The high-yield formation of muonic atoms is demonstrated by detecting the characteristic X-rays as well as the mu -decay electrons. (0 References).
H. Anderhub, H. Hofer, F. Kottmann, P. LeCoultre, D. Makowiecki, O. Pitzurra, B. Sapp, P. G. Seiler, M. Walchli, D. Taqqu, P. Truttmann, A. Zehnder, and Ch. Tschalar, "Search for the metastable 2s state in muonic hydrogen," Physics Letters B, vol. 71B, no. 2, pp. 443--5, 1977.
Abstract: Results of an experiment to search for the metastable 2s state in muonic hydrogen at 150 and 600 Torr are presented. About 6% of all mu p formed go to the 2s state. Most of these ( mu p)/sub 2s/ decay in less than 100 nsec; assuming a calculated lifetime of 2 mu sec at 150 Torr (0.5 mu sec at 600 Torr) for the long-lived fraction f of all 2s states, f is found to be less than 4% (16%) with 90% confidence level. (8 References).
H. Anderhub, J. Bocklin, P. LeCoultre, F. Dittus, R. Ferreira, H. Hofer, F. Kottmann, O. Pitzurra, P. G. Seiler, D. Taqqu, M. Walchli, and Ch. Tschalar, "Formation of muonic hydrogen at extremely low gas pressure," Sin Newsletter, vol. 12, no. , pp. 32-3, 1979.
H. Anderhub, J. Bocklin, M. Devereux, F. Dittus, Marques R. Ferreira, H. Hofer, H. Hofer, F. Kottmann, O. Pitzurra, P. G. Sieler, D. Taqqu, C. Tschalar, J. Unternahrer, and M. Walchli, "Formation of muonic hydrogen at 1/4 Torr," Sin Newsletter, vol. 13, no. , pp. 22-3, 1980.
Abstract: Muonic hydrogen has been produced at 1, 1/2 and 1/4 Torr H/sub 2/ pressure using the magnetic bottle technique. At these very low pressures the slowing down time T of negative muons from kinetic energies around 2000 eV until atomic capture could be measured. (4 References).
H. Anderhub, J. Bocklin, M. Devereux, F. Dittus, Marques R. Ferreira, H. Hofer, H. K. Hofer, F. Kottmann, O. Pitzurra, P-G Seiler, D. Taqqu, J. Unternahrer, M. Walchli, and Ch. Tschalar, "Slowing-down of negative muons and formation of muonic hydrogen in hydrogen gas below 1 Torr," Physics Letters B, vol. 101B, no. 3, pp. 151--4, 1981.
Abstract: Muonic hydrogen atoms were produced at 1.0, 0.5 and 0.25 Torr H/sub 2/ gas pressure using the magnetic bottle technique. The energy-time correlation of the muonic K-X-rays was determined. The moderation time tau /sub m/ of the muon needed for the last stage of energy loss (from approximately=2 keV until atomic capture) was measured and is compared with predictions. (16 References).
H. Anderhub, Arb HP von, J. Bocklin, F. Dittus, R. Ferreira-Marques, H. Hofer, F. Kottmann, D. Taqqu, Ch Tschalar, and J. Unternahrer, "K-line intensities and 2S-quenching processes in muonic hydrogen at low gas pressures," Sin Newsletter, vol. 15, no. , pp. 53-4, 1983.
Abstract: The formation of muonic hydrogen in the metastable 2S-state is essential to perform the proposed measurement of the 2S-2P energy difference in the mu p atom by laser spectroscopy. Earlier measurements proved that the mu p/sub 2S/ lifetime at 150 and 600 Torr is too short for a resonance experiment to be performed. The authors summarize the results of measurements of the muonic K-line intensity ratios and of the search for long lived 2S-states. (8 References).
H. Anderhub, Arb HP von, J. Bocklin, F. Dittus, Marques R. Ferreira, H. Hofer, F. Kottmann, D. Taqqu, and J. Unternahrer, "Measurement of the K-line intensity ratios in muonic hydrogen between 0.25 and 150 torr gas pressures," Physics Letters B, vol. 143B, no. 1-3, pp. 65--8, 1984.
Abstract: Precise measurements of the K X-ray energy spectrum of muonic hydrogen ( mu /sup -/p) were made at H/sub 2/ gas pressures between 0.25 and 150 torr (T=300K). The measured intensity ratios I(K/sub alpha /)/I(K/sub tot/) and I(K/sub beta /)/I(K/sub gamma delta / . /sub ./ /sub ./) are compared with the results of new cascade calculations. The pressure dependence of the relative ( mu p)/sub 2S/ population was investigated. Its value is (4.24+or-0.14)% at 10 torr and (2.21+or-0.22)% at 0.25 torr. (20 References).
O. Andersen, A. S. Jensen, A. Miranda, and GC. Oades, "Energy shifts and widths of kaonic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. R1906-8, 1990.
Abstract: Microscopic calculations of the energy shifts and widths of kaonic atoms are carried out using a low-energy kaon-nucleon T matrix which is parametrized by a single Yukawa function. The Lambda (1405) resonance is not included explicitly but only via its influence on the T matrix at threshold. The experimental values for the shifts and widths are approximately reproduced using a range of 0.66 fm for both the real and imaginary parts of the T matrix although the use of different ranges for the two parts may result in an improvement of the fit. Medium corrections are negligibly small. (11 References).
H. L. Anderson, C. K. Hargrove, E. P. Hincks, J. D. McAndrew, R. J. McKee, and D. Kessler, "Muonic X-rays in Pb/sup 206/ and possible observation of nuclear polarization," Physical Review Letters, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 221--4, 1969.
Abstract: Muonic X-rays in Pb /sup 206/ were measured with high precision and in addition two of the weak transitions involving the 2s state were identified and measured for the first time. The new constraints make it difficult to fit the data with Dirac energies calculated for a finite nucleus and corrected for radiative effects. Consistency can, however, be achieved by depressing the calculated 1s energy by 6.8*2.3 keV, an effect tentatively interpreted as due to polarization of the nucleus by the muon. (12 References).
D. K. Anderson, D. A. Jenkins, and RJ. Powers, "2p to 1s pionic transition," Physical Review A, vol. 188, no. 1, pp. 9--16, 1969.
Abstract: In an attempt to get better agreement between the theoretical predictions and the observed energies and widths of 2p to 1s pion-atomic transitions, the authors have numerically integrated the Klein-Gordon equation assuming the optical model for the strong interaction potential. The interaction is characterized by six s-wave and four p-wave parameters. Using the available data from B/sup 10/ to Mg/sup 24/, a least-squares fit of the s-wave parameters is performed. Agreement is found between the observed shifts and their predictions, and the real parts of the s-wave parameters agree well with those predicted by Ericson and Ericson. However, the predicted widths vary as much as 50% from the observed widths and very poor agreement is found between the imaginary s-wave parameters and Ericson and Ericson's predictions.
HL. Anderson, "Vacuum polarization in muonic atoms," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), (New York, NY, USA), pp. 640-6, 1970.
Abstract: Points out that the precision in measuring muonic X-ray lines is now becoming high enough to provide a significant test of the vacuum polarization effects in muon physics not only in the lowest but also in higher orders.
AN. Anderson, "Muon catalyzed fusion data analysis," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 68-74, 1984.
Abstract: In initial investigations of muon-catalyzed fusion in high-density deuterium-tritium mixtures, the authors have demonstrated that the resonant dt mu -molecular formation rates were 3 orders of magnitude larger than muon decay rates. They also measure for the first time the alpha -sticking fraction (muon retention by the fusion alpha -product). They conclude that the alpha -sticking fraction, not the dt mu -molecular formation rate, was the principal limiting factor to muon-catalyzed fusion. They now measure effects of tt mu -fusion, permitting an important correction to the earlier determination of the alpha -sticking probability. Furthermore, new results show that the alpha -sticking fraction decreases significantly with increasing d-t gas density and tritium concentration. (0 References).
AN. Anderson, "Investigation of Q/sub 1s/," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, , pp. 57-67, 1988.
Abstract: The probability Q/sub 1s/ of a muon reaching the ground state of a d mu atom before transferring to a triton is an important parameter in the muon-catalyzed fusion cycle. It has proved very difficult to extract from experimental data because it varies strongly with both tritium concentration C/sub t/, and density phi , and is combined with several other parameters in the steady-state neutron production (cycling) rate, lambda /sub c/. At C/sub t/=.7, tau /sub c/ is relatively insensitive to Q/sub 1s/, so that one can set reasonably good limits on tau /sub dt mu -d//sup 0/ by assuming Qos is monotonic decreasing, that is, by limiting Q/sub 1s/(.7) to the interval 0[left angle bracket]or=Q/sub 1s/(.7)[left angle bracket]or=Q/sub 1s/(.4). Applying these two limits in turn generates two equations, which can be solved to eliminate tau /sub dt mu -d//sup 0/, leaving only linear expressions relating Q/sub 1s/ tau /sub dt/ and tau /sub 10/. (5 References).
J. Anderson, M. Atac, S. Cihangir, N. Erduran, and S. Kartal, "Lifetime of cosmic ray muons," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 291-3, 2000.
Abstract: The experiment is designed to teach the techniques to measure the muon lifetime to an accuracy of 1-2%. The decay rate of cosmic ray muons is studied by detecting those muons that stop in a liquid scintillation counter and measuring the time between the signal from the stopping muon and the signal from the decay electron emitted in the muon decay. Because of lepton number conservation there are two other particles emitted in the decay: mu /sup +or-/ to e/sup +or-/ nu /sub mu / nu /sub e/. The muons are produced in the decay of pions produced by primary cosmic rays (protons and heavier nuclei) high in the atmosphere. From accelerator experiments, the charged pion lifetime is about 0.026 microseconds so that the pions decay high in the atmosphere and the fact that we see muons at sea level is dramatic proof of time dilation for relativistic particles. For simplicity, we ignore the decay rate difference between positive and negative muons and the effect of negative muon capture by the scintillator material nuclei. (0 References).
K. Andert, R. Arlt, D. Chultem, V. Cojocaru, Dz Ganzorig, V. S. Evseev, B. Hahn, H. Haupt, A. I. Kalinin, T. Krogulski, N. Nenoff, H. G. Ortlepp, S. M. Polikanov, B. M. Sabirov, and U. Schmidt, "Interactions of the negative muons with fissile elements," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics, (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), 1973.
Abstract: The X-ray spectra of the muonic transition in Pb and /sup 238/U have been measured in exactly the same geometric conditions. The X-rays have been detected by the true-coaxial Ge(Li) detector of 41 ccm volume in coincidence with the mu-capture in the target defined by the conventional method of the 1234 telescope. The inherent time resolution was 2 tau =11 nsec. (0 References).
S-I Ando and D-P. Min, "Radiative muon capture in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory," Physics Letters B, vol. 417, no. 1-2, pp. 177--85, 1998.
Abstract: The radiative muon capture (RMC) on a proton is analyzed by means of heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory. The emitted photon energy spectrum is calculated and compared with the experimental data by taking the spin sum on the muonic atom states. We find that one-loop order corrections to the tree order amplitude modify the photon spectrum by less than five percent. This calculation supports that the theory is under a quantitative control as far as the chiral perturbation expansion is concerned and indicates that the discrepancy between the pseudo-scalar coupling constant required by the RMC experiment and the one deduced from ordinary muon capture, the value of which is also supported by chiral perturbation calculations, will remain unexplained from the theoretical side. (18 References).
S. Ando and Min. Dong-Pil, "Radiative muon capture in hydrogen in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory," in Proceeding of the APCTP-RCNP Joint International School and the 1998 YITP Workshop. Physics of Hadrons and QCD, (H. Yabu, K. Itakura, T. Matsui, and M. Oka, eds.), pp. 287--90, 1999.
Abstract: We calculate the photon spectrum of radiative muon capture on hydrogen within heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory up to next-to-next-to leading order. We find that convergence of the chiral expansion is very rapid, and the next-to-next-to leading order correction is less than five percent. Hence the recent experimental result of radiative muon capture on hydrogen, about 1.5 times larger pseudo-scalar coupling constant than that of the PCAC prediction, cannot be explained by the higher order correction in the hadron sector. (14 References).
S. Ando, "Muon capture in CHPT," in Proceedings from the Institute of Nuclear Theory. Chiral Dynamics Theory and Experiment III, (A. M. Bernstein, J. L. Goity, and U-G. Meissner, eds.), pp. 392--3, 2001.
Abstract: For muon capture on a proton, we have used heavy-baryon chiral perturbation theory (HBChPT) up to next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) to calculate the capture rate and neutron spin asymmetry for ordinary muon capture (OMC), and the photon spectrum and photon helicity asymmetry for radiative muon capture (RMC). Based on these results, we discuss four issues. (13 References).
S. Ando, T-S Park, K. Kubodera, and F. Myhrer, "The mu /sup -/d capture rate in effective field theory," Physics Letters B, vol. 533, no. 1-2, pp. 25--36, 2002.
Abstract: Muon capture on the deuteron is studied in a framework that essentially incorporates heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory (HB/sub chi /PT). It is found that by far the dominant contribution to mu d capture comes from a region of the final three-body phase-space in which the energy of the two neutrons is sufficiently small for HB/sub chi /PT to be applicable. The single unknown low-energy constant having been fixed from the tritium beta decay rate, our calculation contains no free parameter. Our estimate of the mu d capture rate is consistent with the existing data. The relation between gal capture and the nu d reactions, which are important for the SNO experiments, is briefly discussed. (28 References).
S. Ando, H. W. Fearing, and D. P. Min, "Polarized photons in radiative muon capture," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 6501, pp. art. no.-015502, 2002.
Abstract: We discuss the measurement of polarized photons arising from radiative muon capture. The spectrum of left circularly polarized photons or equivalently the circular polarization of the photons emitted in radiative muon capture on hydrogen is quite sensitive to the strength of the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant g(p). A measurement of either of these quantities, although very difficult, might be sufficient to resolve the present puzzle resulting from the disagreement between the theoretical prediction for g(p) and the results of a recent experiment. This sensitivity results from the absence of left-handed radiation from the muon line and from the fact that the leading parts of the radiation from the hadronic lines, as determined from the chiral power counting rules of heavy-baryon chiral perturbation theory, all contain pion poles.
D. G. Andrianov, G. G. Myasishcheva, YuV Obukhov, V. S. Roganov, V. G. Firsov, and VI. Fistul', "Investigation of muonium depolarization processes in germanium single crystals," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1195--8, 1969.
Abstract: The dependence of mu /sup +/ meson polarization on temperature was studied in germanium single crystals of various degree of alloying. A precession has been observed at a frequency which corresponds to atomic muonium with a decay lifetime 0.16+or-0.07 mu sec. Possible mechanisms of interaction of muonium in media of various electron density are discussed.
D. G. Andrianov, YuV Obukhov, V. G. Firsov, and VI. Fistul', "The dimensions of the hydrogen atom in semiconducting and dielectric substances," Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 201, no. 4, pp. 884--6, 1971.
Abstract: In this review paper the authors consider the modification of the properties of mesons and of lithium atoms in crystals of germanium and silicon, and suggest that hydrogen atoms and atomic muons will be modified identically. Effects on the radius of the Bohr orbit and on the energy of ultra-fine interaction between the magnetic moments of the electron and the meson are quantified, and methods of prediction are critically reviewed. Correlations, in semi-quantitative terms, are presented, between the Si-H and Ge-H bond parameters and the dimensions of the atomic muon. (15 References).
I. Angeli, "Mass number dependence of the difference (r/sub el/-r/sub mu/), a dispersion effect in electron scattering," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atomic Nuclei), vol. 334, no. 4, pp. 377--80, 1989.
Abstract: A systematic analysis of RMS charge radii determined by elastic electron scattering (r/sub el/) and muonic atom X-rays (r/sub mu/), respectively, shows that-on the average-the former is less than the latter. This difference is probably caused by virtual excitation and de-excitation of the nucleus: a dispersion effect. The mass number dependence of the difference is also investigated. Its absolute value decreases with increasing mass number as (r/sub el/-r/sub mu/) approximately=-12+0.03 A (am). This A-dependence is compared with the available theoretical predictions using low-q, low-Z approximations. (59 References).
I. Angeli, "Evaluation procedure for nuclear RMS charge radii," Acta Physica Hungarica New Series-Heavy Ion Physics, vol. 69, no. 3-4, pp. 233--47, 1991.
Abstract: Data sources are listed and an evaluation procedure is described that have been used recently to derive the best values of nuclear root-mean-square (RMS) charge radii measured by fast electron scattering and muonic atom X-rays. The evaluation procedure consists of two algorithms. The first one performs a search for discrepant data 'outliers' together with an eventual reassignment of their errors; this algorithm is active only for groups containing at least n=5 data. The second algorithm forms a weighted mean and its error for each data group; it takes into account both external and internal consistencies. An illustrative table of input data as well as a table of '1990 best values' of nuclear RMS charge radii are also included. (50 References).
I. Angeli, "Recommended values of rms charge radii," Acta Phys. Hung. New Ser.-Heavy Ion Phys., vol. 8, pp. 23-39, 1998.
Abstract: Nuclear root-mean-square (rms) charge radii have been compiled, selected and evaluated using two different procedures: a refined and a simple one. Running them on the same database, the results for weighted average radii are very close to each other: 91% of the differences are within +/-1/2 error and none of them exceeds the combined error. This confirms our earlier conclusion that the results are generally more sensitive to the decision which data we include in the averaging procedure, and less sensitive to the way how the selected data are weighted to form an average. The resulting weighted averages, the "1998best-values" are presented in Table 3. It is planned that all important data and program files together with a complete bibliography, will be regularly updated and distributed on PC diskettes or on the Internet.
I. Angeli, "Comparison of the Seltzer coefficient C/sub 1/ to experimental data," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 136, no. 1-2, pp. 17--24, 2001.
Abstract: Experimental Coulomb isotope shifts delta E/sub Coul/ from K/sub alpha / transitions and radius differences delta [left angle bracket]r/sup 2/[right angle bracket]/sub e mu / measured by electron scattering and muonic atom X-rays were used to derive 'experimental' coefficients C/sub 1,exp/ for 54 isotope pairs of 18 elements from Mo to U. A chi /sup 2/-analysis shows that these experimental coefficients are - on average - 3.5% lower than the theoretical C/sub 1/ values calculated by Seltzer (1969), or more precisely: C/sub 1,exp/=0.965(+or-0.014)*C/sub 1/. The need for more accurate theoretical calculations is stressed, and consequences of this deviation are discussed. (12 References).
I. Angeli, "Barrett moments and rms charge radii," Acta Physica Hungarica New Series-Heavy Ion Physics, vol. 15, no. 1-2, pp. 87--102, 2002.
Abstract: An empirical relation is established between Barrett equivalent radii R/sub k, alpha / and rms charge radii [left angle bracket]r/sup 2/[right angle bracket]/sup 1/2/ based on the results of model-independent and Fermi model analyses of 2p to 1s transitions in muonic atoms. This relation follows simple Z dependence, and can be usefully applied to derive rms radii [left angle bracket]r/sup 2/[right angle bracket]/sup 1/2/ or differences delta /sup AA'/[left angle bracket]r/sup 2/[right angle bracket]/sup 1/2/ in cases where only R/sub k, alpha / data or isotope shifts delta /sup AA'/R/sub k, alpha / are published. The atomic number dependence of the Barrett parameters k(Z) and alpha (Z) is also given by empirical formulae. It is shown that the Barrett moment can be expanded in a sum of integer moments [left angle bracket]r/sup m/[right angle bracket](m[right angle bracket]or=2) using an effective exponential parameter alpha /sub eff/(Z). The moments [left angle bracket]r/sup m/[right angle bracket] and isotopic differences delta [left angle bracket]r/sup m/[right angle bracket] of the two-parameter Fermi distribution expressed in terms of the parameters c and a are given in the Appendix for m=1-10. (18 References).
F. Angelini and others, "Behaviour of microstrip gas chamber in strong magnetic field," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 343, pp. 441--446, 1994.
F. Angelini and others, "A UV light photo--detector based on a microgap chamber with single electron response," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 371, pp. 358--367, 1996.
R. Anigstein, B. Budick, and JW. Kast, "Neutron anomalous-moment contributions to muonic isomer shifts in /sup 207/Pb," Physical Review Letters, vol. 44, no. 23, pp. 1484--7, 1980.
Abstract: The muonic isomer shifts of three transitions between levels of /sup 207/Pb have been measured. Evidence is found for an interaction between the anomalous magnetic moment of the neutron hole and the electric field of the 1s muon. The agreement obtained between predicted and measured values removes the necessity to postulate a more serious reaction in the proton core to changes in the state of the valence neutron than predicted by the weak coupling model. (13 References).
K. A. Aniol, D. F. Measday, M. D. Hasinoff, H. W. Roser, A. Bagheri, F. Entezami, C. Virtue, J. M. Stadlbauer, D. Horvath, M. Salomon, and BC. Robertson, "Mesic molecular effects in the capture of negative pions stopped in gaseous hydrogen isotopes," Physical Review A, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 2684--92, 1983.
Abstract: The influence of molecular structure on the nuclear capture probability of stopped negative pions has been observed by comparing the pi /sup 0/ gamma-ray spectrum from pi /sup -/ mesons stopped in HD gas to that from a mixture of equal amounts of H/sub 2/ plus D/sub 2/. The fraction of stopped pions that are captured by a proton in the H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ mixture is fH/sub 2/D/sub 2/=0.417+or-0.004, while for HD it is f/sub HD/=0.338+or-0.008, independent of the gas pressure between 6 and 90 atm. The ratio, f/sub H2D2//f/sub HD/, of the fractions is 1.23+or-0.03. (34 References).
K. A. Aniol, C. Virtue, F. Entezami, D. Measday, S. E. Jones, D. Horvath, M. Salomon, J. Snith, and BC. Robertson, "A comparison of muonic molecule formation rates in HD to H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ gases," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 187-98, 1984.
Abstract: The formation rates of muonic molecules of the hydrogen isotopes has provided a diversity of interesting experimental and theoretical results. The molecular formation rates depend upon the type of molecule, p mu d, p mu p, d mu d, d mu t, p mu t, the temperature of the gas, and the hyperfine state of the initial muonic atom. In this experiment the authors measure the influence of the host molecule HD, D/sub 2/, or H/sub 2/ on the formation rate of the d mu d or d mu p muonic molecules. (13 References).
K. A. Aniol, A. J. Noble, S. Stanislaus, C. J. Virtue, D. F. Measday, D. Horvath, S. E. Jones, B. C. Robertson, and M. Salomon, "Muon catalyzed fusion in HD and H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ gaseous mixtures," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 63--72, 1988.
Abstract: The authors report on the continuing program at the TRIUMF laboratory into experimental investigations of parameters of central interest in muon catalyzed fusion. The experiments have, as their first goal, a comparison of dd mu -d and dd mu -p muonic molecule formation rates. The authors present typical neutron energy deposition spectra from the liquid scintillator counters. The background in the case of pure D/sub 2/ is not significant, whereas in the case of HD the background is quite important relative to the fairly weak fusion neutron signal from HD. (5 References).
K. A. Aniol, D. J. Margaziotis, A. J. Noble, S. Stanislaus, C. J. Virtue, D. F. Measday, D. Horvath, B. C. Robertson, M. Salomon, and SE. Jones, "Progress report on muon catalyzed fusion studies in H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ and HD gaseous targets," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings , pp. 68-78, 1988.
Abstract: At the Gatchina Conference the authors reported results on dd mu and pd mu fusion product yields from gaseous targets of H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ and HD. These results were so different from theoretical expectations in the case of fusion neutrons from HD and fusion gamma rays from both HD and H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/, that they felt it prudent to remeasure these processes in a new experimental arrangement. In December, 1987 they ran at TRIUMF. The authors report on that portion of the data which they have analyzed since their latest run, that is, on gamma ray yields from the muonic molecule pd mu . They compare the experimental conditions for the April 1985 (reported at Gatchina) and the December 1987 run. (9 References).
V. V. Anisimov, E. Cavalleri, F. I. Karmanov, AYu Konobeyev, L. N. Latysheva, L. I. Ponomarev, I. A. Pshenichnov, V. I. Slobodtchouk, and M. Vecchi, "mu CF based 14 MeV intense neutron source," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 329--39, 1999.
Abstract: Results of a design study for an advanced scheme of a mu CF based 14 MeV intense neutron source for test material irradiation including the liquid lithium primary target and a low temperature liquid deuterium-tritium (D-T) mixture as a secondary target are presented. According to this scheme negative pions are produced inside a 150-cm-long 0.75-cm-radius lithium target. Pions and muons resulting from the pion decay in flight are collected in the backward direction and stopped in the D-T mixture. The fusion chamber has the shape of a 10-cm-radius sphere surrounded by two 0.03-cm-thickness titanium shells. Assuming 100 fusions per muon in this scheme one can produce 14-MeV neutrons with a source strength up to 10/sup 17/ n/s. A neutron flux of up to 10/sup 14/ n/cm/sup 2//s can be achieved in a test volume of about 2.5 1 and on the surface of about 350 cm/sup 2/. The results of the thermophysical and thermomechanical analysis show that the technological limits are not exceeded. This source has the advantage of producing the original 14 MeV fusion spectrum without tails, isotropically into a 4 pi solid angle, contrary to the d-Li stripping neutron source. (11 References).
V. V. Anisimov, E. Cavalleri, F. I. Karmanov, V. I. Slobodtchouk, L. N. Latysheva, I. A. Pshenichnov, and M. Vecchi, "A 14-MeV intense neutron source based on muon-catalyzed fusion>>MINUS. III. Thermohydraulic regime of the synthesizer," Fusion Technology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 219--27, 2001.
Abstract: For pt.II see ibid., vol.39, p.209 (2001). Design calculations of thermohydraulic parameters of the secondary target of the intense neutron source (INS) based on muon-catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) (the mu CF-INS) are presented for a liquid deuterium-tritium (D-T) mixture. The synthesizer is connected to an external cooler by input and output pipelines. The optimal mixture composition, synthesizer layout, and dimensions are determined. The possibility of creating a D-T mixture flow with a quasi-uniform velocity distribution is demonstrated. Possible vortexes were found to be eliminated by installation of corresponding hydraulic resistance in the shape of a spherical shell segment. At the mu CF-INS operation with its design parameters neutron flux as high as 10/sup 14/ n/(cm/sup 2/.s), the total heat deposit in the D-T mixture due to fusion and charged-particle ionization losses its estimated at ~117 kW. However, even at such conditions, with the appropriate synthesizer geometry and mass flow rate, the mixture temperature does not exceed the boiling point in any part of the synthesizer. (14 References).
V. V. Anisimov, E. Cavalleri, F. I. Karmanov, V. I. Slobodtchouk, L. N. Latysheva, I. A. Pshenichnov, and M. Vecchi, "A 14-MeV intense neutron source based on muon-catalyzed fusion. II. Pion production target," Fusion Technology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 209--18, 2001.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.39, p.198 (2001). The possibility of using a liquid lithium primary target for the 14-MeV intense neutron source (INS) based on muon-catalyzed fusion (INS) (the mu CF-INS) is discussed. The description of the thermohydraulic and mechanical analysis that suggested the proposed geometry is presented. Particular attention is given to the thermal parameter evaluation since these quantities have a great influence on the choice of target design. According to the calculations, the lithium primary target variant can be considered for future mu CF-INS realization. (10 References).
V. V. Anisimov, V. A. Arkhangel'sky, N. S. Ganchuk, A. A. Yukhimchuk, E. Cavalleri, F. I. Karmanov, AYu Konobeyev, L. N. Latysheva, I. A. Pshenichnov, L. I. Ponomarev, and M. Vecchi, "A 14-MeV intense neutron source based on muon-catalyzed fusion. I. An advanced design," Fusion Technology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 198--208, 2001.
Abstract: The results of the design study of an advanced scheme for the 14-MeV intense neutron source based on muon-catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) are presented. A pion production target (liquid lithium) and a synthesizer liquid deuterium-tritium (D-T) mixture are considered. Negative pions are produced inside a 17/7 T magnetic field by an intense (2-GeV, 12-mA) deuteron beam interacting with the 150-cm-long, 0.75-cm-radius lithium target. Muons from the pion decay are collected in the backward direction and stopped in the D-T mixture of the synthesizer. The synthesizer has the shape of a 10-cm-radius sphere surrounded by two 0.03-cm-thick titanium shells. At 100 mu CF events/muon, it can produce up to 10/sup 17/ n/s of 14-MeV neutrons. A quasi-isotropic neutron flux up to 10/sup 14/ n/cm/sup 2/.s/sup -1/ can be achieved in the test volume of ~2.5 l with an irradiated surface of ~350 cm/sup 2/. The thermophysical and thermomechanical analyses show that the technological limits are not exceeded. (19 References).
A. N. Antonov, V. A. Nikolaev, IZh Petkov, and PE. Hodgson, "The nucleon momentum distributions of /sup 39/K, /sup 40/Ca and /sup 48/Ca," Bulgarian Journal of Physics, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 590--600, 1983.
Abstract: The proton momentum distributions of /sup 39/K, /sup 40/Ca and /sup 48/Ca are calculated from model-independent charge distributions obtained from analyses of electron elastic scattering and muonic atoms, and also from charge distributions calculated from the single-particle potential method in the framework of the flucton model. The sensitivities of the momentum distribution to different regions of the charge distribution are determined. The analysis is extended to the neutron distributions using the single-particle potential method, and the differences between the proton and neutron momentum distributions are examined. The resulting momentum distribution in the case of /sup 40/Ca is used for analysing the quasielastic electron scattering. (9 References).
G. S. Anufriev and B. A. Mamyrin, "Control of helium isotope concentration in deuterium--tritium mixture of mesocatalytical reactor," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, pp. 613--618, 1988.
V. Aquilanti, S. Cavalli, G. Grossi, and A. Lagana, "Isotope effects in hydrogen and muonium exchange processes," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 18, no. 1-4, pp. 739--42, 1984.
Abstract: Muonium and hydrogen exchange in collinear I+MuI, I+HI, H+MuH and H+H/sub 2/ reactions are studied by semiclassical techniques within the hyperspherical formalism. Bound states in IMuI, as an example of bond formation on repulsive surfaces, are also considered.
V. Aquilanti, S. Cavalli, G. Grossi, and A. Lagana, "Nonadiabatic effects in the hyperspherical description of elementary chemical reactions," Theochem-Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 11, no. , pp. 95-9, 1984.
Abstract: The nonadiabatic coupling matrix P, which appears in the hyperspherical formalism, has been calculated as a function of the hyperradius for the collinear chemical reactions I+MuI, I+HI, H+MuH, H+H/sub 2/, H+FH and D+FD on model potential energy surfaces. It is found that nonadiabatic effects are localized along potential ridges, and increase with the ridge steepness and with the skewing angle of the reaction. A semiclassical procedure for the treatment of nonadiabatic effects on resonances is outlined. (9 References).
J. Arafune, "Muonic heavy-atom spectrum and nuclear size effect on vacuum polarization," Physical Review Letters, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 560--2, 1974.
Abstract: The discrepancy between experimental valves and theoretical predictions as exemplified by high precision measurements of muonic X-rays, is discussed in terms of a correction to the higher order vacuum polarisation due to the finite nuclear size. The author reports a 5 eV increase in the discrepancy for the 5g/sub 9/2/-4f/sub 7/2/ transition in /sup 208/Pb. (10 References).
de Saavedra F. Arias, E. Buendia, F. J. Galvez, and A. Sarsa, "Precise variational calculation of some S-states of Coulomb three-body systems with two identical particles," European Physical Journal D, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 181--90, 1998.
Abstract: A generalized Hylleraas basis set with two nonlinear parameters is used to study three-body systems with two equal masses interacting via Coulomb forces within the framework of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Accurate variational bounds for the ground state of some of these systems are obtained improving the rate of convergence of the calculation with respect to an usual Hylleraas basis set. A study of the interparticle densities is also carried out. (38 References).
de Saavedra F. Arias, E. Buendia, F. J. Galvez, and A. Sarsa, "Variational calculation of some S-states of Coulomb three-body systems," European Physical Journal D, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 201--6, 2001.
Abstract: A generalized Hylleraas-type basis set with three nonlinear parameters is proposed to study three-body systems interacting via Coulomb forces within the framework of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. This basis set improves the rate of convergence with respect to previous ones, specially for non-symmetric systems and excited states of two electron atoms. Accurate binding energies and other properties for S-states of helium-like ions, muonic molecules and the positronium negative ion are reported. (38 References).
A. Arima and T. Fujita, "Magnetic hyperfine structure of muonic atoms," in International Conference on Nuclear Structure and Spectroscopy, Part II, (H. P. Blok and AEL. Dieperink, eds.), pp. 580-98, 1974.
Abstract: The distribution of nuclear magnetization densities is a natural extension of the problem of nuclear magnetic moments. This distribution can be deduced from 180 degrees elastic electron scattering, although it is limited to light nuclei through the Of/sub 7/2/ shell and it is difficult to separate the total magnetic cross section components. A muon in a muonic atom and electrons in a normal electronic atom produce magnetic fields which interact with nuclear current. This interaction is called magnetic hyperfine interaction. The magnetic hyperfine structure which is sensitive only to the magnetic dipole field, is more suitable for the study of the magnetic dipole (M1) distribution than electron elastic scattering, although muonic atom experiments are limited to heavy atoms. These experiments have a bright future, because the new meson factories promise to extend the experiments to lighter nuclei. The problem of magnetic hyperfine structure is therefore reviewed. (18 References).
YuA Aristov, A. V. Kravtsov, N. P. Popov, G. E. Solyakin, N. F. Truskova, and MP. Faifman, "Molecular mechanism for charge exchange of hydrogen mesoatoms on helium nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 1066--74, 1981.
Abstract: A molecular charge exchange process is considered, which imitates the direct charge exchange of hydrogen mesoatoms on helium nuclei. Energy levels and production rates are calculated for the mesomolecules /sup 3/He p mu , /sup 4/He p mu , /sup 3/He d mu , /sup 4/He d mu , /sup 3/He t mu , and/sup 4/He t mu . The rate of the molecular charge exchange mechanism is lambda /sub ex/ approximately 10/sup 8/ sec/sup -1/. (23 References).
A. P. Arkhipov, V. M. Bystritskii, V. B. Granovskii, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. G. Zinov, V. A. Kuts, D. G. Merkulov, V. A. Stolupin, and Don Ir. Han, "Target for operation with heavy hydrogen isotopes at pressures to 1000 atm and temperatures to 1050 K," Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 47--50, 1989.
Abstract: The authors describe a target for muon-catalyzed fusion in a mixture of D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ at pressures to 1000 atm and temperatures to 1050 K. The use of multilayer protective coatings on the target wall, which is made of EI 698 heat-resistant alloy, reduces deuterium flow through the target wall by a factor of [right angle bracket]10/sup 2/ at maximum pressure and temperature. (8 References).
R. Arl't, Zh Ganzorig, T. Krogul'ski, KhG Ortlepp, S. M. Polikanov, B. M. Sabirov, V. D. Fromm, U. Shmidt, G. Shnefli, and R. Engfer, "Emission of displaced X-ray electron radiation during the formation of muonic U atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 478-90, 1993.
Abstract: The spectrum of the 14-500 keV gamma rays emitted during the interaction of negative muons and metallic /sup 238/U is investigated in the muon channel of a synchrocyclotron. The emission of displaced X-ray electron radiation is detected and possible explanations for the phenomenon are discussed. (5 References).
EAG. Armour, "Application to mu /sup +/e/sup -/e/sup +/ and p mu /sup -/e/sup +/ of a new method for taking into account the finite nuclear mass in the determination of the absence of bound states," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 1295--302, 1983.
Abstract: A recently published new method by Armour (1982) for taking into account finite nuclear mass in the determination of the absence of bound states is applied to a system made up of muonium ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/) and a positron (e/sup +/) and also to one made up of a mesic atom (p mu /sup -/) and a positron. It is shown that neither system has a bound state below the continuum. Some aspects of the method, which have only been briefly referred to hitherto, are discussed in detail. (14 References).
EAG. Armour, "Application to mu /sup +/e/sup -/e/sup +/ and p mu /sup -/e/sup +/ of a new method for taking into account finite nuclear mass in the determination of the absence of bound states," in Electronic and Atomic Collisions. 13th International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Int. Conference on the Phys. Electron. & Atomic Collisions., (J. Eichler, W. Fritsch, I. V. Hertel, N. Stolterfoht, and U. Wille, eds.), 1983.
Abstract: Two distinct hydrogen-like atoms can be formed by replacing one or other of the particles in the hydrogen atom by a muon. In the first the proton is replaced by a positive muon ( mu /sup +/) to form muonium ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/). In the second the electron is replaced by a negatively charged muon ( mu /sup -/) to form a mesic atom. The presence or absence of bound states involving an atom and a positron is very important in theoretical considerations of low energy scattering of positrons by these atoms. In particular, proof of the absence of a bound state below the continuum makes possible the calculation of a variational upper bound on the scattering length. (7 References).
EAG Armour and DM. Lewis, "De-excitation of the dt mu 'nucleus' of the muonic quasi-molecule, ((dt mu )dee), by emission of an Auger electron," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. L25-31, 1990.
Abstract: A key process in muon-catalysed fusion is the de-excitation of the dt mu 'nucleus' of the resonant muonic quasi-molecule, ((dt mu )dee), by emission of an Auger electron. The dt mu in the quasi-molecule is initially in a weakly bound excited state with J=1 and v=1. A preliminary calculation is carried out of the rate of the dominant transition to the state with J=0 and v=1. Use is made of the dipole matrix elements calculated for this transition by Bhatia et al. (1989) and Scrinzi and Szalewicz (1989) and, for the first time, full account is taken of the molecular nature of the quasi-molecule. Reasonable agreement is found with the results of earlier calculations. (27 References).
EAG Armour, D. M. Lewis, and S. Hara, "Calculations of the Auger deexcitation rate of dt mu within the muonic quasimolecule (dt mu )dee," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 6888--93, 1992.
Abstract: A key process in muon-catalyzed fusion is the deexcitation of dt mu within the resonant muonic quasimolecule (dt mu )dee, by emission of an Auger electron. The dt mu in the quasimolecule is initially in a weakly bound excited state with J=1 and v=1. Calculations are carried out of the rate of the dominant transition to the state with J=0 and v=1. Use is made of the dipole matrix element obtained for this transition by Scrinzi and Szalewicz (Phys. Rev. A39, 2855 (1989)). Full account is taken of the molecular nature of the quasimolecule. The continuum electronic wave functions for the Auger electron for all four contributing symmetries, i.e. Sigma /sub g//sup +/, Sigma /sub u//sup +/, II/sub u/ and II/sub g/, are first obtained by a two-center Coulomb calculation and a static-exchange calculation, extended to include dipole polarization. Comparison is then made with the results of a calculation in which the Sigma /sub mu //sup +/ and II/sub u/ wave functions are obtained as in a previous paper by Armour and Lewis (J. Phys. B23, L25 (1990)) and the Sigma /sub g//sup +/ and II/sub g/ wave functions are obtained by the Kohn method. There are significant differences between the contributions from the individual symmetries, but the overall values for the deexcitation rate are all of the same order of magnitude as the results of earlier calculations. (34 References).
EAG Armour, D. M. Lewis, and S. Hara, "Calculations of the Auger deexcitation rate of the dt mu within the muonic quasi-molecule, ((dt mu ) dee)," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 173--7, 1993.
Abstract: A key process in muon catalysed fusion is the deexcitation of the dt mu within the resonant muonic quasi-molecule ((dt mu )dee), by emission of an Auger electron. The dt mu in the quasi-molecule is initially in a weakly bound excited state with J=1 and v=1. In this paper, calculations taking full account of the molecular nature of the quasi-molecule are carried out of the rate of the dominant deexcitation to the state with J=0 and v=1. (10 References).
EAG Armour and MR. Harston, "The theory of muon catalysed fusion," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 478-90, 1993.
Abstract: It has been known since about 1980 that a negatively charged muon in a deuterium-tritium mixture at room temperature can catalyse more than 100 nuclear fusion reactions. The muon first of all binds a deuteron and a triton to form a muonic molecular ion, in which the two nuclei are so close together that fusion occurs very rapidly. Thereafter, the muon is usually released and is thus free to bring about further fusion reactions like a chemical catalyst. Since 1980 muon catalysed fusion has been the subject of extensive research both by experimentalists and theoreticians. The authors describe the theory of muon catalysed fusion, highlighting recent developments and indicating where further work is necessary. This involves a fascinating mixture of atomic, molecular, nuclear and particle physics. At the end of the article they comment on the possibility of using muon catalysed fusion as an energy and neutron source. (105 References).
EAG. Armour, "Formal derivation of an expression for the cross section for resonant formation of dt mu in the muon catalysed fusion cycle," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 27, no. 23, pp. L763-70, 1994.
Abstract: A key process in the muon catalysed fusion cycle is a low energy collision of t mu with a D/sub 2/ molecule which leads, at appropriate incident energies, to the formation of a resonant complex containing dd mu or dt mu . In this letter, an outline is given of a formal derivation in which elements of Feshbach's treatment of resonances and Chan and Fraser's (1973) coupled scattering approach to positronium formation in e/sup +/H scattering in the region below the first target excitation threshold are used to obtain an expression for the p-wave cross section for resonant dt mu formation. The result is similar to the Breit-Wigner formula. Full details of the calculation will be published elsewhere. (30 References).
EAG. Armour, "Alternative approach to the derivation of an expression for the cross section for resonant-formation of dt mu in the muon-catalyzed fusion cycle," Physical Review A, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 1982--95, 1995.
Abstract: A key process in the muon-catalyzed fusion cycle is a low-energy collision of d mu or t mu with a D/sub 2/ molecule that leads, at appropriate incident energies, to the formation of a resonant complex containing dd mu or dt mu . In this paper, a detailed description is given of a formal calculation in which elements of Feshbach's treatment of resonances and Chan and Eraser's (1973) coupled-scattering-equations approach to positronium formation in e/sup +/H scattering in the region below the first target excitation threshold are used to obtain an expression for the cross section for resonant dt mu formation. The result is similar to the Breit-Wigner formula. The relationship of this expression to the expression used in some evaluations of this cross section is discussed. (41 References).
EAG. Armour, "Formation of dt mu in muon-catalysed fusion: a resonant rearrangement process," Natl. Res. Council Canada. Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 74, no. 7-8, pp. 401--6, 1996.
Abstract: A key process in the muon-catalysed fusion cycle is a low-energy collision of a t mu atom with a DA molecule, where A is H, D, or T, which leads at appropriate incident energies, to the formation of a resonant complex containing dt mu . In this paper, methods of calculating the resonant formation rate of dt mu are discussed. A description is given of a new approach that makes use of coupled equations for the rearrangement scattering process and elements of Feshbach's theory of resonances to obtain an expression for the cross section for resonant dt mu formation. The insights gained from this approach are discussed. (41 References).
EAG. Armour, "A new theoretical approach to resonant dt mu formation," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 175-8, 1996.
Abstract: A key process in the muon-catalysed fusion cycle is a low-energy collision of T mu with a D/sub 2/ molecule which leads, at appropriate incident energies, to the formation of a resonant complex containing DT mu . In this paper the result is described of a formal derivation of the partial wave cross section for resonant DT mu formation, which makes use of elements of Feshbach's treatment of resonances. The expression obtained is similar to the Breit-Wigner formula. Full details of the calculation will be published elsewhere. (15 References).
E. A. G. Armour, "Examination of a key resonant process in the muon-catalysed fusion cycle that can be treated theoretically in the same way as a chemical reaction," J. Chem. Soc.-Faraday Trans., vol. 93, pp. 1011-1015, 1997.
Abstract: The muon-catalysed fusion cycle, the sequence of processes whereby a negatively charged muon in a deuterium-tritium mixture at room temperature catalyses nuclear fusion reactions, is first described. A key process in this cycle is a low-energy collision of a t mu atom with a DA molecule, where A is D, H or T, which leads at appropriate incident energies, to the formation of a resonant complex containing dt mu A description is given of methods that have been used so far to calculate, lambda(dt mu), the resonant formation rate of dt mu. A new theoretical approach involving close-coupling equations and elements of Feshbach's theory of resonances is discussed. It is shown how close-coupling methods, such as that developed by Pack and Parker to calculate the rates of chemical reactions involving three atoms, can be applied to the calculations of lambda(dt mu).
E. A. G. Armour, J. M. Carr, and V. Zeman, "Hydrogen--antihydrogen interactions at low energies," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, pp. 63--65, 1999.
EAG Armour and V. Zeman, "A treatment of the t mu +D/sub 2/ reaction by the methods of quantum reactive scattering," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 239--41, 1999.
Abstract: In this article, we describe how we are applying the methods of chemically reactive scattering to the key resonant reaction in muon catalysed fusion. Preliminary results are presented for cross-sections. (16 References).
E. A. G. Armour and V. Zeman, "A treatment of the t mu+D-2 reaction by the methods of quantum reactive scattering," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 118, pp. 239-241, 1999.
Abstract: In this article, we describe how we are applying the methods of chemically reactive scattering to the key resonant reaction in muon catalysed fusion. Preliminary results are presented for cross-sections.
T. A. Armstrong and others, "Total hadronic cross section of $\gamma$--rays in hydrogen in the energy range 0.265--4.215 GeV," Physical Review D, vol. 5, pp. 1640--1652, 1972.
D. S. Armstrong, S. Ahmad, R. A. Burnham, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, A. J. Larabee, C. E. Waltham, G. Azuelos, J. A. Macdonald, J-M Poutissou, M. Blecher, D. H. Wright, ETH Clifford, J. Summhammer, P. Depommier, R. Poutissou, H. Mes, and BC. Robertson, "Radiative muon capture on oxygen and the induced pseudoscalar coupling," Physical Review C, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. R1100-3, 1989.
Abstract: The photon spectrum from radiative muon capture in /sup 16/O has been measured using a time projection chamber as a large acceptance pair spectrometer. The integrated partial branching ratio for photons of E/sub gamma /[right angle bracket]57 MeV, relative to the ordinary muon capture rate, is (2.2+or-0.2)*10/sup -5/. When compared to a calculation using a phenomenological nuclear response function the data indicate a value for the induced pseudoscalar coupling in /sup 16/O of g/sub p//g/sub a/=7.3+or-0.9; however, when compared to a microscopic nuclear-model calculation the value g/sub p//g/sub a/=13.6/sub -1.9//sup +1.6/ is obtained. (21 References).
D. S. Armstrong, S. Ahmad, G. Azuelos, M. Blecher, R. A. Burnham, ETH Clifford, P. Depommier, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, A. J. Larabee, J. A. Macdonald, H. Mes, T. Numao, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, J. Summhammer, C. E. Waltham, and DH. Wright, "Radiative muon capture on carbon, oxygen and calcium," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium (WEIN-89), (P. Depommier, ed.), pp. 637--9, 1989.
Abstract: Radiative muon capture (RMC), mu /sup -/Z to nu (Z-1) gamma , is a weak semileptonic process which is particularly sensitive to the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant, g/sup /sub //p, of the weak hadronic current. Using PCAC and the Goldberger-Treiman relation, one can obtain the estimate g/sub p//g/sub a/=6.8 for the nucleon. Interest in RMC in nuclei stems from the desire to test this prediction and to search for any possible nuclear renormalization of g/sub p/. The TRIUMF time projection chamber (TPC) was used as a large solid-angle, medium-resolution pair spectrometer to detect photons from RMC. (14 References).
D. S. Armstrong, S. Ahmad, R. A. Burnham, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, A. J. Larabee, C. E. Waltham, G. Azuelos, J. A. Macdonald, T. Numao, J-M Poutissou, M. Blecher, D. H. Wright, ETH Clifford, J. Summhammer, P. Depommier, R. Poutissou, H. Mes, and BC. Robertson, "Radiative muon capture on carbon, oxygen, and calcium," Physical Review C-Nuclear Physics, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 1425--47, 1991.
Abstract: The photon energy spectra from radiative muon capture on /sup 12/C, /sup 16/O, and /sup 40/Ca have been measured using a time projection chamber as a pair spectrometer. The branching ratio for radiative muon capture is sensitive to g/sub p/, the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant of the weak interaction. Expressed in terms of the axial-vector weak coupling constant g/sub a/, values of g/sub p//g/sub a/=5.7+or-0.8 and g/sub p//g/sub a/=7.3+or-0.9 are obtained for /sup 40/Ca and /sup 16/O, respectively with microscopic calculations, values of g/sub p//g/sub a/=4.6+or-1.8, 13.6 /sub -1.9//sup +1.6/, and 16.2 /sub -0.7//sup +1.3/ for /sup 40/Ca, /sup 16/O, and /sup 12/C, respectively, are obtained. The microscopic results are suggestive of a renormalization of the nucleonic form factors within the nucleus. (78 References).
DS. Armstrong, "Capture and transfer of pions in hydrogenous materials," in Exotic Atoms in Condensed Matter. Proceedings of the Erice Workshop, (G. Benedek and H. Schneuwly, eds.), pp. 175--88, 1992.
Abstract: Pionic hydrogen in a short-lived exotic hydrogen isotope in which a negative pion replaces the atomic electron. The formation and subsequent interactions of pionic hydrogen are discussed, with emphasis on the process of pion transfer. Recent results using the pion charge-exchange reaction ( pi /sup -/, pi /sup 0/) obtained at TRIUMF are reviewed. (35 References).
D. S. Armstrong, A. Serna-Angel, S. Ahmad, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, M. Blecher, C. Q. Chen, P. Depommier, Egidy T. von, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, R. S. Henderson, A. J. Larabee, J. A. Macdonald, S. C. McDonald, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, D. G. Sample, G. N. Taylor, D. H. Wright, and NS. Zhang, "Radiative muon capture on Al, Si, Ca, Mo, Sn, and Pb," Physical Review C-Nuclear Physics, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 1094--107, 1992.
Abstract: The branching ratio for radiative muon capture (RMC), relative to the nonradiative process, is sensitive to g/sub p/, the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant of the weak hadronic current. The photon energy spectra with RMC on /sup 27/Al, /sup 28/Si, /sup 40/Ca, /sup nat/Mo, /sup nat/Sn, and /sup nat/Pb have been measured using a high-acceptance pair spectrometer. The measured partial branching ratios, R/sub gamma /, for photons of E/sub gamma /[right angle bracket]57 MeV are 1.43+or-0.13, 1.93+or-0.18, 2.09+or-0.19, 1.11+or-0.11, 0.98+or-0.09, and 0.60+or-0.07 respectively, in units of 10/sup -5/. The results confirm the previously observed suppression of R/sub gamma / with increasing Z for Z[right angle bracket]20. For /sup 40/Ca the present result is in good agreement with previous measurements. For the heavier nuclei, the results are compared with two recent calculations performed in the Fermi-gas model. In one case the data indicate a complete quenching of g/sub p/, but the more recent calculation does not reproduce the data for any value of g/sub p/. (50 References).
D. S. Armstrong, J. Bauer, J. Evans, T. P. Gorringe, B. L. Johnson, S. Kalvoda, R. Porter, B. Siebels, E. Gete, D. F. Measday, B. A. Moftah, and S. Stanislaus, "Muon capture in silicon 28," in Yamada Conference XL IV. Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei, (H. Ejiri, T. Kishimoto, and T. Sato, eds.), pp. 386--9, 1995.
Abstract: A measurement has been made of the angular correlation of the neutrino with the 1229 keV gamma -ray from the de-excitation of the 2201 keV 1/sup +/ level in aluminum-28, following muon capture in silicon-28. To suppress neutron-induced background in the HPGe detector, a coincidence in a NaI array is required with the 942 keV gamma -ray in the de-excitation cascade. The lifetime of the 2201 keV level is found to be 61+or-4+or-9 fs. The correlation coefficient alpha is found to be 0.36+or-0.06 implying g/sub p//g/sub A/=0/sub -3//sup +3.5/. (14 References).
D. S. Armstrong, J. Bauer, J. Evans, T. P. Gorringe, B. L. Johnson, S. Kalvoda, R. Porter, B. Siebels, E. Gete, D. F. Measday, B. A. Moftah, and S. Stanislaus, "Muon capture by silicon 28," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, no. 1-4, pp. 169--74, 1996.
Abstract: A measurement has been made of the angular correlation of the neutrino with the 1229 keV gamma -ray from the de-excitation of the 2201 keV 1/sup +/ level in aluminum-28, following muon capture in silicon-28. To suppress the neutron-induced background in the HPGe detector, a coincidence in a NaI array is required with the 942 keV gamma -ray in the de-excitation cascade. The lifetime of the 2201 keV level is found to be 61+or-4+or-9 fs. The correlation coefficient alpha is found to be 0.36+or-0.06 implying g/sub P//g/sub A/=0/sub -3//sup +3.5/. (15 References).
K. P. Arnold, P. O. Egan, M. Gladisch, V. W. Hughes, W. Jacobs, H. Orth, Putlitz G. zu, J. Vetter, and W. Wahl, "Hyperfine structure of the muonic helium atom," Sin Newsletter, vol. 13, no. , pp. 13-14, 1980.
Abstract: Muonic helium is an atom consisting of a /sup 4/He nucleus, a negative muon and an electron: alpha mu /sup -/e/sup -/. In the ground state the muon orbits the alpha -particle in a Z=2 hydrogenic 1S state with energy and radius scaled by the muon reduced mass. The ( alpha mu /sup -/)/sup +/ system is therefore a factor m/sub e//Zm/sub mu / approximately=1/400 smaller than a hydrogen atom. This ion forms a compact pseudonucleus with size midway between atomic and nuclear dimensions (e approximately 130 fm) and binds the electron in a normal atomic 1S orbit. The combined atom can be regarded as one hydrogenic system inside the other and behaves chemically like a heavy isotope (m=4.1 amu) of hydrogen. The alpha mu /sup -/e/sup -/ atom is a unique system in which to observe the interaction of a bound electron in a muonic atom including QED effects. It is also one of the very few electromagnetic three-body bound states without exchange interaction. It can serve therefore as testing ground for theoretical approaches to the solution of three-body problems. The aim of this experiment is to measure the interaction between the muon and electron spin magnetic moments in this simple muonic atom. This interaction causes a splitting Delta nu , which the authors refer to as a hyperfine structure (hfs), between the ground state singlet (F=0) and triplet (F=1) levels. Theoretically, Delta nu can be expressed as: Delta nu = Delta nu /sub F/ (1+ delta ) (1+QED). (7 References).
K. P. Arnold, M. Gladisch, V. W. Hughes, W. Jacobs, M. Krauss, M. Krauth, S. Liebke, H. J. Mundinger, H. Orth, Putlitz G. zu, J. Rosenkranz, and W. Schafer, "Neutral muonic helium(3)," Sin Newsletter, vol. 15, no. , pp. 61-3, 1983.
Abstract: Neutral muonic helium, He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/, can be considered in two pieces. The (He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/)/sup +/-system is a hydrogenic ion halfway in size between an atom and a nucleus. It acts like a singly charged pseudo-nucleus to the electron surrounding it. The whole system appears like one hydrogen inside another. Neutral muonic helium can be formed in the ground state in which the coupling of the magnetic moments gives rise to a hyperfine structure (HFS). /sup 3/He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ has three spin one half particles interacting without any restrictions by the Pauli exclusion principle. The level diagram of the ground state is shown. There is a large muonic HFS splitting corresponding to the He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/ ion to be in one of the two spin states with total spin quantum number G=0 and G=1. To measure the atomic HFS superimposed on the G=1 triplet state is the aim of this experiment. (8 References).
K-P Arnold, M. Gladisch, J. Hofmann, V. W. Hughes, W. Jacobs, H-J Mundinger, H. Orth, Putlitz G. zu, J. Rosenkranz, W. Schafer, W. Schwarz, and K. Woodle, "First observation of the free pionium atom in vacuum," Sin Newsletter, vol. 20, no. , pp. NL38-40, 1988.
Abstract: Pionium is a short-lived exotic hydrogen isotope comprising a bound state of a positive pion and an electron. The authors describe its production using the beamfoil technique and the first observation of a free pionium atom in vacuum. (8 References).
K-P Arnold, M. Gladisch, J. Hofmann, V. W. Hughes, H-J Mundinger, Putlitz G. zu, H. Orth, J. Rosenkranz, M. Stickel, W. Schafer, and W. Schwarz, "Investigation of radiative transitions in the muonic helium(4) ion with sodium iodide crystals," Psi Nuclear & Particle Physics Newsletter, no. , pp. 65-6, 1990.
Abstract: The 2s-lifetimes of the muonic helium(4) ion ( mu /sup -/He)/sup +/ at high gas pressures is a fascinating and puzzling problem. Measurements previously carried out at CERN indicated that the lifetime of the 2s state (1.75 mu s for the free ion) is only slightly reduced by the surrounding atoms up to 50 atmospheres. This observation is in contradiction to recent experimental and theoretical results, which establish a much faster deexcitation rate of the 2s-level. The authors therefore decided to perform an experiment at 14 and 40 atm with an apparatus resembling the one used in the CERN high pressure lifetime and Lamb shift measurements. A common feature was in particular the detection of radiative muon transitions with NaI(Tl) crystals. (5 References).
S. Arole, D. S. Armstrong, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, M. A. Kovash, V. Kuzmin, B. A. Moftah, R. Sedlar, T. J. Stocki, and T. Tetereva, "Muon capture on Cl-35," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 66, pp. art. no.-065501, 2002.
Abstract: We report measurements of gamma-ray spectra from muon capture on Cl-35. For the allowed Gamow-Teller transitions to the S35(2939,3/2(+)) state and the S-35(3421,5/2(+)) state we obtained their capture rates, hyperfine dependences, and gamma- nu correlation coefficients. The capture rates and hyperfine dependences were compared to shell model calculations using the complete 1s-0d space and the universal SD interaction. With g(p)/g(a)=6.7 and g(a)=-1.00 (or g(a)=-1.26) we found agreement of the model and the data at the 1-2 sigma level. However, we caution that the transitions are sensitive to l=2 forbidden matrix elements.
S. Arole, D. S. Armstrong, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, M. A. Kovash, V. Kuzmin, B. A. Moftah, R. Sedlar, T. J. Stocki, and T. Tetereva, "Muon capture on /sup 35/Cl," Physical Review C-Nuclear Physics, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 65501--1--11, 2002.
Abstract: We report measurements of Gamma -ray spectra from muon capture on /sup 35/Cl. For the allowed Gamow-Teller transitions to the /sup 35/S(2939,3/2/sup +/) state and the /sup 35/S(3421,5/2/sup +/) state we obtained their capture rates, hyperfine dependences, and Gamma - nu correlation coefficients. The capture rates and hyperfine dependences were compared to shell model calculations using the complete 1s-0d space and the universal SD interaction. With g/sub p//g/sub a/=6.7 and g/sub a/=-1.00 (or g/sub a/=-1.26) we found agreement of the model and the data at the 1-2 Sigma level. However, we caution that the transitions are sensitive to l=2 forbidden matrix elements. (37 References).
S. H. Aronson, R. H. Bernstein, G. J. Bock, RD Jr Cousins, J. F. Greenhalgh, D. Hedin, M. Schwartz, T. K. Shea, G. B. Thomson, and B. Winstein, "Measurement of the rate of formation of pi-mu atoms in K/sub L//sup 0/ decay," Physical Review D, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 3180--98, 1986.
Abstract: Hydrogenlike atoms consisting of a pion and a muon can be formed in K/sub L//sup 0/ to pi mu nu decays. In an experiment at Fermilab, 320 pi-mu atoms were detected and simultaneously the K/sub L//sup 0/ flux was monitored by recording ordinary K/sub L//sup 0/ to pi mu nu decays. The first measurement of the branching ratio R= Gamma (K/sub L//sup 0/ to pi-mu atom+ nu )/ Gamma (K/sub L//sup 0/ to pi mu nu )=(3.90+or-0.39)*10/sup -7/ is reported, based on a subset of 155 atoms. This ratio may be sensitive to anomalous interactions between the pion and the muon. In the absence of such interactions, theory predicts R=(4.31+or-0.08)*10/sup -7/. (29 References).
D. J. Arseneau, J. J. Pan, M. Senba, M. Shelley, and DG. Fleming, "Muonium spin relaxation in carbon monoxide," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 106, no. 1-4, pp. 151--6, 1997.
Abstract: The spin relaxation of Mu was measured in mixtures of CO and Ar at pressures up to 270 atm and at various magnetic fields. The relaxation rate increased with magnetic field in the way expected for electron spin-exchange processes, though the effect declined at high pressures. We describe the results in terms of spin relaxation of Mu-formyl radicals, MuCO, which break up to give depolarized Mu at low pressures, but are increasingly stabilized at higher pressures. (9 References).
V. V. Artisyuk, S. B. Varushin, F. I. Karmanov, and VP. Maniychuck, "Spatial-energy neutron flux calculation for synthesizer of the muon-catalyzed reactor," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 577--81, 1988.
Abstract: The authors discuss the energy and spatial distribution of the neutron flux at the entrance to the muon catalyzed fusion reactor blanket. The calculations are performed taking into account anisotropic scattering and inelastic reaction channels. (5 References).
V. V. Artisyuk, YuA Korovin, and VN. Sosnin, "Computation of electronuclear channel impact on the energy balance of the muon-catalyzed hybrid reactor," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 223--9, 1989.
Abstract: The muon-catalyzed fusion hybrid reactor (MCFHR) energy production and fissile fuel yield are calculated. The MCFHR energy balance is estimated to be more promising than that obtained in previous investigations. (12 References).
V. V. Artisyuk, F. I. Karmanov, L. I. Ponomarev, and M. Saito, "mu CF intense neutron source and nuclear waste incineration," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 381--5, 2001.
Abstract: It was shown in a series of papers, that a 14-MeV intense neutron source based on muon-catalyzed fusion with intensity J=10/sup 17/ n/s and flux Phi =10/sup 14/ n/s/cm/sup 2/ can be constructed on current technology base. Also it was demonstrated that 14 MeV neutrons are essential to drive the effective transmutation of problematic radionuclides. For this reason, advanced methods of neutron generation are outlined in the present paper with focus on the beam parameter estimation inherent in the KEK-JAERI project. (6 References).
E. C. Aschenauer and others, "Cascade processes and the kinetic-energy distribution of pionic hydrogen atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 51, pp. 1965--1979, 1995.
E. C. Aschenauer and VE. Markushin, "High-velocity components in exotic atoms, their origin and effects," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 97-106, 1996.
Abstract: The evolution of the kinetic energy distribution during the cascade is shown to play an important role for pionic and muonic atoms in hydrogen and deuterium. The kinetics of muon transfer in excited states is studied with a new cascade code and the results are compared with recent experimental data. (27 References).
E. C. Aschenauer and VE. Markushin, "Muonic hydrogen and deuterium in H-D mixture and muon transfer in excited states," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 165--72, 1997.
Abstract: The deexcitation of mu p and mu d atoms in hydrogen-deuterium mixtures has been studied with a new kinetics model that takes the energy dependence of the cascade processes into account. The X-ray yields, the populations of atomic states, and the muon transfer from hydrogen to deuterium during the cascade have been calculated as functions of density and isotope fractions. The evolution of the kinetic energy distribution during the cascade is shown to play an important role in the transfer kinetics. The atomic energy distribution in the ground state is significantly changed by the transfer. The calculated X-ray yields and the muon transfer probabilities are in fair agreement with experimental data provided the current theoretical transfer rates are reduced by a factor of about 2. (46 References).
D. Ashery, "Search for the pentaquark and H dibaryon," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 253--266, 1996.
K. Aslam and JR. Rook, "Two-nucleon absorption rate in K/sup -/ mesic atoms," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 159--72, 1970.
Abstract: A recent calculation by Wycech (see Abstr. A1210 of 1968) has reproduced the experimental data on the relative two-nucleon absorption rates for K/sup -/ mesic atoms of deuterium and heavy nuclei despite conclusions to the contrary from earlier calculations and qualitative arguments. In this paper the authors compare these earlier calculations and arguments with the more recent one and show where the differences arise. They conclude that even the latter calculations contain doubtful approximations but that the conclusions obtained there are correct. Thus any discrepancy between theory and experiment is not of the order of twenty as previously supposed but rather an order of magnitude less than this figure and in consequence there is no evidence for alpha-particle clusters in the nuclear surface as proposed by Wilkinson. (10 References).
G. M. Aston, J. A. Stride, U. A. Jayasooriya, and ID. Reid, "The hyperfine coupling tensors of muonated radicals in single-crystal benzophenone," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 106, no. 1-4, pp. 157--62, 1997.
Abstract: The hyperfine coupling tensors of muonated radicals in a large single crystal of benzophenone have been determined by measuring the hyperfine couplings of the radicals as the crystal was rotated about three orthogonal axes. Signals from four radicals were observed, corresponding to the four molecules per unit cell in the crystal. Due to an ambiguity in the data we are unable to discriminate between two similar hyperfine coupling tensors. Both lead to an isotropic hyperfine coupling of approximately=32 MHz, contrasting with the solution value of 42 MHz obtained earlier in diethyl ether. The anisotropic components of the tensor are relatively large, at approximately -15 MHz, -6 MHz and 21 MHz, respectively. (14 References).
M. Atarashi and H. Narumi, "On the cascade process in mesic atoms," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1779--85, 1971.
Abstract: In response to the recent precise measurement of mesic X-ray yields, it became possible to discuss the cascade process in mesic atom more exactly in order to investigate the nuclear absorption process. It is shown for the muonic atom of /sup 12/C that the statistical distribution of the initial mesic bound states is more reasonable than the modified one earlier obtained by Eisenberg and Kessler. On the basis of this consideration, mesic cascade processes, including the strong absorption as well as the natural decay are fully analysed and typical calculations are carried out for /sup 9/Be, /sup 12/C and /sup 16/O, whose results are in good agreement with recent experimental ones.
M. Atarashi and H. Narumi, "On the reality of the inner state in the kaonic atom," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 1427--8, 1972.
Abstract: Two distinct types of eigenstates in the soluble model have recently been pointed out, where the system with imaginary square-well potential was introduced in order to explain an unexpected variation of a complex level shift in the kaonic atom. One is the outer state for which the mesic wave function is localized in the outer region of a nucleus, and the other is the inner state for which the meson is bound almost inside the nucleus and its wave function is strongly attenuated outside the nucleus. The authors discuss the reality of these states. (7 References).
M. Atarashi and H. Narumi, "On the cascade process in kaonic atoms," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1971--3, 1974.
Abstract: The authors extend a previous analysis (see abstr. A60959 of 1971) to kaonic atoms. Absolute X-ray yields are calculated for several examples with known proton distributions and compared with experiment. Fractions of the absorption probability from several states are also shown. (5 References).
M. Atarashi, K. Hira, and H. Narumi, "On the kaon-nucleus optical potential at low energy," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 209--19, 1978.
Abstract: An optical potential approach at low energy is attempted for the kaon-nucleus interaction. The optical potential is introduced by folding the finite range kaon-nucleon potential with the nuclear ground state wave function. The K-N potential considered is constructed to reproduce the free K-N scattering lengths. Using the optical potential the authors evaluate elastic cross sections of low energy kaon scattering by nuclei and complex level shifts of kaonic atoms. Both results obtained prove to be more consistent with experimental values than those given by the previous approach. In particular it is suggested that the real part of this potential is mainly attributed to the Yukawa type potential induced by the vector meson exchange apart from the imaginary part. (27 References).
M. Atarashi, "Damping state method and kaonic bound states," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 589--601, 1983.
Abstract: A damping state method in the radiation field is generalized in the case of a multi-channel system with strong interactions. This approach is applied to the analysis of the K/sup -/-p system, where experimental complex level shifts of the 1s state are considerably different from the previous predictions. For the elementary interaction the author uses the nonlocal potential of a separable type, which reproduces not only measured values of the K/sup -/-N cross section but also effective properties of the resonance Y/sub 0/*(1405) and K/sup -/-N scattering length. The author's results for the complex level shift of the 1s state are consistent with the present experimental results. (18 References).
N. Auerbach and A. Klein, "Calculation of inclusive mu /sup -/-capture rates in heavy nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 114B, no. 2-3, pp. 95--8, 1982.
Abstract: The mu /sup -/-capture rates Lambda /sub mu / are calculated for nuclei with N[right angle bracket]Z using the self-consistent RPA framework. The mu /sup -/-atomic binding energy is introduced in the calculation of Lambda /sub mu / and the radial dependence of the muonic wavefunction is taken into account in the matrix elements. The recoil term Lambda '/sub mu / is evaluated directly. With the assumption that the nuclear vector, axial vector, and induced pseudo-scalar contributions are equal, good agreement with experiment is obtained. (22 References).
N. Auerbach and A. Klein, "A microscopic theory of muon capture in nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A422, no. 3, pp. 480--500, 1984.
Abstract: The muon capture rates are calculated for a series of nuclei, using the Hartree-Fock random-phase approximation, and compared with experiment. The recoil term, the building energy of the muon and finite size effects are calculated in detail. In a schematic model, the validity of the assumption M/sub V//sup 2/=M/sub A//sup 2/=M/sub P//sup 2/ is studied, and found to hold reasonably well even for nuclei as heavy as /sup 208/Pb. (44 References).
N. Auerbach, N. VanGiai, and O. K. Vorov, "Neutrino scattering from C-12 and O-16," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 56, pp. R2368-R2372, 1997.
Abstract: Exclusive and inclusive (nu(mu),mu(-)), (nu(e),e(-)) cross sections and mu(-) -capture rates are calculated for C-12 and O-16 using the consistent random phase approximation (RPA) and pairing model. After a pairing correction is introduced to the RPA results, the flux-averaged theoretical (nu(mu),mu(-)), (nu(e),e(-)) cross sections and mu(-) -capture rates in C-12 are in good agreement with experiment. Predictions of (nu(mu),mu(-)) and (nu(e),e(-)) cross sections in O-16 are also presented.
N. Auerbach, Giai N. Van, and OK. Vorov, "Neutrino scattering from /sup 12/C and /sup 16/O," Physical Review C, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. R2368-72, 1997.
Abstract: Exclusive and inclusive ( nu /sub mu /, mu /sup -/), ( nu /sub e/,e/sup -/) cross sections and mu /sup -/-capture rates are calculated for /sup 12/C and /sup 16/O using the consistent random phase approximation (RPA) and pairing model. After a pairing correction is introduced to the RPA results, the flux-averaged theoretical ( nu /sub mu /, mu /sup -/), ( nu /sub e/,e/sup -/) cross sections and mu /sup -/-capture rates in /sup 12/C are in good agreement with experiment. Predictions of ( nu /sub mu /, mu /sup -/) and ( nu /sub e/,e/sup -/) cross sections in /sup 16/O are also presented. (24 References).
N. Auerbach and BA. Brown, "Weak interaction rates involving /sup 12/C, /sup 14/N, and /sup 16/O," Physical Review C, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 024322/1-9, 2002.
Abstract: Muon capture and neutrino scattering cross sections in /sup 12/C, /sup 14/N, and /sup 16/O are calculated within a large shell-model basis. The effects of quenching of the isovector strength on these quantities are studied. (41 References).
M. Augsberger, G. Beer, S. Bianco, A. M. Bragadireanu, M. Bregant, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, D. Chatellard, C. Curceanu, J-P Egger, F. L. Fabbri, B. Gartner, C. Guaraldo, R. S. Hayano, M. Iliescu, T. Ishiwatari, T. M. Ito, M. Iwasaki, R. King, P. Knowles, T. Koike, B. Lauss, V. Lucherini, J. Marton, E. Milotti, F. Mulhauser, S. N. Nakamura, T. Ponta, A. C. Sanderson, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, R. Seki, D. Tomono, T. Yoneyama, E. Zavattini, and J. Zmeskal, "The DEAR experiment on DA Phi NE," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings. Quantum Electrodynamics and Physics of the Vacuum, QED 2000 Second Workshop, pp. 217-24, 2001.
Abstract: DEAR is one of the first experiments at the new DA Phi NE phi -factory at the Laboraturi Nazionali di Frascati dell'INFN. The objective of the DEAR experiment is to perform a precision measurement of the strong interaction shifts and widths of the K-series lines in kaonic hydrogen and the first observation of the same quantities in kaonic deuterium. The aim is to obtain a precise determination of the isospin-dependent kaon-nucleon scattering lengths which will represent a breakthrough in KN low-energy phenomenology and will allow us to determine the kaon-nucleon sigma terms. The sigma, terms give a direct measurement of chiral symmetry breaking and are connected to the strangeness content of the proton. First results on background measurements with the DEAR NTP setup installed on DA Phi NE are reported. (12 References).
M. Augsburger and others, "Measurement of strong interaction parameters in antiprotonic hydrogen and deuterium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, pp. 59--62, 1999.
M. Augsburger and others, "Measurement of the strong interaction parameters in antiprotonic deuterium," Physics Letters B, vol. 461, pp. 417--422, 1999.
M. Augsburger and others, "Measurement of the strong interaction parameters in antiprotonic hydrogen and probable evidence for an interference with inner bremsstrahlung," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 658, pp. 149--162, 1999.
M. Augsburger and others, "First measurements at the DA$\Phi$NE $\phi$--factory with the DEAR experimental setup," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 452, pp. 306--322, 2000.
M. Augsburger, "Mesures de rayons X par détecteur CCD: application aux atomes exotiques", 2001.
M. Augsburger, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, B. Gartner, F. J. Hartmann, O. Huot, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, R. King, P. Knowles, A. Kosak, B. Lauss, J. Marton, M. Muhlbauer, F. Mulhauser, C. Petitjean, W. Prymas, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, S. Tresch, Egidy T. von, and J. Zmeskal, "Muon transfer from deuterium to helium," Physical Review A, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 22712--1--9, 2003.
Abstract: We report on an experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland measuring x rays from muon transfer from deuterium to helium. Both the ground-state transfer via the exotic (d mu /sup 3,4/He)/sup */ molecules and the excited-state transfer from ( mu d)/sup */ were measured. The use of charge-coupled device detectors allowed x rays from 1.5 keV to 11 keV to be detected with sufficient energy resolution to separate the transitions to different final states in both deuterium and helium. The x-ray peaks of the (d mu /sup 3/He)/sup */ and (d mu /sup 4/He)/sup */ molecules were measured with good statistics. For the D/sub 2/+/sup 3/He mixture, the peak has its maximum at E/sub d mu 3He/=6768+or-12 eV with full width at half maximum (FWHM) Gamma /sub d mu 3He/=863+or-10 eV. Furthermore, the radiative branching ratio was found to be kappa /sub d mu 3He/=0.301+or-0.061. For the D/sub 2/+/sup 4/He mixture, the maximum of the peak lies at E/sub d mu 4He/=6831+or-8 eV and the FWHM is Gamma /sub d mu 4He/=856+or-10 eV. The radiative branching ratio is kappa /sub d mu 4He/=0.636+or-0.097. The excited-state transfer is limited by the probability to reach the deuterium ground state, q/sub 1s/. This coefficient was determined for both mixtures: q/sub 1s//sup 3He/=68.9+or-2.7% and q/sub 1s//sup 4He/=90.1+or-1.5%. (18 References).
M. Augsburger, V. M. Boreiko, V. M. Bystritsky, W. Czaplinski, A. Del Rosso, C. Donche--Gay, M. Filipowicz, O. Huot, P. Knowles, F. Mulhauser, V. N. Pavlov, F. M. Pen'kov, C. Petitjean, N. P. Popov, V. G. Sandukovsky, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, V. A. Stolupin, and J. Wozniak, "Measuring $\mu d ^3$He fusion," PSI Scientific Report 1999, vol. Volume I, 2000.
M. Augsburger, V. M. Boreiko, V. M. Bystritsky, W. Czaplinski, A. Del Rosso, C. Donche--Gay, M. Filipowicz, O. Huot, P. Knowles, F. Mulhauser, V. N. Pavlov, F. M. Pen'kov, C. Petitjean, N. P. Popov, V. G. Sandukovsky, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, V. A. Stolupin, and J. Wozniak, "Measuring $\mu d ^3$He fusion," PSI Scientific Report 2000, vol. Volume I, 2001.
B. Autin, K. Bongardt, J. Pasternak, and A. Verdier, "Longitudinal capture of muons using bunch compression," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 503, pp. 369-373, 2003.
Abstract: When a particle beam drifts in a beam line, the bunch length increases due to the spread in particle velocity. Introducing a magnetic field so that the particles of high momentum follow a trajectory longer than the one of low momentum particles can limit the bunch extension and even compress it. This property is applied to the design of the longitudinal collection of a large emittance muon beam at 44 MHz accelerating bucket. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
B. Autin, "Muon emittance and pion decay," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 503, pp. 363-368, 2003.
Abstract: An efficient collection of muons is a crucial task for machines such as neutrino factories or muon colliders. The definition of the beam emittance and the determination of the capture efficiencies both in transverse and longitudinal spaces is made difficult by the transition from the pion to the muon beam through the decay process. An analytical approach to the problem is derived for a transport line where path length variations can be neglected. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
G. V. Avakov, L. D. Blokhintsev, R. Lago, and MV. Poletayeva, "Three-body integral equations and their application to the reactions of muon transfer," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 257-62, 1996.
Abstract: It is suggested to use the integral Faddeev equations in the Alt-Grassberger-Sandhas form to calculate the muon transfer reactions relevant to muon-catalyzed fusion. Similar equations derived while neglecting the electron mass compared to the ion masses, were successfully used for the description of the electron transfer reactions in the ion-atomic collisions. The corrections due to the finiteness of the muon mass are discussed. (18 References).
YuP Averin, D. V. Balin, V. R. Bom, A. M. Demin, D. L. Demin, A. E. Drebushko, V. P. Dzhelepov, Eijk CWE van, V. V. Filchenkov, A. N. Golubkov, N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, S. K. Grishechkin, V. G. Klevtsov, A. D. Konin, A. A. Kukolkin, S. V. Medved, A. B. Modenov, V. A. Nazarov, V. I. Pryanichnikov, VIa Rozhkov, A. I. Rudenko, S. M. Sadetsky, G. G. Semenchuk, V. T. Sidorov, YuV Smirenin, I. I. Sukhoi, V. V. Travkin, N. I. Voropaev, A. A. Yukhimchuk, V. G. Zinov, and SV. Zlatoustovskii, "First measurements of dt mu cycle characteristics in liquid H/D/T mixture," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 121--5, 1999.
Abstract: Muon catalyzed fusion in a dense triple mixture of hydrogen isotopes was investigated for the first time. The experimental method is based on the registration of neutrons from dt mu fusion by a full absorption detector in 4 pi geometry. The measurements were performed in H/D/T mixture at T=21 K and phi equivalent to 1.1 LHD using four sets of isotope concentrations. The basic parameters of the dt mu cycle (neutron yield, cycling rate and total sticking) in H/D/T mixtures obtained from neutron time distributions are presented and discussed. (9 References).
Y. P. Averin, D. V. Balin, V. R. Bom, J. N. Bradbury, J. D. Davies, A. M. Demin, D. L. Demin, A. E. Drebushko, V. P. Dzhelepov, C. W. E. van Eijk, V. V. Filchenkov, A. N. Golubkov, N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, S. K. Grishechkin, V. G. Klevtsov, A. D. Konin, A. A. Kukolkin, S. V. Medved', A. B. Modenov, V. A. Nazarov, V. V. Perevozchikov, V. I. Pryanichnikov, V. Y. Rozhkov, A. I. Rudenko, S. M. Sadetsky, G. G. Semenchuk, V. T. Sidorov, Y. V. Smirenin, I. I. Sukhoi, V. V. Travkin, N. I. Voropaev, A. A. Yukhimchuk, V. G. Zinov, and S. V. Zlatoustovskii, "Novel method for MCF study in a dense D T mixture, first experimental results," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 118, pp. 111-119, 1999.
Abstract: Preliminary data are first presented for the measurements of effective parameters of MCF processes in dense D/T mixtures obtained by a novel method. Results are compared with the ones obtained by the "standard" method.
YuP Averin, V. R. Bom, A. M. Demin, D. L. Demin, A. E. Drebushko, V. P. Dzhelepov, Eijk CWE Van, V. V. Felchenkov, A. N. Golubkov, N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, S. K. Grishechkin, V. G. Klevtsov, A. D. Konin, A. A. Kukolkin, S. V. Medved, A. B. Modenov, V. A. Nazarov, V. I. Pryanichnikov, V. I. Rozhkov, A. I. Rudenko, S. M. Sadetsky, G. G. Semenchuk, V. T. Sidorov, YuV Smirenin, I. I. Sukhoi, V. V. Travkin, N. I. Voropaev, A. A. Yukhimchuk, V. G. Zinov, and SV. Zlatoustovskii, "Experimental results on muon catalyzed dt fusion in H/D/T mixture," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 249--53, 2001.
Abstract: An experimental study on muon catalyzed dt fusion in a triple mixture of hydrogen isotopes (H/D/T) was carried out at the JINR phasotron. The measurements have been performed at various temperatures and densities with liquid and gaseous H/D/T mixtures. Results are presented for the main characteristics of the dt mu cycle. A reduction of the number of dt fusions is observed when hydrogen is added to the D/T mixture. This is mainly due to muon loss to the pt and pd cycles, which have a high sticking probability. We also observe an increase of the cycle rate when the temperature of the H/D/T mixture rises. This confirms the theoretical prediction. (9 References).
FA. Ayoub, "On reactions of mu /sup +/ mesons on hydrogen molecules. I," Proceedings of the Mathematical & Physical Society of Uar, no.33, 1972, pp.49-56, vol. 33, no. , pp. 49-56, 1972.
Abstract: The distorted wave method has been used to derive mathematically the differential cross-section for a rearrangement collision in which mu /sup +/ meson is incident on H/sub 2/ molecule and a rearrangement occurs in which mu /sup +/ is captured and an H/sup +/ is emitted, leaving a mu H molecule. The wave equations for relative motion of mu /sup +/ in the field of H/sub 2/ and of a proton in the field of mu H/sub 2/ are solved using the University College London Electronic Computer. (5 References).
FA. Ayoub, "Scattering of U/sup +/ mesons on hydrogen molecules. II," in Proceedings of the Mathematical & Physical Society of Uar, (Egypt), pp. 57-64, 1972.
Abstract: For pt. I see ibid., no.33, 49-56. The zero-order cross sections for the rate of the chemical reaction u/sup +/ +H/sub 2/ to uH+H/sup +/, have been calculated using the distorted-wave method. It is found that the calculated cross-sections are not far below the maximum value pi /k2, where k is the initial wave number of the relative motion. This suggests that the total cross-sections for the process is of order pi R/sub 0//sup 2/., where R/sub 0/ is the mean closest distance of approach of u/sup +/ meson to H/sub 2/ averaged over all orientations. (4 References).
G. Azuelos, S. Ahmad, D. S. Armstrong, W. Bertl, M. Blecher, A. Burnham, C-Q Chen, P. Depommier, Egidy T. von, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, R. Henderson, A. J. Larabee, J. A. MacDonald, S. C. McDonald, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, A. Serna-Angel, G. N. Taylor, C. E. Waltham, D. H. Wright, and N-S. Zhang, "Radiative muon capture on nuclei and protons," Annales de Physique, vol. 15colloq, no. 2, pp. 13--22, 1990.
Abstract: A brief review is made of the study of g/sub P/, the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant, in radiative muon capture on light nuclei, and of motivations for a measurement on hydrogen, with particular emphasis on recent and ongoing experiments at TRIUMF. (27 References).
T. Azuma, K. Nishiyama, K. Nagamine, Y. Ito, and Y. Tabata, "Delayed formation of muon-containing species in organic liquids observed by spin resonance technique," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 32, no. 1-4, pp. 837--43, 1986.
Abstract: The resonance technique has been applied to observe diamagnetic muons and, for the first time by the resonance, Mu-substituted radicals in organic liquids under strong decoupling magnetic fields. In benzoquinone solutions in benzene the relaxation of Mu-cyclohexadienyl radicals through reaction with quinone was directly observed by the radical resonance technique. The product of this reaction was then observed by the diamagnetic muon resonance as a slow formation. Similar slow formation was observed for diamagnetic muons in neat CS/sub 2/ and for Mu-radicals in benzene and styrene. Such slow formation can never be observed by the rotation technique due to a dephasing problem, and thus the previous method is expected to provide a new source of information on slow reaction dynamics of muon containing species. (17 References).
K. Baba, "Nuclear Coulomb effects on the induced pseudoscalar interaction in the theory of muon capture by nuclei," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 390--406, 1970.
Abstract: Variations of the strength of the induced pseudoscalar coupling C/sub P/ in muon capture by nuclei due to nuclear Coulomb effects on both pion propagator and muon wave function are calculated by assuming point nuclei with the effective charge Z/sub eff/e. Those Coulomb effects depend not only on Z/sub eff/ but also on the energy of the neutrino emitted in the process in consideration. In the low-energy region of the neutrino the Coulomb effects on both quantities are nearly cancelled out by each other, while in the high-energy region (corresponding to the case of normal muon capture) a considerable net effect remains and C/sub P/ is reduced by several percent (5 approximately 9% for Z/sub eff/=7.47 approximately 16.17, i.e. for Z=8 approximately 20) compared with its magnitude when no Coulomb effects are taken into account.
A. I. Babaev, V. S. Evseev, G. G. Myasishcheva, YuV Obukhov, V. S. Roganov, and VA. Chernogorova, "Direct observation of the hyperfine structure and depolarization of negative muons in the muonic atoms with nonzero nuclear spin," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 964--72, 1969.
Abstract: Residual polarization of negative muons is measured by means of the spin precession in the weak transversal magnetic field, for the muonic atoms with nuclei of nonzero spin, in targets LiH, Be, B/sub 4/C, N/sub 2/, P. For the mesoatoms in Li and N/sub 2/ the precession is observed on the frequency of the highest state of the hyperfine structure, as for the Be mesoatoms, it is on the frequency of the lowest state. The asymmetry coefficients for the F=I+/sup 1///sub 2/ state of the hyperfine doublets in LiH, Be and N/sub 2/ are 0.0188+or-0.0015, 0.0192+or-0.001 and 0.0134+or-0.0017, respectively. For B and P the residual polarization is near zero at such frequencies. The values of the residual polarization indicate to the absence for Li and N, the presence for B and P, of fast transitions between the hyperfine structure levels in these mesoatoms. The values of the asymmetry coefficients are explained on basis of the cascade theory of the depolarization with account of the final state of the electronic shell in the mesoatoms. (20 References).
D. Babusci, G. Giardano, and G. Matone, "New evaluation of the Baldin sum rule," Physical Review C, vol. 57, pp. 291--294, 1998.
R. Bacher, "Decay rates of the metastable states of one-electron atoms and of the 2S-states of muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 315, no. 2, pp. 1325--6, 1984.
Abstract: Recoil corrections are calculated for atomic hyperfine transitions and 2S-1S transitions. Large effects are found for muonic atoms. (8 References).
R. Bacher, D. Gotta, L. M. Simons, J. Missimer, and NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Muonic atoms with vacant electron shells," Physical Review Letters, vol. 54, no. 19, pp. 2087--90, 1985.
Abstract: The authors show that the cascade in muonic atoms with Z[left angle bracket]20 ejects sufficient atomic electrons to ionize an isolated muonic atom completely. In gases, the rates with which electrons refill the atomic shell can be accurately deduced from measured and calculated electron transfer cross sections. Thus, they can conclude that completely ionized muonic atoms can be prepared in gases, and that they remain isolated for long enough times at attainable pressures to facilitate studies of fundamental interactions in muonic atoms. (17 References).
R. Bacher, P. Blum, K. Elsener, D. Gotta, K. Heitlinger, M. Schneider, and LM. Simons, "On the production of highly ionized antiprotonic noble gas atoms at rest," in Fundamental Symmetries. Proceedings of the First Course of the International School of Physics with Low-Energy Antiprotons, Fundamental Low Energy, (P. Bloch, P. Pavlopoulos, and R. Klapisch, eds.), pp. 115--19, 1987.
Abstract: The authors report the measurement of low-energy-X-rays of antiprotonic neon, argon, krypton and xenon at pressures less than 50 mbar. The experiment was performed with the 202 MeV/c beam at the LEAR M1-area using the cyclotron trap. They observed the complete ionization of the light noble gases and possibly of xenon by the electromagnetic cascade, as supposed previously for muonic atoms. The authors deduce that antiprotons are captured in very high levels, and thus confirm the earlier analyses of Schneuwly et al. (1978) and von Egidy et al. (1984) with muonic atoms. (14 References).
R. Bacher and others, "Degree of ionization in antiprotonic noble gases," PSI Preprint 88--07, 1988.
R. Bacher, P. Blum, D. Gotta, K. Heitlinger, J. Missimer, M. Schneider, and LM. Simons, "Highly ionized muonic noble gas atoms," Sin Newsletter, vol. 20, no. , pp. NL41-2, 1988.
Abstract: The authors describe two experiments performed using the cyclotron trap. Firstly, they have measured the degree of ionization in muonic atoms of the noble gases Ne, Ar and Kr. Secondly, they have used muonic Ne to investigate whether electron transfer can be prevented for long enough times at attainable pressures to keep the 2s state from quenching. (5 References).
R. Bacher and others, "Measurement of Balmer and Lyman x--rays in antiprotonic hydrogen isotopes at pressure below 300 hPa," Zeitschrift Für Physik A, vol. 334, pp. 93--102, 1989.
R. Bacher, P. Blum, D. Gotta, K. Heitlinger, M. Schneider, J. Missimer, and LM. Simons, "Relevance of ionization and electron refilling to the observation of the M1 transition ( gamma M1:2s-1s) in light muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1610--20, 1989.
Abstract: The M1 transition ( gamma M1:2s-1s) may serve as a probe to observe parity-nonconserving effects in muonic atoms with an atomic number Z[left angle bracket]or=14. These atoms can be useful probes, if they are ionized of all but the two K-shell electrons and electron refilling does not occur. The authors' experiment shows that muonic neon, argon, and krypton atoms are highly ionized by the time the muon reaches the circular (n=5) state at pressures less than 1000 h Pa. The mean K-shell occupation numbers N/sub K/ amount to 0.07[left angle bracket]or=N/sub K/[left angle bracket]or=0.68, 0.04[left angle bracket]or=N/sub K/[left angle bracket]or=0.38, and 0.76[left angle bracket]or=N/sub K/[left angle bracket]or=0.84, respectively. For muonic neon at a pressure below 500 h Pa, electron refilling does not take place during the radiative lifetime of the 2s state (200 ps). (31 References).
H. Backe, R. Engfer, E. Kankeleit, W. U. Schroder, H. K. Walter, and K. Wien, "Measurement of nuclear gamma rays and mu X rays in muonic /sup 209/Bi," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 166-8, 1970.
Abstract: The anomalous intensity ratios observed in /sup 209/Bi have been explained by a resonance mechanism, according to which the nucleus is excited into the 15/2/sup +/ (2.74 MeV) and 9/2/sup +/ (2.56 MeV) state. Observation of nuclear gamma rays following this excitation are reported.
H. Backe, "Intensity measurements of X-ray and nuclear gamma ray transitions in some heavy muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 241, no. 5, pp. 435--58, 1971.
Abstract: Absolute intensities of the 5-4 muonic X-ray transition in muonic W, Os, and Bi, and relative intensities of other X-ray transitions have been measured and compared with cascade calculations. The excitation of several levels in W, Os, Ir, Tl, and Bi nuclei resulting from the muonic cascade process has been observed and absolute excitation probabilities have been determined. For the first 2/sup +/ level of /sup 188/Os and the first 3/2/sup +/-levels of /sup 203,205/Tl the excitation probabilities are larger than calculated. The results are discussed.
H. Backe, E. Kankelert, W. U. Schroder, R. Engfer, U. Jahnke, K. H. Lindenberger, R. M. Pearce, C. Petitjean, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, and HK. Walter, "Study of nuclear gamma -rays in muonic thallium," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 44, no. 5, 1971.
Abstract: Abstract only given as follows. Several nuclear gamma -rays have been observed in muonic natural thallium. The nuclear excitation is due to a mixing of two nuclear states with corresponding muonic levels. The excitation of a nuclear level at 2.63 MeV in /sup 205/ Tl produces the hitherto unexplained abnormal intensities of the 2p to 1s and 3d to 2p mu -transitions. The nuclear gamma -lines are influenced by muonic isomer shifts and magnetic hf splittings.
H. Backe, R. Engfer, U. Jahnke, E. Kankeleit, R. M. Pearce, C. Petitjean, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, W. U. Schroder, H. K. Walter, and A. Zehnder, "Study of X-rays and nuclear gamma -rays in muonic thallium," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A189, no. 3, pp. 472--512, 1972.
Abstract: Energies and intensities of muonic X-rays, nuclear gamma -rays and mu -capture gamma -rays were measured in natural muonic thallium with Ge(Li) detectors. The absolute intensities of higher mu X-rays were reproduced by a cascade calculation starting with a statistical population at n=20 including K-, L- and M-conversion. The electron screening effect was deduced from energies of higher mu X-rays. Eight prompt nuclear gamma -rays were found. This excitation explains the anomalous intensity ratios of the 2p-1s and 3d-2p fine structure components. From the nuclear gamma -rays of the first excited states were deduced: the magnetic h.f. splittings, muonic isomer shifts E2/M1 mixing ratios and the half-life in the presence of the muon in /sup 205/Tl. Evidence for a magnetic nuclear polarization was found. An isotope shift of Delta E=10.35+or-0.25 keV was measured for the 1s/sub 1/2/ state which is compared with data from optical spectroscopy. From an analysis of the time distribution of delayed gamma -rays from mu -capture, an isotopic effect of (5.4+or-2.5)% was found for the capture rates, in fair agreement with predictions from Primakoff's mu -capture formula. (111 References).
H. Backe, F. Boehm, R. Engfer, Gunten A. von, R. Link, R. Michaelsen, C. Petitjean, G. Roschert, B. Robert-Tissot, H. Schneuwly, L. Schellenberg, W. U. Schroder, J. L. Vuilleumier, H. K. Walter, and A. Zehnder, "Test of vacuum polarization and hyperfine interaction in muonic atoms," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 947--8, 1972.
Abstract: In connection with discrepancies between experimental and theoretical values for the vacuum polarization correction in the case of the 5-4 transitions in heavy and medium muonic atoms, the energies of this transition in /sup nat/Hg and /sup 203/Tl were measured at the CERN-SC muon channel. The broadening of the 2/sup +/-0/sup +/- nuclear gamma transition in muonic /sup 190/Os and /sup 192/Os was used to determine the magnetic h.f. splitting of the 2/sup +/ rotational state. The results are compared with the predictions of different models. (7 References).
H. Backe, F. Boehm, R. Engfer, E. Kankeleit, R. Link, R. Michaelsen, C. Petitjean, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, W. U. Schroder, J. L. Vuilleumier, H. K. Walter, and A. Zehnder, "Magnetization distribution of single-particle states and 2/sup +/ rotational states from muonic atoms," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol.34, vol. 34, no. , pp. 586-7, 1973.
Abstract: The lowest states in muonic atoms are rather sensitive to the spatial distribution of the nuclear magnetization density, and several results were deduced from the broadening of the muonic 2p/sub 1/2/-1s/sub 1/2/ and 3d/sub 3/2/-2p/sub 1/2/ transitions. By measuring low energetic transitions such as the 2s/sub 1/2/-2p/sub 1/2/ transition or nuclear gamma -transitions, it is possible to resolve the magnetic hyperfine splittings. The magnetic hf splitting of the 2s/sub 1/2/-2p/sub 1/2/ transition in mu /sup 115/In and of the 3/2/sup +/-1/2/sup +/ nuclear gamma -transitions in mu /sup 203/Tl at 279 keV, and in mu /sup 205/Tl at 204 keV, have been resolved. For the 2/sup +/-0/sup +/ nuclear gamma -transition in mu /sup 190,192/Os at 187 keV and 206 keV, respectively, the magnetic hf splitting of the 2/sup +/ rotational levels and the intensities of the hf components were determined from a nearly resolved doublet splitting. (7 References).
H. Backe, R. Engfer, E. Kankeleit, R. Link, R. Michaelsen, C. Petitjean, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, W. U. Schroder, J. L. Vuilleumier, H. K. Walter, and A. Zehnder, "Nuclear excitation and isomer shifts in muonic atoms. I. Experiment and evaluation," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A234, no. 2, pp. 469--503, 1974.
Abstract: Energies and intensities of 53 nuclear gamma -lines in muonic atoms of Sm, Gd, Eu, Tm, Yb, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Hg, Tl, and Bi have been measured with Ge(Li) detectors. By comparison with gamma -lines from radioactive sources the isomer shifts for transitions from nuclear rotational levels, quadrupole and octupole vibrational levels, and single-particle levels have been deduced. The effect limiting the accuracy of the extracted isomer shifts is the correction for the magnetic hyperfine splitting of the nuclear levels. (72 References).
H. Backe, E. Kankeleit, and HK. Walter, "Muonic isomer shifts," in Mossbauer isomer shifts, no. (G. K. Shenoy and FE. Wagner, eds.), pp. 833-68, 1978.
Abstract: The following topics are considered: production of muonic atoms, excitation of nuclear levels in muonic atoms; experimental techniques in the measurement of muonic isomer shifts; the evaluation of the muonic isomer shifts; and model-independent analysis of the muonic isomer shift. (40 References).
G. Backenstoss, S. Charalambus, H. Daniel, H. Koch, M. Krell, G. Poelz, H. Schmitt, and L. Tauscher, "Measurements and calculations of pionic atoms," in Proceedings of the Arnold Summerfields contennial memorial meeeting and of the international symposium on the physics of the one-and-two-electron atoms, (F. Bopp and H. Keainhoppen, eds.), pp. 429-78, 1969.
Abstract: Discusses recent experimental investigations of pionic atoms and compares the results with theoretical predictions.
G. Backenstoss, A. Bamberger, J. Egger, W. D. Hamilton, H. Koch, U. Lynen, H. G. Ritter, and H. Schmitt, "Measurements of the natural line width and energy shift of the k-mesonic 4f to 3d transition in sulphur," Physics Letters B, vol. 32B, no. 5, pp. 399--403, 1970.
Abstract: The natural line width Gamma and an energy shift Delta E due to the strong K-meson-nucleus interaction has been observed for the first time, for an X-ray transition of a K-mesonic atom. For the sulphur 4f-3d transition Gamma =(2.2+or-0.6) keV and Delta E=(-0.36+or-0.25)keV has been measured.
G. Backenstoss, S. Charalambus, H. Daniel, H. Koch, Chvd Malsburg, G. Poelz, H. Schmitt, and L. Tauscher, "Measurements of the vacuum polarization in muonic atoms," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 675-6, 1970.
Abstract: Muonic transitions, where other corrections caused by the finite size and nuclear polarization are small compared with the vacuum polarization, provide an excellent tool for the measurement of the vacuum polarization. Results of an experiment utilising the 5g-4f and the 4f-3d transitions in Bi and natural Pb are presented and discussed.
G. Backenstoss, S. Charalambus, H. Daniel, der Malsburg Ch von, G. Poelz, H. P. Povel, H. Schmitt, and L. Tauscher, "Measurement of the vacuum polarization in muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 31B, no. 4, pp. 233--6, 1970.
Abstract: The vacuum polarization corrections of the muonic 4f to 3d and 5g to 4f transitions in Bi and Pb have been measured. The over-all accuracy obtained for the vacuum polarization correction is 1%. Experiment and theory agree if higher order corrections are taken into account. (15 References).
G. Backenstoss, S. Charalambus, H. Daniel, U. Lynen, der Malsburg Ch van, G. Poelz, H. Povel, H. Schmitt, K. Springer, and L. Tauscher, "Nuclear gamma -rays following mu -capture," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 160-2, 1970.
Abstract: The authors have measured the nuclear gamma -rays present in the mu -mesic spectra and assigned them to excited states of nuclei (Z-1,A-X) where X=0, 1, 2,... is the number of emitted neutrons. The gamma -ray intensities per muon capture present in the muonic spectra of Mn and Co are reported.
G. Backenstoss, T. Bunaciu, S. Charalambus, J. Egger, H. Koch, A. Bamberger, U. Lynen, H. G. Ritter, and H. Schmitt, "Observations of Sigma Hyperonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 33B, no. 3, pp. 230--2, 1970.
Abstract: Clear evidence for the observation of Sigma /sup -/ atoms is presented, based on a series of Sigma atomic X-ray lines in three target elements. X-ray energies and the number of Sigma atoms produced per stopped K/sup -/ meson agree with expectations.
G. Backenstoss, "Pionic atoms," in Annual review of nuclear science, no. (E. Segre, J. R. Grover, and HP. Noyes, eds.), pp. 467-508, 1970.
Abstract: The authors give a review of pionic atoms. They consider the properties of exotic atoms and consider properties which are common to all exotic atoms and which are specifically related to pi -mesonic atoms. Experimental and theoretical techniques are discussed and results derived from electromagnetic properties and from strong pion nucleons interaction. (100 References).
G. Backenstoss, "Recent experimental work on pionic X-rays," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 469-87, 1970.
Abstract: Since with available meson intensities it is very improbable to have more than one meson Coulomb captured by one nucleus, only the relatively simple situation as it is known from hydrogen-like atoms must be considered. After Coulomb capture the mesonic atom is automatically left in a highly excited state so that its de-excitation can be observed.
G. Backenstoss and others, "Muonic X--ray measurements with a high--pressure gas target," Physics Letters B, vol. 36, pp. 422--424, 1971.
G. Backenstoss, S. Charalambus, H. Daniel, W. D. Hamilton, U. Lynen, Der Malsburg Ch Von, G. Poelz, and HP. Povel, "Nuclear gamma-rays following muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. a162, no. 3, pp. 541--51, 1971.
Abstract: The identification of the nuclear gamma-rays that occur when muon capture leads to excited nuclei made it possible to evaluate the distribution of excited nuclei formed after the capture process. Mono-isotopic elements were used as targets, and gamma-ray spectra were recorded using ge(li) detectors. In most cases the observed gamma-rays accounted for a high fraction of the capture process. It could be concluded that the probability of zero neutron emission after muon capture was less than 5% contrary to the findings of kaplan (1958) and the predictions of singer (1962). The chance of single neutron emission was highest, about 50% , and it dropped with increasing neutron multiplicity. The probability of forming a particular excited state in an isotope was in general about proportional to the spin, and about inversely proportional to the energy of the state. (10 References).
G. Backenstoss, A. Bamberger, I. Bergstrom, T. Bunaciu, J. Egger, R. Hagelberg, H. Koch, U. Lynen, H. Ritter, A. Schwitter, and L. Tauscher, "Particle physics aspects in hadronic atoms," Journal de Physique I, vol. 33, no. 8-9, 1972.
Abstract: From the study of hadronic atoms one can obtain information about the two components of the system, the nucleus and the orbiting particle and about the interaction between them. Observing transitions between highly excited states of the hadronic atoms one is outside the range of the strong interaction. Under these conditions the energies of the levels can be calculated precisely, taking into account all electromagnetic effects, particularly the vacuum polarization. Thus the value of the mass of the orbiting particle can be derived. The best values so far of the masses of the antiproton could be obtained and are presented for the K/sup -/ meson. The magnetic moment of the particle will cause a fine structure splitting indications of which may be seen. The strong electrical fields may cause a polarization of the nucleus and of the orbiting particle itself resulting in an increase of the level energies. The limits which can be set experimentally, to those effects at present, are discussed. The lower lying levels are affected by the strong interaction between the orbiting particle and the nucleus. As a consequence, the atomic cascade of the particle stops at a certain level, since nuclear capture dominates. Due to the nuclear absorption the last X-ray transition observable has a reduced intensity and the lower level is broadened. (1 Reference).
G. Backenstoss, A. Bamberger, I. Bergstrom, P. Bounin, T. Bunaciu, J. Egger, S. Hultberg, H. Koch, M. Krell, U. Lynen, H. G. Ritter, A. Schwitter, and R. Stearns, "Strong interaction shifts and widths in light kaonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 38B, no. 3, pp. 181--7, 1972.
Abstract: Energy shifts and line widths of X-ray transitions in kaonic atoms have been measured with an accuracy of about 10%. These data have been interpreted in terms of an optical potential. Whereas earlier approaches based on the free K-N scattering lengths fail to reproduce the data, a set of effective parameters consistent with all now available experiments could be derived. (20 References).
G. Backenstoss, A. Bamberger, I. Bergstrom, T. Bunaciu, J. Egger, R. Hagelberg, S. Hultberg, H. Koch, Y. Lynen, H. G. Ritter, A. Schwitter, and L. Tauscher, "K/sup -/ mass and K/sup -/ polarizability from kaonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 43B, no. 5, pp. 431--6, 1973.
Abstract: The K/sup -/ mass was determined from kaonic atomic X-rays from Au and Ba to be 493.691+or-0.040 MeV. An upper limit for the polarizability of the K/sup -/ was found to be 0.020 fm/sup 3/ at 90% confidence. (18 References).
G. Backenstoss, I. Bergstrom, J. Egger, R. Hagelberg, C. J. Herrlander, H. Koch, H. P. Povel, R. H. Price, A. Schwitter, and L. Tauscher, "Precision determination of the strong interaction shifts and widths of the 1s level in pionic /sup 6/Li, /sup 7/Li, and /sup 9/Be," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 66, no. , pp. 125-34, 1973.
Abstract: The strong-interaction shifts of the 1s level in pionic /sup 6/Li, /sup 7/Li, and /sup 9/Be have been determined with an accuracy of better than 1%. The corresponding widths were determined with an accuracy of better than 6%. Significant deviations from the theory are observed as far as the absolute values as well as the systematics of the isospin dependence are concerned. (13 References).
G. Backenstoss, T. Bunaciu, J. Egger, Tv Egidy, R. Hagelberg, C. J. Herrlander, H. Koch, H. P. Povel, A. Schwitter, and L. Tauscher, "Recent results from studies on hadronic atoms," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics, vol. 1, (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), 1973.
Abstract: The study of hadronic atoms yields information about the hadronic orbiting particle and the atomic nucleus as well as about the interaction between them. However, to determine nuclear properties unambiguously the interaction should be known. This is true in a strict sense only for the electromagnetic interaction and hence for the muonic atom. However, also in hadronic atoms there either are states which are affected only by the long-range electromagnetic interaction or the strong interaction effects are sufficiently well known to study a specific nuclear problem. The authors report on some recently obtained results, for pionic, kaonic, antiprotonic and Sigma -hyperonic atoms. (0 References).
G. Backenstoss and J. Zakrzewski, "Exotic bound states of strange hadrons," Contemporary Physics, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 197--25, 1974.
Abstract: A negatively charged strange hadron can be bound by the electromagnetic interaction in the Coulomb field of a nucleus to form an exotic atom. De-excitation of such an atom occurs with the emission of X-rays whose energies, line widths, and intensities have been measured. Deviations from the electromagnetic level scheme are observed for lower-lying states owing to the strong interaction of a hadron with a nucleus. When the wave function of a hadron begins to overlap with the nuclear density distribution, the hadron undergoes nuclear absorption via the strong interaction. The final outcome of such a process is the formation of a Lambda hyperon which may be bound in a nucleus by the strong interaction. An exotic nucleus, or a hypernucleus, is thus formed making it possible to study the Lambda -nucleon interaction. Excited states of hypernuclei decaying via weak, electromagnetic, or strong interaction have been observed and are extensively studied. (82 References).
G. Backenstoss, J. Egger, H. Koch, H. P. Povel, A. Schwitter, and L. Tauscher, "Intensities and strong interaction attenuation of kaonic X-rays," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B73, no. 2, pp. 189--201, 1974.
Abstract: Relative intensities of numerous kaonic X-ray transitions have been measured for the elements C, P, S, and Cl, from which level widths due to the strong K-nucleus absorption have been determined. From these and earlier published data, optical potential parameters have been derived and possible consequences on the nuclear matter distribution are discussed. (10 References).
G. Backenstoss, J. Egger, Egidy T. von, R. Hagelberg, C. J. Herrlander, H. Koch, H. P. Povel, A. Schwitter, and L. Tauscher, "Pionic and muonic X-ray transitions in liquid helium," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A232, no. 2, pp. 519--32, 1974.
Abstract: Energies and intensities of pionic and muonic X-rays in liquid /sup 4/He have been measured with a Si(Li) detector. The energy shift due to strong interaction effects of the pionic 1s level in /sup 4/He was determined to be -75.7+or-2.0 eV. The natural line width of this level is 45+or-3 eV. These values are compared with different theoretical predictions. Cascade calculations, including external Auger effect and sliding transitions have been performed to reproduce the yields of the muonic and pionic transitions. The pionic 2p level width is deduced. (50 References).
G. Backenstoss, W. Kowald, I. Schwanner, L. Tauscher, H. J. Weyer, D. Gotta, and R. Guigas, "Precision determination of the difference of the charge radii of /sup 16/O and /sup 18/O," Physics Letters B, vol. 95B, no. 2, pp. 212--14, 1980.
Abstract: The difference of the RMS radii of the charge distribution of the oxygen isotopes was determined by a relative measurement of the muonic K-series X-rays. It is r(/sup 18/O)-r(/sup 16/O)=(0.076+or-0.005) fm. (11 References).
G. Backenstoss, W. Kowald, I. Schwanner, H. J. Weyer, M. Dorr, D. Gotta, G. Schmidt, L. M. Simons, and H. Ullrich, "Measurement of the total and partial K-X-ray yields for the pnn- and dn-reaction channels of the pi /sup -/-absorption in /sup 3/He," Physics Letters B, vol. 115B, no. 6, pp. 445--9, 1982.
Abstract: The total K-X-ray yield Y/sup K/ in pionic /sup 3/He has been determined to (27+or-7)% by measuring a ratio of 3.44+or-0.29 for the simultaneously detected numbers of K-X-rays and deuterons emitted after pion absorption. Partial K-X-ray yields Y/sub d//sup K/ and Y/sub P//sup K/ corresponding to the dn- and pnn-absorption channels respectively, have been measured by detecting coincidences between K-X-rays and deuterons of protons above 20 MeV, respectively in Y/sub d//sup K/=(49+or-5)% and Y/sub p//sup K/(T/sub p/[right angle bracket]or=20 MeV)=(29+or-4)%. (8 References).
A. Badertscher, K. Borer, G. Czapek, A. Fluckiger, H. Hanni, B. Hahn, E. Hugentobler, A. Markees, U. Moser, R. P. Redwine, J. Schacher, H. Scheidiger, P. Schlatter, and G. Viertel, "Upper limit for muon-electron conversion in sulfur," Physical Review Letters, vol. 39, no. 22, pp. 1385--87, 1977.
Abstract: The unified gauge theories of EM and weak interactions suggest that the conversion of muons into electrons in nuclei may occur at a low level. An experiment at SIN to search for the reaction mu /sup -/+S to S+e/sup -/, which uses a streamer chamber to detect the predicted 105 MeV electron, is described. The zero result gives an upper limit for the mu -e conversion to muon capture branching ratio of [left angle bracket]4*10/sup -10/. (12 References).
A. Badertscher, K. Borer, G. Czapek, A. Fluckiger, H. Hanni, B. Hahn, E. Hugentobler, A. Markees, T. Marti, U. Moser, E. Ramseyer, J. Schacher, H. Scheidiger, P. Schlatter, G. Viertel, and W. Zeller, "A search for muon-electron and muon-positron conversion in sulfur," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A377, no. 2-3, pp. 406--40, 1982.
Abstract: An experiment to search for the neutrinoless conversion of a muon into an electron or a positron in the processes mu /sup -/+/sup 32/S to e/sup -/+/sup 32/S and mu /sup -/+/sup 32/S to e/sup +/+/sup 32/Si* has been carried out at SIN. No evidence for the occurrence of these conversion processes has been found. The resulting new upper limits (under certain assumptions about coherence), relative to ordinary muon capture, are 7*10/sup -11/ (90% CL) for mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion and 9*10/sup -10/ (90% CL) for mu /sup -/ to e/sup +/ conversion. The measured momentum spectra of the electrons and positrons are compatible with the background spectra expected from bound muon decay and radiative muon capture. (59 References).
A. Badertscher, J. Bagaturia, M. Begalli, W. Bertl, C. Dohmen, W. Dzhordzhadze, J. Egger, R. Engfer, Ch Findeisen, D. Gahwiler, M. Grossmann-Handschin, K-D Groth, P. Hawelka, E. A. Hermes, W. Herold, J. Hofmann, W. Honecker, D. Kampmann, N. Khomutov, T. Kozlowski, B. Krause, N. Lordong, G. Melitauri, A. Mtchedlishvili, F. Muheim, U. Muller, C. B. Niebuhr, G. Otter, S. Playfer, H. S. Pruys, D. Renker, L. Ricken, M. Salzmann, der Schaaf A. van, R. Seeliger, O. Szavits, D. Vermeulen, H. K. Walter, and P. Wintz, "Search for mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion with SINDRUM II," Journal of Physics G, vol. 17, no. , pp. S47-55, 1991.
Abstract: A status report is given on an experiment started in 1987 at PSI to search for the lepton flavour violating muon to electron conversion process. The motivation for this experiment, the design and performance of the detector (SINDRUM II), and results of a first run are presented. No candidate of the process mu /sup -/Ti to e/sup -/Ti was found, and, using two independent determinations of the muon stop rate, an upper limit for the branching ratio relative to muon capture B/sub mu e/[left angle bracket]4.4.10/sup -12/ (90% C.L.) was obtained. This result confirms the current best value for the upper limit found at TRIUMF (4.6.10/sup -12/). (19 References).
A. Badertscher, W. Beer, J-F Gilot, PFA Goudsmit, H. J. Leisi, el Hassani AJ Rusi, D. Sigg, St Thomann, W. Volken, Z. G. Zhao, E. D. Bovet, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, G. Fiorucci, E. Jeannet, E. C. Aschenauer, K. Gabathuler, J. Missimer, and LM. Simons, "Crystal diffraction of pionic hydrogen and deuterium X-rays," in International Workshop on Pions in Nuclei, (E. Oset, Vacas MJ Vicente, and Recio CG. Garcia, eds.), pp. 368-72, 1992.
Abstract: An experiment to measure precisely the strong interaction shift in (1S) and width Gamma (1S) of the 1S level in pionic hydrogen and deuterium is described. In a first step of the experiment, the energy of the pionic hydrogen K/sub beta / X-rays was measured with a bent crystal spectrometer equipped with CCD detectors: E=2885.98+or-0.17(stat.)+or-0.15(syst.)eV, which yields a value for the strong interaction shift in /sub 1S/=-7.12+or-0.32 eV (attractive) and for the combination of S-wave scattering lengths 1/3(2a/sub 1/+a/sub 3/)=0.086+or-0.004 m/sub pi //sup -1/. (6 References).
A. Badertscher, M. Bogdan, PFA Goudsmit, L. Knecht, H. J. Leisi, HCh Schroder, D. Sigg, Z. G. Zhao, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, E. Jeannet, E. C. Aschenauer, K. Gabathuler, L. M. Simons, and El Hassani AJ. Rusi, "A high resolution reflecting crystal spectrometer to measure 3 keV pionic hydrogen and deuterium X-rays," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 335, no. 3, pp. 470--8, 1993.
Abstract: A reflecting crystal spectrometer consisting of three cylindrically bent quartz (110) crystals is described. it was designed to measure the 3 keV K/sub beta / X-rays from pionic hydrogen and deuterium. Charge coupled devices (CCDs) were used as X-ray detectors. Projecting the reflexes of all three crystals on one common focus, an instrumental energy resolution below 1 eV was obtained at an energy of 2.9 keV. (11 References).
A. Badertscher, M. Daum, R. Frosch, P. F. A. Goudsmit, W. Hajdas, M. Janousch, P. R. Kettle, V. Markushin, J. Schottmuller, and Z. G. Zhao, "Experimental determination of the kinetic energy distribution of pi(-)p atoms in liquid hydrogen," Phys. Lett. B, vol. 392, pp. 278-282, 1997.
Abstract: We have investigated the kinetic energy distribution of pi(-)p atoms in liquid hydrogen by measuring the Doppler broadening of neutron time-of-flight spectra from the reaction pi(-)p --> pi(0)n. The existence of ''high energy'' (>>1 eV) components, containing about half of the pi(-)p atoms, is confirmed and evidence for discrete peaks with energies up to similar or equal to 200 eV is found.
S. Baer, D. G. Fleming, J. J. Sloan, D. J. Arseneau, A. Kolbuszewski, J. Wright, M. Senba, J. J. Pan, and R. Snooks, "First spectroscopic evidence for a muonium-containing molecule: NeMu/sup */ chemiluminescence," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 1202--18, 1994.
Abstract: Evidence for the formation of NeMu/sup */, an isotopic analog of the Rydberg molecule NeH/sup */, has been obtained from the observation of chemiluminescent emission in the near-infrared region. This is the first spectroscopic detection of a muonium-containing molecule. NeMu/sup */ was formed by stopping a 4 MeV muon ( mu /sup +/) beam in a target vessel containing 1-6 atm of Ne and approximately 1 Torr Ar. The wavelength spectrum of the emission, from approximately 680-1000 nm, was measured using a variable-wavelength filter, with a resolution of +or-12.5 nm. Lower resolution spectra were also taken with a series of long pass filters. A complete histogram of photon events vs time was collected for each wavelength. Two strong transitions are observed, centered at 818 and 943 nm. Identification of NeMu/sup */ was made by a comparison of the experimental spectrum with a simulated spectrum based on detailed ab initio calculations, extended to higher excitation levels than had heretofore been reported. Both experimental and theoretical results are reported here. Although the mechanism by which the emitting states in NeMu/sup */ are formed remains unclear, radiolysis effects appear to play a dominant role, indicating that NeMu/sup +/ (the product of muon thermalization in Ne) undergoes charge exchange with metastable Ar/sup */ and/or is neutralized by a spur electron, both species produced during the slowing down of the high energy muon. (79 References).
S. Baer, D. J. Arseneau, D. G. Fleming, M. Senba, J. J. Pan, R. Snooks, M. Shelley, J. R. Kempton, and JJ. Sloan, "NeMu* chemiluminescence: radiolysis effects in gases," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 87, no. 1-4, pp. 985--90, 1994.
Abstract: Near-infrared chemiluminescent emission from NeMu*, the analogue of the Rydberg molecule NeH, has been observed in Ne, Ar, and Ne/Ar gas mixtures. Three temporally distinct features were observed: first, a large sharp emission peak at time zero, observed in all gases (Ne, He, N/sub 2/, Ar), is assigned to scintillation light during muon thermalization, probably caused by spur electrons. Second, a low-intensity broad region observed in all gases is attributed to e/sup +/ from muon decay. Finally, NeMu in 1-6 atm Ne with 0.1-2 torr Ar appeared as a high intensity delayed emission, whose width and intensity depended linearly on the Ar concentration. Its wavelength spectrum from 680-960 nm was measured. Although questions remain as to how NeMu* is formed, the precursor is likely Ne mu /sup +/. Possible electron donors include metastable Ar* (/sup 3/P/sub 2/ or /sup 3/P/sub 0/) and long-lived free (spur) electrons. (10 References).
P. Baeriswyl, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, M. Mallinger, B. Mischler, F. Mulhauser, C. Piller, W. Reichart, B. Riedo, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, and G. Torelli, "Muon transfer to neon," Psi Nuclear & Particle Physics Newsletter, no. , pp. 45-6, 1991.
Abstract: Because of its smallness and electric neutrality, the muonic hydrogen atom can easily cross electron clouds of other atoms and transfer its muon to other nuclei. mu Z atoms formed in excited states via this transfer process emit promptly characteristic muonic X-rays. Their time structure is a measure of the lifetime of the muonic hydrogen atom and allows the determination of muon transfer rates. In a measurement of muon transfer from protium to neon in a H/sub 2/+0.7%Ne gas mixture, a transfer rate was measured which was about 20 times smaller than the one observed 20 years ago. (7 References).
V. I. Bagaev, W. D. Fromm, I. N. Mikhailov, H-G Ortlepp, V. Schmidt, and G. Musiol, "Non-axiality effects in quadrupole hyperfine splitting in muonic /sup 238/U," Physics Letters B, vol. 67B, no. 2, pp. 169--71, 1977.
Abstract: The quadrupole hyperfine splitting in muonic atoms with nuclei having non-axial symmetry is calculated within the rigid asymmetric rotor model. The X-rays emitted in 4F-3D and 3D-2D transitions of muonic /sup 238/U were measured with high resolution and an analysis of the spectrum was performed to find the quadrupole deformation parameters beta and gamma . (4 References).
S. N. Bagaev, A. M. Belkin, A. S. Dychkov, A. S. Efimov, V. A. Zhmud, D. B. Kolker, Y. A. Matyugin, V. S. Pivtsov, S. A. Farnosov, and N. V. Fateev, "Frequency reference in the 732-nm region for precision laser spectroscopy of muonium," Quantum Electron., vol. 30, pp. 641-646, 2000.
Abstract: A search is performed for a frequency reference in the 732-nm region, which is required to calibrate a laser spectrometer in experiments on precision measurements of the 1S - 2S transition frequency in muonium. The adequate reference is found in the absorption spectrum of molecular iodine vapours heated to 600 degrees C. The reference frequency is less than 1 GHz away from the required spectrometer frequency tuned to the resonance in muonium.
J. S. Baijal, J. A. Diaz, S. N. Kaplan, and R. V. Pyle, "Atomic Capture of µ Mesons in Chemical Compounds," Nuovo Cimento, vol. 30, pp. 711--726, 1971.
J. M. Bailey, W. E. Cleland, V. W. Hughes, R. Prepost, and K. Ziock, "Muonium. II. Observation of the muonium hyperfine-structure interval," Physical Review A, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 871--84, 1971.
Abstract: A full discussion is given of the microwave-spectroscopy resonance method of measuring the hyperfine-structure interval Delta nu of the ground state of muonium, including the theoretical value for Delta v, the transition frequencies, and the resonance line shape. A complete description is also given of the experimental method of measuring Delta nu at strong magnetic field. The initial experimental results gave Delta nu =4461.3+or-2.0 MHz, in good agreement with the theoretical value Delta nu =4463.282+or-0.062 MHz. The first observations of muonium chemistry are described. (74 References).
J. Bailey, D. V. Bugg, U. Gastaldi, P. Hattersley, D. R. Jeremiah, E. Klempt, K. Neubecker, E. Polacco, and J. Warren, "The pi d scattering length from K/sub alpha / X-rays," Physics Letters B, vol. 50B, no. 3, pp. 403--6, 1974.
Abstract: X-rays from the K/sub alpha / transition (2P to 1S) of the pi /sup -/d mesic atom have been observed. Their energy, 2592-8(+1.6,-2.0) eV, has been measured by the critical absorber technique, using the M/sub V/ absorption edge in bismuth. The strong interaction shift in the 1S state is -4.8 eV, corresponding to a scattering length a( pi d)=-0.052(+0.022, -0.017)m/sub pi //sup -1/, in agreement with recent calculations. The intensity ratio K/sub alpha //K/sub total/=0.548+or-0.015. (16 References).
J. Bailey, "Parity non-conservation in muonic helium atoms," in Symmetries in Nuclear Structure. Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Symmetries in Nuclear Structure, (K. Abrahams, K. Allaart, and AEL. Dieperink, eds.), pp. 285--8, 1983.
Abstract: The author describes a difficult experiment, which may succeed if several unknown factors are favourable. The reason for doing the experiment is as follows. The electroweak interaction Hamiltonian H between a lepton (electron or muon) and a nucleus is: H=NC/sub 1n/H/sub 1n/+ZC/sub 1p/H/sub 1p/+S/sub n/C/sub 2n/H/sub 2n/+S/sub p/C/sub 2p/H/sub 2p/ where C/sub 2p/=-C/sub 2n/=1.2 epsilon ; C/sub 1p/= epsilon =/sup 1///sub 2/(1-4 sin/sup 2/ theta /sub w/) approximately=0; C/sub 1n/=-/sup 1///sub 2/; theta /sub w/ is the Glashow angle, so C/sub 1n/ is much bigger than the other Cs. This Hamiltonian contains 4 constants C, and different experiments test different combinations of these 4 constants, most measurements until now having been confined to electrons. In the standard model, the same 4 constants are also valid for muons, but this should be tested. The present experiment attempts to do this by making two measurements, on the muonic atoms of the two He isotopes. It is based on a suggestion by Bernabeu et al. (1974). Muonic atoms are smaller than normal atoms by a factor m/sub mu //m/sub e/=200, so the muon is very close to the nucleus, thus enhancing weak-interaction effects (which are short-range). (0 References).
D. H. Bailey and AM. Frolov, "Universal variational expansion for high-precision bound-state calculations in three-body systems. Applications to weakly bound, adiabatic and two-shell cluster systems," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 35, no. 20, pp. 4287--98, 2002.
Abstract: The results of high-precision variational calculations are reported for a number of bound states in various Coulomb three-body systems, including helium and helium-muonic atoms, some adiabatic systems (H/sub 2//sup +/, D/sub 2//sup +/ and DT/sup +/ ions) and muonic molecular ions pp mu , dd mu , tt mu , and dt mu . The hyperfine splittings for the double electron-excited states in the helium-muonic /sup 3/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ and /sup 4/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ atoms have also been determined. The results of this study are significantly more accurate than results known from earlier calculations for all considered systems and states. The approach can be used to determine the bound-state spectra in various three-body systems to arbitrary high accuracy. We also discuss a number of complications which are usually detected in high-precision bound-state calculations of few-body systems. (41 References).
S. Baird, C. T. Batty, F. M. Russell, P. Sharman, P. M. Bird, A. S. Clough, K. R. Parker, G. J. Pyle, and GTA. Squier, "Measurements on exotic atoms of helium," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A392, no. 2-3, pp. 297--310, 1983.
Abstract: Measurements of X-ray yields, energies and strong interaction effects have been made for muonic, pionic, kaonic, antiprotonic and sigma-helium atoms. The strong interaction measurements for kaons confirm the discrepancy previously reported between experiment and values calculated with an optical model. However, in contradiction to previous work there is good agreement between theory and experimental measurements of strong interaction effects in antiprotonic-helium. The first observation of X-rays from sigma-helium atoms is reported. (14 References).
D. D. Bakalov, S. I. Vinitskii, and VS. Melezhik, "Hyperfine structure of the energy levels of mu -mesic molecules of hydrogen isotopes," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 79, no. 5, pp. 1629--40, 1980.
Abstract: The hyperfine structure of the energy levels of all stationary states with total orbital moment quantum numbers J[left angle bracket]or=1 and vibrational quantum numbers nu [left angle bracket]or=1 of mesic molecules of hydrogen isotopes is calculated with an accuracy to 10/sup -3/ eV in the first order of perturbation theory with respect to alpha /sup 2/. The solutions of the nonrelativistic problem of the bound states of a three-particle system with Coulomb interaction found in the adiabatic representation are chosen as the zero approximation. The probability amplitudes for various values of the total nuclear spin and total mu -mesic molecular spin in stationary states of the hyperfine structure are presented. The populations of the stationary states of the hyperfine structure of mu -mesic molecules produced in collisions between p mu , d mu or t mu mesic atoms in the para- or ortho-states with p, d or t nuclei are calculated. (19 References).
D. Bakalov, "Quasipotential equation for hydrogen isotopes. Muonic atoms. Ground state energy levels," Physics Letters B, vol. 93B, no. 3, pp. 265--8, 1980.
Abstract: The quasipotential for the electromagnetic interaction of two particles of spin /sup 1///sub 2/ or 1 with arbitrary electromagnetic interaction of two particles of spin /sup 1///sub 2/ or 1 with arbitrary electromagnetic structure is constructed in the one-photon approximation. Todorov's quasipotential equation is applied to calculate the ground state energy levels of the muonic atoms p mu , d mu and t mu with accuracy 10/sup -3/ eV. (13 References).
DD. Bakalov, "Relativistic corrections and correction for the electromagnetic structure of nuclei to the energy levels of mu -mesomolecules," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 1149--59, 1980.
Abstract: An effective three-body Hamiltonian is set up which takes into account the electromagnetic structure of the particles and relativistic effects of the order of alpha /sup 2/ which do not depend on the orientation of the particle spins. Relativistic corrections and corrections for the electromagnetic structure of the nuclei, which must be taken into account in the energy levels of the mu -mesomolecules of the hydrogen isotopes, are calculated with an accuracy to 5*10/sup -3/ eV by employing the hamiltonian and the nonrelativistic wave functions for a three-particle system with Coulomb interaction in the adiabatic representation. (16 References).
D. D. Bakalov and SI. Vinitskii, "Spin effects in the three-body problem with electromagnetic interaction. Hyperfine structure of the energy levels in the mesomolecule pp mu," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 720--33, 1980.
Abstract: An approximate operator (with accuracy up to terms of the order alpha /sup 2/) is constructed for the spin interaction in system of three spin-/sup 1///sub 2/ particles taking into account their electromagnetic structure. The result is a sum of the pair spin operators, obtained in the framework of the quasipotential approach. The hyperfine structure of levels of the mesomolecule pp mu in the ortho-state and its gamma /sub 0/ factor are calculated. The capture rate for the mu /sup -/ meson on proton in the mesomolecule pp mu is expressed in terms of the capture rates in the p mu mesoatom. (22 References).
D. D. Bakalov, M. P. Faifman, L. I. Ponomarev, and SI. Vinitsky, "mu -capture and ortho-para transitions in the muonic molecule pp mu," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A384, no. 3, pp. 302--22, 1982.
Abstract: The capture of a muon by protons at different hydrogen densities is considered. More precise values of gamma -factors for ortho- and para-states of the muonic molecule pp mu are obtained: 2 gamma /sub 0/=1009+or-0.001 and 2 gamma /sub p/=1.143+or-0.001. Relativistic effects are taken into account in the muonic molecule, and the rate of ortho-para transitions lambda /sub op/=(7.1+or-1.2)*10/sup 4/ s/sup -1/, caused by these effects, is calculated. With this value of lambda /sub op/ the mu -capture rate in liquid hydrogen is found to be Lambda /sub c/=(490+or-10) s/sup -1/ that is in agreement with the value Lambda /sub c/=460+or-20 s/sup -1/ recently measured by the Saclay-CERN-Bologna collaboration. (47 References).
D. D. Bakalov, V. S. Melezhik, and SI. Vinitsky, "Relativistic effects in mu -mesic molecules of the hydrogen isotopes," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: Summary form only given. The authors have calculated relativistic corrections to the energy levels of mesic molecules: fine and hyperfine splitting of energy levels, recoil corrections, shifts caused by contact interaction, the electromagnetic structure of nuclei, the mass of electromagnetic field and electron screening correction. The calculations are carried out in the adiabatic representation of the three-body problem, and the approach of the Breit potential is used. The errors do not exceed 1 meV. The corrections are approximately 100 meV for strongly bound states of mesic molecules, approximately 20-10 meV for weakly bound states J=V=1 of molecules dd mu and dt mu , and they should be taken into account in the description of the muon-catalysed fusion kinetics. (1 Reference).
D. D. Bakalov, V. S. Melezhik, L. I. Menshikov, and SI. Vinitsky, "Relativistic effects in the weakly bound states of dd mu and dt mu mesic molecules," Physics Letters B, vol. 161B, no. 1-3, pp. 5--8, 1985.
Abstract: The relativistic shift and the fine and hyperfine splitting of the energy levels of the weakly bound states of dd mu and dt mu mesic molecules have been calculated. These results should be taken into account in the description of the resonance type formation of dd mu and dt mu . (15 References).
DD. Bakalov, "Effects of the electromagnetic structure of nuclei in muonic molecules," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 335--45, 1988.
Abstract: The author calculates the corrections to the binding energy of the muonic molecules dd mu and dt mu related to the electromagnetic structure of the nuclei. The author shows that these effects make a significant contribution to the nonrelativistic shift and to the hyperfine splitting of levels of the muonic molecules dd mu and dt mu and that these corrections must be taken into account in calculation of the resonance production rates of these molecules. The contribution from the effects related to the electromagnetic structure of the nuclei to the relativistic shift is negligibly small. (19 References).
D. D. Bakalov, V. S. Melezhik, L. I. Men'shikov, and MP. Faifman, "Rates of deexcitation of the mesic molecule dd mu in the mesic molecular complex ((dd mu )dee)," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 94, no. 10, pp. 61--9, 1988.
Abstract: "The deexcitation of the mesic molecule dd mu from the weakly-bound J= nu =1 rotational-vibrational state to the J=1
D. Bakalov, "Relativistic effects in mesic molecules," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 321--34, 1988.
Abstract: The formalism for calculating the leading relativistic and particle electromagnetic structure effects in systems of three spin particles with electromagnetic interaction based on the directly interacting particle dynamics has been applied to high precision calculations of the corrections to the muonic molecule dd mu and dt mu loosely bound state binding energy. The hyperfine splitting and the overall shift of the Coulomb energy levels have been calculated with an accuracy about 1 meV, allowing the detailed interpretation of recent experiments on muon catalyzed fusion in hydrogen isotope mixtures. (17 References).
DD. Bakalov, "Open problems in the relativistic description of muonic molecules," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 335--9, 1991.
Abstract: The state of the art of the calculation of the binding energy epsilon /sub 11/ for the weakly bound muonic molecules dd mu and dt mu is discussed. The present accuracy of ~1 meV was reached by several authors. Ways of further improvements are outlined. (18 References).
D. Bakalov, "Short distance singularities of the relativistic two-body interaction and muon capture in hydrogen," Physics Letters A, vol. 170, no. 5, pp. 393--6, 1992.
Abstract: It is demonstrated that the short distance singularities of the relativistic interaction Hamiltonian of two spin particles with electromagnetic interactions have an effect on the muon-proton overlap in the ground state of p mu -atoms of the order of 1-2% that may be important for the interpretation of high-accuracy measurements of the rate of muon capture by protons in hydrogen. (14 References).
D. Bakalov, E. Milotti, C. Rizzo, A. Vacchi, and E. Zavattini, "Experimental method to measure the hyperfine splitting of muonic hydrogen ( mu /sup -/p)/sub 1S/," Physics Letters A, vol. 172, no. 4, pp. 277--80, 1993.
Abstract: The authors propose an experimental method to measure the hyperfine splitting of the energy level of the muonic hydrogen ground state ( mu /sup -/p)/sub 1S/ by inducing a laser-stimulated para-to-ortho transition. The method requires an intense low energy pulsed mu /sup -/ beam and a high power tunable pulsed laser. (17 References).
D. Bakalov, E. Milotti, C. Rizzo, A. Vacchi, and E. Zavattini, "Measurement of the hyperfine splitting of muonic hydrogen ( mu p)/sub 1s/. An experimental method," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 656-62, 1993.
Abstract: The authors propose an experimental method for the measurement of the hyperfine splitting of the muonic hydrogen ground state energy level based on the study of laser-stimulated para-to-ortho transitions of p mu -atoms. They show that from the experimental value of the /sup 3/S/sub 1/-/sup 1/S/sub 0/ energy difference-if measured with a relative accuracy of 10/sup -4/ or better-important information on the electromagnetic structure of the proton can be obtained. In particular, the uncertainty of proton polarizability can be reduced by an order of magnitude. (11 References).
D. Bakalov, "Relativistic corrections to particle overlap in atoms and muon capture in hydrogen," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 83--88, 1993.
D. D. Bakalov, I. V. Puzynin, T. P. Puzynina, and S. I. Vinitsky, "Fine and hyperfine structure of antiprotonic helium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101/102, pp. 487--492, 1996.
D. Bakalov, K. Bakalova, V. Korobov, H. J. Monkhorst, and I. Shimamura, "Fine and quadrupole structure of the weakly bound systems (dt mu )/sub 11/dee and (dd mu )/sub 11/dee," Physical Review A, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 3370--5, 1998.
Abstract: The interaction of the quadrupole electric moment of the muonic molecules with the Coulomb field of the embedding D/sub 2/ molecule gives rise to corrections to the energy levels that depend on the spin and significantly modify the muonic molecule fine structure. We present the first-order calculation of the fine and hyperfine structure of the energy levels of the weakly bound states (dt mu )/sub 11/ and (dd mu )/sub 11/ that accounts for the quadrupole finite-size corrections as well. The reported results are of interest for the upcoming high-precision measurement of the energy levels and the formation rate of the muonic molecules dt mu and dd mu . (11 References).
D. Bakalov, K. Bakalova, V. Korobov, and H. J. Monkhorst, "Quadrupole splitting of the weakly bound system [(dt mu)- (11)dee]," Pol. J. Chem., vol. 72, pp. 1343-1352, 1998.
Abstract: The energy levels of the molecular complex [(dt mu)(11)dee] are close to the sum of the energies of the (dt mu)(11) and D-2 molecules; the small difference of a few meV, referred to as "finite size correction", is an effect of the Coulomb interaction with the spatially distributed electrical charge in the compound nucleus of the complex. The quadrupole terms in the multipole expansion of the latter are shown to interfere with the spin interactions and to modify the hyperfine structure of the levels of the complex in a way that may affect the resonant formation rate of (dt mu)(11).
D. Bakalov and VI. Korobov, "Muonic molecules: beyond the Coulomb model," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 265--70, 2001.
Abstract: We report the latest numerical results for the binding energy of the weakly bound states of the muonic molecules (dd mu )/sub 11/ and (dtA)/sub 11/ obtained with account of the leading QED, relativistic and nuclear structure effects, as well as of the interactions within the molecular complexes. The uncertainty of the theoretical value of the binding energy of (dd mu )/sub 11/ does not exceed 0.1 meV. (12 References).
OK. Baker, "Molecular effects in nuclear scattering: hyperfine quenching in d mu +D/sub 2/ collisions," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 223-5, 1988.
Abstract: A better understanding of hyperfine effects in d mu scattering from molecules of hydrogen isotopes will be helpful in untangling the intricacies of the muon catalyzed fusion process. The author presents calculations of hyperfine quenching cross sections and rates for d mu +D/sub 2/ scattering in the absence of ((dd mu )d2e) mesomolecular formation. (6 References).
J. M. Baker, I. Z. Machi, S. H. Connell, K. Bharuth-Ram, J. E. Butler, S. F. J. Cox, C. G. Fischer, T. Jestadt, P. Murphy, R. W. N. Nilen, and J. P. F. Sellschop, "Longitudinal field muon spin relaxation (LF-mu SR) measurements and evidence for a new muonium defect site in type Ia diamond," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 121, pp. 579-583, 1999.
Abstract: A new configuration for muonium, with hyperfine interaction parameters of less than axial symmetry, in nitrogen rich diamond is identified in Longitudinal Field Muon Spin Relaxation (LF-mu SR) measurements. The TF-mu SR measurements on the same sample show that almost the entire strength of the new configuration is accounted for by a "missing fraction", typically seen in nitrogen rich type Ia diamond. The "missing fraction" is therefore the result of a T2 relaxation. This is consistent with muon trapping at or in some nitrogen related defect(s) followed by electron capture at random times.
P. Bakule, Y. Matsuda, Y. Miyake, P. Strasser, K. Shimomura, S. Makimura, and K. Nagamine, "Slow muon experiment by laser resonant ionization method at RIKEN-RAL muon facility," Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr., vol. 58, pp. 1019-1030, 2003.
Abstract: We report first results of the slow muon generation from pulsed surface muon beam using a method of resonant laser ionization of muonium. The muonium is produced from the union beam by electron capture near the surface of thin tungsten foil heated to 2100 K. The ionization is resonantly enhanced by using a vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation resonant with 2P state of muonium (lambda(1S-2P) = 122.09 nm). A pulsed beam at 355 nm is used for an efficient ionization from the 2P state. The VUV beam with pulse duration of 4 ns and with bandwidth of over 100 GHz to match the Doppler broadening of muonium (200 GHz) is generated by resonant third-order sum-difference frequency conversion (omega(VUV) = 2omega(R) - omega(T)) in krypton gas phase-matched with argon buffer gas. The omega(R) beam has been tuned to the two-photon resonance of 4p(5)5p[1/2,0] state in krypton to enhance the conversion process. Yield of the VUV radiation has been investigated for different energies and confocal parameters of the incident beams. The whole apparatus, including a beamline for transport and detection of ionized particles, has been tested by ionizing residual hydrogen atoms at an ultra-high vacuum level of 1.1 X 10(-9) hPa with efficiency better than 10(-3). The yield of slow muons obtained during the first beamtime, was 0.03 mu(+)/s. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
M. P. Balandin, V. M. Grebenyuk, V. G. Zinov, T. Kozlovski, and AD. Konin, "Energy spectra and asymmetry of charged particles from negative muon capture by nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 582--9, 1978.
Abstract: The energy spectra of mass separated single charged particles at the capture of negative muons by carbon, oxygen, magnesium and sulphur nuclei are measured. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical calculations based on the assumption of the pre-equilibrium decay of the collective states described by the hydrodynamical model. The asymmetry of emission of charged particles is measured in sulphur and magnesium. (10 References).
V. V. Balashov, R. A. Eramzhyan, N. M. Kabchnik, G. Ya Korenman, and VL. Korotkih, "Resonance mechanism of muon capture by complex nuclei," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 174-6, 1970.
V. V. Balashov, G. Y. Korenman, and RA. Eramzhyan, "Coincidence experiments in the studies of mu -capture and radiative pi /sup -/ capture by nuclei," Fizika Elementarnykh Chastits i Atomnogo Yadra, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 585--617, 1973.
Abstract: After a discussion of the appropriate Hamiltonian, mesic atom reaction and transitions to bound states are considered. The conditions for emission of fast neutrons, gamma n correlations and excitation of giant resonances are discussed. (45 References).
V. V. Balashov, V. K. Dolinov, GYa Korenman, S. V. Leonoya, L. V. Moskalenko, and VP. Popov, "Muon-atom and muon-molecule collisions in hydrogen and helium isotope mixture," in Electronic and Atomic Collisions. XV ICPEAC Brighton '87. Abstracts of Contributed Papers. Fifteenth International Conference, (J. Geddes, H. B. Gilbody, A. E. Kingston, C. J. Latimer, and HRJ. Walters, eds.), 1987.
Abstract: The authors present the results of theoretical studying the ionization and Coulomb capture cross sections for slow-muon interactions with hydrogen and helium atoms and molecules, as well and the kinetic characteristics of these processes in H+He mixtures. In the semiclassical approximation the muon collisions with H and He atoms are described by the equations of two-body muon-atom channel-to-three-body channels coupling. To obtain the effective potential matrix, the adiabatic and diabatic bases are used for mu /sup -/-H and mu /sup -/-He systems, respectively. The inelastic mu /sup -/-H cross sections obtained in this way are in good agreement with the exact solution for the classical three-body problem. The authors illustrate the calculations of the muon capture cross sections by the He atom which were made using a multiparametric He ground-state wave function and the Hartree-Fock wave function. The calculations within a diabatic state model are shown as well. It should be noted that the exponential decrease in the authors' cross sections is more rapid and starts at lower energies. (4 References).
V. V. Balashov, V. K. Dolinov, GYa Korenman, S. V. Leonova, I. V. Moskalenko, and VP. Popov, "Slowing-down and Coulomb capture of negative muons in the hydrogen-helium isotope mixtures," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 105--15, 1988.
Abstract: The authors report the results of the theoretical study of ionization and Coulomb capture in collisions of slow negative muons with atoms of H, He and molecules of hydrogen isotopes. The cross sections and the kinetic characteristics of these processes in the mixture of molecules of hydrogen isotopes and helium atoms are calculated. (18 References).
V. V. Balashov, V. K. Dolinov, and VA. Shakirov, "Mechanisms populating the 2P/sub 0/ and 2P/sub +or-1/ states of the muonic ion He/sub mu //sup +/ in muon-catalyzed D-D and D-T fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 409--17, 1989.
Abstract: The effects of angular momentum alignment have been taken into account in the slowing down kinetics and X-ray radiation of the He/sub mu //sup +/-ion. (15 References).
V. V. Balashov, V. K. Dolinov, D. A. Konovalov, and VA. Shakirov, "Angular-momentum alignment effects in the stopping of the muonic helium ion in the process of muon catalytic fusion," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 110--17, 1990.
Abstract: The authors consider the occurrence of angular-momentum alignment of the 2P state of the muonic helium ion formed in the reaction dt mu to He/sub mu //sup +/+n and its time dependence during the stopping of the He/sub mu //sup +/ ion in liquid hydrogen. They calculate the angular correlation function of the neutron and X-ray photon emitted in the transition 2P to 1S, the Doppler profile of the K/sub alpha / line, and the correction to the effective sticking coefficient of the muon to an alpha particle obtained by the X-ray method. (20 References).
D. V. Balin and others, "Experimental investigation of the muon catalyzed dd--fusion," Physics Letters B, vol. 141, pp. 173--176, 1984.
D. V. Balin, A. A. Vorob'ev, AnA Vorob'ev, YuK Zalite, E. M. Maev, V. I. Medvedev, G. G. Semenchuk, and YuV. Smirenin, "Muon catalysis of dd nuclear fusion in the pressure range 51.6-93.0 atm," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 318-20, 1984.
Abstract: The rate of production of dd mu molecules at deuterium pressures of 51.6, 70.4, 79.6, 91.6 and 93.0 atm has been measured at a temperature of 293K. The ratio of the yields of the dd fusion reactions and the effective muon attachment coefficient are determined. (11 References).
D. B. Balin, A. A. Vorob'ev, AnA Vorob'ev, YuK Zalite, A. A. Markov, V. I. Medvedev, E. M. Maev, G. G. Semenchuk, and YuV. Smirenin, "Charge exchange of mesonic deuterium atoms with /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 236-9, 1985.
Abstract: The charge-exchange rate of mesonic deuterium atoms with /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He nuclei is measured: lambda /sub d/(/sup 3/He)=(1.27+or-0.11)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ and lambda /sub d/(/sup 4/He)=(3.68+or-0.18)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/. The results obtained confirm the validity of the molecular charge-exchange mechanism. (9 References).
D. V. Balin and others, "The experimental investigation of muon catalyzed $dd$-- and $dt$--fusion processes," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, pp. 127--135, 1987.
D. V. Balin, V. A. Volchenkov, A. A. Vorob'ev, AnA Vorob'ev, A. I. lI'in, V. K. Kapyshev, E. M. Maev, M. P. Malek, V. P. Maleev, A. A. Markov, V. I. Medvedev, G. E. Petrov, L. B. Petrov, L. A. Rivkis, G. A. Ryabov, G. G. Semenchuk, and YuV. Smirenin, "Measurement of the rate of charge exchange of muonic atoms of deuterium in tritium," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 92, no. 5, pp. 1543--8, 1987.
Abstract: An ionization chamber recording charged products of dt and dd fusion has been used to measure the rate of charge exchange of muonic atoms of deuterium in tritium from the ground state of the d mu atoms. This rate, referred to the density of liquid hydrogen, is lambda /sub dt//sup 0/=(2.8+or-0.2).10/sup 8/ sec/sup -1/. In addition an upper limit Y[left angle bracket]or=3% has been obtained for the relative probability of charge exchange from excited states of the d mu atom under the following conditions of the experiment: pressure of gas mixture 84.3 atm, tritium content 1.24%, and temperature 296 K. (8 References).
D. V. Balin and others, "Analysis of $dt$--µCF data," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, pp. 163--172, 1988.
D. V. Balin, YuS Grigoriev, A. I. Ilyin, S. M. Kozlov, E. L. Lobachev, E. M. Maev, A. A. Markov, V. I. Medvedev, G. D. Mituhlaeva, G. E. Petrov, L. B. Petrov, V. I. Poromov, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, V. A. Trofimov, A. A. Vasilyev, A. A. Vorobyov, and AnA. Vorobyov, "Investigation of temperature dependence of the muon catalyzed fusion in deuterium," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 241--5, 1988.
Abstract: A new experimental setup has been constructed at LNPI with a high pressure ionization chamber as a sensitive target operating at variable temperatures. It makes possible absolute measurements of the fusion rates in the temperature range of 40 to 400 K with the temperature fixed with precision of +or-0.3 K. In the first run, the temperature dependence of lambda /sub dd mu / was measured in the range 52 to 293 K. (5 References).
D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, YuA Chestnov, A. I. Ilyin, P. A. Kapinos, E. M. Maev, G. E. Petrov, L. B. Petrov, G. G. Semenchuk, YuA Smirenin, A. A. Vorobyov, AnA Vorobyov, and NI. Voropaev, "Investigation of the temperature dependence of muon catalyzed fusion parameters in deuterium," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 163--77, 1990.
Abstract: A high precision study of muon catalyzed dd fusion was performed in the temperature range 52-293 K using a deuterium-filled high pressure ionization chamber as a detector of stopped muons and fusion products. The dd mu molecule formation rate lambda /sub dd mu / (T) is determined. The precision in absolute measurements of lambda /sub dd mu / is about 5% in each temperature point. The temperature was controlled within +or-0.2 K. Comparison of the measured lambda /sub dd mu /(T) with the mu CF theory allows accurate determination of the energy epsilon /sub 11/ of the loosely bound state in the dd mu molecule and the fusion rate lambda /sub f/. The yields ratio R=Y(/sup 3/He+n)/Y(/sup 3/H+p) was temperature dependent, decreasing from R=1.4 at room temperature to R=1.0 at T[left angle bracket]or=70 K that reflects, presumably, variation in the contributions of the P- and S-waves in the dd fusion process. The spin-flip rate in the d mu atoms lambda /sub 21/ was determined at T[left angle bracket]160 K: lambda /sub 21/=(37.3+or-1.5)*10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/, in agreement with previous measurements but in disagreement with the current mu CF theory. The experiment was carried out in the muon beam of the Gatchina synchrocyclotron. (20 References).
D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, YuA Chestnov, YuS Grigoriev, V. S. Dubogray, A. I. Ilyin, E. M. Maev, G. E. Petrov, L. B. Petrov, G. G. Semenchuk, YuA Smirenin, A. A. Vorobyov, and NI. Voropeav, "Method for direct measurement of muon sticking probability in dt mu catalysis," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 481--5, 1991.
Abstract: The authors describe an experimental method for direct measurement of the muon sticking probability in dt mu catalysis based on the use of a multianode ionization chamber filled with an H/D/T gas mixture at 180 atm pressure. The difference in recombination of the ionization produced by (/sup 4/He)/sup 2+/ and (/sup 4/He mu )/sup +/ ions allows the separation of /sup 4/He mu and /sup 4/He signals. The experimental setup has been tested in muon beams at LNPI and at PSI. (6 References).
D. V. Balin, YuS Grigoriev, A. I. Ilyin, L. G. Kudin, E. M. Maev, A. A. Markov, V. I. Medvedev, E. M. Orischin, G. E. Petrov, L. B. Petrov, V. I. Poromov, G. L. Sokolov, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, N. A. Timofeev, A. A. Vorobyov, AnA Vorobyov, and YuK. Zalite, "Experimental method for investigation of muon catalyzed dd fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 1-2, pp. 1--36, 1992.
Abstract: The authors describe a new experimental method which allows one to study muon catalyzed dd fusion. Also, it gives a possibility to measure the muon exchange rate in the reaction d mu +Z to Z mu +d. The main element of the experimental set-up is a deuterium filled ionization chamber. Special attention is paid to the data analysis performed to determine the molecule formation rate lambda /sub dd mu //sup 0/, the muon effective sticking probability, w(dd,/sup 3/He), the ratio of the yields R=Y(d+d to /sup 3/He+n)/Y(d+d to t+p), and the muon transfer rates to helium isotopes lambda /sup 0/(d,/sup 3/He) and lambda /sup 0/(d,/sup 4/He). (11 References).
D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, AYu Chestnov, E. M. Maev, G. E. Petrov, L. B. Petrov, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, W. Czaplinski, M. Filipowicz, A. Gula, and E. Gula, "Search for nuclear fusion reaction in the /sup 3/He mu d system," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 301--8, 1992.
Abstract: An attempt is made to observe muon catalysis of the fusion reaction d+/sup 3/He to /sup 4/He+p in the /sup 3/He mu d system. A high pressure ( approximately=100 atm) ionization chamber filled with deuterium-/sup 3/He mixture at room temperature was exposed to the negative muon beam of the Gatchina synchrocyclotron to detect alpha +p signals. The analysis of the obtained charged particle energy spectra shows no evidence for this reaction at the level of lambda /sub f/[right angle bracket]7*10/sup 7/s/sup -1/, where lambda /sub f/ is the fusion rate averaged over the angular momentum states of the /sup 3/He mu d system. (21 References).
D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, YuS Grigoriev, E. M. Maev, G. E. Petrov, G. G. Semenchuk, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, C. Petitjean, K. Lou, P. Ackerbauer, W. N. Breunlich, M. Fuchs, S. Fussy, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, H. Bossy, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, P. Baumann, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, P. Hofmann, R. Huber, R. Lipowsky, and P. Wojciechowsky, "Experimental results on muon catalyzed fusion kinetics in triple mixture of hydrogen isotopes," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 647-51, 1993.
Abstract: The kinetics of muonic processes in equilibrated triple mixture of hydrogen isotopes was analyzed and several parameters were extracted from th experimental data that was obtained at PSI accelerator with the LNPI ionization chamber. The parameters evaluated are: muon exchange rate lambda /sub dt/, muonic molecule formation rates lambda /sub pd mu /, lambda /sub dt mu / on HD molecules, the probability of muonic atom (t mu ) thermalization. (12 References).
D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, YuA Chestnov, YuS Grigoriev, E. M. Maev, G. E. Petrov, L. B. Petrov, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, W. Czaplinski, M. Filipowicz, A. Gula, and E. Gula, "Investigation of fast muon transfer in D/sub 2/+/sup 3/He mixture," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 652-5, 1993.
Abstract: The ionization chamber filled with deuterium/He-3 mixture at approximately 100 atm pressure was exposed to a muon beam at LNPI synchrocyclotron. The experimental data was analyzed and the rates of slow (molecular) and (direct) exchanges of muons from d mu to He-3 atom were evaluated. (8 References).
D. V. Balin and others, "Muonic atom formation, muon transfer and nuclear fusion in a D$_2$ + $^3$He gas mixture," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 25--33, 1993.
D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, Y. S. Grigoriev, E. M. Maev, G. E. Petrov, G. G. Semenchuk, Y. V. Smirenin, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, J. Deutsch, J. Govaerts, R. Prieels, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, P. Kammel, B. Lauss, J. Marton, W. Prymas, J. Egger, C. Petitjean, T. Petitjean, Den Brandt B. Van, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, M. Muhlbauer, W. Schott, Egidy T. Von, P. Wojciechowski, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, V. E. Markushin, and GA. Beer, "Precision measurement of nuclear muon capture by /sup 3/He," in 15th European Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics, Few-Body Systems Supplementum, pp. 248-53, 1995.
Abstract: We report preliminary results of the experiment performed in 1993 at PSI with the goal to determine the absolute rate of the nuclear muon capture reaction: /sup 3/He( mu (-), nu /sub mu /). (5 References).
D. V. Balin and others, "Search for muon catalyzed $d^3$He--fusion," Gatchina Preprint 2221 NP--7, 1998.
D. V. Balin, YuP Averin, V. R. Bom, J. N. Bradbury, J. D. Davies, A. M. Demin, D. L. Demin, A. E. Drebushko, V. P. Dzhelepov, Eijk CWE van, V. V. Filchenkov, A. N. Golubkov, N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, S. K. Grishechkin, V. G. Klevtsov, A. D. Konin, A. A. Kukolkin, S. V. Medved, A. B. Modenov, V. A. Nazarov, V. V. Perevozchikov, V. I. Pryanichnikov, VYa Rozhkov, A. I. Rudenko, S. M. Sadetsky, G. G. Semenchuk, V. T. Sidorov, YuV Smirenin, I. I. Sukhoi, V. V. Travkin, N. I. Voropaev, A. A. Yukhimchuk, V. G. Zinov, and SV. Zlatoustovskii, "Novel method for MCF study in a dense D/T mixture, first experimental results," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 111--19, 1999.
Abstract: Preliminary data are first presented for the measurements of effective parameters of MCF processes in dense D/T mixtures obtained by a novel method. Results are compared with the ones obtained by the {"}standard{"} method. (18 References).
J. Banas, M. Ciechanowski, M. Duli/nski, A. Kreft, J. Molenda, K. Morstin, A. Stok/losa, and J. Wozniak, "Geophysical Aspects of Cold Nuclear Fusion in Condensed Matter," Nuclear Geophysics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 321--2, 1989.
I. M. Band, M. A. Listengarten, and LA. Sliv, "Internal conversion of gamma rays on mu-mesons," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 488-91, 1975.
Abstract: Internal conversion coefficients are determined for gamma rays on mu-mesons, for a range of values of the atomic number, energy and transition multipolarity. It is shown that an allowance for the dimensions of a nucleus is essential in calculations; the conversion of muons provides an important vehicle for determining the excitation of fission fragments. The internal conversion coefficients of different multipoles differ to such an extent, that measurements of the muon conversion coefficient can provide data about spin and parity of high-lying levels of nuclei, removed from the stable region. (7 References).
H. Bando, T. Yamazaki, and J. Zofka, "Formation of deeply bound pi /sup -/ states from hypernuclear decay," Physical Review C, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 875--80, 1989.
Abstract: The formation probabilities of deeply bound states of pi /sup -/ from hypernuclear weak decay are calculated. The best candidate for detecting narrow 1s and 2p pi /sup -/ bound states is /sup 208/Pb, where the signature, a sharp peak in a proton spectrum, attains a strength, which may be within the future experimental reach. (12 References).
S. Banerjee, "A simple algorithm for obtaining bound state wave functions by solving the Dirac equations," Hadronic Journal, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 653--67, 2001.
Abstract: A simple and unusual algorithm based on Krell and Ericson's (1968) scheme for pi mesic atoms, is presented for obtaining bound state energies and single particle wave functions of nuclei which can incorporate spin dependence. These energies and wavefunctions are obtained from a solution of Dirac's relativistic wave equations. This algorithm is efficient, as computation is performed at lattice points only. A single procedure yields both bound state energies and wavefunctions, and therefore, the method is simple and fast. The scheme can also be used to obtain continuum wave functions that describe particles ejected from a nucleus in medium energy nuclear reactions. Results for bound state energies and wave functions of /sup 16/O are discussed. (3 References).
A. V. Bannikov, B. Levay, V. I. Petrukhin, V. A. Vasilyev, L. M. Kochenda, A. A. Markov, V. I. Medvedev, G. L. Sokolov, I. I. Strakovsky, and D. Horvath, "Studies on the atomic capture of stopped negative pions in binary mixtures of /sup 3/He with other gases," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A403, no. 3, pp. 515--24, 1983.
Abstract: Systematic experimental study has been carried out on the atomic capture of negative pions by /sup 3/He in binary gas mixtures of /sup 3/He+Z, where Z is Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, N/sub 2/, O/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/ and SF/sub 6/. The results are analysed in the framework of a phenomenological model. It is shown that there is no pion transfer from the /sup 3/He pi /sup -/ mesic atoms to the heavier Z-atoms. The probabilities of pion capture in the various atoms of the mixtures are found to be proportional to the atomic concentrations, thereby excluding the possibility of a concentration dependence in the atomic capture ratio A(Z//sup 3/He). In contradiction to previous assumptions the probability of pion capture into an atomic orbit is not proportional to the stopping power of the components of the mixture. The atomic capture ratio of pions in a /sup 3/He+/sup 4/He mixture is A(/sup 4/He//sup 3/He)=0.75+or-0.13, which might be the indication of an isotopic effect. The branching ratio for the charge-exchange reaction at rest ( pi /sup -/+/sup 3/He to pi /sup 0/+/sup 3/H) is found to be 0.128+or-0.012. (13 References).
A. L. Barabanov, YuV Gaponov, B. V. Danilin, and NB. Shul'gina, "Muon capture by oriented nuclei: new possibilities for studying induced pseudoscalar interaction," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 1940--7, 1996.
Abstract: Angular distribution of neutrinos (recoil nuclei) in muon capture for an allowed Gamow-Teller transition is considered by taking account of hyperfine effects. This angular distribution is shown to include a correlation of the form P/sub 2/(cos theta ), where theta is the angle between the neutrino momentum and the axis specifying the orientation of the initial mesic atom. This correlation, which arises only if the initial mesic atom is aligned, proves highly sensitive to the form factor g/sub p/ of induced pseudoscalar interaction. (15 References).
AL. Barabanov, "T-noninvariant effect in muon capture by /sup 6/Li with decay to a continuum," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 10--15, 1997.
Abstract: The T-noninvariant transverse polarization of neutrons is considered for muon capture by a /sup 6/Li nucleus with decay into a quasistationary 2/sup +/ state of the three-particle alpha +n+n continuum. This polarization is orthogonal to the plane spanned by the polarization axis of the initial mesic atom and the neutron momentum. The situation in which neutrons that are emitted in the plane orthogonal to the axis of the mesic-atom polarization and which have oppositely directed momenta equal in magnitude are selected is analyzed. The wave function of the final state is constructed by using the method of hyperspherical harmonics. In the approximation of the allowed Gamow-Teller transition 1/sup +/ to 2/sup +/, this neutron polarization is expressed in terms of the T-noninvariant relative phase of reduced matrix elements for transitions from the /sup 6/Li ground state to various final-state configurations. (18 References).
AL. Barabanov, "New possibilities of studying induced pseudoscalar interaction and T invariance in muon capture by polarized and aligned nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 1282--5, 1998.
Abstract: The angular distribution of neutrinos (recoil nuclei) in muon capture by a nucleus with arbitrary spin J/sub i/ for an allowed Gamow-Teller transition is considered by taking into account hyperfine effects. This angular distribution is shown to include a correlation that is highly sensitive to the form factor g/sub P/ of the induced pseudoscalar interaction and arises only if the initial mesic atom is aligned. It is shown that, for the same transition, allowance must be made for the sensitivity of the nuclear model to the properly considered hyperfine dependence of the muon-capture rate to extract the g/sub p/ value. An estimate is given for the T-noninvariant transverse polarization of neutrons for muon capture by a /sup 6/Li nucleus with a decay into a quasistationary 2/sup +/ state of the three-particle alpha +n+n continuum. (15 References).
A. L. Barabanov, "Spin-orbit-like terms in semileptonic weak Hamiltonian," Eur. Phys. J. A, vol. 6, pp. 373-374, 1999.
Abstract: It is shown that new spin-orbit-like terms appear in the effective nonrelativistic weak Hamiltonian for nucleon provided that nuclear potential is taken into account. Arguments for their considerable enhancement! in particular, in relativistic nuclear model of Walecka are advanced.
AL. Barabanov, "Second-order corrections to correlations in muon capture," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 1262--7, 2000.
Abstract: Muon capture by a nucleus with an arbitrary spin is considered. Second-order terms in 1/M in the effective weak-interaction Hamiltonian are taken into account. New terms in the Hamiltonian associated with the nucleon-nucleus potential are found. A general expression for the angular distribution of neutrinos (recoil nuclei) is derived for polarized muons and oriented target nuclei. Second-order contributions to the amplitudes M/sub u/(k) are obtained. This allows one to calculate second-order corrections to any integral and correlation characteristics in muon capture that are expressed in terms of M/sub u/(k). (22 References).
Nuclear physics, Advances in Vol.2, (M. Baranger and E. Vogt, eds.), Plenum, 1969.
Abstract: Contains five review papers on the following topics:- the giant double resonance, polarization phenomena in nuclear reactions, the pairing-plus-quadrupole model, nuclear potential and muonic atoms. Individual papers within model, nuclear potential and muonic atoms. Individual papers within the subject scope of this journal will appear in this or a subsequent issue.
R. Barbieri and TEO. Ericson, "Evidence against the existence of a low mass scalar boson from neutron-nucleus scattering," Physics Letters B, vol. 57B, no. 3, pp. 270--2, 1975.
Abstract: The existence of a weakly-coupled scalar boson, recently proposed to explain the apparent discrepancy in X-rays from muonic atoms is shown to be inconsistent with the angular distribution measurements in low energy neutron-nucleus scattering. Other negative evidence from various different physical situations is also briefly reviewed. (11 References).
R. Barbieri, "Vacuum polarisation phenomenology: the mu mesic atom X-ray discrepancy and the 2p/sub 3/2/-2s/sub 1/2/ separation in the (mu/sup 4/he)/sup +/ system," Physics Letters B, vol. 56b, no. 3, pp. 266--70, 1975.
Abstract: The possible existence of non-perturbative vacuum polarisation modifications and the possible existence of a weakly-coupled light scalar boson have been recently proposed to explain the apparent mu-mesic atom X-ray discrepancy. Their effects are shown to introduce in the separation of the 2p/sub 3/2/ and 2s/sub 1/2/ levels of the (mu/sup 4/he)/sup +/ system a discrepancy between recent experiment and theory-otherwise in agreement-of the same level as the original mu-mesic atom X-ray discrepancy. (9 References).
S. Barcza, "Steps toward a high precision evaluation of the hyperfine interactions in neutral muonic helium," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 223--33, 1992.
Abstract: The solution of the Schrodinger equation of the neutral muonic helium is sketched by an eigenfunction expansion method: the eigenfunctions of the two Coulombic centres problem (of charges Z/sub 1/=2,Z/sub 2/=-1) are used to expand the wave function. The authors Born expansion method is a generalization of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation to a system in which the two centres (He, mu /sup -/) do not have a stable equilibrium distance. The adiabatic approximation is solved, upper-lower bounds on the eigenvalue are given for a number of states. The hyperfine energy corrections are calculated in general terms and are given numerically for the ground state and for the first muonically and electronically excited states in the frames of the adiabatic approximation. The author's best value fails to give the observed hyperfine splitting of the ground state by some 5*10/sup -4/ (2 MHz). (18 References).
W. A. Bardeen and EW. Torigoe, "Strong-interaction effects in K-mesonic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 1785--97, 1971.
Abstract: The process of absorption in K-mesonic atoms is studied with special emphasis on the role of the Y/sub 0/*(1405) resonance. An effective t-matrix method is developed to incorporate the effects of the resonance. Detailed calculations of the absorption process, based on an independent-particle model of the nucleus, were made for selected nuclei. The results of these calculations are compared with available X-ray and emulsion data for moderate to heavy nuclei.
W. A. Bardeen and EW. Torigoe, "The K/sup -/ nucleon interaction in K mesic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 38B, no. 3, pp. 135--9, 1972.
Abstract: A study of the K/sup -/ nucleon interaction is made as it pertains to the absorption of K/sup -/ mesons in nuclei. Effective interaction strengths are derived which yield good agreement with recent X-ray experiments that determine both the strong interaction energy shifts and widths. (14 References).
G. Bardin, J. Duclos, J. Joseph, A. Magnon, J. Martino, and E. Zavattini, "Total muon capture rate in /sup 6/Li and /sup 7/Li," Physics Letters B, vol. 79B, no. 1-2, pp. 52--4, 1978.
Abstract: The total muon capture rate in the /sup 6/Li and /sup 7/Li isotopes has been obtained by comparing the lifetimes of positive and negative muons in the relevant targets. The authors found lambda /sub c/(/sup 6/Li)=4680+or-120 s/sup -1/ and lambda /sub c/(/sup 7/Li)=2260+or-120 S/sup -1/. (9 References).
G. Bardin, J. Duclos, A. Magnon, J. Martino, A. Richter, E. Zavattini, A. Bertin, M. Piccinini, and A. Vitale, "Measurement of the ortho-para transition rate in the p mu p molecule and deduction of the pseudoscalar coupling constant g/sub p//sup mu /," Physics Letters B, vol. 104B, no. 4, pp. 320--4, 1981.
Abstract: The ortho-para transition rate in the p mu p molecule has been found experimentally to be lambda /sub OP/=(4.1+or-1.4)*10/sup 4/ s/sup -1/. The authors' recent result for the muon capture rate in liquid hydrogen can now be interpreted to extract the ortho-molecular capture rate: lambda /sub OM/=(531+or-33) s/sup -1/. A deduction of the pseudoscalar coupling constant g/sub p//sup mu / is presented: they find g/sub p//sup mu /=8.7+or-1.9. (17 References).
G. Bardin, J. Duclos, A. Magnon, J. Martino, A. Richter, E. Zavattini, A. Bertin, M. Piccinini, A. Vitale, and D. Measday, "A novel measurement of the muon capture rate in liquid hydrogen by the lifetime technique," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A352, no. 3, pp. 365--78, 1981.
Abstract: The muon nuclear capture rate by protons has been measured by comparing the lifetime tau /sub mu /-of negative muons stopped in liquid hydrogen with the lifetime tau /sub mu /+ of positive muons. The authors get tau /sub mu /-=2194.903+or-0.066 ns and tau /sub mu /+=2197.182+or-0.121 ns. Taking into account also the previous determinations of tau /sub mu /+, they present the updated determination of the muon lifetime, and correspondingly they obtain for the capture rate of muons from the p mu p molecular ions the value gamma /sub c/=460+or-20 s/sup -1/. (18 References).
G. Bardin, J. Duclos, A. Magnon, J. Martino, A. Bertin, M. Capponi, M. Piccinini, and A. Vitale, "Experimental study on the nuclear synthesis of d mu d molecular ions by means of the time distribution of the released neutrons," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 79-85, 1983.
Abstract: The differential time distribution of the neutrons released following the fusion reaction of the d mu d molecular ion has been observed, after negative muons from the Saclay ALS had been stopped in an ultrapure-liquid-deuterium target, containing two different hydrogen concentrations. The results obtained on the d mu d molecule formation rate and on the sticking probability of the muon to /sup 3/He are discussed. (15 References).
G. Bardin, J. Duclos, J. Martino, A. Bertin, M. Capponi, M. Piccinini, and A. Vitale, "A measurement of the muon capture rate in liquid deuterium by the lifetime technique," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A453, no. 4, pp. 591--604, 1986.
Abstract: The lifetime technique has been used to measure the muon capture rate in ultra pure liquid deuterium in conditions where the mu d spin state is known. The experimental method avoids the earlier difficulties due to the fusion neutrons. The following result has been obtained for the capture rate in the mu d doublet total spin state: lambda /sub c//sup D/=470+or-29 s/sup -1/. (31 References).
S. Barmo, "Analytic approximation to the wave function in pionic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 275, no. 4, pp. 353--8, 1975.
Abstract: The wave functions of pionic atoms are obtained by numerical integration of the Klein-Gordon equation with the Kisslinger-Ericson potential. They are then approximated by two analytic expressions, one inside and the other outside the nuclear radius. (7 References).
S. Barmo and H. Pilkuhn, "S-wave pion-nucleus scattering at low energies," Physics Letters B, vol. 60B, no. 4, pp. 324--6, 1976.
Abstract: The optical model used for the description of mesic atoms is extended according to a careful parametrization of the s-wave pion-nucleon amplitudes as functions of energy. The resulting s-wave pion-nucleus scattering at low energies is discussed. (12 References).
M. V. Barnabas, K. Venkateswaran, J. M. Stadlbauer, B. W. Ng, Z. Wu, A. Gonzalez, and DC. Walker, "Comparison of muonated free radicals formed in pure liquids with those in dilute solutions: origins of radicals," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 65, no. 1-4, pp. 945--51, 1990.
Abstract: LCR spectroscopy was used to explore the mechanism by which muonated free radicals form in unsaturated organic liquids. This was achieved by comparing the relative yields of the different radicals formed from the compound as a pure liquid with those found when it was studied as a solute in dilute aqueous micelle solutions. In the latter medium, thermalized muonium atoms are the only precursors. Two types of examples were evaluated: first, styrene and allylbenzene since they give a full range of side-chain and ring addition products; and second, methyl acrylate and acrylonitrile since the former alone shows conformational s-cis-trans isomerism. Both types of process were expected to be particularly sensitive to the nature and charge of the reactive species involved. The results suggest that neutral muonium is the dominant precursor in all these liquids, with 'hot' muonium perhaps contributing about 30% of the radicals. (8 References).
M. V. Barnabas and DC. Walker, "Thiyl radicals studied by muon level-crossing spectroscopy," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 168, no. 1, pp. 9--13, 1990.
Abstract: Addition of muonium atoms to thiocarbonyl compounds is shown to result in the formation of sulfur-centered radicals (R-S) which are observed by level-crossing-resonance spectroscopy. This technique enables one to determine the proton and nitrogen hyperfine coupling constants in thiyl radicals: a task which cannot be accomplished directly be ESR. The radicals are formed here in dilute aqueous solution from muonium atoms produced by irradiation with positive muons. (12 References).
P. D. Barnes, R. A. Eisenstein, W. C. Lam, J. Miller, R. B. Sutton, M. Eckhause, J. R. Kane, R. E. Welsh, D. A. Jenkins, R. J. Powers, A. R. Kunselman, R. P. Redwine, and RE. Segel, "Measurement of kaonic X-rays from Al, Si, Ni and Cu," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A231, no. 3, pp. 477--92, 1974.
Abstract: X-rays associated with stopped negative kaons have been identified in Al, Si, Ni and Cu. Relative intensities, strong interaction energy shifts and strong interaction line broadenings are reported. The measurements are found to be in good agreement with those predicted on the basis of a simple phenomenological potential except for the Ni (5 to 4) transition width.
PD. Barnes, "Review of recent experiments in intermediate energy nuclear physics," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 44, no. , pp. 783-97, 1978.
Abstract: The data generated at intermediate energy accelerator facilities have expanded rapidly over the past few years. A number of recent experiments chosen for their impact on nuclear structure questions are reviewed. Proton scattering together with pionic and muonic atom X-ray measurements are shown to be giving very precise determinations of gross nuclear properties. Pion scattering and reaction data although less precise are starting to generate a new understanding of wave functions of specific nuclear states. Specific examples where new unpublished data are now available are emphasized. In addition, other medium energy experiments that are starting to contribute to nuclear structure physics are summarized. (53 References).
T. Barnes, F. E. Close, and HJ. Lipkin, "Implications of a DK molecule at 2.32 GeV," Physical Review D, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 54006--1--5, 2003.
Abstract: We discuss the implications of a possible quasinuclear DK bound state at 2.32 GeV. Evidence for such a state was recently reported in D/sub s//sup +/ pi /sup 0/ by the BaBar Collaboration. We first note that a conventional quark model cs assignment is implausible, and then consider other options involving multiquark systems. An I=0 csnn baryonium assignment is one possibility. We instead favor a DK meson molecule assignment, which can account for the mass and quantum numbers of this state. The higher-mass scalar cs state expected at 2.48 GeV is predicted to have a very large DK coupling, which would encourage formation of an I=0 DK molecule. Isospin mixing is expected in hadron molecules, and a dominantly I=0 DK state with some I=1 admixture could explain both the narrow total width of the 2.32 GeV state as well as the observed decay to D/sub s//sup +/ pi /sup 0/. Additional measurements that can be used to test this and related scenarios are discussed. (27 References).
B. A. Barnett, C. Y. Chang, P. Steinberg, G. B. Yodh, H. D. Orr, J. B. Carroll, M. Eckhause, J. R. Cane, G. B. Spence, and CS. Hsieh, "Evidence of muonium formation using thin gold foils in vacuum," Physical Review A, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 2246--51, 1977.
Abstract: An array of 200 thin (1000 AA) gold foils in a vacuum enclosure has been exposed to a stopping mu /sup +/ beam. From the observations made of the time dependence of the mu /sup +/ decay spectra under magnetic fields of 3 to 21 G and from a comparison with earlier data for a low pressure argon gas target and a thin quartz plate target it is concluded that thermal muonium atoms were produced in the vacuum cell. The lower limit of the probability of formation is given as R=0.28+or-O.05. (10 References).
S. M. Barnett and AM. Lane, "Increase in mesomolecular formation by laser-induced resonances," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 21, no. 16, pp. L523-6, 1988.
Abstract: It is pointed out that the formation of mesomolecules, (t mu )+d to (dt mu ), may be enhanced by the presence of a laser which implants a 'pseudoresonance' in the continuum, (t mu )+d, Relative to the usual resonances in the collisions (t mu )+D/sub 2/, the implanted resonance dominates for laser intensities greater than about 10/sup 13/ W cm/sup -2/. (12 References).
S. Barnett and AM. Lane, "Increase in meso-molecular formation by laser-induced resonances," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 169-77, 1988.
Abstract: It is pointed out that the formation of meso-molecules, (t mu )+d to (dt mu ), may be enhanced by the presence of a laser which implants a 'pseudo-resonance' in the continuum, (t mu )+d. Relative to the usual resonances in the collisions (t mu )+D/sub 2/, the implanted resonance dominates for laser intensities [right angle bracket]or approximately=10/sup 13/ W cm/sup -2/. (10 References).
MV III. Barnhill, "Ambiguity of the 'Galilean-invariant' operator for pion absorption by nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A131, no. 1, pp. 106--12, 1969.
Abstract: The pseudoscalar-pseudoscalar pion-nucleon interaction is reduced to terms of order (1/M)/sup 3/ by a Foldy-Wouthuysen reduction, in order to derive the form of an appropriate non-relativistic Hamiltonian pion absorption by nuclei. It is pointed out that the reduction is not unique and that the various possible reductions correspond to the application of various canonical transformations to any one of the reduced Hamiltonians. The conventional 'Galilean-invariant' interaction is obtained from one of these reductions; however, the coefficient of a term that makes a significant contribution to actual calculations of pion absorption in light and medium nuclei is not well defined by the reduction procedure alone.
P. Barreau, L. Roussel, and RJ. Powers, "A muonic X-ray study of the charge distribution of /sup 147/Sm and /sup 149/Sm," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A364, no. 2-3, pp. 446--60, 1981.
Abstract: Reports the measurement of the 4f to 3d, 3d to 2p and 2p to 1s muonic atomic transitions in separated isotopes of /sup 147,149/Sm. Using these transition energies as well as the hyperfine splittings of the 2p levels, the authors have interpreted the data in terms of a deformed Fermi distribution for the nuclear charge density and obtained good fits. A model-independent analysis of the isotope shifts in terms of generalized R/sub K/ moments has been made and is in good agreement with electronic X-ray and optical isotope shifts. Spectroscopic quadrupole moments and the B(E2, /sup 7///sub 2//sup -/ to /sup 5///sub 2//sup -/) have been determined from the 2p hyperfine structure. (29 References).
RC. Barrett, "Model-independent parameters of the nuclear charge distribution from muonic-X-rays," Physics Letters B, vol. 33B, no. 6, pp. 388--90, 1970.
Abstract: It is shown that each muonic X-ray determines the value of a certain function averaged over the nuclear charge distribution. This function is not well represented by a single fractional power r/sup k/ as suggested by Ford and Wills (1969).
R. C. Barrett, D. A. Owen, J. Calmet, and H. Grotch, "Recoil corrections to muonic atom energy levels," Physics Letters B, vol. 47B, no. 4, pp. 297--9, 1973.
Abstract: The relativistic correction due to nuclear recoil is calculated for a distributed nuclear charge using the effective potential model of Grotch and Yennie. For the lowest states the results differ substantially from the well-known point nucleus values and disagree somewhat with the recent calculation of Fricke. (10 References).
RC. Barrett, "Nuclear charge distributions," Reports on Progress in Physics, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 1--54, 1974.
Abstract: Different methods of obtaining information about nuclear charge distributions are reviewed and the nature of this information is discussed. The calculations involved in the analysis of electron scattering and electronic and muonic atom measurements are described with particular reference to the approximations made and the small corrections which must be taken into account. A number of calculations based on dynamical models of the nucleus are discussed and examples are given of the resulting densities. Results are given for selected nuclei and for certain groups of isotopes and isotones, and comparisons are made between phenomenological and theoretically derived densities. (239 References).
RC. Barrett, "The kaon-nucleus potential for kaonic atoms," in Microscopic Optical Potentials, (Geramb HV. Von, ed.), pp. 455-8, 1979.
Abstract: Considers only the K/sup -/ nucleus potential used in the calculation of kaonic atom energy levels. The K/sup +/ nucleus potential can be calculated in impulse approximation and the first order potential is accurate enough to investigate nuclear matter densities. The K/sup -/ nucleus interaction is much stronger and is complicated by the Lambda (1405) (or Y/sub 0//sup */) resonance which is 27 MeV below the K/sup -/p threshold and 35 MeV wide. It is desirable to calculate the K/sup -/-nucleus interaction, however, to analyse the measurements on kaonic atoms. (9 References).
RC. Barrett, "The 1S state in kaonic hydrogen," Journal of Physics G , vol. 8, no. 4, pp. L39-41, 1982.
Abstract: The coupled Schrodinger equations for the KN and Sigma pi systems are solved for the case of a bound state to obtain the strong-interaction shift and width in kaonic hydrogen. The Coulomb force is simulated by a separable potential which gives the exact unperturbed wavefunction. The shift is the opposite sign to that obtained in two recent experiments. (11 References).
S. Barshay, "Do muons interact anomalously with hadrons?," Physics Letters B, vol. 37b, no. 4, pp. 397--402, 1971.
Abstract: The author examines the possibility that the recently observed suppression of the rate for K/sub L/ to mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/ is due to the three-pion intermediate state with an anomalously large amplitude for 3 pi (J/sup P/=0/sup -/) to mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/. He does not explicitly introduce new dynamics, but merely parameterize the empirically required enhancement in the simplest phenomenological manner. The question is then raised as to whether this interaction would be presently observable in other experiments where muons are studied in the vicinity of hadrons, in particular muon-proton scattering and muonic atoms. He also raises the same question with respect to an alternative possibility, namely that an anomalously large amplitude for pi pi (J/sup P/=0/sup +/) to mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/ gives rise to K/sub S/ to mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/. The possible size and nature of effects in other experiments are thus estimated. (19 References).
S. Barshay, G. E. Brown, and M. Rho, "New interpretation of the pion-nucleus optical potential for pionic atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 32, no. 14, pp. 787--90, 1974.
Abstract: By a consideration of the P-wave interaction volumes for slow pions in free nucleon scattering and interaction with nucleons in nuclei subject to the Pauli principle, it is shown that when the free-space and in-medium volumes are empirically related they are dominated by the Delta (1236 MeV) and can be treated as an independent baryonic excitation in nuclei. (17 References).
S. G. Barsov, A. L. Getalov, V. A. Gordeev, R. F. Konoplyeva, S. P. Kruglov, V. I. Kudinov, L. A. Kuz'min, S. M. Mikirtycy'yants, E. V. Minaichev, G. G. Myasishcheva, YuV Obukhov, G. I. Savel'ev, V. G. Firsov, and GV. Shcherbakov, "Characteristic states of mu /sup +/-meson muonium in silicon in longitudinal magnetic fields," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 1461--8, 1980.
Abstract: Experimental results are presented of an investigation of the polarization of positive muons in silicon in longitudinal magnetic fields. It is shown that the meson component of the polarization is due to thermal ionization of the 'anomalous' muonium system. The data are discussed by taking into account the possible chemical binding between the muonium atoms and crystal lattice. (14 References).
D. Bartlett, S. Devons, S. L. Meyer, and J. L. Rosen, "Measurements of the rates of the decay $\pi^+ \to \pi^0 + e^+ + \nu$ and $\pi^-$ capture in LiH, CH$_2$ and CH," Physical Review, vol. 136, pp. 1452--1463, 1964.
A. S. Barton, P. Bogorad, G. D. Cates, H. Mabuchi, H. Middleton, N. R. Newbury, R. Holmes, J. McCracken, P. A. Souder, J. Xu, and D. Tupa, "Highly polarized muonic He produced by collisions with laser optically pumped Rb," Physical Review Letters, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 758--61, 1993.
Abstract: The authors have formed highly polarized muonic helium by stopping unpolarized negative muons in a mixture of unpolarized gaseous He and laser polarized Rb vapor. The stopped muons form muonic He ions which are neutralized and polarized by collisions with Rb. Average polarizations for /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He of (26.8+or-2.3)% and (44.2+or-3.5)% were achieved, representing a tenfold increase over previous methods. Relevant cross sections were determined from the time evolution of the polarization. Highly polarized muonic He is valuable for measurements of the induced pseudoscalar coupling g/sub p/ in nuclear muon capture. (24 References).
YuA Bartusov and RA. Eramzhyan, "Charged particle emission in muon capture by atomic nuclei," Fizika Elementarnykh Chastits i Atomnogo Yadra, vol. 8, no. , pp. 229-54, 1977.
Abstract: Experimental data are systematized on the charged particle emission in muon capture by atomic nuclei and the possibilities of their theoretical interpretation are discussed. (39 References).
V. G. Baryshevsky and SA. Kuten, "Quadrupole moment and quadrupole relaxation of spin of muonium and mesoatoms," Physics Letters A, vol. 64A, no. 2, pp. 238--40, 1977.
Abstract: It is shown that muonium in the ground state has a quadrupole moment. Existence of the quadrupole moment of muonium leads to an essential influence of crystal electric fields on the precession and relaxation of its spin in a medium. (7 References).
A. G. Baryshnikov, L. D. Blokhintsev, R. Kapote, and DA. Savin, "Resonant mechanism of the reaction tt to alpha nn at very low energies," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 1962--6, 1986.
Abstract: Investigation of the reaction tt to alpha nn is of great importance for solving the problem of controllable nuclear fusion. As well as other fusion reactions, occurring in the heated mixture of hydrogen isotopes, the reaction tt to alpha nn is characterized by a large energy liberation: 1.88 MeV per nucleon. The study of this reaction takes on special significance in connection with the development of the idea of muon-catalysis of thermo-nuclear fusion. One difficulty which arises in realizing this idea is the possibility of so-called adhesion of the mu -meson to a heavy reaction product, i.e. the formation of a mu -mesoatom ( mu /sup 4/He) and hence the removal of the muon from further catalysis. The probability of such muon adhesion is basically determined by the velocity of the positively charged nucleus formed as a result of the fusion reaction. (3 References).
V. A. Bashkirov, V. V. Govorkov, YuP Dobretsov, B. A. Dolgoshein, BSh Zalikhanov, V. G. Zinov, V. G. Kirillov-Ugryumov, P. L. Nevskii, AYa Smakov, A. V. Sumarokov, and AM. Rogozhin, "Observation of a muon-nucleon Cl atom," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 302--5, 1979.
Abstract: Muon-nucleon Cl atoms formed by capture of polarized negative muons by Ar atoms in an atmosphere of gaseous Ar with Xe as impurity, were detected by measuring the precession frequency of its total moment in magnetic fields of 3 and 4.4 Oe, perpendicular to the muon spin. (6 References).
S. G. Basiladze and others, "Measurement of the rate of transfer of a muon from a pµ atom to nuclei of other elements," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 49, pp. 1042--1048, 1965.
B. Bassalleck and others, "The observation of charge exchange of pions captured in several nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, pp. 445--460, 1981.
IS. Batkin, "Nuclear polarization corrections to mesic atom energy levels," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 674--9, 1972.
Abstract: Considers a problem discovered in the determination of nuclear shape and dimensions by studying mesic atom X-ray radiation. Attention is drawn to the complication arising in allowing for the variation in energy levels due to nuclear polarization and, in particular, to conflicting values for the parameters of the charge distribution in an analysis by Acker et al. Accordingly, nuclear polarization corrections are proposed for the energy of the mesic atom 1S-state, having regard to monopole, dipole and quadrupole excitations of the nucleus. Calculations are performed for spherical nuclei in the interval 70[left angle bracket]or=A[left angle bracket]or=150. (10 References).
IS. Batkin, "Vibration of an atom and nucleus in the decay of a bound mu /sup -/meson," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 454--5, 1976.
Abstract: Theoretical considerations suggest that this nuclear quantum transition effect might be experimentally observable in the cases of the heavier atoms. (5 References).
I. S. Batkin, YuG Smirnov, and TA. Churakova, "On influence of laser field on the probability of mu capture in light nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 34--5, 1977.
Abstract: It is shown that action of resonance laser radiation enables one to change the population of super-fine structure sublevels in mesoatoms, thus changing the mu -capture probability. (6 References).
I. S. Batkin, YuG Smirnov, and TA. Churakova, "Mesic atoms of light nuclei in the field of resonance electromagnetic radiation," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 387--93, 1977.
Abstract: The effect of resonance electromagnetic radiation on the characteristics of light mesic atoms, (/sup 1/H, /sup 2/H, /sup 3/H, /sup 3/He and /sup 6/Li) is considered. The conditions for leveling out of the hyperfine structure sublevels are studied in the case of linearly polarized radiation. The dependence of the critical external field (at which saturation occurs) on the collision and Doppler level widths is calculated. The degree of circular muon polarization due to interaction between the mesic atom and circularly polarized resonance radiation is determined. It is noted that the strongest polarization is that of the muon in the hydrogen mesic atom isotopes. The effect of resonance electromagnetic radiation on the rate of nuclear synthesis in the molecule is also considered. It is shown that the result of such an effect is that the synthesis yield may change by 20%. (15 References).
I. S. Batkin and YuV. Ivankov, "Dynamic and static polarizability of the deuteron," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 747--53, 1978.
Abstract: The aim was to investigate the polarization properties of the simplest nuclear system, namely, the deuteron. The probabilities of a Rayleigh scattering, two-photon disintegration, and the two-photon dissociation of the deuteron are discussed. Moreover, the adiabatic approximation is used to calculate the polarization corrections to the energy levels of the electronic and the muonic atoms. The Hulthen and the Woods-Saxon potentials are used to calculate the wave functions and the Green function for the deuteron. (15 References).
IS. Batkin, "Excitation of nucleus caused by decay of bound muon/sup -/," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1449--53, 1978.
Abstract: Excitation probabilities related to the decay of the bound mu /sup -/ meson are calculated. The low-lying nuclear excitations are studied. Therefore, the nuclear oscillations are assumed to be 'adiabatic' as compared to the rate of variation of the electromagnetic interaction between the muon and the nucleus. It is shown that the low-lying monopole and magnetodipole oscillations are excited when the meson decays. Particular calculations are carried out for a number of deformed nuclei. The 0/sup +/ excitations have been described using Davydov-Chaban model. The results have shown that in the nuclei under consideration the excitation probability normalized to a decay event is approximately within 10/sup -3/ and 10/sup -2/. The angular correlation is found between the directions of the electron emitted in the decay and the gamma quantum which is a result of discharge of the magnetodipole nuclear excitation. (9 References).
IS. Batkin, "Fragmentation of nucleus caused by decay of bound muon," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1462--5, 1979.
Abstract: The high excitations of a nucleus caused by bound muon decay are studied theoretically. The source of these excitations comes not only from the prompt variation of the meson Coulomb field but also from the nuclear 'recoil'. It is shown that the probability of the deuteron disintegration as a result of the muon decay of 0.4*10/sup -5/ per a decay act. In heavy nuclei the recoil effect results with a probability of about 0.2 A/sup -4/3/ in excitation of the giant dipole resonance which de-excites mainly by emission of nucleons. (5 References).
IS. Batkin, "Atomic capture of negative mesons from high-energy states of the continuous spectrum," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 321--6, 1980.
Abstract: The relative probability of formation of a mesoatom by means of energy transfer to the nuclear excitation is calculated. Such a process is an inverse to the inner conversion effect. The mechanisms of the stopping in the matter are considered and the total time of the slowing down to thermal energies is determined in order to obtain the relative probability. The velocity of the meson thermalization at their interaction with the solid state phonons is found. The monopole and dipole giant nuclear resonances are taken into account in calculations of the velocity of the meson atomic capture from high-energy states of the continuous spectrum. It is shown that about 7.10/sup -5/ of mesons form mesoatoms with heavy nuclei exciting the monopole giant resonance, and 6.10/sup -5/ of mesons form the mesoatoms exciting the dipole giant resonances. (15 References).
IS. Batkin, "Mesoatoms in static electromagnetic fields," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 694--9, 1980.
Abstract: The behaviour of mesoatoms of light elements (Z[left angle bracket]or=4) in a static external homogeneous electromagnetic field is investigated. It is shown that the action of the field results in a change of the photon yield at transitions from the higher states (n[right angle bracket]or=15) into 1S. This change is due to the values of the initial occupation numbers of the mesoatomic levels, to the vacuum polarization corrections, and to the life times of the excited states. A possible asymmetry in the photon angular distribution with respect to the direction of the electric field intensity vector is indicated. Perturbed angular correlations in the cascade transitions are considered. The perturbation is induced by the super-fine interaction of the meson with the nucleus. An experimental study of this effect may be used as a source of information on the values of the nuclear static electromagnetic moments, as well as on the life times of excited states of the mesoatom. (9 References).
C. J. Batty, S. F. Biagi, RAJ Riddle, B. L. Roberts, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, and RE. Hawkins, "Strong interaction effects in kaonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 60B, no. 4, pp. 355--7, 1976.
Abstract: X-rays produced by kaons stopping in targets of S, Co, Ni, Ag and Cd have been observed. The shifts and widths of the last observed mesic X-ray due to the effects of the strong interaction have been measured. In addition, the relative yield of the sulphur K/sup -/n=4 to 3 transition has been measured. (7 References).
C. J. Batty, S. F. Biagi, M. Blecher, RAJ Riddle, B. L. Roberts, J. D. Davies, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, and DM. Asbury, "Measurement of kaonic X-rays from Li, LiH and Be," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A282, no. 3, pp. 487--92, 1977.
Abstract: The authors have observed X-rays from kaons stopping in targets of Li, LiH and Be. The strong interaction widths, shifts and relative yield of the last observed X-ray have been measured. There is evidence for a difference in the yield of the n=3 to 2 Li X-rays in Li metal and LiH. There is no evidence in the spectra for X-rays from kaonic hydrogen formed in LiH. (16 References).
C. J. Batty, S. F. Biagi, M. Blecher, R. Kunselman, RAJ Riddle, B. L. Roberts, J. D. Davies, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, D. M. Asbury, and M. Leon, "E2 nuclear resonance effects in pionic and kaonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A296, no. 3, pp. 361--72, 1978.
Abstract: The attenuation due to the E2 nuclear resonance effect has been measured in hadronic atoms using pions with /sup 111/Cd and /sup 112/Cd and for kaons with /sup 122/Sn. Energies of the relevant X-ray and gamma -ray transitions and of the X-ray cascade intensities have also been measured to give a self-consistent set of information. The results are found to be in very good agreement with theoretical calculations. (17 References).
C. J. Batty, S. F. Biagi, E. Friedman, S. D. Hoath, J. D. Davies, G. J. Pyle, and GTA. Squier, "Shifts and widths of 2p levels in pionic atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 40, no. 14, pp. 931--4, 1978.
Abstract: A stopped meson beam from the NIMROD proton synchrotron was used in the production of an electrostatically separated 200 MeV/c proton beam. This system was used in the measurement of the 2p level widths and strong interaction shifts in the pionic atoms Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, S, Si and Zn. The parameters for an effective pion nucleon potential has also been determined. The accuracy of the results is discussed. (10 References).
C. J. Batty, S. F. Biagi, S. D. Hoath, P. Sharman, J. D. Davies, G. J. Pyle, and GTA. Squier, "Measurement of kaonic and pionic X-rays from liquid helium," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A326, no. 2-3, pp. 455--62, 1979.
Abstract: The strong interaction widths, shifts and relative intensities have been measured for the last observed X-ray transitions in kaonic and pionic helium. The effect of the strong interaction on the 2p level in kaonic helium was much larger than anticipated from optical-model calculations. The energy shift of the 2p level was determined to be -35+or-12 eV and the natural line width 30+or-30 eV, whereas optical-model calculations predicted a shift and width of approximately 0.1 eV and 2.0 eV, respectively. (7 References).
C. J. Batty, S. F. Biagi, M. Blecher, S. D. Hoath, RAJ Riddle, B. L. Roberts, J. D. Davies, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, D. M. Asbury, and AS. Clough, "Measurement of strong interaction effects in kaonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A329, no. 3, pp. 407--28, 1979.
Abstract: X-rays produced by kaons stopping in targets of O, Mg, Al, Si, S, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Cd, In and Sn have been observed. The shifts, widths and yields of the last observed mesic X-ray due to the effects of the strong interaction have been measured. The results are compared with optical-model predictions. (27 References).
CJ. Batty, "Nuclear bound states of negatively charged hadrons?," Physics Letters B, vol. 87B, no. 4, pp. 324--6, 1979.
Abstract: The possibility that bound states of negatively charged kaons, antiprotons and Sigma -hyperons might exist in nuclei is investigated. It is found that whilst such states could be bound their widths are sufficiently large as to probably prevent direct observation, except perhaps in a few specialised cases. (12 References).
C. J. Batty, S. F. Biagi, E. Friedman, S. D. Hoath, J. D. Davies, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, D. M. Asbury, and M. Leon, "Pionic X-rays and the neutron radius of /sup 44/Ca," Physics Letters B, vol. 81B, no. 2, pp. 165--8, 1979.
Abstract: Differences between strong interaction level shifts and widths for 2p states in pionic atoms of /sup 44,40/Ca have been measured. Analysis in terms of an effective pion-nucleus leads to a difference in neutron rms radii of r/sub n/(44)-r/sub n/(40)=0.05+or-0.05 fm. (17 References).
C. J. Batty, S. F. Biagi, E. Friedman, S. D. Hoath, J. D. Davies, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, D. M. Asbury, and A. Guberman, "Srong interaction effects in pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A322, no. 2-3, pp. 445--60, 1979.
Abstract: Strong-interaction shifts and widths in pionic atoms of Al, Si, S, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Pb, Bi and U have been measured. Various forms for an effective pion-nucleus potential have been fitted to the data for 2p levels and the predictions of these potentials compared with the results for 3d and 4f levels. The predictions have also been compared with available data for 1s states. The effects on pionic atoms of strongly bound pionic states, which it has recently been suggested might exist, are discussed. (30 References).
CJ. Batty, "Exotic atoms and the kaon-nucleon interaction," in Low and Intermediate Energy Kaon-Nucleon Physics. Proceedings of a Workshop, (E. Ferrari and G. Violini, eds.), pp. 223--40, 1980.
Abstract: Discusses the relationship between kaonic atom studies and the kaon-nucleon interaction and found that it is a two-way dialogue. Information about the kaon-nucleon interaction, particularly in the subthreshold region is required for exotic atom studies involving nuclei. On the other hand experiments involving exotic atoms formed in hydrogen or deuterium can in principle give information about the kaon-nucleon interaction. Finally there may be some exciting prospects for gaining information about the Sigma -nucleon interaction at threshold. (36 References).
CJ. Batty, "Recent results on kaonic and sigma atoms," Nukleonika, vol. 25, no. 3-4, pp. 545--65, 1980.
Abstract: Reviews work on kaonic and sigma atoms with an emphasis on the experimental aspects. Measurements of the the mass of K/sup -/ and Sigma /sup -/ and of the magnetic moment of the Sigma /sup -/ are briefly discussed. Determinations of strong interaction effects in kaonic and sigma atoms are considered in detail. Results from experiments on H/sub 2/ and He and their possible interpretation are described. (47 References).
C. J. Batty, S. F. Biagi, RAJ Riddle, B. L. Roberts, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, D. M. Asbury, and AS. Clough, "Nuclear quadrupole deformation effects on pionic and kaonic X-rays," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A355, no. 2, pp. 383--402, 1981.
Abstract: X-rays from pionic and kaonic In, Ho and Ta and from pionic Bi have been measured in order to determine quadrupole moments from the hyperfine splitting. The strong interaction monopole shifts epsilon /sub 0/ and widths Gamma /sub 0/ have been deduced and compared with predictions of a deformed optical-model calculation. Data have been obtained for the pionic 3d levels in In, Ho, /sup 168/Er, Yb and Ta; pionic 4f levels in Ho, /sup 168/Er, Yb, Ta and Bi and kaonic 6h levels in Ho, Yb and Ta. (24 References).
CJ. Batty, "Optical-model analysis of exotic atom data. II. Antiprotonic and sigma atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A372, no. 3, pp. 433--44, 1981.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.A372, no.3, p.418-32 (1981). Data for antiprotonic and sigma atoms are fitted using a simple optical model with a potential proportional to the nuclear density. The potential strength can be related to the free hadron-nucleon scattering length using a model due to A. Deloff (1980). A good overall representation of the data is also obtained with a black-sphere model. (15 References).
CJ. Batty, "Optical-model analysis of exotic atom data. I. Kaonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A372, no. 3, pp. 418--32, 1981.
Abstract: Data for kaonic atoms are fitted using a simple optical model with a potential proportional to the nuclear density. Very satisfactory fits to strong interaction shift and width values are obtained but difficulties in fitting yield values indicate that the model is not completely satisfactory. The potential strength can be related to the free kaon-nucleon scattering lengths using a model due to A. Deloff (1980). A good overall representation of the data is obtained with a black-sphere model. (33 References).
CJ. Batty, "An optical model for kaonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 127B, no. 3-4, pp. 162--4, 1983.
Abstract: It is shown that a laplacian form for the optical model potential gives a significantly improved fit to the strong interaction data for kaonic atoms. (5 References).
C. J. Batty, E. Friedman, and A. Gal, "Saturation effects in pionic atoms and the pi /sup -/-nucleus optical potential," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A402, no. 3, pp. 411--28, 1983.
Abstract: The optical model for pionic atoms is used to fit measurements over a range of nuclei with a particular emphasis on the apparently anomalous behaviour of the atomic shifts and widths in Na(1s), As(2p) and Ta(3d). Several modifications of the Ericson-Ericson potential are considered and a laplacian form of potential also examined. These do not improve the fit to the anomalous results. The reliability of the experimental data is discussed. (30 References).
C. J. Batty and A. Gal, "The puzzle of kaonic hydrogen," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 102A, no. 1, pp. 255-63, 1989.
Abstract: The authors discuss the proposals by Law, Turner and Barrett (1987), and by Schnick and Landau (1987), to produce theoretically an 'attractive' strong-interaction shift for the 1s atomic K/sup -/p level while avoiding conflict with a minimum set of KN scattering and reaction data at low energy. Arguments are presented which refute the former claim and cast serious doubts on the validity of the latter. Finally, a model-dependent finite-range correction to the Dalitz-Tuan expression is offered, a correction that amounts to less than 5% modification in the value of the level shift it yields for the kaonic-hydrogen ground state, for given KN scattering lengths. (14 References).
C. J. Batty, M. Eckhause, K. P. Gall, P. P. Guss, D. W. Hertzog, J. R. Kane, A. R. Kunselman, J. P. Miller, F. O'Brien, W. C. Phillips, R. J. Powers, B. L. Roberts, R. B. Sutton, W. F. Vulcan, R. E. Welsh, R. J. Whyley, and RG. Winter, "Strong interaction effects in high-Z K/sup -/ atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 2154--8, 1989.
Abstract: A systematic experimental study of strong interaction shifts, widths, and yields from high-Z kaonic atoms is reported. Strong interaction effects for the K/sup -/(8 to 7) transition were measured in U, Pb, and W, and the K/sup -/(7 to 6) transition in W was also observed. This is the first observation of two measurably broadened and shifted kaonic transitions in a single target and thus permitted the width of the upper state to be determined directly, rather than being inferred from yield data. The results are compared with optical-model calculations. (15 References).
CJ. Batty, "Light kaonic and antiprotonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 508, no. , pp. 89c-98, 1990.
Abstract: Recent progress in the study of light kaonic and antiprotonic atoms is reviewed. Results for p-He atoms are in good agreement with optic model calculations in contrast to the situation for K/sup -/-He atoms, the latter possibly indicating the existence of a kaon-nucleus bound state. The extensive results for p-p atoms now available are generally in accord with theoretical expectations. Early results for K/sup -/-p atoms showed significant discrepancies and there is an urgent need for further experiments. (33 References).
C. J. Batty, E. Friedman, A. Gal, and G. Kalbermann, "Finite-range effects in hadronic atoms. II. Kaonic and antiprotonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A535, no. 3-4, pp. 548--72, 1991.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.A503, p.632 (1989). Finite-range effects leading to a nonlocal optical-model description of strong-interaction level shifts and widths were studied for kaonic and antiprotonic atoms by using a coordinate-space code which had been introduced and successfully applied to fitting pionic atom data. Some difficulties, which are encountered when strong-interaction bound states appear near zero energy, are analyzed and discussed. By fitting to selected kaonic-atom and antiprotonic-atom data, the present analysis finds substantially larger ranges than for pionic atoms. These values are discussed within the context of several hadron-nucleon interaction models and nuclear multiple-scattering approaches. (30 References).
C. J. Batty and RE. Welsh, "Nuclear capture in the atomic cascade of kaonic, antiprotonic and sigma hyperonic exotic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A589, no. 4, pp. 601--8, 1995.
Abstract: Ratios of nuclear capture rates are shown to increase with increasing principal quantum number n for a given orbital quantum number l, in the high-n, high-l states most relevant to studies of the exotic hadronic atoms of heavy particles. This surprising behaviour, which is confirmed by optical-model calculations, is in contrast to similar capture ratios in pionic atoms at low atomic number. Plots of the relevant hydrogenic atom wave functions are shown to explain such effects. (15 References).
YuA Batusov, S. A. Bunyatov, V. A. Vartanyan, G. R. Gulkanyan, N. Kurt, V. M. Sidorov, KhM Chernev, Zhyan RA Eram, and VA. Yarba, "Study of the reaction mu /sup -/C/sup 12/ to Li/sup 8/He/sup 3/n nu," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1206--13, 1971.
Abstract: Negative muon capture by carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nuclei with the Li/sup 8/ nucleus production was studied using photoemulsion. Relative probabilities of possible channels of reactions are measured. It is shown that the main channel is the mu /sup -/-meson capture by C/sup 12/ nucleus in reaction mu /sup -/+C/sup 12/ to Li/sup 8/+He/sup 3/+n+ nu with the relative probability within from (1.1+or-0.2).10/sup -3/ up to (1.6+or-0.2).10/sup -3/. Angular correlation analysis show that He/sup 3/ and neutron resulted from disintegration of the excited He/sup 4/* nucleus from levels 22.5+or-2 MeV. Energy spectra and angular correlations of secondary particles are compared with the calculations according to the scheme of mu /sup -/-meson capture with production of high-excited intermediate B/sup 12/* nucleus and the capture by few-nucleon Li/sup 4/ association. (11 References).
YuA Batusov, S. A. Bunyatov, L. Vizireva, G. R. Gulkanyan, F. Mirsalikhova, and VM. Sidorov, "Emission of charged particles at capture of mu /sup -/ mesons by photoemulsion nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 962--7, 1973.
Abstract: Emission probabilities and multiplicity distributions of charged particles for capture of mu /sup -/-mesons by light (C, N, O) and heavy (Ag, Br) photoemulsion nuclei are obtained. For muon capture by the light nuclei the following probabilities (per a capture event) of the charged particle emission are found: for two charged particles w/sub 2/=(4.4+or-0.7)%, for three particles w/sub 3/=(2.1+or-0.2)%, for four particles w/sub 4/= (0.7+or-0.1)%. For every nucleus C, N, O upper bounds are presented for the channel probabilities of reactions with emission of two, three and four charged particles. (12 References).
YuA Batusov, S. A. Bunyatov, L. Vizireva, G. R. Gulkanyan, F. Mirsalikhova, V. M. Sidorov, and Kh. Chernev, "Emission of the Auger electrons in muonic atoms and escape of charged particles at mu /sup -/meson capture by light (C, N, 0) and heavy (Ag, Br) nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1215--19, 1975.
Abstract: Emission probabilities for the Auger electrons with energies 20-100 keV in muonic atoms of light (C,N,0) and heavy (Ag,Br) elements are determined. The multiplicity is determined and the Auger electron spectrum is measured for the muonic heavy atoms. The relative probabilities are obtained for escape of one, two, three and four charged particles at mu /sup -/-meson capture by nuclei C, N, O and Ag, Br. The total yield of charged particles per a capture event is (7.4+or-1.4)% for the nuclei, C, N, 0 and (2.9+or-0.2)% for the nuclei Ag, Br. (8 References).
YuA Batusov, S. A. Bunyatov, L. D. Vizireva, G. R. Gulkanyan, FKh Mirsalikhova, V. M. Sidorov, KhM Chernev, and RA. Eramzhayan, "Investigation of many-particle reactions with production of /sup 8/Li at capture of stopped mu /sup -/ mesons by /sup 12/C nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 1137--44, 1978.
Abstract: By means of nuclear emulsions relative probabilities are measured for possible many-particle channels of reactions induced by the mu /sup -/ meson capture in carbon nuclei with the production of /sup 8/Li. It is shown that the main channel is the reaction mu /sup -12/C to /sup 8/Li/sup 3/He n nu , which has a relative probability by at least an order of magnitude higher than all other considered mu /sup -/-capture channels. Energy spectra and angular correlations of secondary particles in the separated reaction channels are compared with calculations based on resonance mu /sup -/-meson capture and on capture by /sup 4/Li association. (10 References).
YuA Batusov, L. D. Vizireva, L. M. Markov, V. M. Sidorov, C. P. Spasov, and KhM. Cherney, "Emission of Auger electrons in pi mesic atoms and charged heavy particles following pi -meson capture by light (C, N, O) and heavy (Ag, Br) nuclei in photoemulsion," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1154--7, 1980.
Abstract: Probabilities of (20-100)-keV Auger electron emission in pi mesic atoms of light (C, N, O) and heavy (Ag, Br) elements are determined to be alpha /sup l/=(4.4+or-0.4)%, alpha /sup h/=(31+or-2)%. Relative probabilities of emission of one, two, three and four charged particles following the pi /sup -/-capture by the (C, N, O) and (Ag, Br) nuclei are obtained. The total yield of charged particles per a capture is (71.5+or-7.0)% for the (C, N, O) nuclei and (67.1+or-5.4)% for (Ag, Br). (7 References).
W. G. Bauer and H. Salecker, "Muonic atoms testing the electron propagator of quantum electrodynamics and the Higgs boson contribution," Foundations of Physics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 115--32, 1983.
Abstract: The authors consider the energy states of muonic atoms which are predominantly influenced by vacuum polarization. This fact is used for testing the electron propagator of QED with a modification. The data of some well analyzed transitions in muonic He, Si, Ba, and Pb yield the limit M[right angle bracket]29 MeV for f=1. Similarly the presence of a Higgs boson would cause a shift of the energy levels which can be measured easier in muonic atoms since the coupling grows with the fermion mass. The analysis of several transitions in heavy muonic atoms shows that the mass of the Higgs boson is larger than 12.8 MeV. (26 References).
P. Baumann, H. Daniel, Egidy T. Von, S. Grunewald, F. J. Hartmann, R. Lipowsky, E. Moser, W. Schott, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Fuchs, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, H. Bossy, K. Crowe, R. H. Sherman, K. Lou, and C. Petitjean, "Spin-flip processes in the t mu system observed via muon-catalyzed pt fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 87--92, 1990.
Abstract: The observation of conversion muons and gamma rays from muon-catalyzed pt fusion provides a possibility to look for various atomic processes. The results of an experiment performed in 1988 at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland are reported. The yields of gamma and conversion muons change drastically with tritium concentration. Values for the pt mu molecular formation rate and the pt fusion rate are given. (8 References).
P. Baumann, H. Daniel, S. Grunewald, F. J. Hartmann, R. Lipowsky, E. Moser, W. Schott, Egidy T. von, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Fuchs, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, H. Bossy, K. M. Crowe, R. H. Sherman, K. Lou, C. Petitjean, and VE. Markushin, "Muon-catalyzed pt fusion," Physical Review Letters, vol. 70, no. 24, pp. 3720--3, 1993.
Abstract: Gamma rays and, for the first time, conversion muons of pt fusion have been measured from liquid mixtures of protium, deuterium, and tritium. The rate lambda /sub 10/ for spin flip from the triplet to the singlet state of t mu (1s) was found to be lambda /sub 10/=(1.06+or-0.13)*10/sup 3/ mu s/sup -1/, the rate for muon-catalyzed pt fusion from the (I=1) nuclear-spin state to be lambda /sub pt//sup f/(I=1)=0.067+or-0.002/sub -0.002//sup +0.005/ mu s/sup -1/, and the molecular formation rate to be lambda /sub pt//sup m/=(7.5+or-0.3/sub -0.3//sup +1.0/) mu s/sup -1/ (all rates normalized to liquid hydrogen density). (28 References).
G. Baym, G. Friedman, R. J. Hughes, and BV. Jacak, "Production of muon-meson atoms in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions," Physical Review D, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. R3957-9, 1993.
Abstract: Ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions should produce hydrogen-atom-like Coulomb bound states of muons and mesons. Such atoms could provide a convenient way to measure the muon momentum distribution. We estimate the production rate of pion-muon atoms expected from heavy-ion colliders. (11 References).
D. Beder, "Radiative mu -capture on protons and /sup 3/He," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A258, no. 3, pp. 447--60, 1976.
Abstract: The author presents calculations of the process mu /sup -/p to nu n gamma for coincidence measurements of both n and gamma , aimed at an improved experimental estimate of the induced pseudoscalar weak coupling (g/sub P/). The elementary particle approach used is then applied to calculations of mu /sup -3/He to nu /sup 3/H gamma . This latter work includes a discussion on how to relate intermediate-state nuclear excitations to other observable processes, so as to again permit extraction of information regarding g/sub P/. Also we discuss experimentally feasible measurements briefly for the /sup 3/He case. (14 References).
D. Beder, "The hyperfine quadrupole moment of muonium in the ground state," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A305, no. 2, pp. 411--17, 1978.
Abstract: The quadrupole moment of the ground state of the mu /sup +/e/sup -/ atom is calculated to be (3m/sub e/m/sub mu /)/sup -1/; effects in a crystal are briefly discussed. (5 References).
D. Beder, "Predicted branching ratio for pi /sup -/d to pi /sup 0/nn at rest," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 669--73, 1978.
Abstract: The branching ratio for rest capture pi /sup -/d to pi /sup 0/nn is calculated using the impulse approximation for pi /sup 0/nn and data for other rates. Detailed discussion is devoted to corrections to the simplest approximation, and to relevant details of the deuteron description. The result for the predicted branching ratio is (1.46+or-0.25)*10/sup -4/. (14 References).
D. Beder, "Estimates of ee production from nuclear muon capture," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 154--8, 1985.
Abstract: Motivated by the experimental search for mu /sup -/A to e/sup -/A, the author calculates mu p to nu nee, which provides a small background of high-energy electrons, limiting experimental sensitivity. A reasonable extrapolation to the nuclear case, for a Ti target, indicates an effective background for Ee[right angle bracket]95 MeV of approximately 2*10/sup -12/ (branching ratio to total capture rate). (13 References).
D. S. Beder and HW. Fearing, "Radiative muon capture in hydrogen and nucleon excitation," Physical Review D, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 3493--6, 1989.
Abstract: The authors extend their previous calculations of radiative muon capture on a nucleon and present detailed calculations of the role of the Delta (1232) using an improved Delta -nucleon- gamma vertex and for a variety of values of the induced pseudoscalar coupling g/sub p/. They also present calculations of the photon-muon spin asymmetry and examine effects of the Delta (1232) there. (11 References).
C. P. Bee, D. Conti, M. Hadri, S. Kistryn, J. Lng, O. Naviliat-Cuncic, J. Sromicki, E. Stephan, K. Bodek, J. Smyrski, A. Strzalkowski, J. Zejma, L. Grenacs, R. Abela, P. Boni, F. Foroughi, W. Zipper, and A. Proykova, "Polarimetry of /sup 16/N/sub gs/ produced in mu /sup -/-capture on /sup 16/O nuclei," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1659--76, 1997.
Abstract: A polarimetry technique based on stack targets and beta - gamma -coincidences has been applied to the /sup 16/N nuclei produced in the ground state capture of negative muons on /sup 16/O nuclei. The performance of the polarimeter and the first measurements of beta -asymmetry due to the longitudinal nuclear polarization are discussed. (20 References).
W. Beer, Boer FWN de, Chambrier G. de, M. Eckhause, A. I. Egorov, K. L. Giovanetti, PFA Goudsmit, B. Jeckelmann, K. E. Kiryanov, L. Knecht, L. N. Kondurova, L. Lapina, H. J. Leisi, V. I. Marusheko, A. F. Mezentsev, A. A. Petrunin, A. Ruetschi, A. Sergeev, A. I. Smirnov, V. M. Suvorov, and A. Vacchi, "Determination of the pion-nucleus p-wave interaction at low energy from crystal spectrometer measurements of 2p shifts and widths in light pionic atoms," Sin Newsletter, vol. 15, no. , 1983.
Abstract: Precision measurements of the 3d-2p X-ray transitions in pionic /sup 12/C, /sup 16,18/O, /sup 24,26/Mg, /sup 28/Si, and /sup 30/Si have been carried out with the bent-crystal spectrometer pi KS at SIN. This DuMond-type spectrometer incorporates among other features a combined pi -production/X-ray target-situated in a 20 mu A, 600 MeV proton beam-a precision focal slit and a bent quartz crystal with a radius of curvature of 5 m. By appropriate selection of the quartz crystal and the slit width the instrumental resolution for each of the individual isotopes was chosen to be roughly equal to the strong width of the X-ray line. The final results of the data analysis will make it possible to determine the p-wave parameters of the pi -nucleus potential with much higher precision than has been possible so far. (0 References).
G. A. Beer, G. M. Marshall, G. R. Mason, A. Olin, Z. Gelbart, K. R. Kendall, T. Bowen, P. G. Halverson, A. E. Pifer, C. A. Fry, J. B. Warren, and AR. Kunselman, "Emission of muonium into vacuum from a silica-powder layer," Physical Review Letters, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 671--4, 1986.
Abstract: Muonium atoms have been observed in vacuum after emission from a layer of finely divided silica powder. By extrapolation of the decay-positron track, both the time and position of muon decay are measured, confirming thermal emission at room temperature. The yields range up to (19+or-6)% of muons stopping in the layer, depending on its thickness. The result is used to recalculate the upper limit for conversion of muonium to antimuonium. (10 References).
W. Beer, M. Bogdan, D. Bovet, E. Bovet, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, G. Fiorucci, K. Gabathuler, PFA Goudsmit, H. J. Leisi, El Hassani AJ Rusi, D. Sigg, L. Simons, St Thomann, and W. Volken, "Determination of the strong interaction parameters in pionic hydrogen with a crystal spectrometer," Psi Nuclear & Particle Physics Newsletter, no. , 1990.
Abstract: The authors report on the progress of an experiment to measure both the strong interaction shift ( epsilon ) and broadening ( Gamma ) of the 1S level in pionic hydrogen. These two quantities completely determine the two independent, isospin decomposed pi -N S-wave scattering lengths a/sub 1/ and a/sub 3/. (0 References).
W. Beer, M. Bogdan, D. Bovet, E. Bovet, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, G. Fiorucci, K. Gabathuler, PFA Goudsmit, H. J. Leisi, Hassani AJR El, D. Sigg, L. M. Simons, S. Thomann, and W. Volken, "Determination of the strong interaction shift in pionic hydrogen with a high resolution crystal spectrometer system," Psi Nuclear & Particle Physics Newsletter, no. , pp. 35-6, 1991.
Abstract: The pion-nucleon strong interaction can be studied at zero energy by measuring the strong interaction shift epsilon /sub 1S/ and the strong interaction broadening Gamma /sub 1S/ of the 1S level in pionic hydrogen. The experiment was carried out at the pi E3 channel tuned to deliver 85 MeV/c pi /sup -/ with an intensity of typically 2.5*10/sup 6/ pi /sup -/ s/sup -1/. The setup is presented. It consists of a cyclotron trap, a high resolution double focussing silicon crystal spectrometer of the reflection type and position sensitive CCD X-ray detectors. Target, crystals and detectors are located on a 3 m diameter focal circle. Results are also presented. (3 References).
W. Beer, M. Bogdan, PFA Goudsmit, H. J. Leisi, El Hassani AJ Rusi, D. Sigg, St Thomann, W. Volken, D. Bovet, E. Bovet, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, G. Fiorucci, K. Gabathuler, and LM. Simons, "Determination of the strong interactive shift in pionic hydrogen with a high resolution crystal spectrometer system," Physics Letters B, vol. 261, no. 1-2, pp. 16--20, 1991.
Abstract: The 3P-IS X-ray transition energy was measured in pionic hydrogen with a double focussing silicon crystal spectrometer in combination with a cyclotron trap and CCD detectors: E=2885.98+or-0.17(stat.)+or-0.15(syst.) eV. The corresponding strong interaction shift epsilon /sub 1S/=-7.12+or-0.32 eV (attractive) yields the scattering length combination (1/3)(2a/sub 1/+a/sub 3/)=0.086+or-0.004 m/sub pi //sup -1/. (16 References).
G. Beer, "Kaonic hydrogen --- past puzzles," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, pp. 3--12, 1999.
R. Beetz, Boer FWN De, K. Fransson, J. Konijn, J. K. Panman, L. Tauscher, and G. Tibell, "Determination of the effective quadrupole moment in /sup 181/Ta with pionic X-rays," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A300, no. 2, pp. 369--84, 1978.
Abstract: From the hyperfine splitting of the 5g to 4f and the 6g to 4f pionic X-rays in /sup 181/Ta, an effective quadrupole moment of Q/sub eff/=3.58+or-0.03 b was determined. The strong interaction monopole shift epsilon /sub 0/ and the width Gamma /sub 0/ of the 4f level were measured to be epsilon /sub 0/=540+or-100 eV and Gamma /sub 0/=225+or-57 eV, in good agreement with the values obtained with the standard optical potential description of the pion-nucleus interaction. Estimating the influence of the finite nuclear size, the deformation induced through the strong interaction between the pion and the finite nucleus, and the relative magnitude between the strong and the electromagnetic quadrupole coupling constants values for the spectroscopic quadrupole moment of Q=3.30+or-0.06 b, and for the intrinsic quadrupole moment of Q/sub 0/=7.06+or-0.12 b are obtained. (28 References).
R. N. Bekmirzaev and others, "Study of $\pi ^-$--meson characteristics in the interactions of 1.7 GeV/c deuterium with hydrogen and carbon nuclei," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, pp. 537--544, 1988.
A. A. Bel'kov, V. N. Pervushin, and FG. Tkebuchava, "Properties of the mesic atoms pi pi and K pi and the meson chiral interaction parameters," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 466--70, 1986.
Abstract: The effect of the meson strong interaction on the properties of the mesic atom pi pi and K pi (the lifetime, the energy levels, and the wave function) is studied. The main result of the study is the determination of a relation between the chiral Lagrangian parameters and the lifetimes of the pi pi and K pi atoms. It is shown that the experimental determination of the lifetime of the pi pi atom amounts to the direct measurement of the chiral-symmetry-breaking parameter and that the measurement of the lifetime of the K pi atom confirms the chiral symmetry of the strong interaction and allows one to choose one of the variants of the calculation of the low energy limit of QCD. (20 References).
TL. Bell, "alpha (Z alpha )/sup 2/ vacuum-polarization correction in muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1480--8, 1973.
Abstract: The Laplace transform obtained by Wichmann and Kroll for the vacuum-polarization charge density of order (Z alpha )/sup 3/ induced by a point nucleus is used to determine the first few terms in the expansion of the charge density for small distances from the nucleus. The result is used to estimate the effect of the polarization charge near the nucleus on the muonic X-rays studied experimentally by Dixit et al. The effect is found to be somewhat smaller than an earlier estimate, and the discrepancy between theory and experiment is slightly reduced, but the discrepancy remains large for high-Z muonic atoms, as much as three of four standard deviations in lead and barium.
R. Bellazzini and others, "Substrate--less, spark--free micro-strip gas counter," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 409, pp. 14--19, 1998.
YuM. Belousov, "Calculation of d mu -atom spin-changing reaction rate in molecular hydrogen," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 367--74, 1992.
Abstract: The rate of the spin-change reaction d mu (F=3/2)+H/sub 2/(I)=d mu (F=1/2)+H/sub 2/(I') is calculated. It is shown that this reaction can take place with simultaneous changing of the total proton spin I in the H/sub 2/-molecule. Taking into account molecular effects drastically changes the temperature dependence of the d mu -atom spin-change reaction rate. (16 References).
Yu Belousov, A. Belov, and V. Smilga, "Excited states of the molecular ion (H/sub 2/ mu )/sup +/," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 87, no. 1-4, pp. 935--40, 1994.
Abstract: The rotation-vibration spectrum of (H/sub 2/ mu )/sup +/ is computed. Radiative lifetimes of the excited states are of order 10/sup -4/ s or more. These times can be considered infinite compared to the lifetime of mu /sup +/. For the ion in a crystal the lifetimes are significantly decreased by interaction with polarized molecules of the lattice. Transition rates to the ground state are calculated for (H/sub 2/ mu )/sup +/ in a hydrogen crystal. The results make it possible to interpret the experimental data from mu SR investigations of hydrogen, deuterium and hydrogen-deuterium mixtures. (17 References).
Y. M. Belousov and V. P. Smilga, "Theory of muon spin depolarization in crystalline phases of He3," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 106, pp. 63-68, 1997.
Abstract: As is obvious from the energetic point of view, positive muons must form the molecular ion (He-2 mu)(+) in condensed phases of helium. A theory of positive muon spin depolarization in crystalline phase of He-3 in this model is devised. The theory explains experimental results. It is shown that the abrupt temperature dependence of the muon spin depolarization rate at T < 2 K which is observed in experiments is explained by spinphonon interaction. This interaction mechanism arises due to a modulation of the exchange interaction between host atoms of the He-3-lattice.
A. K. Belov, YuM Belousov, and VP. Smilga, "Calculation of lifetimes of excited states of the vibrational-rotational spectrum of a free (H/sub 2/ mu )/sup +/ ion," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1052--60, 1994.
Abstract: Numerical calculation of lowest levels of the vibrational-rotational spectrum of a (H/sub 2/ mu )/sup +/ ion is performed. Radiative lifetimes of excited states of a free (H/sub 2/ mu )/sup +/ ion are obtained in the dipole approximation. (13 References).
G. E. Belovitskii, V. N. Baranov, D. A. Valishina, N. V. Maslennikova, and C. Petitjean, "Absorption of negative muons by uranium nuclei which is accompanied by charged particle emission," in Sbornik Kratkie Soobshcheniya Po Fizike, an Sssr, vol. 10, no. pp. 8-11, 1985.
Abstract: The emission of charged particles (p, d, t, and alpha ) following the absorption of negative muons by uranium nuclei and in the fission of these nuclei is investigated for the first time. The angular and energy distributions and the probabilities of emission of these particles are found.
G. E. Belovitsky, C. Petitjean, Y. A. Preobrazhensky, and LV. Suhov, "Muon induced fission of /sup 238/U and muon conversion from the fragments," Sin Newsletter, vol. 13, no. , pp. 56-8, 1980.
Abstract: Muon induced fission and subsequent processes are investigated by irradiating /sup 238/U loaded photo-emulsions with muons. The muon induced fission can be the result of two processes: nuclear muon capture ('delayed fission'), or radiationless transitions to the muonic 1s orbit ('prompt fission'). In prompt fission the muon remains alive and is kept bound to one of the fragments. During de-excitation it can be re-emitted by the internal conversion process ('muon conversion'). As a primary goal they study this conversion process (probability approximately 10/sup -2/). It gives information on the nature of the radiation emitted from the muonic fragment (multipolarities and lifetimes for E gamma [right angle bracket]3 MeV) and one can determine the probabilities to which one of the fragments the muon gets bound. (5 References).
G. E. Belovitsky and C. Petitjean, "The fate of the muon after prompt fission of U/sup 238/," Sin Newsletter, vol. 16, no. , pp. 60-2, 1984.
Abstract: Muons in heavy nuclei induce fission by the following excitation mechanisms: radiationless transitions between muonic orbits ('prompt fission'); nuclear muon capture from the 1s state ('delayed fission'). In mu U/sup 238/ about 7% of the nuclei undergo fission, 8% of which are prompt. The authors find that in prompt fission most muons stick to the heavy fragment while for the probability of the muon sticking to the light fragment (W/sub L/) was 7+or-3%. (3 References).
I. Beltrami, B. Aas, W. Beer, P. Ebersold, R. Eichler, PFA Goudsmit, M. Guanziroli, Ledebur T. von, H. J. Leisi, W. Ruckstuhl, W. W. Sapp, G. Strassner, A. Vacchi, U. Kiebele, and R. Weber, "The electron screening effect in muonic /sup 28/Si," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A429, no. 3, pp. 381--8, 1984.
Abstract: The authors have measured the wavelengths of the 4f/sub 7/2/-3d/sub 5/2/ and the 4f/sub 5/2/-3d/sub 3/2/ X-ray transitions in mu -/sup 28/Si with the bent-crystal spectrometer at the SIN muon channel. The results are compared to the calculated transition wavelengths which include radiative corrections (QED). The differences in the corresponding transition energies are attributed to the electron screening shift. Combining the results from both transitions, the authors obtain Delta E/sub ES/(4f-3d)=-1.66+or-0.20 eV. This corresponds to (83+or-11)% of the electron-screening shift calculated for a neutral atom with the muon and Z-1 electrons. These results are in moderate agreement with cascade calculations constrained to reproduce measured muonic X-ray intensities. (17 References).
I. Beltrami, B. Aas, W. Beer, Chambrier G. de, PFA Goudsmit, Ledebur T. von, H. J. Leisi, W. Ruckstuhl, W. W. Sapp, G. Strassner, A. Vacchi, U. Kiebele, J-A Pinston, and R. Weber, "New precision measurements of the muonic 3d/sub 5/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ X-ray transition in /sup 24/Mg and /sup 28/Si: vacuum polarisation test and search for muon-hadron interactions beyond QED," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A451, no. 4, pp. 679--700, 1986.
Abstract: Motivated by the importance of scalar particles in the current work on gauge theories of fundamental interactions, the authors have performed an improved muonic-atom experiment to search for long-range muon-hadron interactions. They remeasured the wavelengths of the 3d/sub 5/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ X-ray transitions in /sup 24/Mg and /sup 28/Si with the bent-crystal spectrometer at the SIN muon channel. The relative difference between the X-ray wavelength lambda /sub exp/ and the theoretical value as obtained from QED calculations averaged over the two elements, is lambda /sub exp/- lambda /sub QED// lambda /sub QED/=(-0.2+or-3.1)*10/sup 6/. Assuming the validity of the QED calculations, they can put limits on an additional muon-nucleon interaction: if such an interaction were mediated, for example, by a scalar or vector (isoscalar) boson with a mass smaller than about 1 MeV, the corresponding coupling constant is g/sub mu /g/sub N/[left angle bracket]or=0.8*10/sup -6/*e/sup 2/. Alternatively, if additional muon-hadron interactions are negligible, the result corresponds to a 950 p.p.m. test of the vacuum polarisation effect in QED. The result can also be interpreted as a 3 p.p.m. measurement of the negative muon mass. (46 References).
YuI Bely, L. Majling, J. Rizek, and VA. Vartanyan, "The neutron channel in muon capture by /sup 15/N and /sup 32/S," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A204, no. 2, pp. 357--70, 1973.
Abstract: The excitation of giant resonances in muon capture by the non-magic nuclei /sup 15/N and /sup 32/S is considered. The capture rates to the levels of the intermediate nuclei /sup 15/C and /sup 32/P as well as neutron decay channels and spectra were calculated. The features of giant resonances in non-magic nuclei are discussed and possibilities of experimentally checking the results obtained are suggested. (13 References).
V. B. Belyaev, A. Bertin, V. M. Bystritsky, A. Gula, O. I. Kartavtsev, A. Kravtsov, L. A. Rivkis, S. I. Sorokin, S. G. Stetsenko, V. A. Stolupin, A. Vitale, and J. Wozniak, "Investigation of nuclear fusion reactions in charge-nonsymmetric muonic molecules," JINR Communication D15--92--323, 1992.
Abstract: The project presents an experimental programme on the study of fusion of light nuclei (H, He, Li, Be) in charge-nonsymmetric muonic molecules HeHµ, LiHµ, BeHµ (H is p, d, t). The project describes techniques, conditions of experiments on the study of nuclear fusion reactions in muonic molecules $^{3,4}$HeHµ, $^{6,7}$LiHµ. There are also limiting estimations of nuclear fusion rates, which can be obtained in the experiments. For this experimental programme the intensive muon beams are required.
V. B. Belyaev, S. S. Gershtein, B. N. Zakhar'ev, and S. P. Lomnev, "$\mu ^-$--mesic molecular processes in hydrogen," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 37, pp. 1652--1662, 1959.
V. B. Belyaev, A. P. Podkopayev, J. Wrzecionko, and AL. Zubarev, "The Schwinger variational principle for charged particle scattering on atomic systems," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 1225--32, 1979.
Abstract: The Schwinger variational principle has been applied to solve certain scattering problems in atomic physics, and a separable approximation has been used for the Hamiltonian of the bound subsystems. The (e/sup +/H) scattering length and the cross section for p(d mu /sup -/) elastic scattering has been calculated using the second Born approximation. (17 References).
V. B. Belyaev, S. E. Brener, E. M. Gandyl, A. I. Zubarev, and BF. Irgaziev, "On the possible influence of the strong interaction on the properties of mesomolecular systems," Journal of Physics G , vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 903--9, 1982.
Abstract: It is shown that the strong dT interaction, in the mesic molecule dT mu /sup -/ can produce a new state with energy E=E/sub R/-/sup 1///sub 2/i Gamma for -200 eV[left angle bracket]or=E/sub R/[left angle bracket]or=0. Within a two-channel mechanism allowing for the coupling of the elastic channel dT mu to dT mu with the reaction channel dT mu to /sup 4/He+n+ mu , the average energy E/sub mu / as a function of E/sub R/ was studied. (6 References).
V. B. Belyaev, E. M. Gandyl, and AL. Zubarev, "On mu -mesic-molecular ion dT mu /sup -/spectrum," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 314, no. 1, pp. 107--9, 1983.
Abstract: Mesic-molecular system dT mu /sup -/ in the state with total angular momentum L=0 is considered in a two-channel approximation corresponding to two channels of strong interaction dT/sub to /4/sub Hen//sup to dT/. Coulomb interaction V/sub d mu /+V/sub T mu / is taken into account by introducing an effective potential V/sub mu / in the form of the Morse potential. The main result of the research is the following: the eigenvalue with a small real part and a large width exists even at considerable variations of the effective repulsion between the deuteron and tritium at short distances. (7 References).
V. B. Belyaev, S. E. Brener, R. M. Galimsyanov, and AL. Zubarev, "Solution of Faddeev-type equations in the problem of two coulomb centers," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 317, no. 1, pp. 15--18, 1984.
Abstract: The movement of a light particle in the field of two coulomb centers is considered. A system of equations for components of the total wave function with the appropriate asymptotic behaviour was used without using separation of variables. Effective potentials for a molecular ion of the hydrogen and the mu -mesic ion dd mu /sup -/ are calculated. In the latter system the spectrum of a mesic molecule in a state with the total angular momentum L=0 is found. (7 References).
V. B. Belyaev, J. Revai, and AL. Zubarev, "Dynamics of the fusion reaction in the dt mu /sup -/system," Physics Letters B, vol. 219, no. 2-3, pp. 157--60, 1989.
Abstract: A dynamical scheme based on the (td, alpha n) two-channel model is derived for the description of the fusion reaction in the dt mu /sup -/system. Special attention is paid to correct specification of the final states. Several possibilities are pointed out for systematic improvement of the sudden approximation for the sticking coefficient. (10 References).
V. B. Belyaev, O. I. Kartavtsev, and J. Wrzecionko, "Effect of strong interaction in pd mu mesic molecules," Few-Body Systems, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 25--30, 1989.
Abstract: It is shown that the inclusion of the exchange interaction between nuclei of a mesic molecule removes the degeneracy of the Coulomb levels and doubles the levels. For the ground state of the pd mu molecular ion the splitting is estimated to amount to Delta E approximately 10/sup -2/ eV. Possible experiments for detection of this effect are discussed. (9 References).
V. B. Belyaev and J. Wrzecionko, "Influence of the strong pd interaction on the spectrum pd mu mesonic molecules," Physical Review A, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 6195--8, 1989.
Abstract: A self-consistent treatment of rescattering effects of a nuclear subsystem in a mu -mesonic molecule is proposed. Strong nonlocality of the nuclear t matrix with respect to the mu -meson coordinate is established. This effect gives an essential contribution to the energy shifts of the Coulombic levels of a pd mu mesonic molecule. For a pd mu mesonic molecule the difference of energy shifts of levels with nuclear spins S=/sup 1///sub 2/ and /sup 3///sub 2/ equals 0.052 eV. (7 References).
V. B. Belyaev, V. E. Kuzmichev, and W. Sandhas, "Formation probability of the (/sup 7/Be p mu )-molecule," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 185--8, 1990.
Abstract: The formation probability of molecular (/sup 7/Be p mu /sup -/) bound states and resonances under emission of an atomic electron is estimated. The transition rate increases considerably with increasing mean square radius of the molecular system. Rather large transition probabilities therefore, are to be expected if the formation takes place in highly excited states, a trend enhanced by the final state Coulomb interaction. (2 References).
V. B. Belyaev and J. Wrzecionko, "The strong interaction in mesicmolecular systems," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 508, no. , pp. 109c-14, 1990.
Abstract: A self-consistent treatment of rescattering effects of a nuclear subsystem in a mu -mesomolecule is proposed. Strong nonlocality of the nuclear t-matrix with respect to the mu -meson coordinate is established. This effect gives an essential contribution to the energy shifts of the Coulombic levels of a pd mu mesomolecule. For a pd mu mesomolecule the difference of energy shifts of levels with nuclear spins S=1/2 and S=3/2 equals 0.052 eV. (4 References).
V. B. Belyaev, M. Decker, H. Haberzettl, L. J. Khaskilevitch, and W. Sandhas, "Muonic molecules of light nuclei," in Few-Body Problems in Physics, Suplementum, pp. 332-7, 1991.
Abstract: The authors present a systematic study of the muonic molecules (p mu N/sub z/), (d mu N/sub z/), and (t mu N/sub z/) where N/sub z/ are nuclei with charges Z=1,3,4. Their calculations are based on a dual expansion scheme where, in a first step, they employ expansions into surface functions which are then, in a second step, expanded into hyperspherical harmonics. To ensure the correct asymptotic behaviour of the eigenpotentials, they amend the second step by an additive expansion into channel functions. The eigenpotentials obtained show the expected attraction for the (d mu t) system. For Z=3,4, high-lying dips are found indicating resonance behaviour. At present, the radial equation is solved in the extreme adiabatic approximation. First attempts are being made towards a solution in the adiabatic approximation. (5 References).
V. B. Belyaev, H. Fiedeldey, and SA. Sofianos, "Influence of the nuclear interaction in the d mu /sup 7/Be molecule," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 66--70, 1993.
Abstract: The mu -molecular resonances d mu /sup 7/Be and p mu /sup 8/Be(2/sup +/) as four-body systems are considered. The authors emphasize the possible long-range (on a nuclear scale) character of the strong interaction which drives the nuclear transition d mu /sup 7/Be to p mu /sup 8/Be(2/sup +/). The probability of such a process is estimated. (7 References).
V. B. Belyaev, V. I. Korobov, and SA. Rakityansky, "Nuclear transition in the muonic molecule t mu /sup 3/He," Few-Body Systems, vol. 17, no. 2-4, pp. 243--54, 1994.
Abstract: We consider the possibility of a nuclear transition, through the intermediate state of the /sup 6/Li(3/sup +/, 0) nucleus, for the muonic molecule t mu /sup 3/He. While the three-body Coulomb part of the problem is treated by a variational method using a large basis of trial functions ( approximately 1000), the strong-interaction effects are calculated in perturbation theory. (14 References).
V. B. Belyaev, H. Fiedeldey, S. A. Rakityansky, and SA. Sofianos, "Nuclear transitions in muonic molecules," in Few-Body Systems Supplementum, pp. 201-3, 1994.
Abstract: A scheme, analogous to the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), is proposed to calculate rates of reactions of nucleon-group transfer between nuclei confined in muonic molecules. As an example the rates of the reactions d- mu -/sup 7/Be to p- mu -/sup 8/Be(2+) and p- mu -/sup 10/Be to t- mu -/sup 8/Be are estimated. (9 References).
V. B. Belyaev, O. I. Kartavtsev, V. I. Kochkin, and EA. Kolganova, "Binding energies and nonradiative decay rates of Hed mu molecular ions," Physical Review A, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 1765--8, 1995.
Abstract: The method of hyperspherical {"}surface{"} functions has been applied to the calculation of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of muonic molecular ions /sup 3,4/Hed mu . Binding energies and nonradiative decay rates for the states of the total angular momentum L=0, 1, 2 have been obtained. (17 References).
V. B. Belyaev, M. Decker, H. Fiedeldey, S. A. Rakityansky, W. Sandhas, and SA. Sofianos, "Muonic molecules of charge Z>or=3: Coulombic properties and nuclear transitions," Nukleonika, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 3--24, 1995.
Abstract: In this report we will discuss properties of and models for nuclear transitions in muonic molecules formed via collisions of muonic atoms of hydrogen isotopes with light nuclei like Li and Be. Their importance for nuclear astrophysics and nuclear physics at super low energies is emphasized. (36 References).
V. B. Belyaev, A. Bertin, V. M. Bystritsky, V. M. Bystritsky, A. Gula, O. I. Kartavtsev, A. V. Kravtsov, A. V. Luchinsky, G. A. Mesyats, L. A. Rivkis, N. A. Rotakhin, A. A. Sinebryukhov, S. I. Sorokin, S. G. Stetsenko, V. A. Stolupin, A. Vitale, and J. Wozniak, "New proposals for the investigation of strong interaction of light nuclei at super low energies," Nukleonika, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 85--99, 1995.
Abstract: Two projects of the experimental study of nuclear reactions between light nuclei (p, d, t, He, Li, Be) in the region of very low energies are presented. The first proposal deals with nuclear fusion reactions in charge-nonsymmetric muonic molecular complexes such as /sup 3,4/Hed mu , /sup 3,4/Het mu , /sup 6,7/Lip mu , /sup 6,7/Lid mu , /sup 6,7/Lit mu . In the second one we consider a new approach to the measurement of nuclear reaction cross sections of light nuclei (p, d, t) in the range of 0.01/2 keV, using high intensity radially converging ion flow generated during linear implosion in plasma with the use of high power pulsed generator. The choice of experimental conditions has been made and lower limits of the measured values (fusion rates and cross sections) have been estimated. (23 References).
B. V. Belyaev, V. I. Korobov, and SA. Rakityansky, "Width and shift of the charge-nonsymmetric mu -molecular state," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 687-90, 1995.
Abstract: Influence of the threshold t-/sup 3/He nuclear resonance on the spectrum of t- mu -/sup 3/He molecule is estimated as a perturbation. The three body molecular wave-function was obtained within the variational stabilization method. (4 References).
V. B. Belyaev, O. I. Kartavtsev, V. I. Kochkin, and EA. Kolganova, "Decay processes of He H mu -molecular ions in the hyperspherical surface function method," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 359-63, 1996.
Abstract: The method of hyperspherical {"}surface{"} functions has been applied to the calculation of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of muonic molecular ions /sup 3,4/HeD mu . Binding energies and decay rates for the states of the total angular momentum L=0, 1, 2 have been obtained. (11 References).
V. B. Belyaev, O. I. Kartavtsev, V. I. Kochkin, and EA. Kolganova, "Decay rates and gamma -rays spectra of HeH mu systems," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 239--44, 1997.
Abstract: Radiative and nonradiative decay of charge non-symmetrical molecular ions /sup 3,4/He/sup 1,2/H mu have been investigated. Decay rates in both channels and gamma -ray spectra for the states of the total angular momentum L=0, 1, 2 have been calculated using the hyperspherical {"}surface{"} functions method. Isotopic dependence of the decay rates is discussed. A comparison of the calculated gamma -ray spectra with the recent experiments indicates the /sup 3,4/Hed mu decay from the L=1 state. (20 References).
V. B. Belyaev, D. E. Monakhov, S. A. Sofianos, and W. Sandhas, "Existence and transition properties of the three-deuteron muonic molecule 3d2e/sup -/ mu /sup -/," Physical Review A, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 2760--6, 1998.
Abstract: We calculated the energy and the size of the three-deuteron muonic molecule 3d2e/sup -/ mu /sup -/, or D/sub 3/ mu . It turns out that this system possesses two equilibrium positions, one at distances typical for muonic molecules and a second one at the usual molecular size. We calculated, moreover, the fusion probability of the three deuterons and found that it could considerably be enhanced due to the existence of a /sup 6/Li* threshold resonance. Our estimates indicate that this probability is considerably higher than the decay rate of the competing Auger transition. (13 References).
V. B. Belyaev, D. E. Monakhov, S. A. Sofianos, and W. Sandhas, "Existence and transition properties of the three-deuteron muonic molecule (3d2e/sup -/ mu /sup -/)," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 243--6, 1999.
Abstract: We calculated the energy and the size of the three-deuteron muonic molecule (3d2e/sup -/ mu /sup -/)=D/sub 3/ mu . It turns out that this system possesses two equilibrium positions, one at distances typical for muonic molecules, the second one at the usual molecular size. We show, moreover, that the fusion probability of the three deuterons is considerably enhanced due to the existence of a /sup 6/Li* threshold resonance. Our estimates indicate that this probability is considerably higher than the decay rate of the competing Auger transition. (3 References).
A. K. Belyaev, A. Dalgarno, and R. McCarroll, "The dependence of nonadiabatic couplings on the origin of electron coordinates," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 116, no. 13, pp. 5395--400, 2002.
Abstract: It is shown both analytically and numerically for a number of examples that both radial and rotational nonadiabatic couplings within the standard adiabatic approach depend on the origin of the light-particle coordinates and the ambiguity in the nonadiabatic couplings does not lead to ambiguity in the coupled channel equations. The examples considered are the nH, nD, np mu /sup -/ quasimolecules, for which the nonadiabatic couplings can be calculated analytically, and the HeH molecule, for which ab initio calculations are carried out. Analytical formulas for couplings calculated with the shifted origin are derived. The coupled equations take their simplest form in Jacobi coordinates for which many nonadiabatic couplings are nonzero, even for such noninteracting systems as nH, nD, and np mu /sup -/. These couplings are a fundamental feature of the adiabatic approach. (24 References).
P. Bém and others, "Phase shift analysis of $d+^3$H reaction below 1 MeV," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, pp. 389--392, 1988.
V. Bemard, T. R. Hemmert, and UG. Meissner, "Ordinary and radiative muon capture on the proton and the pseudoscalar form factor of the nucleon," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 686, no. , pp. 290-316, 2001.
Abstract: We calculate ordinary and radiative muon capture on the proton in an effective field theory of pions, nucleons and delta isobars, working to third and second order in the small scale expansion, respectively. Preceding calculations in chiral effective field theories only employed pion and nucleon degrees of freedom and were not able to reproduce the photon spectrum in the pioneering experiment of radiative muon capture on the proton from TRIUMF. For the past few years it has been speculated that the discrepancy between theory and experiment might be due to Delta (1232) related effects, which are only included via higher-order contact interactions in the standard chiral approach. In this report we demonstrate that this speculation does not hold true. We show that contrary to expectations from naive dimensional analysis, isobar effects on the photon spectrum and the total rate in radiative muon capture are of the order of a few percent, consistent with earlier findings in a more phenomenological approach. We further demonstrate that both ordinary and radiative muon capture constitute systems with a very well-behaved chiral expansion, both in the standard chiral perturbation theory and in the small scale expansion, and present some new ideas that might be at the bottom of the still unresolved discrepancy between theory and experiment in radiative muon capture. Finally, we comment upon the procedure employed by the TRIUMF group to extract new information from their radiative muon capture experiment on the pseudoscalar form factor of the nucleon. We show that it is inconsistent with the ordinary muon capture data. (37 References).
G. Bencze and C. Chandler, "Coulomb screening in low-energy nuclear reactions," Physical Review C, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. R532-9, 1992.
Abstract: Coulomb screening effects are studied in very-low-energy nuclear reactions. The two-potential formalism is shown to be a convenient method for the separation of long-range (molecular) and short-range (nuclear) dynamics. As specific applications, electron screening effects and muon catalysis in nuclear reactions are investigated. In the case of electron screening in very-low-energy nuclear reactions a method is elaborated for calculation of the enhancement of the astrophysical factor. For muon-catalysed fusion reactions the sudden approximation is shown to be valid even if the reaction is dominated by a long-lived nuclear resonance. (36 References).
P. Bennett, M. Blecher, R. Chan, S. Daviel, M. Hasinoff, S. Ko, R. Poutissou, D. Sample, and D. Wright, "A trigger card for event rejection in the RMC experiment at TRIUMF," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 1200-2, 1990.
Abstract: A trigger card has been designed and constructed to improve the trigger efficiency of a large solid angle pair spectrometer to be used for the measurement of radiative muon capture at TRIUMF. A number of these trigger cards are connected to FASTBUS pipeline TDCs (time-to-digital converter) via the FASTBUS auxiliary connector to provide coarse information on the tracks of charged particles in a drift chamber. The trigger cards produce a majority OR of groups of six signals from the chamber, allowing very fast online event rejection. The performance of the cards and other relevant technical issues is discussed. (2 References).
S. Berezin, G. Burleson, D. Eartly, A. Roberts, and TO. White, "Muonic, pionic, and kaonic X-rays, atomic de-excitation and nuclear absorption in helium," Physics Letters B, vol. 30b, no. 1, pp. 27--9, 1969.
Abstract: New X-ray data from muon, pion and kaon capture in helium are consistent with available scattering measurements, with theoretically expected s-, p-, and d-state absorption rates, and with new atomic cascade calculations requiring Stark-induced sliding transitions to match observed yields. (16 References).
S. Berezin, G. Burleson, D. Eartly, A. Roberts, and T. White, "Muonic, pionic, kaonic and Sigma /sup -/ X-rays, atomic de-excitation cascades, and nuclear absorption rates in He, Li, Be, and C," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 512-15, 1970.
S. Berezin, G. Burleson, D. Eartly, A. Roberts, and TO. White, "X-rays from mu, pi, kappa, and sigma/sup -/ capture in the light elements," Physical Review A, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 1630--51, 1970.
Abstract: A search for X-rays from the capture of kaons in helium has disclosed neither K- nor L-series radiation; the upper limit of the X-ray yield is in the range 7-10%. The yields of pionic and muonic X-rays in helium were also measured. Anomalously low yields were found accompanied by intensity distributions of the K-series members in disagreement with the conventional cascade picture of a predominantly circular set of orbits. Monte Carlo cascade calculations could not duplicate the observed results unless weak Stark mixing, in the form of 'sliding transitions' (n, l to n, l+or-1), was added. Agreement with observation was achieved in muonic, pionic, and kaonic atoms with a single value for the parameter describing the strength of the Stark mixing. Yields and energies of kaonic X-rays in Li, Be, and C, were measured. Yields of X-rays from muonic and pionic capture in these elements were remeasured also, and cascade calculations like those for helium repeated. In these elements the addition of Stark mixing is not needed to achieve agreement with experiment. (42 References).
P. C. Bergbusch, D. S. Armstrong, M. Blecher, C. Q. Chen, B. C. Doyle, T. P. Gorringe, P. Gumplinger, M. D. Hasinoff, G. Jonkmans, J. A. Macdonald, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, C. N. Sigler, and DH. Wright, "Radiative muon capture on O, Al, Si, Ti, Zr, and Ag," Physical Review C, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 2853--64, 1999.
Abstract: The photon spectra from radiative muon capture (RMC) on O, Al, Si, Ti, Zr, and Ag have been measured for photon energies greater than 57 MeV using a cylindrical pair spectrometer at the TRIUMF cyclotron. Values of R/sub gamma /, the ratio of the radiative rate for photon energies above 57 MeV, to the nonradiative rate, are 1.67+or-0.18, 1.40+or-0.11, 2.09+or-0.20, 1.30+or-0.12, 1.31+or-0.15, and 1.12+or-0.13, respectively, in units of 10/sup -5/. The Al/Si rate difference confirms an earlier result. The Ti/Ca rate difference and the rate suppression in Zr and Ag are new results which confirm that the RMC rate is a much smoother function of neutron excess than of atomic number. This suggests that Pauli blocking is relatively more important for radiative capture than for nonradiative capture. The value of the ratio of the induced weak pseudoscalar to axial coupling constants, g/sub p//g/sub a/, for O was found to be 4.9+or-0.6, 6.3+or-1.1, or 8.1/sub -2.1//sup +1.8/, depending on the theory used to extract it. These values are in good or fair agreement with the partially conserved axial-vector current (PCAC) hypothesis. For the other nuclei studied, large model dependences or a lack of detailed RMC calculations made tests of the PCAC hypothesis difficult. (39 References).
P. Bergem, M. Boschung, T. Q. Phan, G. Piller, A. Ruetschi, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Muon capture in cubic and hexagonal boron nitride," Sin Newsletter, vol. 15, no. , pp. 69-70, 1983.
Abstract: Recent measurements of muonic X-ray intensities in diamond and graphite have revealed structure effects in the Lyman series intensities. These structure effects have to be attributed to differences in the electron density distributions if one assumes that the Coulomb capture of muons proceeds mainly through Auger electron ejection. Both carbon and boron nitride have diamond and graphite allotropies or, equivalently, cubic and hexagonal structures. Moreover, they are isoelectronic solids. Hence, if the electron density distribution really governs the muon capture mechanism, one expects to find similarities between the muonic carbon and the muonic boron nitride X-ray intensity patterns, or at least similar differences between the respective allotropies. Measurements were performed at the mu E2-channel of the SIN using conventional techniques. The muonic X-rays were registered by three Ge-detectors of 2 cm/sup 3/, 13 cm/sup 3/ and 66 cm/sup 3/ with resolutions of 570 eV, 960 eV and 780 eV respectively for the muonic 2p-1s carbon line at 75 keV. (3 References).
P. Bergem, M. Boschung, T. Q. Phan, G. Piller, A. Ruetschi, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Nuclear polarization in muonic atoms," Sin Newsletter, vol. 15, no. , pp. 55-6, 1983.
Abstract: In a muonic atom, the true muon-nuclear electromagnetic interaction is first approximated by a suitable electrostatic central potential. The neglected dynamical effects are then taken into account by a second order perturbation calculation known as nuclear-polarization correction. The result is a higher muon binding energy as compared to the static muon-nucleus system. For the low-lying muonic levels, the nuclear polarization correction is much more important than the so-called dispersion corrections in elastic electron scattering experiments. Due to the lack of detailed information about nuclear excitation spectra, the nuclear polarization corrections are the least known corrections when calculating muonic energy levels. A good experimental determination of the nuclear polarization effect is therefore of prime importance. This is the aim of the present experiment. (5 References).
P. Bergem, F. Bienz, M. Boschung, M. Hild, T. Q. Phan, G. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Muon capture in chromium oxides," Sin Newsletter, vol. 16, no. , pp. 75-6, 1984.
Abstract: The aim of the present experiment was to test whether there is a difference in the per atom chromium-to-oxygen capture ratio of negative muons between the two oxides, CrO/sub 3/ and Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/. The authors were interested to see whether the muon capture mechanism is sensitive to the amorphous and crystalline state of Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/. Within the statistical uncertainty the muonic Lyman series intensities were found to be the same in chromium for all three investigated targets. No difference is observed in the intensity patterns of oxygen between the amorphous and the crystalline Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/. Between CrO/sub 3/ and Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/, however, all relative intensities are different. (3 References).
P. Bergem, F. Bienz, M. Boschung, C. Gugler, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, C. Piller, W. Reichart, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, D. Siradovic, and G. Torelli, "Transfer of negative muons from hydrogen to argon at high pressure," Sin Newsletter, vol. 19, no. , pp. 67-8, 1987.
Abstract: The transfer from the 1s ground state of the mu p atom to argon has been studied experimentally by several authors. Unfortunately the agreement between the different measurements is rather poor. The authors study the transfer rate under different experimental conditions and check whether the transfer rate is linear in the concentration of the admixed gas and independent of the total pressure of the mixture. (3 References).
P. Bergem, F. Bienz, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, D. Siradovic, and G. Torelli, "Muonic X-ray intensities in isoelectronic series of neon and argon," Sin Newsletter, vol. 20, no. , pp. NL61-2, 1988.
Abstract: The aim of the experiments is the study of the formation mechanism of exotic atoms, especially muonic atoms. The study of muonic X-ray intensities is part of the systematic investigations. In order to gain insight into the angular momentum distribution of captured muons, the measured muonic X-ray intensities are reproduced using cascade calculations. (5 References).
P. Bergem, G. Piller, A. Rueetschi, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Nuclear polarization and charge moments of /sup 208/Pb from muonic X rays," Physical Review C, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 2821--33, 1988.
Abstract: Muonic transition energies between low-lying states in mu /sup -/-/sup 208/Pb have been measured in precision experiment using a Compton suppression spectrometer. Nuclear charge parameters and nuclear polarization corrections have been adjusted to the data. In particular, experimental correlations between the nuclear polarization corrections of the lower muonic levels have been established. A set of nuclear charge parameters reproducing all the experimental transition energies can only be obtained by assuming an inversion in magnitude of the nuclear polarization corrections not only for the 2p states, but also for the two 3p states. Such a result is unexplained by present theoretical models, but corroborates the findings of a recent experiment concerning the 2p states in mu /sup -/-/sup 90/Zr. Using our best-fit parameters, a /sup 208/Pb RMS radius of (r/sup 2/)/sup 1/2/=5.5031(11) fm has been obtained. (34 References).
P. Bergem, F. Bienz, M. Boschung, G. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, and Y. Tanaka, "Nuclear polarization in heavy muonic atoms," Sin Newsletter, vol. 20, no. , pp. NL33-5, 1988.
Abstract: The authors have remeasured the muonic transition energies sensitive to the nuclear parameters in muonic /sup 208/Pb at SIN. In addition, they have studied muonic /sup 90/Zr in order to find out whether possible effects are systematic. Using high-resolution Ge detectors with anti-Compton shields and calibration methods closely resembling the actual data taking procedure, energy uncertainties down to 10 ppm have been obtained. (7 References).
R. Bergmann, H. Daniel, Egidy T. von, F. J. Hartmann, and H-J. Pfeiffer, "Measurement of the Coulomb-capture ratio of muons in binary solid solutions of metals," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 280, no. 1, pp. 27--30, 1977.
Abstract: The Coulomb-capture ratios of muons in the metallic solid solutions Au-Ag, Te-Se, Cd-Mg, Nb-V, and Cu-Ni have been measured via the muonic Lyman series intensities. In the case of Nb-V, targets of three stoichiometric ratios were investigated. The results do not agree with the per-atom ratios A(Z/Z') assumed to be equal to Z/Z' ('Fermi-Teller law') or (Z/Z')/sup 7/6/. They are better, but also not in general well, reproduced by A(Z/Z')=Z/sup 1/3/ ln(0.57Z)/((Z')/sup 1/3/ ln(0.57Z')), deviations occurring in cases of different metallic radii. (24 References).
R. Bergmann, H. Daniel, Egidy T. von, F. J. Hartmann, J. J. Reidy, and W. Wilhelm, "Measurement of the Coulomb capture ratio of negative muons and the muonic Lyman-series intensities on solid solutions of Nb-V at five stoichiometric ratios," Physical Review A, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 633--8, 1979.
Abstract: The per-atom Coulomb capture ratio A(Nb,V) of negative muons in the solid solution Nb-V has been measured for five stoichiometric ratios S(Nb/V) ranging from 0.046 to 18.5. No change of A(Nb,V) with S was observed. The weighted mean is 1.21+or-0.04. There is also no experimental evidence for a variation of the muonic-Lyman-series intensity patterns of both elements with S. (34 References).
R. Bergmann, H. Daniel, Egidy T. von, F. J. Hartmann, J. J. Reidy, and W. Wilhelm, "Muonic K/sub beta //K/sub alpha / ratios from pure elements," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 291, no. 2, pp. 129--31, 1979.
Abstract: K/sub beta //K/sub alpha / ratios of muonic X-ray spectra from 28 pure elements have been measured with Ge detectors. The correlation of these ratios with properties of the target material and positron life-times is analyzed with statistical correlation theory. (19 References).
R. Bergmann, H. Daniel, Egidy T. von, F. J. Hartmann, and W. Wilhelm, "Muonic Coulomb capture ratios and Lyman intensities in intermetallic compounds and homogeneous and inhomogeneous alloys," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 299, no. 4, pp. 297--300, 1981.
Abstract: The Coulomb capture ratio of negative muons has been measured in the intermetallic compounds Ni/sub 5/Y and Ni/sub 5/Ca and in homogeneous and inhomogeneous Sn-Mg alloys. Strong dependence on the atomic radii and on the degree of inhomogeneity was observed. The muonic K-series intensity pattern was determined. (27 References).
J. C. Bergstrom, I. P. Auer, and RS. Hicks, "Electroexcitation of the 0/sup +/ (3.562 MeV) level of /sup 6/Li and its application to the reaction /sup 6/Li( gamma , pi /sup +/)/sup 6/He," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A251, no. 3, pp. 401--17, 1975.
Abstract: "The M1 form factor for the 0/sup +/ (3.562 MeV
J. Bernabeu and P. Pascual, "Muon capture in /sup 11/B and nuclear wave functions of /sup 11/Be," Physics Letters B, vol. 29b, no. 9, pp. 555--7, 1969.
Abstract: Muon capture rates in /sup 11/B going to /sup 11/Be (g.s.) and /sup 11/Be* (320 keV) as well as the electromagnetic transition rate for /sup 11/Be* to /sup 11/Be+ gamma are computed in order to obtain information on the /sup 11/Be nuclear wave functions. The hyperfine muon capture rates to /sup 11/Be* are also calculated. (11 References).
J. Bernabeu, "Muon capture in /sup 11/B," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 4A, no. 4, pp. 715-30, 1971.
Abstract: The partial-capture rates of muons in /sup 11/B going to /sup 11/Bf(g.s) and /sup 11/Be (320 keV), as well as the hyperfine effect in the transition to /sup 11/Be*, are studied. Comparing these results with the beta-decay of /sup 11/Be and the electromagnetic transition /sup 11/Be* to /sup 11/Be, some conclusions are derived on the nuclear structure of the bound states of /sup 11/Be. Some possible experiences which can give information on the pseudoscalar form factor in weak interactions are discussed. (14 References).
J. Bernabeu, "Quasielastic electron and neutrino interactions and the exclusion effects," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 49, no. , pp. 186-205, 1972.
Abstract: The correlation functions which describe the exclusion effects in quasielastic electron nucleus and neutrino nucleus reactions are studied, showing similarity and difference between them. The calculation of the total structure factors in electron scattering is done for the cases of deuterium, /sup 4/He and /sup 12/C. The effects of the configuration mixing mechanism tend to deviate the values given by the simple shell model towards the supermultiplet relations, then showing the intermediate coupling nature. But they are not large, and practically only affect the spin flip terms, which contribute to the neutrino and muon capture reactions-due to the axial current-but insignificantly to the electron scattering. (22 References).
J. Bernabeu and F. Cannata, "Configuration mixing and total muon capture rates," Physics Letters B, vol. 45B, no. 5, pp. 445--7, 1973.
Abstract: The Primakoff closure approximation is modified to get independence on the mean neutrino energy and energy weighted sum rules are used for the corrective terms. A near model- independent discussion is then possible, and the total rates are shown to be a very sensitive tool to investigate configuration mixing of the target. Wild discrepancies with experiment would arise if the limit of pure jj or LS couplings are used for /sup 12/C whereas the Cohen-Kurath wave function gives a very good result. (6 References).
J. Bernabeu and F. Cannata, "SU(4) breaking, allowed transitions and total muon capture rates in nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A215, no. 2, pp. 411--23, 1973.
Abstract: The authors study muon capture rates in light nuclei and show that one can evaluate them in a model-independent way by correcting the Primakoff closure approximation to the first order in the neutrino energy dependence. In this framework the interplay between the existence of allowed transitions and SU(4) breaking is analyzed. In the correction to the first order in the neutrino energy dependence by a sum rule, Majorana and SU(4) breaking potentials are taken into account. The method is also applied to single multipolar transitions, in particular for the dipole transitions. General considerations are illustrated for /sup 6/Li and /sup 12/C by explicit calculations. The stability of the results varying the mean neutrino energy allows the use of capture rates as a very sensitive tool to investigate the configuration mixing of the target because we connect the corrective term to spectroscopic information using directly the matrix elements of the effective potentials. (10 References).
J. Bernabeu, "On total muon capture rates and the average neutrino energy," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A201, no. 1, pp. 41--8, 1973.
Abstract: A method of avoiding the uncertainty associated with the average neutrino energy nu in the usual closure approach to muon capture rates is discussed. Instead of neglecting the kinematic dependence on each particular channel, the partial capture rate is approximated by a first-order expansion around nu . After the sum over the final states is performed, the result is quite independent of the specific value of nu . Application to /sup 3/He, /sup 6/Li and closed-shell nuclei is given, as an effective test of the nuclear models used. (17 References).
J. Bernabeu and C. Jarlskog, "Polarizability contribution to the energy levels of the muonic helium ( mu /sup 4/He)/sup +/," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B75, no. 1, pp. 59--71, 1974.
Abstract: An experiment measuring the 2S-2P separation in the ion ( mu /sup 4/He)/sup +/ is in progress at CERN. Comparison of the outcome of this experiment with the prediction of quantum electrodynamics requires the knowledge of the hadronic correction due to the two-photon exchange mechanism. Therefore, the authors have calculated the correction to the energy levels of the ion ( mu /sup 4/He)/sup +/ due to this mechanism. The hadronic contribution to the 2S-2P separation is found to be approximately 16 AA which is about three times larger than the expected experimental uncertainty. (12 References).
J. Bernabeu, TEO Ericson, and C. Jarlskog, "Parity violations by neutral currents in muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 50B, no. 4, pp. 467--71, 1974.
Abstract: The 2S-1S transition low Z muonic atoms is shown to be extremely sensitive to possible parity violation, such as may be introduced by neutral currents. The most striking effects of parity violation are found in the case of muonic Li and Be where they are estimated to be of the order of 10% on the basis of current models. (19 References).
J. Bernabeu, "Restrictions for asymmetry and polarizations of recoil in muon capture," Physics Letters B, vol. 55B, no. 3, pp. 313--17, 1975.
Abstract: "Using the helicity formalism, muon capture by targets of spin-zero is discussed. Owing to the definite neutrino helicity, three independent observables define a complete experiment. The precise relation between asymmetry alpha and longitudinal polarization P/sub L/ of recoil
J. Bernabeu and C. Jarlskog, "Origin of discrepancy in the theoretical value of the polarizability correction to the ( mu /sup 4/He)/sup +/ energy levels," Physics Letters B, vol. 60B, no. 2, pp. 197--200, 1976.
Abstract: Different approach in calculating the polarizability correction to the energy levels of the muonic /sup 4/He ion are compared. These calculations disagree with each other by giving results 3 to 10 times larger than the experimental uncertainty. The origin of the major discrepancy is traced to the treatment of the nuclear excitations. It is shown that the experimental value of the electric polarizability of /sup 4/He provides a crucial restriction on model calculations. (15 References).
J. Bernabeu, TEO Ericson, and C. Jarlskog, "Muon capture at large energy transfer," Physics Letters B, vol. 69B, no. 2, pp. 161--6, 1977.
Abstract: A novel and parameter free approach to mu capture is introduced. The inclusive capture rate at maximal energy transfer is connected with the off-mass shell s and p wave scattering lengths for pions. Inside PCAC a rigorous lower bound results. The vector current contributions are shown to be insignificant. In a numerical illustration it is shown that this picture qualitatively explains the high energy nucleons emitted in mu capture. (14 References).
J. Bernabeu and P. Pascual, "Long-range parity violating interaction in muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A336, no. 3, pp. 407--15, 1980.
Abstract: Long-range parity violating forces are induced in muonic atoms by virtual gamma -Z/sup 0/ conversion between the muon and the nucleus. They are of order G/sub F/ alpha with range (2m/sub e/)/sup -1/. The relevant diagrams in unified electroweak interactions are calculated and the effects of the corresponding potential on parity admixtures in muonic levels are studied. It is proved that they are negligible for n=3 orbits, but they have overwhelmed the conventional short-range contribution for n=5. (11 References).
J. Bernabeu and TEO. Ericson, "Polarizability effects in electronic and muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 309, no. 3, pp. 213--17, 1983.
Abstract: The S state polarizability shifts are derived from the virtual forward Compton scattering in the unretarded dipole approximation. In the non-relativistic limit omega /sub N//2m[left angle bracket][left angle bracket]1, the shift is proportional to the photonuclear sum rule sigma /sub -3/2/, while in the relativistic limit omega /sub N//2m[right angle bracket][right angle bracket]1 it is proportional to a logarithmically weighted sigma /sub -2/ sum rule. In both cases, the characteristic momentum transfer is (2m omega /sub N/)/sup 1/2/. The non-locality from the intermediate lepton propagation removes the divergence typical of the static limit. Explicit formulas for the shifts are given for both the relativistic and non-relativistic limits. (11 References).
J. Bernabeu, J. Bordes, and J. Vidal, "Parity violation correlations in light muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik C-Particles & Fields, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 679--85, 1989.
Abstract: The 2S-1S transition in light muonic atoms is very sensitive to parity violation correlations induced via neutral currents. Observables depending on these transitions such as the photon polarization and the angular correlation between the emitted radiation and the atom polarization are a clear signal of weak neutral currents in atoms. The authors find the relation between the lepton and quark couplings and these observables emphasizing the effect of the nuclear spin. The results expected in muonic atoms mu -/sup 4/He and mu -/sup 3/He are given. (18 References).
J. Bernabeu, "Neutral currents in atomic and nuclear physics," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A518, no. 1-2, pp. 317--28, 1990.
Abstract: The spin structure function of the proton measured by the EMC collaboration suggests an axial isoscalar neutral current for the nucleon. The author studies its implications for neutral current phenomena in atomic and nuclear physics. This includes parity-violating observables for transitions between hyperfine multiplets in light muonic atoms, selected inelastic neutrino nuclear reactions and the polarization asymmetry in electron scattering for isoscalar transitions. The neutrino-induced process /sup 7/Li to /sup 7/Li*(0.478 MeV) is particularly favourable for neutrino reactor experiments. The axial isoscalar coupling extracted from the EMC measurement increases the neutrino cross section by 60%. (26 References).
J. Bernabeu, E. Nardi, and D. Tommasini, "mu -e conversion in nuclei and Z' physics," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B409, no. 1, pp. 69--86, 1993.
Abstract: Together with the existence of new neutral gauge bosons, models based on extended gauge groups (rank [right angle bracket]4) often predict also new charged fermions. A mixing of the known fermions with new states with exotic weak-isospin assignments (left-handed singlets and right-handed doublets) will induce tree level flavour changing neutral interactions mediated by Z exchange, while if the mixing is only with new states with ordinary weak-isospin assignments, the flavour changing neutral currents are mainly due to the exchange of the lightest new neutral gauge boson Z'. We show that the present experimental limits on mu -e conversion in nuclei give a nuclear-model-independent bound on the Z-e- mu vertex which is twice as strong as that obtained from mu to eee. In the case of E/sub 6/ models these limits provide quite stringent constraints on the Z' mass and on the Z-Z' mixing angle. We point out that the proposed experiments to search for mu -e conversion in nuclei have good chances to find evidence of lepton flavour violation, either in the case that new exotic fermions are present at the electroweak scale, or if a new neutral gauge boson Z' of E/sub 6/ origin lighter than a few TeV exists. (21 References).
J. Bernabeu, V. M. Suslov, T. A. Strizh, and SI. Vinitsky, "New approach for numerical solution of configuration-space Faddeev equations," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 391-9, 1996.
Abstract: A new computational scheme for solving the bound state configuration-space Faddeev equations is applied. The scheme is based on the spline-approximation and the adiabatic limit of Faddeev equations. An ordering of variables being in agreement with the limit was chosen. As a result the matrix of the eigenvalue problem has a sparse block structure. Calculations of the bound states of mu HH, mu DD, mu TT mesic molecules and pDD, pTT antiprotonic ones, were performed. To check the method, calculations of the binding energies for such systems as the positronium ion Ps/sup -/, /sup 3/H and /sup 3/He were carried out. The results are compared with the best results of other authors. (12 References).
V. Bernard, T. R. Hemmert, and U-G. Meissner, "Ordinary and radiative muon capture on the proton," in Proceedings from the Institute of Nuclear Theory. Chiral Dynamics Theory and Experiment III, (A. M. Bernstein, J. L. Goity, and U-G. Meissner, eds.), pp. 376--7, 2000.
Abstract: Ordinary muon capture (OMC), mu /sup -/(l)p(r) to nu /sub mu /(l')n(r'), as well as radiative muon capture (RMC), mu /sup -/(l)p(r) to nu /sub mu /(l')n(r') gamma (k), allows to measure the so-called induced pseudoscalar coupling constant, g/sub p/. Our main point is that one should not resort to the artificial enhancement of the contributions ~ g/sub p/ as done in the TRIUMF experiment analysis. Such a rescaling presents severe loopholes, in particular it would lower the value of Gamma /sub O//sup OMC/ = 477*s/sup -1/ which would lie outside the error bars of the experimental results. We have shown that a combination of small effects, isospin breaking effects, occupation numbers, next to next to leading order, etc, will in fact explain most of the shift in the spectrum. A complete calculation including all of these effects remains to be done. (9 References).
V. Bernard, T. R. Hemmert, and U. G. Meissner, "Ordinary and radiative muon capture on the proton and the pseudoscalar form factor of the nucleon," Nucl. Phys. A, vol. 686, pp. 290-316, 2001.
Abstract: We calculate ordinary and radiative muon capture on the proton in an effective field theory of pions, nucleons and delta isobars, working to third and second order in the small scale expansion, respectively. Preceding calculations in chiral effective field theories only employed pion and nucleon degrees of freedom and were not able to reproduce the photon spectrum in the pioneering experiment of radiative muon capture on the proton from TRIUMF For the past few years it has been speculated that the discrepancy between theory and experiment might be due to Delta (1232) related effects, which are only included via higher-order contact interactions in the standard chiral approach. In this report we demonstrate that this speculation does not hold true. We show that contrary to expectations from naive dimensional analysis, isobar effects on the photon spectrum and the total rate in radiative muon capture are of the order of a few percent, consistent with earlier findings in a more phenomenological approach. We further demonstrate that both ordinary and radiative muon capture constitute systems with a very well-behaved chiral expansion, both in the standard chiral perturbation theory and in the small scale expansion, and present some new ideas that might be at the bottom of the still unresolved discrepancy between theory and experiment in radiative muon capture. Finally, we comment upon the procedure employed by the TRIUMF group to extract new information from their radiative muon capture experiment on the pseudoscalar form factor of the nucleon. We show that it is inconsistent with the ordinary muon capture data. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
V. Bernard, L. Elouadrhiri, and U. G. Meissner, "Axial structure of the nucleon," J. Phys. G-Nucl. Part. Phys., vol. 28, pp. R1-R35, 2002.
Abstract: We review the current status of experimental and theoretical understanding of the axial nucleon structure at low and moderate energies. Topics considered include (quasi)elastic (anti)neutrino-nucleon scattering. charged pion electroproduction off nucleons and ordinary as well as radiative muon capture oil the proton.
J. Bernebau, R. Guardiola, and P. Pascual, "Total muon capture rate. Application to /sup 11/B," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 9A, no. 4, pp. 450-62, 1972.
Abstract: A study of the total muon-capture rate in nuclei is presented, with the aid of the impulse and closure approximations and under the assumption that the initial nucleus can be described by a mixing of states in the J-scheme. The theory is applied to the process of muon capture in /sup 11/B, with a discussion on the value of the average neutrino momentum. (20 References).
I. B. Bersuker and VI. Gol'danskii, "The influence of the effective charges of molecular groups on the probability of pi -meson absorption by hydrogen," Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 203, no. 6, pp. 1332--5, 1972.
Abstract: Some general relationships are obtained between the probability of meson absorption by hydrogen and the parameters of chemical bonds in a series of systems. A more detailed examination is made of one of the characteristic aspects of L. I. Ponomariev's 'large mesomolecule' model, namely the case of a mesomolecule containing several equivalent hydrogen- containing groups. (5 References).
A. Bertin, A. Vitale, and A. Placci, "A system of large liquid scintillation counters used with a simplified neutron-gamma discrimination technique," Nuclear Instruments & Methods, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 24--38, 1969.
Abstract: A system of NE 213 liquid scintillator neutron counters working with a straightforward neutron-gamma discrimination technique and a digitized data output is described. The apparatus was built up using only standard electronics, and has been working at CERN in recent muon capture experiments. The performances of the neutron counters are reported with particular reference to the neutron-gamma discrimination features and to the energy resolution. The calculation of the efficiency of the described system is also discussed. (19 References).
A. Bertin, M. Bruno, A. Vitale, A. Placci, and E. Zavattini, "Measurement of the rate lambda /sub e/ for the reaction mu p+d to mu d+p at room temperature," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 449-53, 1972.
Abstract: The authors have performed this measurement at the muon channel of the 600 MeV CERN synchrocyclotron, by slowing-down negative muons in a gaseous target of ultrapure hydrogen, contaminated by small amounts of deuterium and xenon. The experiment was carried out using an already existing apparatus to measure the time distribution of the decay electrons coming from muons stopped in the gaseous target. (11 References).
A. Bertin, M. Bruno, A. Vitale, A. Placci, and E. Zavattini, "Direct measurement of the ratio between the transfer rates of muons from mu p and mu d atoms to xenon in a gaseous target of deuterated hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 462--9, 1973.
Abstract: The ratio B between the transfer rates lambda /sub mu p,Xe/ and lambda /sub mu d,Xe/ of muons from mu p and mu d muonic atoms to xenon has been directly measured by stopping negative muons in a gaseous target containing deuterated hydrogen and small xenon admixtures at a total pressure of 6 atm abs. and at 293 degrees K. The results were obtained by analyzing the differential time distribution of the decay electrons coming from muons stopped within the gaseous mixture. In this way one gets B=1.98+or-0.12, which supports the dependence of the transfer rates on the mass of the primary muonic atom within 6%. More precise values for lambda /sub mu p,Xe/ and lambda /sub mu d,Xe/ are also given, i.e., lambda /sub mu p,Xe/=(4.53+or-0.15)*10/sup 11/ sec/sup -1/ and lambda /sub mu d,Xe/=(2.30+or-0.17)*10/sup 11/ sec/sup -1/. A lower limit for the scattering cross section of of mu d atoms against xenon is obtained, i.e., sigma [right angle bracket]or=10/sup -15/ cm/sup 2/.
A. Bertin, A. Vitale, A. Placci, and E. Zavcittini, "Muon capture in gaseous deuterium," Physical Review D, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 3774--93, 1973.
Abstract: Using a gaseous target of 95% H/sub 2/+5% D/sub 2/, at 7.6 atm. and 293 degrees K, an experimental value of (445+or-60) sec/sup -1/ was obtained for the mu /sup -/ nuclear capture rate by free deuterons. This result, combined with previous ones (see abstr. A20077 of 1973) gives a value of (-1.35+or-0.1) for the ratio of axial-vector to vector coupling constants, and is also compatible with the principle of electron-muon universality. (51 References).
A. Bertin, A. Vitale, and A. Placci, "Nuclear capture of muons in argon and neon," Physical Review A, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2214--17, 1973.
Abstract: The total nuclear capture rates of muons by argon and neon have been measured. The experiment was performed by stopping negative muons in a target of ultrapure gaseous deuterium (at 6 atm pressure and 293 degrees K) separately contaminated by small amounts of argon and neon, and observing the differential time distribution of the decay electrons coming from muons stopped within the gaseous mixture. (13 References).
A. Bertin, G. Carboni, G. Gorini, O. Pitzurra, E. Polacco, G. Torelli, A. Vitale, and E. Zavattini, "Measurement of the initial population and decay rate of the ( mu /sup 4/He)/sub 2S//sup +/ system in a helium target at 50 atm," Physical Review Letters, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 253--6, 1974.
Abstract: The fraction ( epsilon /sub 25/) of negative muons captured by the 2S level of He atoms and the lifetime tau /sub 2S/ of the muons at this level has been observed with pure helium gas at 50 'atm' and 293K. epsilon /sub 2S/, with no Stark effect, =(4.3+or-0.6)*10/sup -2/, for max. Stark effect, =(3.5+or-0.5)*10/sup -2/ and is insignificantly pressure dependent. tau /sub 2S/=(1.43+or-0.15) mu sec. X-rays from a 2S level two-photon decay and the delayed muon decay electron were observed. (7 References).
A. Bertin, G. Carboni, A. Placci, E. Zavattini, U. Gastaldi, G. Gorini, G. Neri, O. Pitzurra, E. Polacco, G. Torelli, G. Stefanini, A. Vitale, J. Duclos, and J. Picard, "A new method to induce transitions in muonic atoms using a high-power tunable dye laser coupled to a stopping muon beam," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 23B, no. 2, pp. 489-526, 1974.
Abstract: An apparatus is described in which a ruby-pumped dye laser is used to induce transitions from the 2S to the 2P levels of the muonic ion ( mu He)/sup +/. The dye laser supplies infra-red radiation pulses in the wavelengths (8040-8180) AA, at typical repetition rates of 1 pulse every 4 s, with an energy release per pulse of 300 mJ for 1.2 J pumping energy. A special synchronization procedure is followed to trigger the laser in close coupling with the incoming muon beam which is stopped in a helium target at pressures between 40 and 50 atm. The other performances of the device are fully discussed with reference both to the laser facility and to the special high-pressure helium target. (23 References).
A. Bertin, A. Vitale, and A. Placci, "Atomic and molecular processes involving hydrogen and deuterium muonic systems in matter. Formation and elastic scattering of mu p and mu d muonic atoms," Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 423-97, 1975.
Abstract: A survey of the experimental and theoretical work on muons in matter is reported which covers atomic capture and cascade process of negative muons in hydrogen and deuterium as well as scattering processes of mu p and mu d atoms in their ground state. (91 References).
A. Bertin, G. Carboni, A. Placci, E. Zavattini, U. Gastaldi, G. Gorini, G. Neri, O. Pitzurra, E. Polacco, G. Torelli, A. Vitale, J. Duclos, and J. Picard, "Experimental study on the ( mu /sup 4/He)/sub 2S//sup +/ metastable system in helium gas," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 26B, no. 2, pp. 433-80, 1975.
Abstract: The authors report the results of an experimental investigation on the properties of the ( mu He)/sub 2S//sup +/ metastable muonic system, which was performed stopping negative muons in a pure helium target at pressures ranging from 10 to 50 atm, and observing the total yield and the differential time distribution of the X-rays released in delayed coincidence with the arrival of muons. At each pressure P, information was obtained on the following quantities: a) the total disappearance rate lambda /sub 2S,tot/(P) of the ( mu He)/sub 2S//sup +/ system, b) the disappearance rates lambda /sub A/(P) and lambda /sub St/(P) of the ( mu He)/sub 2S//sup +/ system for external Auger effect and Stark-mixing collisions. (35 References).
A. Bertin, G. Carboni, J. Duclos, U. Gastaldi, G. Gorini, G. Neri, J. Picard, O. Pitzurra, A. Placci, E. Polacco, G. Torelli, A. Vitale, and E. Zavattini, "Measurement of the 2P/sub 3/2/-S/sub 1/2/ energy difference in the ( mu /sup -4/He)/sup +/ muonic ion by means of a tunable infrared dye-laser," Physics Letters B, vol. 55B, no. 4, pp. 411--14, 1975.
Abstract: Results of an experiment to measure the 2P/sub 3/2/-2S/sub 1/2/ energy difference S/sub 1/ in the muonic ( mu /sup -4/He)/sup +/ ion are presented; it was found that S/sub 1//sup exp/=1.5274+or-0.0009 eV. Comparison with QED predictions shows that there is agreement between theory and experiment within 0.0087 eV; this limitation is mainly due to the uncertainty with which the r.m.s. charge radius of the /sup 4/He nucleus is known. (6 References).
A. Bertin, A. Vitale, and E. Zavattini, "Evidence for the transfer of negative muons from muonic deuterium to helium atoms," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 381-7, 1977.
Abstract: The transfer processes of negative muons from hydrogen or deuterium muonic atoms to /sub z/Y nuclei (where the mu p and mu d systems are in the 1S ground state) are known to occur, in general, with large rates. Possible explanations of this are mentioned and some experimental results on the muon transfer rate from D to He are discussed. The analysis of these results (see Placci et al. (1967)) is updated and it is concluded that, under certain conditions, muon transfer from excited states of the mu d systems to He can be a significant phenomenon. (20 References).
A. Bertin, A. Vacchi, and A. Vitale, "On the initial population of the 2S metastable state in muonic hydrogen and deuterium," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 18, no. 9, pp. 277-82, 1977.
Abstract: The fraction of muons which form the mu p/sub 2S/ metastable system when stopped in hydrogen is found by inducing the 2S to 2P transition by irradiating the systems and studying the yield of the muonic hydrogen cascade X-rays. The fraction value is assumed to hold also for the case of muonic deuterium. The fraction value, which is directly proportional to the initial population of the 2S level, is essential information for future tests of quantum electrodynamics predictions. (22 References).
A. Bertin, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, G. Vannini, and A. Vitale, "Atomic capture ratio (W(Al)/W(O)) for negative muons transferred from muonic hydrogen to aluminium oxide," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 401-5, 1978.
Abstract: Results are reported of an analysis of some experimental data collected while measuring the elastic cross section for the process mu p+p to mu p+p. Negative muons were transferred from mu p muonic atoms, formed in ultrapure gaseous H/sub 2/ at 26 atm., to a series of regularly spaced Al foils (30 mu m thick), dipped into the H/sub 2/ target, and covered by a natural layer of Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, 600 to 1000 AA thick. The analysis was performed with the aim of determining the ratio R between the number of muons transferred to the Al and O nuclei on the foils. This number is directly related to the per atom capture ratio (W(Al)/W(O))/sub alpha / for Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/. (14 References).
A. Bertin, F. Ferrari, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, G. Vannini, and A. Vitale, "Muon transfer effect on the Lyman series of mu Al muonic atoms," Physics Letters A, vol. 68A, no. 2, pp. 201--3, 1978.
Abstract: The Lyman series spectrum of mu Al atoms formed through the transfer reaction mu p+Al to mu Al+p is investigated. The higher members of the series are significantly enhanced with respect to the case of direct muon capture in aluminium. (11 References).
A. Bertin, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, A. Vacchi, G. Vannini, and A. Vitale, "New measurement of the cross section for the elastic scattering process mu p+p to mu p+p in gaseous hydrogen at 26 atmospheres," Physics Letters B, vol. 78B, no. 2-3, pp. 355--9, 1978.
Abstract: The authors have measured the elastic scattering cross section for the process mu p+= to mu p+p in ultra-pure gaseous hydrogen at 26 atm and at room temperature. The result is sigma =(1.4+or-0.2)*10/sup -20/ cm/sup 2/. (10 References).
A. Bertin, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, G. Vannini, and A. Vitale, "Observation of negative muon transfer from muonic hydrogen to aluminium interfaces," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 21, no. 17, pp. 577-81, 1978.
Abstract: Negative muons can easily be transferred from muonic hydrogen ( mu p) to an atom present within the target where the mu p systems are formed, and the resulting series of muonic X-rays may be detected. Possible applications of this technique, e.g. as a probe for surface composition, are outlined. The results obtained when mu p is in contact with Al foils are presented. (10 References).
A. Bertin, F. Ferrari, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, G. Vannini, and A. Vitale, "Isotope effect on the Lyman series of mu Al atoms formed by muon transfer from free mu p and mu d systems," Physics Letters A, vol. 72A, no. 4-5, pp. 319--21, 1979.
Abstract: The authors have observed the Lyman series spectrum of mu Al atoms formed through the transfer reaction mu d+Al to mu Al+d. The results are compared to those previously obtained for the similar process mu p+Al to mu Al+p. (9 References).
A. Bertin, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, A. Vacchi, G. Vannini, and A. Vitale, "New measurement of the elastic scattering cross section of mu d muonic atoms off deuterons," Physics Letters B, vol. 85B, no. 4, pp. 458--62, 1979.
Abstract: The authors have measured the elastic scattering cross section for the process mu d+d to mu d+d in ultrapure gaseous deuterium at 14 atm and at room temperature. The result is sigma /sub dd/=(8+or-2)*10/sup -20/ cm/sup 2/. (17 References).
A. Bertin, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, G. Vannini, A. Vitale, and G. Matone, "Triplet state lifetime for ( mu p)/sub 1S/ muonic atoms in gaseous hydrogen," Physics Letters B, vol. 88B, no. 1-2, pp. 185--8, 1979.
Abstract: The lifetime tau /sub T/ of the triplet state for ( mu p)/sub 1S/ muonic atoms is evaluated as a function of the hydrogen pressure, starting from recent experimental results on the scattering cross section for the process ( mu p+p to mu p+p). It is found that tau /sub T/ is significantly smaller than expected on the basis of previous calculations. (12 References).
A. Bertin, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, G. Vannini, and A. Vitale, "Vanishing muon transfer effect on the Lyman series of mu Xe muonic atoms," Physics Letters A, vol. 74A, no. 1-2, pp. 39--40, 1979.
Abstract: The authors have observed the Lyman series spectrum of mu Xe atoms formed through the transfer reaction mu p+Xe to mu Xe+p. They present the first evidence of a Z-dependence of the K-lines intensity ratios for transfer-generated muonic atoms. (7 References).
A. Bertin, "Elastic scattering of muonic hydrogen atoms against protons. Status of experiments," in Exotic Atoms '79. Fundamental Interactions and Structure of Matter. Proceedings of the Second Course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms, (K. Crowe, J. Duclos, G. Fiorentini, and G. Torelli, eds.), pp. 161-7, 1980.
Abstract: Reviews the status of experimental results on the elastic scattering cross section of muonic hydrogen against protons, following the reaction mu p+p to mu p+p. The process was studied: (i) to get an effective comparison between the results of experiment and the theoretical predictions (1979) on the problem of three bodies interacting through the Coulomb's law; (ii) to get information on E/sub 0/, a parameter to which (at least to some extent) the features of process (1) can be related: E/sub 0/ is an important quantity to establish for the feasibility of precision experiments on the QED effects on the levels of muonic hydrogen; and (iii) to establish the relative population of the triplet and singlet states of the mu p atoms formed in given experimental conditions, as is required for the interpretation of the muon nuclear capture experiments in hydrogen targets at low density (1975). (13 References).
A. Bertin, M. Capponi, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, and G. Vannini, "Formulation channel effect on the electromagnetic cascade of mu /sup Z/Y muonic atoms: Evidence for a dependence on Z," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 73-7, 1981.
Abstract: A muonic atom mu /sup Z/Y can be formed in at least three different ways, namely by stopping muons directly in a /sup Z/Y target, mu /sup -/+/sup Z/Y to ( mu /sup Z/Y) and by transferring them from free muonic hydrogen ( mu P) mu p+/sup Z/Y to ( mu /sup Z/Y)*+p or muonic deuterium ( mu d) atoms mu d+/sup Z/Y to ( mu /sup Z/Y)*+d. In the final states, all the three processes yield an excited system ( mu /sup Z/Y)* (where the muon has replaced an atomic electron of the element /sup Z/Y), which decays promptly to its 1S ground state. During the de-excitation stage (atomic cascade), a characteristic series of muonic X-rays is released (X/sub 8/, X mu /sub p/ and X mu /sub d/, respectively). With the purpose of obtaining information on the atomic cascade of mu /sup Z/Y atoms produced by the transfer mode the authors observed the Lyman series of mu /sup 36/K muonic atoms produced by the direct process and by transfer from free muonic hydrogen. (14 References).
A. Bertin, M. Capponi, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, G. Vannini, M. Poli, and A. Vitale, "Experimental study of the elastic-scattering processes of muonic hydrogen and deuterium against protons and deuterons," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 72A, no. 3, pp. 225-64, 1982.
Abstract: The authors have measured the elastic-scattering cross-sections of muonic hydrogen and deuterium atoms against protons and deuterons, respectively. The results are sigma /sub pp/=(1.49+or-0.14)*10/sup -20/ cm/sup 2/ (referring to mu p atoms in the singlet state) and sigma /sub dd/=(8.0+or-2.0)*10/sup -20/ cm/sup 2/. For ( mu P)/sub 1S/ atoms formed in gaseous hydrogen, renewed predictions are given in the lifetime tau /sub T/ of the triplet states as a function of pressure. (41 References).
A. Bertin, M. Capponi, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, G. Vannini, M. Poli, and A. Vitale, "Pseudocrossing-model analysis of the Lyman spectra and formation rates of transfer-generated muonic atoms," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 76A, no. 1, pp. 35-51, 1983.
Abstract: The observed reaction rates ( lambda /sub mu p,Y/) and the Lyman spectra of the muonic X-radiation (X/sub mu p/) released in sequence to the processes mu p+/sub z/Y to ( mu /sub z/Y)*+p(( mu /sub z/Y)* to ( mu /sub z/Y)/sub 1S/+X/sub mu p/) are analysed for the cases /sub z/Y=Ar, Kr and Xe in terms of the pseudocrossing model for the muon transfer mechanism. While there is only a qualitative agreement between theoretical and experimental rates, the observed relative intensity ratios within the X/sub mu p/ radiation are in fair agreement with the predictions of the pseudocrossing model. (17 References).
A. Bertin and A. Vitale, "Strangeness-conserving semi-leptonic weak processes," Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1-63, 1984.
Abstract: The authors consider this concept with particular regard to nuclear muon captive and pion decay. (113 References).
A. Bertin, M. Capponi, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, G. Vannini, M. Poli, and A. Vitale, "Muon nuclear capture in hydrogen and triplet state lifetime of ( mu p)/sub 1s/ muonic atoms," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 86A, no. 2, pp. 123-44, 1985.
Abstract: With reference to recent experiments, the authors present the results of an extended calculation which updates the information on the lifetime of triplet spin states for ( mu p)/sub 1s/ systems in gaseous hydrogen. The possibility of determining the triplet spin state capture rate, on the basis of the information presently available, is also discussed. (29 References).
A. Bertin and A. Vitale, "Muon capture in hydrogen and deuterium: next generation experiments," in Hadronic Physics at Intermediate Energy. Winter School, (T. Bressani and RA. Ricci, eds.), pp. 201--7, 1986.
Abstract: The authors briefly review the main possibilities which are considered to add significant experimental information to clarify the presently available information on this topic. (22 References).
A. Bertin and A. Vitale, "Present knowledge of the axial-vector weak interaction coupling constant," in Hadronic Physics at Intermediate Energy. Winter School, (T. Bressani and RA. Ricci, eds.), pp. 189--200, 1986.
Abstract: One of the still open problems in the field of low-energy weak interactions is to determine the values of the different coupling constants involved in a precise and reliable way. The authors' aim is to show that, in the particular case of the axial-vector coupling constant, to state that there is an agreement between the results of experiment would be nowadays a too approximate assumption. It is also underlined that a new generation of experiments is demanded both on neutron decay and on muon capture in hydrogen and deuterium. (22 References).
A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, M. Capponi, Castro S. De, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, M. Poli, N. Semprini-Cesari, A. Vitale, and A. Zoccoli, "Energy cost of pions and muons for muon-catalyzed fusion," Europhysics Letters, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 875--80, 1987.
Abstract: The authors present the results of systematical calculations on the energy expenditure in producing pion and muons for the purposes of muon-catalyzed fusion. (12 References).
A. Bertin, M. Capponi, Castro S. De, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, M. Poli, N. Semprini-Cesari, A. Vitale, and A. Zoccoli, "A method to study some significant parameters in the deuterium-tritium muon-catalyzed fusion by a pulsed muon beam," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 151--60, 1987.
Abstract: The authors discuss a method to investigate some parameters which are relevant to muon-catalyzed fusion in a deuterium-tritium mixture. The method, which assumes availability of pulsed muon beams, is based on the observation of the fusion neutron time distribution for long time intervals ([right angle bracket]15 mu s). It would allow measurement of the sticking coefficient of muons to helium fairly independently of the values of other significant parameters. (25 References).
A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, M. Capponi, Castro S. De, U. Marconi, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, M. Poli, N. Semprini-Cesari, A. Trombini, A. Vitale, and A. Zoccoli, "Density dependence of the energy cost of muons for muon-catalyzed fusion," Europhysics Letters, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 299--304, 1988.
Abstract: The dependence of the energy cost of muons on the target density for the purposes of muon-catalyzed fusion in a deuterium-tritium target is investigated. The advantages of a particular target structure are discussed. (10 References).
A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, M. Capponi, Castro S. De, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, M. Poli, N. Semprini-Cesari, A. Trombini, A. Vitale, and A. Zoccoli, "On the energy cost of producing muons in a deuterium-tritium target for muon catalyzed fusion," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 405-14, 1988.
Abstract: The costs of producing negative muons in d-t targets at different densities are determined. The advantages of a segmented target structure are discussed, alternating high-density layers to suitably dimensioned vacuum gaps. (14 References).
A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, M. Capponi, J. D. Davies, Castro S. De, I. Massa, M. Piccinini, M. Poli, N. Semprini-Cesari, A. Trombini, A. Vitale, and A. Zoccoli, "Muon losses in deuterium-tritium muon-catalyzed fusion due to fast transfer reactions to helium nuclei," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 161-8, 1988.
Abstract: The results obtained at low density on the fast muon transfer from excited levels of mu d muonic atoms to /sup 4/He are discussed. The significant muon losses which fast transfer processes to /sup 4/He nuclei may induce in a high-density deuterium-tritium target used for muon-catalyzed fusion are considered. (11 References).
A. Bertin and A. Vitale, "Experimental frontiers in muon-catalyzed fusion," in Proceedings of the 5th Winter School on Hadronic Physics. Problems of Fundamental Modern Physics II, (R. Cherubini, P. Dalpiaz, and B. Minetti, eds.), pp. 488--517, 1991.
Abstract: After a brief theoretical discussion the authors discuss: (i) effects of decreasing the cycling rate in a D-T mixture; (ii) decreasing muon losses in the catalytic cycle; and (iii) decreasing the muon energy cost. (42 References).
A. Bertin and A. Vitale, "Experimental frontiers in muon-catalyzed fusion," in Italian Physical Society. Proceedings of the International School of Physics 'Enrico Fermi' Course CXVI. Status and Perspectives of Nuclear Energy: Fission and Fusion, (C. Salvetti, R. A. Ricci, and E. Sindoni, eds.), pp. 449-69, 1992.
Abstract: The authors discuss dt mu fusion and the problems of muon sticking. Reducing the cost of muon production is discussed and experimental research is reviewed. (42 References).
A. Bertin, N. Semprini-Cesari, M. Piccinini, and A. Vitale, "On the interaction cross sections of light nuclei at low energies," in Proceedings of the 7th Winter School on Hadronic Physics: Common Problems and Trends of Modern Physics, (T. Bressani, S. Marcello, and A. Zenoni, eds.), pp. 269-75, 1992.
Abstract: Experimental information on the interactions of light nuclei at low energy is rather incomplete. In the range of thermal energies for instance, only neutron scattering lengths (n-n, n-d, n-He, n-Li) were measured in the different spin states. The corresponding data for the proton are obtained by assuming charge symmetry of strong interactions, while for more complex nuclei the interaction cross sections (like the d-d one, for instance) are determined by extrapolating data obtained at higher energies. On the one hand, a comparison of the binding energies of mirror nuclei clearly indicates that the validity of charge symmetry of strong interactions should be rediscussed; on the other, as it will be seen in the following, recent experimental results set some doubts on the reliability of extrapolating cross sections from higher to lower energies. The authors discuss how this lack of experimental knowledge demands to reexamine several important problems, like for instance (besides charge symmetry in strong interactions) the relative abundance of light nuclei within stellar matter and the problem of solar neutrinos. They also show that experiments on muonic molecules formed with light nuclei may provide quite significant information also in this direction. (6 References).
A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, D. Bulgarelli, V. M. Bystritsky, M. Capponi, I. D'Antone, Castro S. De, D. Galli, U. Marconi, I. Massa, C. Moroni, M. Piccinini, M. Poli, N. Semprini-Cesari, R. Spighi, V. A. Stolupin, S. Vecchi, M. Villa, A. Vitale, J. Wozniak, G. Zavattini, and A. Zoccoli, "Neutron spectrometry by means of a two-stage neutron-gamma pulse-shape discriminating apparatus," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 105A, no. 5, pp. 751-6, 1992.
Abstract: The authors report on the results obtained by a novel coincidence neutron spectrometer while detecting time-of-flight selected neutrons in the MeV energy range. (5 References).
A. Bertin, Castro S. de, and A. Vitale, "Low-energy muon physics between pure and applied science," in 8th Winter Course on Hadronic Physics. At the Frontiers of Hadronic Physics, (M. Gibilsco and G. Preparata, eds.), pp. 273--81, 1994.
Abstract: Low-energy muon physics answers both fundamental interests and scientific questions connected to the catalysis of nuclear fusion. Experimental results and open problems are reviewed. (28 References).
A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, V. M. Bystritsky, M. Capponi, B. Cereda, I. D'Antone, S. De Castro, D. Galli, B. Giacobbe, U. Marconi, I. Massa, C. Moroni, M. Piccinini, M. Poly, N. Semprini-Cesari, R. Spighi, V. A. Stolupin, S. Vecchi, A. Vezzani, M. Villa, A. Vitale, J. Wozniak, G. Zavattini, and A. Zoccoli, "Performance of a coincidence neutron spectrometer with double pulse-shape discrimination," Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 337, no. 2-3, pp. 445--460, 1994.
Abstract: We describe here the performance of a new coincidence spectrometer which allows the detection of neutrons in the MeV energy range, by exploiting a two-stage pulse-amplitude analysis
A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, V. M. Bystritsky, M. Capponi, B. Cereda, Castro S. De, A. Ferretti, D. Galli, B. Giacobbe, U. Marconi, I. Massa, C. Moroni, M. Piccinini, M. Poli, N. Semprini-Cesari, R. Spighi, S. Vecchi, A. Vezzani, M. Villa, V. Vitale, J. Wozniak, G. Zavattini, and A. Zoccali, "A Monte Carlo study of the neutron registration efficiency of a multichannel NE213 detection system," Nukleonika, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 101--11, 1995.
Abstract: The Monte Carlo calculations of the registration efficiency of a four-channel NE213 detector for 2.5 MeV neutrons are reported. The dependence of the efficiency on registration threshold as well as the influence of different substances placed between the neutron source and the scintillators on the efficiency value are also shown. (9 References).
A. Bertin and others, "Low--energy pion and muon production at high--energy proton beams," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5/6, pp. 349--356, 1990/91.
A. Bertin and others, "A novel coincidence neutron spectrometer with neutron--gamma pulse--shape discrimination," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5/6, pp. 395--403, 1990/91.
A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, V. M. Bystritsky, M. Capponi, S. De Castro, B. Cereda, A. Ferretti, T. Florkowski, D. Galli, B. Giacobbe, V. V. Gushchin, U. Marconi, I. Massa, C. Moroni, M. Piccinini, M. Poly, L. A. Rivkis, V. I. Sakharov, N. Semprini-Cesari, R. Spighi, V. A. Stolupin, V. N. Tebus, S. Vecchi, A. Vezzani, M. Villa, A. Vitale, J. Wozniak, G. Zavattini, and A. Zoccoli, "Absence of Tritium Yield in Metal--Deuterium Systems," Physics of Atomic Nuclei, vol. 59, no. 6, 1996.
Abstract: Within errors of measurements, no tritium yield due to low-temperature nuclear dd fusion is observed in titanium of various modifications and in intermetallic compounds ZrNbV, LaCo/sub 5/, LaNi/sub 4.9/Al/sub 0.1/, and MM/sub 0.7/Ti/sub 0.3/Mn/sub 2/ saturated with deuterium. At a 90% confidence level, upper limits on the rate of dd fusion with tritium production in titanium and intermetallic compounds are found to be as follows: lambda /sub f/(Ti)[left angle bracket]or=2*10/sup -23/ s/sup -1/ (dd)/sup -1/ and lambda /sub f//sup eff/(Ti; intermet.)[left angle bracket]or=6*10/sup -24/ s/sup -1/ (dd)/sup -1/. (19 References).
A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, V. M. Bystritsky, Vit. M. Bystritskii, M. Capponi, S. De Castro, B. Cereda, V. D. Dugar-Zhabon, A. Ferretti, D. Galli, B. Giacobbe, V. I. Kirpal, A. I. Knyazev, I. M. Kravchenko, U. Marconi, I. Massa, S. I. Merzlyakov C. Moroni, M. Piccinini, M. Poly, L. A. Rivkis, N. V. Samsonenko, N. Semprini-Cesari, V. N. Shvetsov, V. T. Sidorov, V. N. Smirnov, S. I. Sorokin, R. Spighi, E. P. Starshin, V. A. Stolupin, A. V. Strelkov, S. Vecchi, A. Vezzani, M. Villa, A. Vitale, J. Wozniak, G. Zavattini, N. I. Zhuravlev, and A. Zoccoli, "Negative Result of an Experiment Aimed at Verifying a Report on Cold Nuclear Fusion in Systems of the Na /sub x {WO /sub 3}/(D;D-T) Type," Physics of Atomic Nuclei, vol. 59, no. 5, 1996.
Abstract: The results of an experiment aimed at verifying the conclusions drawn in the studies that were performed at the Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry (IHE, Yekaterinburg) and which report the observation of neutron emission due to low-temperature dd fusion in Na/sub x/WO/sub 3//deuterium systems are presented. Within statistical errors, the excess of the neutron yield above the background level is not observed in our experiment for the interaction of deuterium and deuterium-tritium mixture with oxide tungsten bronze. The hypothesis that hot dt fusion is possible in such systems is not confirmed either. The results of this study cast some doubt on the validity of the conclusions drawn in the IHE reports. At a 90% confidence level, an upper limit on the intensity I/sub n/ of a hypothetical neutron source associated with dd and dt fusion in the single crystals of oxide tungsten bronze is estimated to be 5*10/sup -3/ s/sup -1/. (12 References).
A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, V. M. Bystritsky, M. Capponi, S. De Castro, B. Cereda, A. Ferretti, T. Florkowski, D. Galli, B. Giacobbe, V. V. Gushchin, U. Marconi, I. Massa, C. Moroni, M. Piccinini, M. Poly, L. A. Rivkis, V. I. Sakharov, N. Semprini-Cesari, R. Spighi, V. A. Stolupin, V. N. Tebus, S. Vecchi, A. Vezzani, M. Villa, A. Vitale, J. Wozniak, G. Zavattini, and A. Zoccoli, "Negative Result of an Experiment Aimed at Verifying the Hypothesis That Cold and Hot Nuclear Fusion Occurs in Ti/(D-T) and ZrNbV/(D-T) Systems," Physics of Atomic Nuclei, vol. 59, no. 5, 1996.
Abstract: The results of an experiment aimed at verifying the hypothesis that low-temperature nuclear fusion occurs in metal-hydrogen systems are presented. Titanium and an intermetallic compound ZrNbV saturated with a deuterium-tritium mixture are chosen for substances to be studied. Within experimental errors, no excess of neutron emission above the background level is observed for these substances saturated with a deuterium-tritium mixture. The hypothesis that hot nuclear dt fusion occurs in metal(D-T) systems is not confirmed in our experiment either. (14 References).
W. H. Bertl, W. H. Breunlich, P. Kammel, H. G. Mahler, W. L. Reiter, W. J. Kossler, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and C. Petitjean, "Hyperfine transitions of mu d-atoms in liquid hydrogen-deuterium mixture," Atomkernenergie Kerntechnik, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 184--7, 1983.
Abstract: The absolute gamma yield of the fusion reaction p mu d to mu He/sup 3/+ gamma was investigated in liquid hydrogen with various deuterium admixtures using the coincidence method. From the yield and its enhancement at high deuterium concentration (Wolfenstein-Gershtein effect) the authors find an unexpectedly high value of the hyperfine transition rate lambda /sub p//sup mu p/ in the process mu d(3/2)+p to mu d(1/2)+p with lambda /sub p//sup mu d/=(4.7+or-0.2)*10/sup 6/ sec/sup -1/. This value is a lower limit, if effects of slow thermalization of the mu d atoms are included. In connection with their recent lambda /sub d//sup mu d/ result of Kammel et al. (1982), they now obtain between agreement of their measured absolute gamma yields with theory. For large lambda /sub p//sup mu d/ values the mu d termalization time at c/sub d/=0.63% is found to be 70 nsec. (21 References).
W. Bertl, P. David, R. Engfer, C. Gugler, H. Hanscheid, E. A. Hermes, J. Konijn, T. Krogulski, Laat CTAM de, T. Mayer-Kuckuk, C. Petitjean, S. Polikanov, H. S. Pruys, H. W. Reist, F. Risse, CFG Rosel, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, W. Schreider, A. K. Sinha, A. Taal, N. Trautmann, and D. Vermeulen, "Studies of muonic actinides," Sin Newsletter, vol. 20, no. , pp. NL48-50, 1988.
Abstract: "The authors present various results involving muonic reactions on actinides, (i) muon capture rates in /sup a/U
W. Bertl, D. Healey, J. Zmeskal, M. D. Hasinoff, M. Blecher, and DH. Wright, "A compact hydrogen recycling system using metal hydrides," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 355, no. 2-3, pp. 230--5, 1995.
Abstract: A gas recycling system to prevent losses of isotopically enriched hydrogen gas has been developed for the operation of a liquid target (2.7 l) used by the Radiative Muon Capture group at TRIUMF. The experimental requirements for high gas purity (chemical impurities below 10/sup -9/), low operating pressure (below 1 bar abs) and high loading pressure (about 10 bar needed for a palladium purifier) together with the usual hydrogen safety requirements were satisfied with a metal hydride storage device in combination with a small pump/compressor system. A description of the complete system together with its characteristic operational data are given in this paper. (18 References).
W. Bertozzi, "Inelastic electron scattering," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 409-36, 1975.
Abstract: The author shows how inelastic electron scattering measurements can give accurate values of three nuclear transition densities, viz. charge, current, and intrinsic magnetisation. An application of this technique to beta-decay, negative muon capture and positive pion photoproduction in /sup 6/Li-/sup 6/He is presented. Giant electric and magnetic dipole resonances, vibrational states in /sup 64,66,68/Zn, shapes of deformed nuclei, MIT energy-loss spectrometer experiments, and Saclay high-resolution spectrometry of the low-lying level structure of /sup 52/Cr are also discussed. (28 References).
W. Bertozzi, "Inelastic electron scattering," in Nuclear Interactions, (BA. Robson, ed.), pp. 231-45, 1979.
Abstract: Electron scattering shares with other electromagnetic probes the advantage of employing an interaction that is well understood compared to the strong interaction of the hadronic probes. In contrast to Coulomb excitation and mu -mesic atom studies it carries the flexibility of allowing the transferred momentum to vary independently of the transferred energy. This last feature allows us to obtain the momentum transfer dependence of the elastic and inelastic cross sections. From this dependence one can determine the spatial structure of the charges and currents responsible for the nuclear scattering. Also, in contrast to the use of slow ions with Coulombic excitation, the electron-nucleus interaction is in effect for a very short time. Therefore, it can be well described in the sudden perturbation approximation and since alpha (1/137) is small, one may hope that absorption and complicated multistep processes are not very important. (38 References).
D. R. Bes and O. Civitarese, "Spurious center of mass effects in electroweak decays," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 495-504, Acad. Sci. Czech. Republic, 2002.
Abstract: The microscopic treatment of the spurious motion of the center of mass in nuclear many-body systems is reviewed. In this talk we present and compare the results of using the counterterms which are needed to fulfill the translational and Galilean invariances, and those obtained by using collective variables. The formalism is applied to the calculation of matrix elements of electroweak operators, as those which are active in the ( mu /sup -/,e/sup -/) conversion process. (18 References).
D. R. Bes and O. Civitarese, "Spurious states and their effects in electroweak decays," Revista Mexicana de Fisica, vol. 48, no. , pp. 77--82, 2002.
Abstract: The microscopic treatment of the spurious motion of the center of mass in nuclear many-body systems is reviewed. In this paper we present and compare the results of the use of counter-terms, needed to fulfill the translational and Galilean invariance at the RPA order of approximation, and of the use of collective variables. The formalism is applied to the calculation of matrix elements of electroweak operators, as the ones which are active in the ( mu /sup -/,e/sup -/) conversion process. (5 References).
R. J. Beuhler, G. Friedlander, and L. Friedman, "Cluster impact fusion," Physical Review Letters, vol. 63, pp. 1292--1295, 1989.
V. Bezak, "On alternative forms of the variational principle implying the generalized Thomas-Fermi theory," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B26, no. 3, pp. 306--19, 1976.
Abstract: A gas of fermions in a static potential is investigated within the framework of the March-Murray perturbation scheme (1961), equivalent to a generalization of the Thomas-Fermi theory. The author's formulation includes variations with respect to the potential function. The quantum variational (many-body) principles are formulated self-consistently, with due attention to the Poisson equation of electrodynamics. They are considered first for zero temperature and afterwards for arbitrary temperatures. The functional considerations involved in the present paper are related to the thermodynamics of quantum microcontinuum. A variational calculation of the ground state energy of pi /sup -/ 'mesoatoms' or 'mesoions' is given. It leads mathematically to the well-known problem of calculating the ground 1 S (parastate) energy of two electrons in the helium atom. (5 References).
A. K. Bhatia and RJ. Drachman, "Mesic molecules and muon catalyzed fusion," in Electronic and Atomic Collisions. 13th International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Int. Conference on the Phys. Electron. & Atomic Collisions, (J. Eichler, W. Fritsch, I. V. Hertel, N. Stolterfoht, and U. Wille, eds.), 1983.
Abstract: "The process of muon-catalyzed fusion involves very tightly bound molecules whose nuclei are isotopes of hydrogen held together by muons rather than electrons. The scale of such mesic molecules depends on the muon Bohr radius, a/sub 0//m/sub mu / approximately=250 fm and the rate of spontaneous fusion reactions between the nuclei can become very large. Early enthusiasm for muon-catalyzed fusion as a practical energy source faded when detailed investigation revealed that it would be unlikely for a muon to catalyze more than about two successive reactions before being lost by capture or decay. More recently, however, the process of resonant mesic molecule formation has been discovered for the (dd mu ) and (dt mu ) molecules. This can very greatly accelerate the rate of mesic molecule formation, but it depends critically on the very loosely bound excited J=1
A. K. Bhatia and RJ. Drachman, "Variational calculations of muonic-molecule energy levels," Physical Review A, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 2138--40, 1984.
Abstract: The authors report the best variational energies obtained to date of the bound states of muonic molecules containing nucleons of unit charge, or isotopes of hydrogen. Hylleraas wave functions are used to describe the three-particle systems, and the convergence of the energies is carefully studied; as many as 440 terms have been included in some cases. These results are compared with the best previous values. (8 References).
A. K. Bhatia and RJ. Drachman, "Variational calculations of mesic molecule energy levels," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 90-7, 1984.
Abstract: The authors report the best variational energies obtained to date on the bound states of mu-mesic molecules containing nucleons of unit charge, or isotopes of hydrogen. Hylleraas wave functions are used to describe the three-particle systems, and the convergence of the energies is carefully studied; as many as-440 terms have been included in some cases. These results are compared to the best previous variational and non-variational values. Some results for the pi-mesic system have also been obtained. (7 References).
A. K. Bhatia, R. J. Drachman, and L. Chatterjee, "Deexcitation of muonic molecules by internal conversion," Physical Review A, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 3400--4, 1988.
Abstract: Stabilization of the resonantly formed muonic molecular ion (td mu ) depends on the transition from the excited J=1 state to some lower-lying state in competition with decay through the entrance channel. The most important process leading to this transition is internal conversion (Auger effect), in which the excitation energy of the muonic system is carried away by an orbital electron. Using variational wave functions similar to those previously reported (A.K. Bhatia and R.J. Drachman, Phys. Rev. A 30, 2138 (1984)), the authors have now computed the matrix elements responsible for the transitions. For simplicity, they have assumed that the muonic ion is the nucleus of a hydrogenic atom and have calculated lifetimes and branching ratios for various transitions among the J=0, 1, and 2 states. The J=2 binding energy (E/sub 2/=101.59 eV) is the first reported variational result for this state. The authors find that the excited J=0 state is populated several hundred times as often as the ground state. (10 References).
A. K. Bhatia, R. J. Drachman, and L. Chatterjee, "De-excitation of muonic molecules by internal conversion," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 303-5, 1988.
Abstract: "The resurgence of interest in muon catalyzed fusion is largely due to the realization that there exists a resonant process forming the td mu molecular ion: (t mu )+D/sub 2/ to ((td mu )*d2e)*. The authors have previously computed some fairly accurate wave functions for all the J=0 and J=1 states of the muonic molecular ions and now use them (suitably improved) to calculate the rate of internal conversion. They have also carried out the first variational calculation of the J=2 wave function of the td mu ion, obtaining a binding energy of 101.59 eV. They have used the best available binding energies for J=0 and J=1 and for J=2. Instead of considering the molecular case, in which the emitted electron moves in the field of an H/sub 2//sup +/ ion, they have, for simplicity, assumed that the muonic ion is the nucleus of a hydrogenic atom and have calculated lifetimes and branching ratios for various transitions among the J=0
A. K. Bhatia and RJ. Drachman, "Muon-catalyzed fusion: a possible source of energy?," Comments on Atomic & Molecular Physics, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 281--94, 1989.
Abstract: Conventional fusion of deuterium and tritium requires temperatures of several million degrees, close to the temperature of the Sun's core. It has long been known, however, that a mu /sup -/ can serve to bind a deuteron and a triton to form a muonic molecule, in which the two nuclei are so close together that fusion occurs very rapidly. In addition, the muon is usually released after the reaction along with a neutron, an alpha particle and 17.58 MeV of kinetic energy, free to repeat the process like a chemical catalyst. This exotic particle is thus able to continue the chain reaction until it is eventually captured by the alpha or undergoes beta -decay. Up to now nearly 150 fusions per muon have been observed, releasing about 2.5 GeV of energy. Muon-catalyzed fusion presents a fascinating problem in cross-disciplinary physics and may be a possible source of energy. (32 References).
A. K. Bhatia and RJ. Drachman, "Polarizabilities and other properties of the td mu molecular ion," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 79, no. 9, pp. 1149--58, 2001.
Abstract: Wave functions of the Hylleraas type were used earlier to calculate energy levels of muonic systems. Recently, we found in the case of the molecular ions H/sub 2//sup +/, D/sub 2//sup +/, and HD/sup +/ that it was necessary to include high powers of the internuclear distance in the Hylleraas functions to localize the nuclear motion when treating the ions as three-body systems without invoking the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. We tried the same approach in a muonic system, td/ mu /sup -/ (triton, deuteron, and muon). Improved convergence was obtained for J=0 and I states for shorter expansions when we used this type of generalized Hylleraas function, but as the expansion length increased the high powers were no longer useful. We obtained good energy values for the two lowest J=0 and I states and compared them with the best earlier calculations. Expectation values were obtained for various operators, the Fermi contact parameters, and the permanent quadrupole moment. The cusp conditions were also calculated. The polarizability of the ground state was then calculated using second-order perturbation theory with intermediate J=1 pseudostates. (It should be possible to measure the polarizability by observing Rydberg states of atoms with td mu /sup -/ acting as the nucleus.) In addition, the initial sticking probability (an essential quantity in the analysis of union catalyzed fusion) was calculated and compared with earlier results. (13 References).
A. Bhattacharya, M. M. Panja, and B. Talukdar, "Atomic anapole moments in the electroweak theory," Physical Review A, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 4963--5, 1995.
Abstract: The role of anapole moments (a) arising from the P-violating and T-invariant theory of electron-nucleon interactions in the atom is examined. The standard model of the electroweak theory is used to compute numbers for |a| for alkali-metal atoms and muonic hydrogen. The physical implications of the results obtained are discussed. (17 References).
S. Bhattacharyya, L. Chatterjee, and T. Roy, "mu -atom energy levels-revisited," Indian Journal of Physics, Part B, vol. 57B, no. 1, pp. 80-4, 1983.
Abstract: Muonic atoms have been studied in the framework of a cut-off type potential V(r) such that V(r)=-ze/sup 2/2/r outside the nuclear radius, and V(r)=(kr/sup 2/+constant) within the nuclear boundary. The energy values agree well with those obtained by other authors. (4 References).
W. S. Bian, X. Zhao, Y. G. Wang, and Y. X. Wang, "Direct solution of the Schrodinger equation for some muonic molecules," Chem. Phys., vol. 242, pp. 195-202, 1999.
Abstract: We use the hyperspherical harmonic method developed by us to directly solve the Schrodinger equation for some muonic molecules without recourse to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. In our method, a kind of simplified potential harmonic representation derived by us is used, and analytic expressions for all matrix elements are obtained; the generalized Laguerre function expansion method is used in the solution of the coupled differential equations. The practical calculations yield very good results for the energy. For example, we obtain a ground-state energy of - 0.055623 pau for pp mu, - 0.029884 dau for dd mu, and -0.020521 tau for tt mu, in good agreement with the exact values of -0.055676 pau, - 0.029921 dau, and - 0.020553 tau. The calculated energy values for the first excited states of pp mu, dd mu, tt mu are also reported. It is shown that, the potential harmonic representation we used is simple and convenient, and the convergence of the basis functions is uniform and rather rapid. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A. Bianchetti, P. Hauser, H. Hofer, F. Kottmann, C. Luchinger, R. Scharen, and L. Simons, "Laser resonance experiment with muonic helium ions," Psi Nuclear & Particle Physics Newsletter, no. , pp. 67-8, 1990.
Abstract: This last run using the 'muon bottle' was one of the highlights in the 15-years-history of this device. The authors have searched for laser-induced 2s-2p transitions in mu /sup 4/He-ions at the wavelength predicted by the old CERN experiment. The performance of the apparatus has been improved considerably in the last years by using the 'slab' laser system developed at PSI and elaborate diagnostics for the laser beam in the muon bottle. The result of a preliminary analysis is that any positive effect at the given wavelength can be excluded with a confidence level of several sigma 's. (5 References).
S. Bianco and others, "The DEAR case," Rivista Del Nuovo Cimento, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1--46, 1999.
H. Bichsel and M. Inokuti, "Difference in stopping power for protons and deuterons of a given speed," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, vol. 134, pp. 161-164, 1998.
Abstract: Kinematic limits on the momentum transfer depend weakly on the particle mass M, and lead to a small correction proportional to 1/M to the Bethe electronic stopping number. For protons, the magnitude of the correction seems to be too small to allow unequivocal detection within the precision of current measurements. For muons, the effect would be larger. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
F. Bienz, P. Bergem, M. Boschung, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, G. Piller, W. Reichart, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, and G. Torelli, "Transfer of negative muons from hydrogen to argon in gaseous H/sub 2/+Ar mixtures at high pressure," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 21, no. 15, pp. 2725--35, 1988.
Abstract: The transfer rate of negative muons from the 1s state of hydrogen to argon has been measured in H/sub 2/+Ar gas mixtures at total pressures of 100 and 140 bar and argon concentrations C (Ar/H/sub 2/) of 6*10/sup -4/ and 20*10/sup -4/. The reduced transfer rates have been found to be independent of the total pressure and of the argon concentration. The mean reduced transfer rate obtained, Lambda /sub pAr/=(1.46+or-0.05)*10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/, is compared with the rates measured by other authors. (18 References).
S. M. Bilenkii, van Kh'eu Nguyen, L. L. Nemenov, and FG. Tkebuchava, "Production and decay of ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/) atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 812--14, 1969.
Abstract: Production of ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/) atoms in reactions involving hadrons and gamma quanta is considered. The decay of such systems is also considered. Atoms produced by pi and K mesons, are discussed.
R. Bimbot, C. Cabot, D. Gardes, H. Gauvin, and M. F. Rivet, "Differences in the energy responses of thick silicon detectors for protons and alpha--particles," Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 156, pp. 447--449, 1978.
G. F. Bin'ko, V. N. Grebenev, YuB Gurov, V. P. Dzhelepov, YuP Dobretsov, V. G. Zinov, V. G. Kirillov-Ugryumov, A. A. Maloletnev, A. L. Mikaelyan, A. P. Pichugin, V. V. Fil'chenkov, and NN. Khal'ko, "Measurement of the residual polarization of negative muons in gaseous deuterium at a pressure of 10 atm," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 476--9, 1989.
Abstract: The residual polarization of negative muons was measured using an apparatus with a gas target filled with deuterium to a pressure of 10 atm. A value of P/sub mu /=7.2+or-2.1% was obtained. This value is in agreement with the theory. The measurements were carried out in a muon beam of the JINR phasotron. (11 References).
G. F. Bin'ko, YuP Dobretsov, V. N. Grebenev, YuB Gurov, V. G. Kirillov-Ugryumov, A. A. Maloletnev, A. L. Mikaelyan, and AP. Pichugin, "Formation of the muonic HF molecule during the stopping of negative muons in a neon-hydrogen mixture," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 741--5, 1993.
Abstract: The residual polarization of negative muons has been measured by the mu SR method in an apparatus with a gaseous target, either pure neon or a Ne+H/sub 2/ mixture, at room temperature in a transverse magnetic field of 200 G. In pure neon (24 atm) a precession of the polarization of the muon frequency was not observed. The measured asymmetry coefficient in the mixture Ne (24 atm)+H/sub 2/ (16 atm) is 0.59+or-0.09%. The results are explained in terms of the formation of a muonic HF molecule. The results show that it is possible to use polarized negative muons to study fast physical and chemical processes in the gas phase. (11 References).
G. F. Bin'ko, V. N. Grebenev, YuP Dobretsov, V. G. Kirillov-Ugriumov, A. A. Maloletnev, A. L. Mikaelyan, and AP. Pichugin, "Observation of muonic HF molecule formation with TF mu /sup -/SR," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 87, no. 1-4, pp. 905--10, 1994.
Abstract: Negative muon polarization has been measured in pure gaseous Ne (24 atm) and in Ne+H/sub 2/ mixtures (24 atm Ne+1.8 atm H/sub 2/, 8 atm H/sub 2/ and 16 atm H/sub 2/). The experiment was performed at JINR (Dubna) on a mu SR-spectrometer with 200 G transverse magnetic field at room temperature. In pure Ne no polarization was observed (a/sub 0/=0.09+or-0.1%) while in Ne+H/sub 2/ mixtures clear precession signals were detected at the free-muon frequency with asymmetries a/sub 1.8/=0.33+or-0.13%, a/sub 8/=0.33+or-0.14% and a/sub 16/=0.59+or-0.09%. The fact that polarization appears in the muonic HF molecule shows that at the moment of the molecule formation (t approximately 10/sup -10/ s) the muon is not completely depolarized. The estimate of the reaction constant k=(2.3+or-1.6)*10/sup -11/ cm/sup 3/ s/sup -1/ agrees with the experimental values obtained by other methods. The result achieved demonstrates that mu /sup -/SR-method can be applied for studying fast kinetics processes in the gas phase and in particular for measuring chemical reaction rates of halogen atoms and ions. (10 References).
B. L. Birbrair and YuA. Kalashnikov, "Influence of nuclear structure on widths of pi -atomic terms," Journal of Physics G, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. L145-8, 1980.
Abstract: The authors calculate the widths of 2p and 3d pi -atomic states in the nuclei /sup 12/C, /sup 16/O, /sup 32/S, /sup 40/Ar, /sup 40-48/Ca, /sup 46-50/Ti and /sup 52/Cr assuming the 'two-nucleon' mechanism to be the doorway process for nuclear pion absorption. The results are in good agreement with experiment. (11 References).
B. L. Birbrair and YuA. Kalashnikov, "Excitation of two nucleons into the continuum as a doorway process for bound-pion absorption by nuclei," Journal of Physics G , vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 1531--45, 1982.
Abstract: The problem of bound-pion absorption by nuclei has been studied in a semimicroscopic way. Calculations of the widths of the 1s, 2p and 3d levels in /sup 12/C, /sup 14/N, /sup 16-18/O, /sup 19/F, /sup 20/Ne, /sup 23/Na, /sup 24-26/Mg, /sup 27/Al, /sup 28/Si, /sup 31/P, /sup 32/S, /sup 35/Cl, /sup 39/K, /sup 40/Ar, /sup 40-48/Ca, /sup 46-50/Ti, /sup 51/V and /sup 52/Cr and the 4f level in /sup 209/Bi pi /sup -/-atoms based on the nuclear self-consistent theory of Birbrair et al. (1978) and Alkhazov et al. (1978) are performed assuming that the 'two-nucleon' mechanism is the doorway process for nuclear pion absorption (Birbrair and Kalashnikov). Both P and S absorption mechanisms together with their interference are included here. This enables us to calculate the widths of the 1s levels where S absorption dominates. The results are in good agreement with experiment. (15 References).
B. L. Birbrair, V. N. Fomenko, A. B. Gridnev, and YuA. Kalashnikov, "Pionic atoms and the problem of pion condensation," Journal of Physics G , vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 1473--86, 1983.
Abstract: Recently it was shown that the nuclear stability against pion condensation can be caused by interference between pseudovector and pseudoscalar pi N interactions. The authors determined the value of the mixing parameter x from the transition energies between pi -mesoatomic states in nuclei from /sup 12/C to /sup 209/Bi as x=-0.32+or-0.01. For such values of x the nuclear matter is close to pion condensation at densities 0.25n/sub 0/[left angle bracket]or=n[left angle bracket]or=0.5n/sub 0/ where n/sub 0/ is the ground-state density. (32 References).
B. L. Birbrair, A. B. Gridnev, and YuA. Kalashnikov, "Continuous-spectrum pi /sup -/ meson capture in the lower /sup 208/Pb mesoatomic states," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 63--5, 1991.
Abstract: A method is proposed for populating deep states in heavy pi /sup -/ mesoatoms that are not seen in gamma cascades because of strong upper-level pion absorption. Calculations have been performed on the cross sections of the proposed reactions involving the population of 1s and 2p states in /sup 208/Pb. (6 References).
B. L. Birbrair and AB. Gridnev, "Relativistic approach to pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A528, no. 3-4, pp. 647--54, 1991.
Abstract: A significant additional s-wave repulsion in the pion-nucleus optical potential appears in the impulse approximation when the nuclear relativism is taken into account. (7 References).
P. M. Bird, A. S. Clough, K. R. Parker, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, S. Baird, C. J. Batty, A. I. Kilvington, F. M. Russell, and P. Sharman, "Kaonic hydrogen atom X-rays," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A404, no. 3, pp. 482--94, 1983.
Abstract: The X-ray spectrum obtained with kaons stopping in liquid hydrogen has been measured. Possible candidates for X-ray lines from kaonic hydrogen atoms have been identified and the results compared with previous experiments and with theoretical predictions. X-ray lines from Sigma /sup -/p atoms may also have been observed. (9 References).
D. M. Bishop and AM. Frolov, "Bound states in Coulomb three-body symmetric systems," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 96, no. 9, pp. 7186--7, 1992.
Abstract: The authors present calculations for /sup infinity /He, dd mu , and tt mu . The isotopic shifts with respect to /sup infinity /He for the 3D states of the He atom are calculated directly without using perturbation theory to account for the mass polarisation operator. They also discuss the problem related to the presence of the /sup 1/D state in the Ps/sup -/ ion. (10 References).
D. M. Bishop, A. M. Frolov, and VH Jr. Smith, "Properties of the bound S states (L=0) in Coulomb three-body systems with unit charges," Physical Review A, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 3636--44, 1995.
Abstract: Various energetic, geometric, and other properties for the ground and first vibrationally excited S states (L=0) of Coulomb three-body systems having unit charges are obtained by means of accurate exponential wave functions. The mass dependence of the properties for these systems has a relatively smooth form for the ground states. The results presented should be useful as a basis for further investigation of these three-body systems. The prethreshold (weakly bound) exotic nonsymmetric systems (d/sup +/t/sup +/p/sup -/, mu /sup +/ pi /sup +/ mu /sup -/, and mu /sup +/ pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/) considered have sharp cluster structures, i.e., the lighter positive ion moves in the field of the neutral pair (e.g., d/sup +/ in d/sup +/t/sup +/p/sup -/ moves in the field of t/sup +/p/sup -/). (31 References).
G. S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan, M. A. Rudzskii, and ZF. Seidov, "Nonequilibrium beta-processes and the role of excited nuclear states," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 1621--30, 1974.
Abstract: Electron cparue by heavy nuclei is calculated on basis of the gas model of the nucleus by taking into account excited states of the final nucleus. Results of experiments on muon capture by nuclei in mesoatoms are used for determining the value of the matrix element. The cross section for neutrino capture by heavy nuclei is calculated within the framework of the same model and it is demonstrated that with a large probability capture of neutrinos with energies E/sub v/[right angle bracket]or approximately=30 MeV should involve ejection of the neutron from the excited nucleus. This fact may be important for recording neutrinos. (18 References).
J. A. Bistirlich, K. M. Crowe, ASL Parsons, P. Skarek, and P. Truoel, "Radiative pion capture in /sup 12/C," Physical Review Letters, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 689--93, 1970.
Abstract: The spectrum of high-energy gamma rays following the capture of negative pions in /sup 12/C was measured with high resolution. The observed structure in the giant resonance region is the first direct experimental proof of the influence of collective excitations in radiative pion capture. This supports recent theories concerning the analogy between this process and muon capture. (17 References).
M. Bittner, A. Meister, D. Ohms, E. Paffrath, D. Rahner, R. Shwierz, D. Seeliger, K. Wiesener, and P. Wustner, "Method for investigation of fusion reactions in condensed matter," in Proceedings of the XIX-th International Symposium on Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Processes in Fusion Reactors, (D. Seeliger, ed.), pp. 221-34, 1989.
Abstract: A method for systematic studies of the DD-fusion neutron production in condensed matter is presented. This method bases on relative, long-time measurements between both different cells with electrolytically charged palladium cylinders and background (empty position). The statistical methods used for data analysis are presented, which allow the identification of even very small effects. One example is shown, for which a definite counting rate difference of about three counts per hour over 100 hours is evident. From long-time measurements with a big palladium slab after its active phase an upper limit on the cosmic ray muon catalyzed fusion can be set. (12 References).
A. Blaer, J. French, A. M. Sachs, M. May, and E. Zavattini, "Measurement of K X-rays from muonic helium formed in a low-density target in an intense pulsed muon beam," Physical Review A, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 158--62, 1989.
Abstract: An experiment was constructed to measure the contribution of vacuum polarization (in quantum electrodynamics (QED)) to the 3d-3p energy difference in muonic helium. Major features of the experimental apparatus included design and construction of a pulsed beam of stopping muons with the highest instantaneous intensity available, a laser system producing multijoule pulses from doubly isotopic CO/sub 2/ gas, a cavity to trap the laser light in 3 atm of helium, and Si(Li) detectors to measure the helium X-rays. The number of stimulated X-rays accumulated was not sufficient to permit a statistically significant QED measurement, but the results demonstrate the feasibility of laser spectroscopy in a pulsed muon beam. The intensities of separate K X-ray lines in muonic helium were measured at 1 and 3 atm for comparison with recent theories of pressure effects on the muon cascade. (9 References).
F. Blanc, "Measurement of the K$^0_e3$ form factor in the CPLEAR experiment", 1998.
K. Blaum, B. A. Bushaw, S. Diel, C. Geppert, A. Kuschnick, P. Muller, W. Nortershauser, A. Schmitt, and K. Wendt, "Isotope shifts and hyperfine structure in the Xe4f/sup 7/5d6s/sup 29/D/sub J/ to Xe4f/sup 7/5d6s6p/sup 9/F/sub J+1/ transitions of gadolinium," European Physical Journal D, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 37--44, 2000.
Abstract: High-resolution resonance ionization mass spectrometry has been used to measure isotope shifts and hyperfine structure in all Xe4f/sup 7/5d6s/sup 29/D/sub J/ to Xe4f/sup 7/5d6s6p/sup 9/F/sub J+1/(J=2-6) and the Xe4f/sup 7/5d6s/sup 29/D/sub 6/ to Xe4f/sup 7/5d6s6p/sup 9/D/sub 5/ transitions of gadolinium (Gd I). Gadolinium atoms in an atomic beam were excited with a tunable single-frequency laser in the wavelength range of 422-429 nm. Resonant excitation was followed by photoionization with the 363.8 nm line of an argon ion laser and resulting ions were mass separated and detected with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Isotope shifts for all stable gadolinium isotopes in these transitions have been measured for the first time. Additionally, the hyperfine structure constants of the upper states have been derived for the isotopes /sup 155,157/Gd and are compared with previous work. Using prior experimental values for the mean nuclear charge radii, derived from the combination of muonic atoms and electron scattering data, field shift and specific mass shift coefficients for the investigated transitions have been determined and nuclear charge parameters lambda for the minor isotopes /sup 152,154/Gd have been calculated. (37 References).
M. Blecher, S. Ahmad, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, R. A. Burnham, ETH Clifford, P. Depommier, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, A. J. Larabee, J. A. Macdonald, H. Mes, T. Numao, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, J. Summhammer, C. W. Waltham, and DH. Wright, "Radiative muon capture on carbon, oxygen, and calcium," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 13, no. , pp. 322-4, 1990.
Abstract: The pseudoscalar coupling strength, g/sub p/, induced by the strong force in semi-leptonic reactions is particularly sensitive to radiative muon capture (RMC) rates. RMC measurements on nuclei, mu /sup -/Z to (Z-l) nu gamma are experimentally easy to measure since most muons capture rather than decay (unlike in hydrogen). However, the final nuclear response is not well known. Also the possibility exists that non-nucleonic degrees of freedom may modify the elementary interaction and be observable as a renormalized value for g/sub p/. The free nucleon value, g/sub p/ (q/sup 2/=-0.88 m/sub mu //sup 2/) approximately=7g/sub A/, is predicted in terms of the axial vector coupling constant by the Goldberger-Treiman relation. A recent review of the experimental data indicates an upward renormalization in light nuclei and a downward renormalization in heavy nuclei. In order to investigate such effects and to study the problems related to an RMC measurement on the proton, RMC rates on C, O, and Ca have been measured at TRIUMF. (17 References).
M. Blecher, S. Ahmad, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, C. Q. Chen, P. Depommier, Egidy T. von, T. P. Gorringe, P. Gumplinger, M. D. Hasinoff, R. Henderson, G. Jonkmans, A. J. Larabee, J. A. Macdonald, S. C. McDonald, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, D. G. Sample, W. Schott, G. N. Taylor, D. H. Wright, and NS. Zhang, "Measurement of the induced pseudoscalar coupling via radiative muon capture on hydrogen," in Few-Body Systems Supplementum, pp. 87-91, 1991.
Abstract: The authors present measurements of the pseudoscalar coupling g/sub p/ using the mu /sup -/p to nu n gamma reaction. Brief experimental details are presented and detailed results are given. (9 References).
M. Blecher, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, C. Q. Chen, P. Depommier, B. Doyle, T. P. Gorringe, P. Gumplinger, M. D. Hasinoff, G. Jonkmans, A. J. Larabee, J. A. Macdonald, S. C. McDonald, M. Munro, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, D. G. Sample, E. Saettler, C. M. Sigler, G. N. Taylor, S. Veillette, and DH. Wright, "Measurement of the pseudoscalar coupling via radiative muon capture on hydrogen," in Pan XIII. Particles and Nuclei. 13th International Conference, (A. Pascolini, ed.), pp. 605-6, 1994.
Abstract: The branching ratio for radiative muon capture (RMC) on hydrogen, mu /sup -/p to nu /sub mu /n gamma , is particularly sensitive to the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant. Due to its small value (1.5*10/sup -8/) and the presence of many backgrounds, no previous measurement has been attempted. A large acceptance, medium momentum resolution pair spectrometer has been constructed at TRIUMF in order to detect photons from RMC. The main backgrounds and the methods which discriminate them are discussed. Measurements of the pseudoscalar coupling are presented. (6 References).
M. Blecher, A. Ahmad, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, C. Q. Chen, P. Depommier, B. C. Doyle, Egidy T. von, T. P. Gorringe, P. Gumplinger, M. D. Hasinoff, D. Healey, G. Jonkmans, A. J. Larabee, J. A. Macdonald, S. C. McDonald, M. Munro, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, D. G. Sample, E. Saettler, C. Sigler, G. N. Taylor, D. H. Wright, and NS. Zhang, "Radiative muon capture on hydrogen," in Yamada Conference XL IV. Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei, (H. Ejiri, T. Kishimoto, and T. Sato, eds.), pp. 334--9, 1995.
Abstract: The first observation of the elementary process mu /sup -/p to nu /sub mu /n gamma is reported. The muons stopped in purified liquid hydrogen and captured mainly on the ortho p mu p molecule. The photons were converted to pairs which were analysed in a magnetic spectrometer. This reaction is sensitive to the pseudoscalar coupling constant, found to be: g/sub p/(q/sup 2/=-0.88 m/sub mu //sup 2/)=(10.0+or-0.9+or-0.3)g/sub a/(0). This value of g/sub p/, determined from the photon energy spectrum using a perturbation theory calculation based on tree-level Feynman diagrams, is ~1.5 times the predicted value. The first error is the quadrature sum of statistical and systematic errors, while the second error is due to the uncertainty in lambda /sub ap/, the decay rate of the ortho to para p mu p molecule. (8 References).
E. J. Bleser, L. Lederman, J. Rosen, J. Rothberg, and E. Zavattini, "µ--Mesonic molecules in liquid hydrogen," Physical Review Letters, vol. 8, pp. 128--131, 1962.
E. J. Bleser and others, "Muonic molecules in liquid hydrogen," Physical Review, vol. 132, pp. 2679--2691, 1963.
A. H. Blin and G. Wolschin, "Muon-induced prompt fission of uranium," Physics Letters B, vol. 112B, no. 2, pp. 113--15, 1982.
Abstract: The prompt-fission probabilities of muonic /sup 238/U in radiationless dipole and quadrupole transitions of the muon are calculated. The 3d to 1s transition is found to dominate, in agreement with experiment. A measured drastic enhancement in the Gamma /sub n/ Gamma /sub f/ ratio compared to photofission data is reproduced in terms of the increase of the fission barrier in the presence of the muon. (15 References).
J. Blocki, Z. Sujkowski, and M. Zielinska-Pfabe, "Penetrability of nuclear fission barrier for muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 42B, no. 4, pp. 415--18, 1972.
Abstract: The nuclear fission penetrability for muonic atoms is calculated as a function of excitation energy. The results obtained for /sup 234,236,238/U and /sup 240/Pu are compared with the fission of normal atoms. (10 References).
L. D. Blokhintsev and AM. Mukhamedzhanov, "Few-body problems in nuclear astrophysics. Asymptotic behaviour of bound state wave functions in two-body channels and radiative capture reactions," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 801-4, 1995.
Abstract: Few-body problems of astrophysical direct radiative capture reactions are discussed. At astrophysical energies these reactions are peripheral and governed by the asymptotics of the many-particle bound state wave function in the two-body channel. The role of the normalization coefficient of this tail and methods to calculate it are discussed. New anomalous asymptotics have been found in few-body approach what gives rise to the new mechanism of radiative capture and can influence nuclear astrophysical reactions, muon-catalysed fusion and electron screening. (5 References).
I. Blokland, A. Czarnecki, and K. Melnikov, "Expansion of bound-state energies in powers of m/M and (1-m/M)," Physical Review D, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 073015/1-9, 2002.
Abstract: Elaborating on a previous Letter [A. Czarnecki and K. Melnikov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 013001 (2001)], we use a new approach to compute energy levels of a nonrelativistic bound state of two constituents, with masses m and M, by systematic expansions-one in powers of m/M and another in powers of (1-m/M). Technical aspects of the calculations are described in detail. Theoretical predictions are given for O( alpha (Z alpha )/sup 5/) radiative recoil and O((Z alpha )/sup 6/) pure recoil corrections to the average energy shift and hyperfine splitting relevant for hydrogen, muonic hydrogen, and muonium. (28 References).
R. Blomquist, M. Eckhause, F. R. Kane, J. R. Kane, P. Martin, G. H. Miller, W. W. Sapp, C. B. Spence, and RE. Welsh, "Nuclear gamma rays in /sup 19/F following stopping pions," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B19, no. 2, pp. 632--6, 1970.
Abstract: The yield per stopped pion of 197 and 109 keV gamma -rays in CF/sub 2/ has been found to depend on target thickness. The probable excitation mechanism and methods to reduce such yields in studies of muonic and pionic atoms are discussed. More precise determinations of the energies of the first and second excited states of /sup 19/F are listed. (11 References).
J. Blomqvist, "Vacuum polarization in exotic atoms," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B48, no. 1, pp. 95--103, 1972.
Abstract: The e/sup +/e/sup -/ vacuum polarization potential around a point charge Ze is given in explicit form to orders alpha Z alpha , alpha /sup 2/Z alpha and alpha (Z alpha )/sup 3/. The potentials are expanded in series of powers of r and log r. The energy of the 5g/sub 9/2/ to 4f/sub 7/2/ transition in muonic Pb is evaluated. The deviation from the observed energy is found to be smaller than in previous calculations. (20 References).
SD. Bloom, "Difference in the electronic and fission decay modes for muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 48B, no. 5, pp. 420--2, 1974.
Abstract: A simple model is presented which predicts a difference in the electronic and fission decays of ground-state muonic heavy atoms. It is interpretable in terms of the relative population of two nuclear states: the isomeric fission state and the ground state. The application of the model to /sup 238/U indicates there could be a significant population of the isomeric state at the end of the muonic atomic cascade. (8 References).
B. Blum, "A phenomenological approach for a pi /sup -/ meson nucleus potential," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B23, no. 1, pp. 155--67, 1970.
Abstract: The observed level shifts and widths of pi -mesic atoms are described in terms of an optical potential between the pion and the nucleus. A special form of this potential is proposed: herein the microscopic picture of the scattering and absorption of pions by bound nucleons served as a guideline; the parameters, however, are chosen freely to give a best fit to the experimental data. It turns out that only three parameters are necessary to describe satisfactorily the available data for all known 2p-1s and 3d-2p transitions. (19 References).
S. J. Blundell, "Spin-polarized muons in condensed matter physics," Contemp. Phys., vol. 40, pp. 175-192, 1999.
Abstract: A positive muon is a spin-1/2 particle. Beams of muons with all their spills polarized can be prepared and subsequently implanted in various types of condensed matter. The subsequent precession and relaxation of their spins call then be used to investigate a variety of static and dynamic effects in a sample and hence to deduce properties concerning magnetism, superconductivity, and molecular dynamics. Though strictly a lepton, and behaving essentially like a heavy electron, it is convenient to think of a muon as a light proton, and it is often found with a captured electron in a hydrogen-like atom known as muonium. This article outlines the principles of various experimental techniques which involve implanted muons and describes some recent applications. The use of muons in condensed matter physics has shed new light oil subjects as diver se as passivation in semiconductors, frustrated spin systems, vortex lattice melting, and quantum diffusion of light particles.
I. Bobodyanov, "On the multiplicity of neutrons produced by mu -capture," Acta Physica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, vol. 29, no. , pp. 151-2, 1970.
Abstract: On the basis of the measured neutron multiplicities nu , due to muon capture in Fe, Cu, Zn, Sb and Pb the empirical dependence of nu upon A, the atomic number of the nucleus, has been found to be nu =(0.30+or-0.02) A/sup 1/3/. (6 References).
V. D. Bobrov and others, "Capture of negative muons by atoms in a chemical compound," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 48, pp. 1197--1199, 1965.
J. Böcklin and others, "A large--area xenon gas scintillation proportional counter (GSPC) with timing information for the detection of low energy muonic x--rays," Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 176, pp. 105--109, 1980.
J. A. Böcklin, "Suche nach dem metastabilen 2S-Zustand im myonischen Wasserstoff bei tiefen Gasdrucken", 1982.
F. Boehm, A. Hahn, H. E. Henrikson, J. Miller, R. J. Powers, P. Vogel, J. L. Vuilleumier, and KC. Wang, "Determination of strong interaction widths and shifts of pionic X-rays with a crystal spectrometer," Physical Review Letters, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 215--18, 1977.
Abstract: The use of a curved crystal spectrometer in conjunction with a synchrocyclotron proton beam in studying transitions in light pionic atoms is described. The line widths and shifts of 3d-2p pionic X-ray transitions, in the strong interactions range, have been obtained for F, Mg and Na using a 600 MeV external proton beam. The results are compared with standard optical model calculations for pion-nucleus systems. (7 References).
M. C. Boehm and J. Schuett, "Peculiarities in the quantum statistics of pi electron systems," Physics Letters A, vol. 232, no. 1-2, pp. 106--14, 1997.
Abstract: The peculiarities in the quantum statistics of pi electron systems are analyzed by comparing pi energies derived for the conventional fermionic (fe) ensemble with so-called hard core bosonic (hcb) energies, hcb ensembles combine fermionic on-site and bosonic intersite properties. They obey the Pauli exclusion principle (PEP) but not the Pauli antisymmetry principle (PAP). In the present study we extend our previous theoretical findings evaluated for one-dimensional (1D) model structures to 2D arrangements realized in hydrocarbon pi molecules. Topological electronic ordering principles which have been derived for 1D order can be transferred to 2D networks. It is demonstrated that pi systems are destabilized with increasing deviations from the hcb boundary. In the annulene series this destabilization occurs in the 4n anti-Hueckel rings (n=1, 2, 3,...). The competition between quantum constraints (PEP, PAP) and the two-electron interaction of pi Hamiltonians on the energy of pi systems is discussed. Numerical results are given for the Pariser-Parr-Pople, Hubbard and Hueckel molecular orbital pi Hamiltonians. (20 References).
A. M. Boesgaard and G. Steigman, "Big ban nucleosynthesis: theories and observations," Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 23, pp. 319--378, 1985.
A. Jr. Bogan, "Spectrum and asymmetry of direct neutrons from muon capture in calcium," Physical Review Letters, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 71--6, 1969.
Abstract: The energy spectrum and asymmetry of neutrons emitted directly on the capture of polarized muons by /sup 40/Ca have been calculated in a simple nuclear shell model, taking account of terms proportional to the nucleon momentum. The energy spectrum is within the error brackets of recent experiments with the nucleon- momentum terms making a small contribution. The asymmetry coefficient is strongly affected by the inclusion of the momentum-dependent terms and is found to change sign and increase in magnitude with energy, in qualitative agreement with recent experiments. (29 References).
JR. Bogan, "Spectrum and asymmetry of high energy neutrons emitted in the absorption of polarized muons," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B12, no. 1, pp. 89--109, 1969.
Abstract: The rate of production and the asymmetry of neutrons emitted directly with the capture of polarized muons have been expressed in terms of single-nucleon integrals. This expression takes account of momentum-dependent terms to first order in the muon capture Hamiltonian and is suitable for calculations involving general neutron wave functions. When plane waves in nuclear matter are assumed for the neutron wave function, the calculated intensities and asymmetries are in agreement with recent experiments on silicon, sulfur and calcium. The momentum-dependent terms strongly affect the asymmetry but not the intensity, whereas the nuclear model seems to affect the intensity but not the asymmetry. (29 References).
L. N. Bogdanova, V. E. Markushin, V. S. Melezhik, and L. I. Ponomarev, "Nuclear synthesis reaction in the muonic molecule dtµ," JINR Preprint E4--80--819, 1980.
L. N. Bogdanova, V. E. Markushin, L. I. Ponomarev, and VS. Melezhik, "Nuclear synthesis reaction in mesic molecule dt mu," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 1191--206, 1981.
Abstract: The rate lambda /sub f//sup J nu / of synthesis reaction d+t to n+/sup 4/He from different states (J nu ) of dt mu molecule and the shifts Delta epsilon /sub J nu / of dt mu levels due to nuclear dt interaction are calculated. The wave functions of dt mu mesic molecule found in the adiabatic representation of the three-body problem and the generalized optical potential reproducing the dt scattering and reaction data are used. (36 References).
L. N. Bogdanova, V. E. Markushin, and VS. Melezhik, "Nuclear widths and shifts of the dt mu mesic molecule levels," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 829--41, 1981.
Abstract: The nuclear widths Gamma /sup Jv/ and shifts Delta E/sup Jv/ of the (Jv) levels of the dt mu mesic molecule due to resonant interaction between the d and t in the s wave are expressed in terms of the cross section for the d+t to n+/sup 4/He reaction. It is found that the effect of nuclear resonance /sup 5/He*(/sup 3///sub 2//sup +/) on the spectrum of the mesic molecular states is weak due to the small probability of the d and t being in the region of action of the nuclear forces in the dt mu mesic molecule and to the large inelastic resonance width. The values of the nuclear widths and shifts are the same as those calculated by using the generalized optical potential corresponding to the problem of coupled dt-n/sup 4/He channels. (16 References).
L. N. Bogdanova, V. E. Markushin, V. S. Melezhik, and LI. Ponomarev, "Lifetime of the mesic molecule dt mu," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 1615--22, 1982.
Abstract: A lifetime of tau approximately=10/sup -11/ sec is calculated for the mesic molecule dt mu produced resonantly in the excited rotational-vibrational state J= nu =1. (22 References).
L. N. Bogdanova, V. E. Markushin, V. S. Melezhik, and LI. Ponomarev, "The nuclear fusion in the muonic molecule dd mu and the charge symmetry violation in the low energy dd interaction," Physics Letters B, vol. 115B, no. 3, pp. 171--3, 1982.
Abstract: The rate lambda /sub f/=1.0*10/sup 9/ s/sup -1/ of the nuclear fusion in the dd mu molecule is calculated. It is shown that the ratio of the neutron to the proton yield equals the ratio of the p-wave cross sections of the d(d,n)/sup 3/He and d(d,p)t reactions near the dd threshold. (24 References).
L. N. Bogdanova, V. E. Markushin, V. S. Melezhik, L. I. Menshikov, and LI. Ponomarev, "Muon sticking to helium in the muon catalyzed fusion dd mu to mu /sup 3/He+n," Physics Letters B, vol. 161B, no. 1-3, pp. 1--4, 1985.
Abstract: The coefficient of muon sticking to helium in the nuclear fusion reaction dd mu to mu /sup 3/He+n from the states (Iv)=(11) and (Iv)=(10) of the mesic molecule dd mu is calculated: omega /sub s//sup 0/=0.133. The mesic molecule wave functions used include the non-adiabatic effects in the motion of the nuclei. With the shaking off of the muons taken into account the sticking probability omega /sub s/=0.12 is in good agreement with the experimental value omega /sub s/=0.126+or-0.004. (17 References).
L. N. Bogdanova, L. Bracci, G. Fiorentini, S. S. Gerstein, V. E. Markushin, V. S. Melezhik, L. I. Menshikov, and LI. Ponomarev, "The probability of muon sticking to helium in the muon-catalyzed fusion dt mu to mu -/sup 4/He+n," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A454, no. 3-4, pp. 653--68, 1986.
Abstract: In the sudden perturbation approximation, the probability of muon sticking to helium, omega /sub S//sup 0/, is found to equal 0.848*10/sup -2/ in the reaction dt mu to mu alpha +n. In calculations the authors use accurate wave functions of the mesic molecule dt mu obtained in the adiabatic representation of the three-body problem. Corrections to the sudden approximation do not exceed 3%. In view of a subsequent shaking-off of muons during deceleration of mu alpha , the resulting sticking probability omega /sub s/ equals 0.58*10/sup -2/. (29 References).
LN. Bogdanova, "Nuclear fusion in hydrogen isotope mesic molecules," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 359--76, 1988.
Abstract: A review is given of theoretical studies of nuclear fusion in mesic molecules dt mu , dd mu , tt mu , pd mu , pt mu . Methods and results of calculations of fusion rates from various mesic molecular states and probabilities of reaction channels, including these with muon sticking to the charged reaction products are discussed. The contributions from various mesic molecular states to fusion are found with mesic molecular cascade processes included, and effective fusion rates are obtained. (49 References).
L. N. Bogdanova, YuA Kuperin, A. A. Kvitsinsky, V. E. Markushin, S. P. Merkuriev, and LI. Ponomarev, "Non-radiative fusion in pd mu mesic molecule," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 377--87, 1988.
Abstract: Non-radiative capture of the proton by the deuteron in pf mu mesic molecule is considered. Three-body wave functions obtained in the modified Faddeev approach are used to describe both the bound state of /sup 3/He nucleus and the scattering one in the pd system. The rate of non-radiative fusion channel in pd mu mesic molecule is calculated. (25 References).
L. N. Bogdanova, V. E. Markushin, V. S. Melezhik, and LI. Ponomarev, "Effect of the nuclear interaction in the muonic molecule dt mu on the probability for the muon sticking to helium in the reaction dt mu to mu alpha +n," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1365--73, 1989.
Abstract: The effect of the nuclear interaction in the initial state of the reaction dt mu to mu alpha +n on the muonic molecule spectrum and wave function and on the probability for the muon sticking to the helium nucleus is studied. It is shown that these quantities change significantly only for a special choice of the interaction parameters for which rearrangement of the spectrum occurs. For realistic parameters of the nuclear dt interaction which reproduce the experimental data on the reaction d+t to n+ alpha and scattering d+t to d+t near threshold, the sticking probability omega /sub S/ for the J=0 state of the molecule dt mu differs insignificantly from the value omega /sub S//sup 0/ calculated for the purely Coulombic interaction, being only 3% larger. (30 References).
L. N. Bogdanova and VE. Markushin, "Nonradiative fusion in p mu t mesic molecule," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 103--7, 1989.
Abstract: The rates of muon conversion lambda /sub mu / and e/sup +/e/sup -/ pair production lambda /sub e-e-/ for the ground state of p mu t mesic molecule are calculated. (14 References).
L. Bogdanova and V. Markushin, "Nonradiative fusion in pt mu mesic molecule," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 508, no. , pp. 29c-34, 1990.
Abstract: The rates of muon conversion lambda /sub mu / and e/sup +/e/sup -/ pair production (e/sup +/e/sup -/) for the ground state of the pt mu mesic molecule are calculated. (13 References).
L. N. Bogdanova and VE. Markushin, "Nuclear fusion reactions in pd mu mesic molecules and kinetics of muon catalysis in hydrogen-deuterium mixtures," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 189--97, 1990.
Abstract: The kinetics of the muon catalyzed fusion in hydrogen-deuterium mixtures has been considered with hyperfine structure effects taken into account. The gamma-ray and muon yields from the reactions pd mu to mu /sup 3/He+ gamma , mu +/sup 3/He have been calculated as a function of the deuterium fraction with both doublet and quartet pd spin state contributions to the radiative fusion. A fair agreement with SIN/PSI experiments is obtained for the relative gamma yields, and a new interpretation of the Wolfenstein-Gerstein effect is given. The nonradiative fusion rate lambda /sub 1/2//sup mu /=(0.056+or-0.006)*10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/ is determined from old bubble chamber data on the absolute muon yield. (30 References).
LN. Bogdanova, "Muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) as a method for studying few nucleon systems," in Few-Body Systems Supplementum, pp. 314-25, 1991.
Abstract: The theoretical analysis of the methods to obtain information about the properties of few nucleon systems from the muon catalysis studies is presented. The kinetics of the mu CF processes in the hydrogen isotope mixture is considered and the observables in mu CF are related to the characteristics of the fusion reactions between hydrogen isotopes, e.g. the astrophysical S-factor in the E=0 limit. The kinetics of mu CF in HD mixture is discussed and the doublet and quartet pd spin state contributions to M1 pd radiative capture at rest is obtained from the analysis of gamma-ray yields in pd mu to mu /sup 3/He+ gamma reaction. The non-radiative fusion channel pd mu to mu +/sup 3/He is analyzed and the E0 transition matrix element is determined from the data on the absolute muon yields. The possibility to extract the M1 pd radiative capture constant and the E0 matrix element of /sup 4/He*(0+) excitation is explained. (46 References).
L. N. Bogdanova, G. M. Hale, and V. E. Markushin, "Muon catalysis and fusion reactions at low energies," Los Alamos Preprint LA--UR--93--1883, 1993.
L. .N Bogdanova, S. S. Gershtein, and L. I. Ponomarev, "Nuclear Fusion in d$\mu ^3$He mesic molecules," PSI Preprint 97--33, 1997.
L. N. Bogdanova, S. S. Gershtein, and LI. Ponomarev, "Nuclear fusion in the mesic molecule d mu /sup 3/He," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 89--94, 1998.
Abstract: A new scheme is presented for the physical processes leading to the nuclear fusion reaction d(/sup 3/He,/sup 4/He)p catalyzed by a negatively charged muon mu /sup -/. It is shown that the observable rate and yield of the nuclear reaction depend on a chain of ion-molecular reactions involving the participation of the d mu /sup 3/He molecule. New calculations of the nuclear fusion rates in the d mu /sup 3/He molecule are presented. (27 References).
L. N. Bogdanova, V. I. Korobov, and LI. Ponomarev, "Nuclear fusion rates from resonant states of /sup 3/Hed mu molecular ion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 183--6, 1999.
Abstract: We present new theoretical calculations of nuclear fusion rates lambda /sub f//sup J/ from the resonant states of the muonic molecular ion /sup 3/Hed mu /sup ++/ with total angular momenta J=0, 1. As a byproduct, new very accurate variational wave functions for these states have been obtained. Using these wave functions, the probability density | Psi (R=0)|/sup 2/ in a fusion region has been calculated by extrapolating the variational solution to small internuclear distances by means of the multi-channel adiabatic solution. Calculated fusion rates for the states J=0 and J=1 are: lambda /sub f//sup 0/=1.9.10/sup 5/ s/sup -1/ and lambda /sub f//sup 1/=0.65.10/sup 3/ s/sup -1/, respectively. (14 References).
L. N. Bogdanova and VV. Filchenkov, "Radiative and nonradiative fusion in muonic molecules," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 321--30, 2001.
Abstract: Considerable efforts in mu CF studies were aimed at observation of various fusion processes. The impact of these studies on the understanding of properties of the lightest nuclei, the dynamics of low-energy fusion reactions and the Coulomb three-body system structure are reviewed. Unsolved theoretical and experimental problems are summarized. (30 References).
L. N. Bogdanova and V. V. Filchenkov, "Radiative and non-radiative fusion in muonic molecules," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 138, pp. 321-330, 2001.
Abstract: Considerable efforts in muCF studies (since [1]) were aimed at observation of various fusion processes. The impact of these studies on the understanding of properties of the lightest nuclei, the dynamics of low-energy fusion reactions and the Coulomb three-body system structure are reviewed. Unsolved theoretical and experimental problems are summarized.
L. N. Bogdanova, V. R. Bom, D. L. Demin, Eijk CWE van, V. V. Filchenkov, N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, K. I. Gritsaj, A. D. Konin, A. V. Kuryakin, V. A. Nazarov, V. V. Perevozchikov, A. I. Rudenko, S. M. Sadetsky, YuI Vinogradov, A. A. Yukhimchuk, S. A. Yukhimchuk, V. G. Zinov, and SV. Zlatoustovskii, "Search for the radiative capture reaction d+d to /sup 4/He+ gamma from the dd mu muonic molecule state," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 1826--32, 2002.
Abstract: A search for the muon-catalyzed fusion (MCF) reaction d+d to /sup 4/He+ gamma in the dd mu muonic molecule was performed using the experimental MCF installation TRITON and NaI(Tl) detectors for gamma quanta. A high-pressure target filled with deuterium was exposed to the negative muon beam of the JINR phasotron to detect gamma quanta with an energy of 23.8 MeV. The first experimental estimation for the yield of radiative deuteron capture from the dd mu state J=1 was obtained at a level of eta /sub gamma /[left angle bracket]or=2*10/sup -5/ per one fusion. (19 References).
L. N. Bogdanova, G. M. Hale, and V. E. Markushin, "The analytical structure of the S--matrix for the coupled channel problem $d+t \leftrightarrow n+\alpha$ and the interpretation of the J$^{P} = 3/2^+$ resonance in $^5\!$ He," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5/6, pp. 233--240, 1990/91.
P. Bogorad, J. Behr, E. J. Brash, G. D. Cates, W. J. Cummings, A. Gorelov, M. D. Hasinoff, O. Hausser, K. Hicks, R. Holmes, J. C. Huang, K. S. Kumar, B. Larson, W. Lorentzon, J. McCracken, H. Middleton, P. Michaux, E. Saettler, D. Siegel, P. A. Souder, D. R. Swenson, D. Tupa, X. Wang, and A. Young, "Laser-polarized muonic /sup 3/He and a measurement of the induced pseudoscalar coupling," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 433-7, 1996.
Abstract: We describe the first measurement of the spin dependence of the reaction: mu /sup -/+/sup 3/He to /sup 3/H+ nu /sub mu /. This spin dependence is quite sensitive to the induced pseudoscalar form factor, F/sub p/, a piece of the weak charged nuclear current of /sup 3/He about which, experimentally, relatively little is known. The data are presently being analyzed and we plan to quote a number for F/sub p/ shortly. (9 References).
P. Bogorad, E. J. Brash, G. D. Cates, W. J. Cummings, A. Gorelov, M. D. Hasinoff, O. Hausser, K. Hicks, R. Holmes, J. C. Huang, D. Krieger, K. S. Kumar, B. Larson, W. Lorenzon, J. McCracken, P. Michaux, H. Middleton, E. Saettler, D. Siegel, P. A. Souder, D. R. Swenson, J. Thywissen, D. Tupa, J. Ullom, X. Wang, and AR. Young, "A combined polarized target/ionization chamber for measuring the spin dependence of nuclear muon capture in laser polarized muonic /sup 3/He," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 398, no. 2-3, pp. 211--23, 1997.
Abstract: We describe a device used in experiment 1231 at LAMPF and in e683 at TRIUMF to study the spin dependence of the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 3/He to /sup 3/H+ nu /sub mu /. In order to study the spin dependence, we needed to form and polarize muonic /sup 3/He and in the same volume detect the 1.9 MeV tritons created in the reaction. Furthermore, the recoil direction of the tritons had to be determined. The apparatus served both as a polarized target and as a detector. The detector, a gridded ion chamber, was incorporated inside a 5 l polarized target that was filled with 8 atm of /sup 3/He and 100 Torr of N/sub 2/ and rubidium metal. At the operating temperature of the device (205-230 degrees C) the rubidium number density was approximately 10/sup 15/ atoms/cm/sup 3/. Muons that stopped in the target formed muonic helium atoms, which were then polarized by collisions with optically pumped Rb vapor. Two high-powered GaAlAs diode laser arrays were used to polarize the Rb in the 100 cm/sup 3/ fiducial volume located inside the ion chamber. The ion chamber produced clean signals from the reaction tritons despite having to operate under the extreme conditions required for efficient optical pumping. The direction of the tritons was determined by analyzing the shapes of the ionization pulses. The muon polarization was measured using the decay electron asymmetry. (38 References).
P. Boi, L. Bracci, G. Fiorentini, and P. Quarati, "On the significance of muon distribution between the fission fragments," Physics Letters B, vol. 132B, no. 1-3, pp. 39--43, 1983.
Abstract: The authors investigate the attachment probability of muons to the fission fragments of /sup 238/U. They find it is largely insensitive to the fission time, whereas it depends markedly on the final kinetic energy and mass asymmetry of the fragments. For the most likely configuration (A/sub L//A/sub H/=0.8 and E/sub kin/=165 MeV) they find the probability of attachment to the light fragment is P/sub L/ approximately=10%. (10 References).
V. R. Bom and VV. Filchenkov, "On the absolute efficiency of large neutron detectors for mu CF," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 365--7, 1999.
Abstract: The absolute efficiency for a large organic scintillator neutron detector has been calculated via Monte Carlo simulation for neutrons of 14 MeV. The influence of the environmental geometry (source scattering, etc.) has been taken into account. Full differential cross-sections, including resonances, have been used. The calculated response function compares well with the measured one. (7 References).
V. R. Bom, J. N. Bradbury, J. D. Davies, A. M. Demin, D. L. Demin, A. E. Drebushko, V. P. Dzhelepov, Eijk CWE van, V. V. Filchenkov, A. N. Golubkov, N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, S. K. Grishechkin, V. G. Klevtsov, A. D. Konin, A. A. Kukolkin, S. V. Medved, V. A. Nazarov, V. V. Perevozchikov, V. I. Pryanichnikov, VYa Rozhkov, A. I. Rudenko, S. M. Sadetsky, G. G. Semenchuk, V. T. Sidorov, YuV Smirenin, I. I. Sukhoi, N. I. Voropaev, A. A. Yukhimchuk, V. G. Zinov, and SV. Zlatoustovskii, "Temperature and density dependence of mu -catalysis cycling rate in dense D/T and H/D/T gas mixtures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 103--9, 1999.
Abstract: Muon catalyzed dt fusion in dense D/T and H/D/T gas mixtures of hydrogen isotopes is studied by the MCF collaboration at JINR. The measurements were carried out with a high pressure target at the JINR phasotron in the temperature range 300-800 K at mixture densities equivalent to 0.4 and equivalent to 0.8 LHD. Tentative experimental results obtained by several analysis methods are presented. (20 References).
V. R. Bom, J. N. Bradbury, J. D. Davies, A. M. Demin, D. L. Demin, Eijk CWE van, V. V. Filchenkov, A. N. Golubkov, N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, S. K. Grishechkin, K. I. Gritsaj, V. G. Klevtsov, A. D. Konin, A. A. Kukolkin, S. V. Medved, V. A. Nazarov, V. V. Perevozchikov, A. N. Ponomarev, VYa Rozhkov, A. I. Rudenko, S. M. Sadetsky, YuV Smirenin, N. I. Voropaev, A. A. Yukhimchuk, S. A. Yukhimchuk, V. G. Zinov, and SV. Zlatoustovskiv, "Investigation of the parameters of muon-catalyzed fusion in double D/T mixture at high temperature and density," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 213--23, 2001.
Abstract: Experiments on the study of the muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) process in a double D/T mixture of hydrogen isotopes in the temperature range 300-800 K at densities 0.3-0.5 LHD are performed at the JINR phasotron. The values of the effective mu CF parameters (cycling rate lambda /sub c/, neutron yield Y/sub n/, muon losses omega ) are obtained. Tentative dt mu -molecule formation rates on D/sub 2/ and DT molecules ( lambda /sub dt mu -d/ and lambda /sub dt mu -t/) are obtained for different mixture temperatures and densities. The results obtained show that lambda dt mu -t increases with temperature, but its value is smaller than theoretical predictions. (18 References).
V. R. Bom, J. N. Bradbury, D. L. Demin, Eijk C. Van, V. V. Filchenkov, N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, K. I. Gritsaj, A. D. Konin, A. V. Kuryakin, V. A. Nazarov, V. V. Perevozchikov, A. I. Rudenko, S. M. Sadetsky, YuA Vinogradov, A. A. Yukhimchuk, S. A. Yukhimchuk, and VG. Zinov, "Measurement of the temperature dependence of the dd mu -molecule formation rate in dense deuterium at temperatures 300-800 K," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 313--19, 2001.
Abstract: Muon catalyzed fusion in deuterium was studied by the MCF collaboration at the JINR phasotron. The measurements were carried out with a high-pressure deuterium target at the JINR phasotron in the temperature range 300-800 K at densities approximately= 0.5 LHD. The first experimental results for dd mu -molecule formation rate lambda /sub dd mu / in the temperature range 400-800 K with a deuterium density of 0.5 LHD are presented. (22 References).
V. R. Bom, D. L. Demin, Eijk CWE van, V. V. Filchenkov, N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, K. I. Gritsaj, A. D. Konin, A. V. Kuryakin, V. A. Nazarov, V. V. Perevozchikov, A. I. Rudenko, S. M. Sadetskyd, Y. I. Vinogradov, A. A. Yukhimchuk, S. A. Yukhimchuk, V. G. Zinov, and SV. Ziatoustovskii, "Measurement of the temperature dependence of the dd mu molecule formation rate in dense deuterium at temperatures of 85-790 K," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 518--526, 2003.
Abstract: Muon catalyzed fusion (MCF) in deuterium was studied by the MCF collaboration on the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Phasotron. The measurements were carried out with a high-pressure deuterium target in the temperature range 85-790 K at densities of about 0.5 and 0.8 of the liquid hydrogen density. The first experimental results for the dd mu molecule formation rate lambda /sub dd mu / in the temperature range 400-790 K with a deuterium density of about 0.5 of the liquid hydrogen density are presented. (30 References).
D. K. Bondi, JNL Connor, J. Manz, and J. Romelt, "Exact quantum and vibrationally adiabatic quantum, semiclassical and quasiclassical study of the collinear reactions Cl+MuCl, Cl+HCl, Cl+DCl," Molecular Physics, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 467--88, 1983.
Abstract: Accurate quantum calculations of reaction probabilities have been carried out using Delves' polar coordinates for the collinear reactions Cl+XCl(v) to ClX(v')+Cl(X=Mu, H, D). An extended London-Eyring-Polanyi-Sato potential energy surface with a linear symmetric barrier height of 35.77 kJ mol./sup -1/ has been used in the calculations. The diagonal v to v reaction probabilities dominate over the off-diagonal v to v' not=v reaction probabilities and show sinusoidal oscillations as a function of energy. Superimposed on these oscillations for X=H, D is a spectrum of narrow resonances. The positions of the resonances can be predicted very accurately from the solution of a vibrationally adiabatic (VA) single channel Schrodinger equation provided the diagonal corrections to the VA potential are also included. The sinusoidal oscillations are analysed using VA semiclassical and quasiclassical theories. There is good agreement between the quantum, semiclassical and quasiclassical results at low energies, but differences appear at high energies where the VA assumption starts to break down. The VA approximation is more accurate the lighter the mass of the central atom, that is, its validity increases in the order D[left angle bracket]H[left angle bracket]Mu. (84 References).
D. K. Bondi, JNL Connor, B. C. Garrett, and DG. Truhlar, "Test of variational transition state theory with a large-curvature tunneling approximation against accurate quantal reaction probabilities and rate coefficients for three collinear reactions with large reaction-path curvature: Cl+HCl, Cl+DCl, and Cl+MuCl," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 78, no. 10, pp. 5981--9, 1983.
Abstract: The large-curvature ground-state model for the transmission coefficient of generalized transition state theory (presented in a previous paper by B.C. Garrett, D.G. Truhlar, A.F. Wagner, and T.H. Dunning, J. Chem. Phys. 78, 4400 (1983)) is tested against accurate quantal calculations of the rate coefficients for collinear reactions with very large inertial effects, namely Cl+HCl to ClH+Cl, Cl+DCl to ClD+Cl, and Cl+MuCl to ClMu+Cl. The tests cover the temperature range 200-2400K. The accurate rate calculations are based on reaction probabilities obtained by a new numerical method for solving Schrodinger's equation in Delves' coordinates. Improved canonical variational transition state theory predicts rate coefficients 5.0-18 times smaller than those predicted by conventional transition state theory for the H transfer; for the D transfer, the ratio is 2.0-3.4; and for Mu it is 22-2.8*10/sup 7/. The large-curvature model predicts transmission coefficients as large as 41, 8, and 206 for the H, D, and Mu-transfer cases at 200K, decreasing to 1.2, 1.1, and 1.4 at 2400K. Despite the large effect of variationally optimizing the transition state location and the large size of the tunneling effect and the wide variation of both effects with temperature, improved canonical variational transition state theory with large-curvature ground-state transmission coefficients (ICVT/LCG) is accurate within a factor of 1.7 over a temperature range of a factor of 8, 300-2400K, for all three reactions. At 200K, the ICVT/LCG model underestimates the rate coefficients, by factors of 2.3, 1.9, and 1.5 for H, D, and Mu, respectively. (24 References).
G. L. Borchert, H. Gorke, D. Gotta, S. Lenz, T. Siems, D. F. Anagnostopoulos, M. Augsburger, D. Chatellard, J. P. Egger, D. Belmiloud, P. El-Khoury, P. Indelicato, M. Daum, P. Hauser, K. Kirch, and LM. Simons, "High precision spectroscopy of pionic and muonic X-rays to extract an upper limit for the muon-neutrino mass," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. 29, no. 1-2, pp. 131--40, 1998.
Abstract: A new experiment for a high precision measurement of the pion mass is presented. It combines the cyclotron trap to produce pionic atoms in a small volume, with a doubly focussing crystal spectrometer to measure pionic and muonic X-ray transitions with high accuracy. The muonic X-rays will serve as new high precision standards. The first test experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the project. It yielded a preliminary value for the pion mass of (139570.71+or-0.53) keV/c/sup 2/. In combination with a recent muon momentum result a new value for the muon neutrino mass was obtained: M/sub nu mu //sup 2/=(0.02898+or-0.03267)MeV/sup 2//c/sup 4/. With some improvements which are being prepared, the next measurement can be expected to yield an accuracy of better than 1 ppm for the pion mass and hence a limit smaller than 70 keV/c/sup 2/ for the neutrino mass. (22 References).
G. L. Borchert, D. Anagnostopoulos, M. Augsburger, D. Belmiloud, C. Castelli, D. Chatellard, M. Daum, J. P. Egger, P. El-Khoury, M. Elble, R. Frosch, H. Gorke, D. Gotta, P. Hauser, P. Indelicato, K. Kirch, S. Lenz, N. Nelms, K. Rashid, O. W. B. Schult, T. Siems, and L. M. Simons, "High precision X-ray spectroscopy in hydrogen-like fermionic and bosonic atomic systems," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 114, pp. 157-164, 1998.
Abstract: Some time after its formation an exotic atom may be considered a hydrogen-like system consisting of a nucleus and an exotic particle in a bound state. In this situation it is an ideal tool to study cascade properties, while for the innermost orbits it can be used to probe the interaction with the nucleus. From an extended series of experiments using high resolution X-ray spectroscopy for both aspects typical examples are reported and preliminary results are given: 1. To determine the complex scattering length in (p) over bar H the 3D --> 2P hyperfine transitions have been measured. 2. To determine the pion mass the 5 --> 4 transitions in pi(14)N have been studied. In all cases a major contribution to the uncertainty originates from the calibration. Therefore a new method is proposed that will establish a universal set of high precision calibration lines for pionic, muonic and electronic systems.
G. L. Borchert, B. Manil, D. Anagnostopoulos, J. P. Egger, D. Gotta, M. Hennebach, P. Indelicato, Y. W. Liu, N. Nelms, and LM. Simons, "Precision measurement of the charged pion mass by high resolution X-ray spectroscopy," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 132, no. 1-4, pp. 195--207, 2001.
Abstract: A new experiment for a high-precision measurement of the pion mass at a 1 ppm level is presented. It combines an improved cyclotron trap that produces pionic and muonic atoms in a small volume with a doubly focusing crystal spectrometer to measure the corresponding exotic X-ray transitions with high accuracy and a novel type of CCD detector. The muonic X-ray lines serve as highly accurate calibration lines. The measurement has been accomplished recently. A detailed analysis of the data is on the way. (27 References).
E. Borchi and Gennaro S. De, "Migdal's quasiparticle model and radiative muon capture in Ca/sup 40/," Physical Review C, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 1012--19, 1970.
Abstract: The authors evaluate the radiative photon spectrum and the branching ratio R of radiative-to-ordinary muon capture rate in Ca/sup 40/, taking into account the nucleon-nucleon residual interaction by means of Migdal's quasiparticle model. The most important effect of the residual interaction is to reduce both the ordinary and radiative rate about 40% lower than that obtained in the closure- harmonic-oscillator model. This result differs from that obtained by Fearing using the giant-dipole-resonance model, while it confirms the prediction of Rood and Tolhoek (RT) that the branching ratio R would be nearly independent of the nuclear model. The authors also evaluate the circular polarization of the photons, P/sub gamma /. They find that their values of P/sub gamma / are greater than the RT values by about 15% in the high-energy range. In the low-energy range, their values of P/sub gamma / are in close agreement with those of RT. For the maximum energy of the photon spectrum, they obtain the average value k/sub max/=90.5 MeV, which is very close to the RT value. Comparing their results with the experimental data of Conversi, Diebold, and Di Lella, they find that their calculation requires g/sub P/=(12.4+or-2.8)g/sub A/ to fit the experimental values, where g/sub P/ is the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant and g/sub A/ the axial-vector coupling constant. Finally, they think that the disagreement between their result and the more currently accepted value of g/sub P/ is not so great as to call into question the theoretical mechanism of the radiative capture, if one takes into account the large experimental uncertainties.
J. Bordes, Hong-Mo Chan, R. Gallego, and Cheung Tsun. Tsou, "Coherent muon-electron conversion in the dualized standard model," Physical Review D, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 077702/1-4, 2000.
Abstract: Muon-electron conversion in nuclei is considered in the framework of the dualized standard model. The ratio B/sub mu -e/ of the conversion rate to the total muon capture rate is derived and computed for several nuclei in a parameter-free calculation using parameters previously determined in other physical contexts. The values obtained all lie within the present experimental bounds, but some are so close as to seem readily accessible to experiments already being planned. (22 References).
V. F. Boreiko, V. M. Bystritsky, V. I. Datskov, A. N. Fedorov, V. N. Pavlov, V. A. Stolupin, Rosso A. del, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, and LA. Rivkis, "New target cryostat for experiments with negative muons," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 416, no. 2-3, pp. 221--8, 1998.
Abstract: An experimental setup, including a cryostat with temperature control and gas supply systems has been developed to study muon catalyzed fusion in mixtures of hydrogen and helium isotopes. The target body is made of aluminum with five Kapton windows 55-135 mu m thick. The working temperature range of the target is 21-300 K, and the pressure is 0-10 atm. The coolant is either liquid helium or liquid nitrogen, according to the experimental conditions. The average consumption of liquid helium at a target temperature of 32 K is 0.6 l/h, providing a 0.45 W cooling power. The temperature control system ensures an accuracy of +or-0.05 K in the temperature range 21-70 K. Hydrogen isotopes are purified by molecular sieves (CaA), and helium isotopes by the intermetallic compound ZrCrFe. (22 References).
E. Borie, "Lamb shift in light muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 275, no. 4, pp. 347--9, 1975.
Abstract: The QED contributions to the 2s-2p/sub 3/2/ splitting in muonic /sup 4/He are recalculated with the aim of providing a check on previous theoretical calculations, and clarifying a possible small discrepancy in the comparison between theory and experiment (no significant discrepancy is found in the present work). Numerical results for other light nuclei are presented. (15 References).
E. Borie, "On higher order radiative corrections in muonic atoms," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 48, no. 5-6, pp. 671--4, 1976.
Abstract: Radiative corrections of order alpha /sup 2/(Z alpha ) corresponding to the fourth order Lamb shift for muonic atoms are calculated. Numerical results are presented for the 1s, 2s, and 2p states of Nd and Hg. All contributions other than the well-known contribution due to fourth order electron vacuum polarization are too small to be experimentally important. (17 References).
E. Borie, "Hyperfine structure of light exotic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 278, no. 2, pp. 127--31, 1976.
Abstract: Recoil corrections to the hyperfine structure of light exotic atoms, including the effect of the anomalous magnetic moment are calculated for light muonic and baryonic atoms. In the case of muonic atoms, the effects of recoil and finite nuclear size are significant in view of the presently attainable experimental precision. (24 References).
E. Borie, "Virtual Delbruck contribution to the energy levels of muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A267, no. 3, pp. 485--92, 1976.
Abstract: The contribution of the alpha /sup 2/(Z alpha )/sup 2/ vacuum polarization correction to the energy levels is calculated by standard graphical techniques. The resulting energy shifts are negative (increased binding) and too small to be experimentally important. (30 References).
E. Borie and GA. Rinker, "Improved calculation of the muonic-helium Lamb shift," Physical Review A, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 324--7, 1978.
Abstract: Several small, previously uncalculated contributions to the 2s/sub 1/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ splitting S/sub 1/ in muonic /sup 4/He are calculated, and previously calculated contributions are verified. The improved theoretical result is 1817.5+or-0.6+0.4(r/sup 2/)/sup 1/2/-106.2(r/sup 2/)+1.4(r/sup 2/)/sup 3/2/ approximately=1527.3-102.6(r/sup 2/)-2.80) meV, where (r/sup 2/) is the mean-square charge radius of /sup 4/He in fm/sup 2/. Using the most recent value of the rms charge radius the authors get S/sub 1th/=1527.1+or-4.2 meV, in excellent agreement with the experimental result S/sub 1exp/=1527.5+or-0.3 meV. (21 References).
E. Borie, "On the hyperfine structure of neutral muonic helium," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 291, no. 2, pp. 107--12, 1979.
Abstract: The ground state hyperfine splitting of the neutral muonic helium atom has been (re)calculated to be equal to 4493.3 Mhz. (14 References).
E. Borie and GA. Rinker, "Calculation of the 3p-3d transitions in muonic helium," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 296, no. 2, pp. 111--12, 1980.
Abstract: The energy splittings of the 3p and 3d states of muonic helium have been calculated. The theoretically predicted transition energies should be useful in connection with a proposed laser resonance experiment. (15 References).
E. Borie, "Lamb shift in muonic /sup 3/He," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 297, no. 1, pp. 17--18, 1980.
Abstract: Results of an improved calculation of the 2p-2s splittings in muonic /sup 3/He, including new results for higher order radiative and recoil corrections are presented. The relevance to a proposed precision measurement is discussed. (9 References).
E. Borie and M. Leon, "X-ray yields in protonium and mesic hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1460--8, 1980.
Abstract: Recent experimental investigations of atomic X-rays in protonium have revived interest in the atomic cascade process. Following a calculation of Leon and Bethe, which includes chemical and Auger deexcitation, Stark mixing and annihilation, as well as radiative transitions, the authors investigate the dependence of the yields of K and L X-rays on the target density, and on the hadronic shifts and widths of the 1s and 2p levels. Numerical results are also given for kaonic, pionic, and muonic hydrogen. (22 References).
E. Borie, "Hadronic vacuum polarization correction in muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 302, no. 3, pp. 187--9, 1981.
Abstract: The contribution of hadronic vacuum to the energy levels of muonic atoms is reevaluated using an improved parametrization of the total cross section for e/sup +/e/sup -/ to hadrons. The numerical results can be simply related to the correction due to muonic vacuum polarization. (8 References).
E. Borie, "More nuclear size corrections to the Lamb shift," Physical Review Letters, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 568--71, 1981.
Abstract: An evaluation of previously uncalculated finite size effects on the Lamb shift of normal atoms, with use of methods which are well known from muonic atoms, gives corrections which are larger than the experimental uncertainties (40 ppm for the Lamb shift in hydrogen). The additional corrections tend to restore agreement between theory and experiment. (27 References).
E. Borie and GA. Rinker, "The energy levels of muonic atoms," Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 67--118, 1982.
Abstract: The theory of muonic atoms is a complex and highly developed combination of nuclear physics, atomic physics, and quantum electrodynamics. Perhaps nowhere else in microscopic physics are such diverse branches so intimately intertwined and yet readily available for precise experimental verification or rejection. In the present review the authors summarize and discuss all of the most important components of muonic atom theory, and show in selected cases how this theory meets experimental measurements. (257 References).
L. A. Borisoglebsky and EE. Trofimenko, "The nuclear size correction to the energy levels of the light hydrogen-like and muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 81B, no. 2, pp. 175--7, 1979.
Abstract: A closed form expression for the nuclear size correction to the energy of the S states of the light hydrogen-like and muonic atoms is obtained in the second- and third-order perturbation theory. (6 References).
F. Borkowski, G. G. Simon, V. H. Walther, and R. D. Wendling, "On the determination of the proton RMS--radius from electron scattering data," Zeitschrift Für Physik A, vol. 275, pp. 29--31, 1975.
H. Bossy, H. Daniel, Egidy T. von, F. J. Hartmann, W. Neumann, G. Schmidt, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, J. Zmeskal, and C. Petitjean, "Measurement of the muonic HeK/sub alpha / X-ray yield in the mu -induced DD fusion," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 201-6, 1984.
Abstract: In the d mu d fusion process the muon can be released and catalyse a further fusion. If the muon sticks to the recoil nucleus /sup 3/He and ends in an excited state of mu He, then the fusion process is followed by the emission of a muonic He X-ray. The authors have measured the mu He K/sub alpha / line from a liquid deuterium target by means of a Si(Li) detector. The X-rays were detected in coincidence with the incoming muon, the fusion neutron and the mu decay electron, with the time delays registered. The experimental mu He K/sub alpha / X-ray yield per fusion will be presented. The experiment was performed at the mu E4 area of SIN. (0 References).
H. Bossy and others, "Measurements of X--Ray and $\gamma$--ray intensities following the fusions of dµd and pµd," Physical Review Letters, vol. 55, pp. 1870--1873, 1985.
H. Bossy, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, W. Neumann, H. S. Plendl, G. Schmidt, Egidy T. von, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, A. Scrinzi, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, and C. Petitjean, "Determination of muonic helium X-ray yields after muon-catalyzed pd, dd, and dt fusion," Physical Review Letters, vol. 59, no. 25, pp. 2864--7, 1987.
Abstract: X-ray yields of the muonic helium (2-1) transition from mu -catalyzed fusion have been measured for the time in various mixtures of hydrogen isotopes. They were determined to be 0.032(4), 0.016(2), and 0.0019(5) for pd, dd, and dt fusion, respectively. (18 References).
H. Bossy, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, W. Neumann, H. Plendl, G. Schmidt, Egidy T. Von, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, A. Scrinzi, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, and C. Petitjean, "Measurement of muonic X-rays after muon catalyzed fusion of DT, PD, and DD," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 115--20, 1987.
Abstract: In the first experiment of this kind, intensities of muonic X-rays after muon-catalyzed fusion have been measured. Liquid targets of deuterium with 0.04% of tritium, protium with 0.5% of deuterium, and pure deuterium were used. The yield per fusion of the muonic He(2-1) line was found to be (0.25+or-0.05)% for the DT mixture, (2.9+or-0.3)% for the PD mixture, and (1.6+or-0.4)% for pure deuterium (preliminary values). From the DT value, a final sticking probability of around 0.5% may be deduced. (24 References).
H. Bossy, "mu CF sticking: history and recent developments," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 303--13, 1990.
Abstract: A brief history of muon-catalyzed fusion sticking is presented, as well as a discussion of the most recent theoretical and experimental developments. (58 References).
F. J. Botella and J. Bernabeu, "The induced pseudoscalar coupling and the neutrino helicity from /sup 12/C( mu , nu /sub mu /)/sup 12/B," Physics Letters B, vol. 114B, no. 2-3, pp. 208--10, 1982.
Abstract: Recent measurements by Roesch et al. (1981) of recoil polarizations in /sup 12/C( mu , nu /sub mu /)/sup 12/B (g.s.) are analyzed when the sign of the helicity h/sub nu / of the emitted neutrino is allowed to change. Although the analysis of observables in terms of a ratio of two amplitudes remains the same, the dynamical information on couplings contained in this ratio is different. The authors conclude, from the experimental results, that the nuclear pseudoscalar coupling is f/sub p/=-1.02 if h/sub nu /=-1, whereas f/sub p/=+2.79 if h/sub nu /=+1. (8 References).
F. J. Botella and J. Bernabeu, "Muon capture beyond V-A currents," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A414, no. 3, pp. 456--64, 1984.
Abstract: The authors show the relevance of muon capture in analyzing the structure of weak charged currents. The study is made using rotational invariance and the reality condition imposed by time-reversal invariance, without a definite neutrino helicity, as the only inputs. The longitudinal and transverse polarizations of the outgoing neutrino are connected to measurable observables. All magnitudes are related to four independent observables, chosen as the capture rate Gamma , the average polarization P/sup N/, the longitudinal polarization P/sub L//sup N/ and the asymmetry alpha in the angular distribution of recoils. (15 References).
FJ. Botella, "Muon capture in a general class of weak models," Physical Review D, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1760--4, 1985.
Abstract: The author studies muon capture by /sup 12/C in a general class of weak models. There is always a parameter characteristic of the weak model that can be extracted in a nuclear-model-independent way from the average polarization P/sub av/, the longitudinal polarization P/sub L//sup N/ and the asymmetry alpha in the angular distribution of recoils. For a less general class of models the asymmetry alpha is unnecessary. Using the experimental values of P/sub L//sup N/ and P/sub av/ a lower bound is obtained for the mass of the right-handed gauge boson of the left-right-symmetric model, M(W/sub R/)[right angle bracket]or=2.5M(W/sub L/), in a nuclear-model-independent way. The dependence of this bound in the experimental values is also discussed. (18 References).
F. J. Botella and J. Bernabeu, "(V+A) components from the measured observables in muon capture," Physical Review D, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1755--9, 1985.
Abstract: The authors use the data on the average polarization and the longitudinal polarization of recoil in the process /sup 12/C( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu /)/sup 12/B to extract independent values for leptonic (V+A) currents and induced pseudoscalar hadronic coupling. Present results give mod xi mod [left angle bracket]0.25 for the mixing parameter of the left-right-symmetric model whereas f/sub P/ is consistent with PCAC (partial conservation of axial-vector current). The interest of better precision in the longitudinal polarization, as well as the measurement of the asymmetry in the angular distribution, is discussed. (13 References).
A. Bottino, G. Ciocchetti, and CW. Kim, "0/sup -/ to or from 0/sup +/ beta decay and muon capture in the A=16 nuclei," Physical Review C, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1120--3, 1977.
Abstract: The processes mu /sup -/+/sup 16/O(0/sup +/) to /sup 16/N*(0/sup -/)+ nu /sub mu / and /sup 16/N(0/sup -/) to /sup 16/O(0/sup +/)+e/sup +/+ nu /sub e/, are analysed in the elementary particle treatment to minimise uncertainties from used of the impulse approximation. Calculated ratios of the rates agree with the impulse approximation values of Donnelly and Walecka (1975), and their consistency with experiment shows no need for the large increase in the nucleon form factor, g/sub p/, suggested by Palffy et al. (1975). A small downward renormalization of g/sub p/, as suggested recently, would improve agreement with experiment. (18 References).
M. Boucher, O. Huot, P. E. Knowles, L. Ludhova, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, C. A. N. Conde, J. M. F. Dos Santos, L. M. P. Fernandes, J. F. C. A. Veloso, F. Kottmann, A. Antognini, R. Pohl, and D. Taqqu, "Large area APDs for low energy X-ray detection in intense magnetic fields," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 505, pp. 136-139, 2003.
Abstract: An experiment to measure the energy difference between the 2S2P atomic levels (Lamb shift) in muonic hydrogen is being prepared at PSI. Since the energy levels of muonic hydrogen are a factor of 186 more energetic than those of hydrogen, according to the ratio of reduced masses, the transitions lie in the soft X-ray region. The experiment needs long-lived muonic hydrogen in the 2S state. This is achieved by stopping a low energy muon beam in a small volume of low pressure hydrogen in a 5 T magnetic field. A pulsed beam from a tunable laser induces the 2S-2P transition and the 1.9 keV X-ray photons resulting from the 2P-1S deexcitation will be detected. Measuring the coincidences between the laser pulse and the X- ray as a function of the laser wavelength allows us to determine the Lamb shift. In this presentation we will discuss the perspectives of using large area avalanche photodiodes for the direct detection of the Xrays. Compared to gaseous detectors, they are more compact and simpler in operation. They are also insensitive to magnetic fields. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
R. Bouclier, M. Capeáns, C. Garabatos, F. Sauli, and K. Silander, "Effects of outgassing from some materials on gas chamber aging," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 350, pp. 464--469, 1994.
A. Boughrara, H. Beaumevieille, and S. Ouichaoui, "Branching ratios and screening effect in the d+d nuclear interaction," Europhysics Letters, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 264--8, 1999.
Abstract: Using the WKB approximation for the evaluation of penetrabilities at stellar energies, the D(d,p)T and D(d,n)/sup 3/He total cross-sections are analysed in the energy range 0-100 keV (c.m.). The s and p wave contributions are extracted in each of these reactions. The branching ratios calculated from this partial wave decomposition are in good agreement with the experimental values deduced from muon catalyzed fusion and with those calculated from R-matrix theory. The screening effect is studied and the U/sub 0/ electron screening potential discussed. (14 References).
A. Boukour, R. N. Hewitt, and C. LeclercqWillain, "Close-coupling calculations of mu(-) transfer in t+d mu(-) collisions," J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys., vol. 29, pp. 4309-4317, 1996.
Abstract: We present calculations of the cross sections for muon transfer in t + d mu(-) collisions within the framework of the quantal close-coupling approximation. The total internal wavefunction of the system is expanded in terms of atomic orbitals on each atomic centre. The appropriate Jacobi coordinates are used in the direct and rearrangement channels. A pseudostate representation of the continuum is also employed. The t-matrix elements are obtained from the solution of coupled Lippmann- Schwinger equations using the momentum space formulation. For the isotopic exchange calculations the basis consists of a large number of s and p type atomic states symmetrically distributed between direct and rearrangement channels. The present results are in agreement with existing calculations in the case of elastic scattering for collision energies above about 0.001 eV. In the case of the rearrangement process the agreement is satisfactory for collision energies greater than 10 eV.
A. Boukour, R. N. Hewitt, and C. LeclercqWillain, "The Coulomb capture of negative muons by hydrogen atoms in the non-adiabatic close-coupling approximation," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 102, pp. 263-269, 1996.
Abstract: We present some results obtained within the non-adiabatic close-coupling approximation for Coulomb capture during collisions of slow negative muons with hydrogen atoms, The calculations are performed in momentum-space and a statistical distribution analysis is used to obtain the final cross sections. The present model results are in harmony with existing calculations. We conclude that further calculations within the present approach are justified.
A. Boukour, C. Leclercq-Willain, and VS. Melezhik, "Low-energy scattering of muonic hydrogen on hydrogen molecules: a semi-classical approach," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 125-32, 1996.
Abstract: The cross-sections for low-energy scattering of muonic hydrogen on hydrogen molecules are calculated in a semi-classical approach. The molecular binding is described with the {"}mass-tensor approach{"} and the electronic screening corrections are calculated in the Glauber approximation. This rather simple computational scheme is applied to the scattering D mu +H/sub 2/ and p mu +D/sub 2/. The results obtained are in good agreement with the values reported by Adamczak et al. (6 References).
A. Boukour, Ch Leclercq-Willain, and VS. Melezhik, "Low-energy scattering of muonic hydrogen on hydrogen molecules: a semiclassical approach," Physical Review A, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 3314--23, 1996.
Abstract: The cross sections for low-energy scattering of muonic hydrogen on hydrogen molecules are calculated in a semiclassical approach. The molecular binding is described with the {"}mass-tensor approach{"} and the electronic screening corrections are calculated in the Glauber approximation. This rather simple computational scheme is applied to the scattering of d mu on H/sub 2/ and T/sub 2/ and to the scattering of p mu and t mu on D/sub 2/. The results obtained are compared to the values reported by Adamczak et al. [Muon Catalyzed Fusion 7, 309 (1992)]. (22 References).
A. Boukour and Chiyu. Hu, "Applications of the modified Faddeev equations: t+d mu /sup /," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 161--4, 1999.
Abstract: We present calculations of the cross-sections for elastic as well as for muon transfer in t+d mu /sup -/ collisions below the t mu /sup -/ (n=2) threshold. The appropriate mass-scaled Jacobi coordinates are used in the direct and rearrangement channels. The K-matrix elements are obtained from the solution of multichannel Faddeev equations in the configuration space formulation. A bipolar expansion and spline representation are used in the numerical solution of the modified Faddeev equations. (7 References).
A. Boukour, V. S. Melezhik, and Ch. Leclercq-William, "Rotational excitations of hydrogen molecules by slow muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 323--9, 1999.
Abstract: A computational scheme based on the infinite-order sudden approximation (IOS) is proposed for treating molecular and screening effects in muonic atoms scattering at low energies. With this scheme the differential cross sections (d sigma /d Omega )( epsilon ,j from 0| theta ) and the total cross sections sigma /sub tot/ ( epsilon ) for the scattering of the muonic atoms on molecules of hydrogen isotopes are calculated at energies epsilon /sub rot/=h(cross) omega /sub I/[left angle bracket]or= epsilon [left angle bracket]or= epsilon /sub vib/=h(cross) omega /sub nu /. The IOS permits a quantitative analysis of the dependence of the differential cross sections on the scattering angle and on the rotational excitations, particularly of the rotational rainbow effects. An attractive feature of this approach is that the energy and angular dependencies are included in the {"}input{"} cross sections for the scattering of the muonic atom on the bare nuclei of the molecule. (21 References).
A. Boukour, V. S. Melezhik, and C. Leclercq-Willain, "Rotational excitations in muonic atom scattering by molecular hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 153--9, 1999.
Abstract: A computational scheme based on the infinite order sudden approximation (IOS) is proposed for treating molecular and screening effects in muonic atom scattering at low energies. With this scheme the differential (d sigma /d Omega )( epsilon ,j from 0 | theta ) and the total sigma /sub tot/( epsilon ) cross-sections of muonic atoms scattering on molecules of hydrogen isotopes are calculated at energies epsilon /sub rot/=h(cross) omega /sub I/[left angle bracket]or= epsilon [left angle bracket]or= epsilon /sub vib/=h(cross) omega /sub nu /. The IOS permits a quantitative analysis of the dependence of the differential cross-sections on the scattering angle and on the rotational excitations, particularly the rotational rainbow effects. An attractive feature of this approach is also to include the energy and the angular dependencies in the {"}input{"} cross-sections describing the muonic atom scattering on each bare nucleus of the molecule. The calculated total cross-sections sigma /sub tot/( epsilon ) are in agreement with the data obtained earlier with the pseudopotential approach. (6 References).
S. Bourzeix and others, "High resolution spectroscopy of the hydrogen atom: Determination of the 1S Lamb shift," Physical Review Letters, vol. 76, pp. 384--387, 1996.
A. Boussy, H. Ngo, and Mau N. Vinh, "Neutron emission in muon capture by /sup 40/Ca," Physics Letters B, vol. 44B, no. 2, pp. 139--42, 1973.
Abstract: The neutron spectrum and asymmetry have been calculated for /sup 40/Ca with different wave functions for the bound proton and the emitted neutron. The asymmetry is shown to be very sensitive to the behaviour of the wave functions near the nuclear surface while the spectrum is mostly sensitive to the strength of the real part of the neutron optical potential. (15 References).
A. Bouyssy and Mau N. Vinh, "Spectrum and asymmetry of neutrons emitted emitted after polarized muon capture by /sup 16/Q and /sup 40/Ca," Nuclear Physics A, vol. a185, no. 1, pp. 32--48, 1972.
Abstract: The emitted neutron intensity and asymmetry are calculated taking account of first-order momentum-dependent terms with pure shell-model and multi-hole-multi-particle configuration mixing nuclear wave functions. The final-state interaction between the residual nucleus and the emitted neutron is taken into account by means of an optical potential with surface and volume absorption. The calculated intensity and asymmetry are for /sup 40/Ca, in agreement with measurements; because of the final-state interaction, large asymmetries are obtained for 25-30 MeV neutron energies. Second class currents, if they exist, would also affect the asymmetry and the intensity. (23 References).
A. Bouyssy and Mau N. Vinh, "Longitudinal polarization of the emitted neutron in direct muon capture," Physics Letters B, vol. 48B, no. 2, pp. 162--4, 1974.
Abstract: The neutron longitudinal polarization has been calculated for /sup 40/Ca using different wave functions for the bound proton and the emitted neutron. It is shown to be more sensitive to the final state interaction than to the details of the nuclear density. (8 References).
E. Bovet, F. Boehm, R. J. Powers, P. Vogel, K-C Wang, and R. Kunselman, "Electron screening and inner shell refilling in pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 92B, no. 1-2, pp. 87--90, 1980.
Abstract: Using a bent crystal spectrometer and a Ge detector, the authors have determined the energies of five pionic transitions possessing sizable electron screening corrections. In three of the cases studied, depletion of the inner-electron shells through Auger processes in preceding cascades is known to occur and these shells may be highly ionized when the pionic X-ray is emitted. In the other two cases studied, no depletion of the 1s electron shell is expected. The findings for all transitions agree well with the calculated screening correction assuming full electron shells. They conclude that for medium and heavy pionic atoms electronic refilling takes place prior to emission of observable pionic X-rays. (10 References).
E. Bovet, L. Antonuk, J-P Egger, G. Fiorucci, K. Gabathuler, and J. Gimlett, "A new determination of the pi /sup -/H and pi /sup -/D 2P-1S strong interaction shifts using crystal diffraction," Physics Letters B, vol. 153B, no. 4-5, pp. 231--4, 1985.
Abstract: The 2P-1S X-ray transition energy in pionic hydrogen ( pi /sup -/H) and pionic deuterium ( pi /sup -/D) has been measured using a curved graphite crystal spectrometer: E/sub 2P-1S/( pi /sup -/H)=2434.5+or-0.4 (stat)+or-0.3 (syst) eV, E/sub 2P-1S/( pi /sup -/D)=2592.1+or-0.8 (stat)+or-0.5 (syst) eV. The deduced strong interaction shifts Delta E( pi /sup -/H)=-4.9+or-0.4 (stat)+or-0.3 (syst) eV, Delta E( pi /sup -/D)=+5.5+or-0.8 (stat)+or-0.5 (syst) eV, corresponding to the S-wave scattering lengths Rea/sub pi -p//sup 0/=+0.084+or-0.009 fm, Rea/sub pi -d//sup 0/=-0.083+or-0.014 fm, are compared with recent calculations. The X-ray yield is found to be 0.04+or-0.02 2P-1S X-rays per stopped pi /sup -/ in saturated hydrogen vapour of 3 atm pressure. (13 References).
M. S. Bowers, B. H. Choi, and KT. Tang, "Quantum mechanical determination of rates of reactions involving hydrogen isotopes," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 145--52, 1987.
Abstract: A three-dimensional, quantum mechanical, coupled channel distorted wave approximation is used for calculating thermal rate constants for the isotopic D+H/sub 2/, H+D/sub 2/, Mu+H/sub 2/, and para to ortho H+H/sub 2/ exchange reactions using the most accurate available potential surface. The calculated cross sections for the H+H/sub 2/ reaction are found to be in excellent agreement with converged close coupling results. Rate constants obtained from the cross sections are compared with the available experimental results. (35 References).
C. J. Bowers and others, "Experimental investigation of excited--state lifetimes in atomic ytterbium," Physical Review A, vol. 53, pp. 3103--3109, 1996.
M. A. Boxwell, T. A. Claxton, and SFJ. Cox, "Ab initio calculations on the hyperfine isotope effect between C/sub 60/H and C/sub 60/Mu," Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions, vol. 89, no. 16, pp. 2957--60, 1993.
Abstract: Simplified to three modes of vibration, the potential-energy surface governing proton and muon motion in the radical C/sub 60/H and its muonic isotopomer is calculated together with the property surface representing spin density at these particles. Averaged over zero-point motion in the vibrational ground states, spin density at the muon is predicted to be 6.6% larger than at the proton. (13 References).
JH. Boyd, "Properties of the pi /sup -/-/sup 4/He atom as determined from low-energy pi +or-/sup 4/He scattering phase shifts," Physical Review A, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 2186--90, 1970.
Abstract: An effective-range analysis is used to predict properties of the pi /sup -/-/sup 4/He atom. The method produces precise predictions; however, the author's predictions are broadened because of systematic differences between phase shifts from the various scattering experiments. The bounds obtained for the 1s and 2p level shifts (due to the strong interaction) are 90 to 160 eV (toward less binding) and (-2.4 to -4.0)*10/sup -3/ eV, respectively. The bounds obtained for the nuclear capture rates from the 1s and 2p states are (0.12 to 1.8)*10/sup 17/ sec/sup -1/ and (0.46 to 4.0)*10/sup 12/ sec/sup -1/, respectively. The results are consistent with mesonic X-ray measurements. (11 References).
L. Bracci and G. Fiorentini, "Coulomb de-excitation of mesic hydrogen," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 43A, no. 1, pp. 9-30, 1978.
Abstract: Some aspects of the cascade of neutral exotic atoms are analysed. In particular the relevance of the Coulomb de-excitation-transitions induced by the Coulomb interaction with the surrounding atoms-is pointed out. Cross-sections and rates are calculated for mu /sup -/p and pi /sup -/p atoms in hydrogen with energies ranging between 0.1 and 10 eV. The effect turns out to be dominant for n[right angle bracket]or approximately=10 and for a large interval of pressure values. The consequence is a drastic shortening of the early stages of the cascade. When considered for pi /sup -/p atoms, the effect provides a better agreement between the theoretical and experimental cascade times than that previously found. (11 References).
L. Bracci and G. Fiorentini, "Meson transfer to atoms and molecules," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 50A, no. 3, pp. 373-92, 1979.
Abstract: The role of the electron distribution in meson transfer reactions is studied. It is found that the transfer cross-sections from excited states are strongly dependent on the chemical structure. (12 References).
L. Bracci and G. Fiorentini, "Effects of surface structure in meson transfer reactions," Physics Letters A, vol. 78, pp. 437--442, 1980.
L. Bracci and G. Fiorentini, "Some aspects of the muon catalysis of d-t fusion," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A364, no. 2-3, pp. 383--407, 1981.
Abstract: "When a deuteron, a triton and a muon are bound in a (d mu t) mesomolecule the nuclear reaction d+t to /sup 4/He+n takes place in a very short time. In this paper the processes following the nuclear reaction are studied. The probability of the muon sticking to the alpha -particle is found to be w=(1.2+or-0.1)*10/sup -2/. All the processes which can strip the ( mu alpha ) during the slowing down are taken into account. At the end of the slowing down the probability for the muon still to be bound to the alpha -particle is omega =9.1*10/sup -3/. Consequently the maximum number of d-t fusions one muon can catalyse is N/sub max/=1/w=110. The yields of K and L ( mu alpha ) lines are also calculated: K=0.60*10/sup -2/
L. Bracci and G. Fiorentini, "Mesic molecules and muon catalysed fusion," Physics Reports, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 169--216, 1982.
Abstract: The author discusses the energy spectrum of mesic molecules, reviewing the recent advances in the methods of calculations and in the measurements of the energy levels. They also present recent ideas concerning the possibility of using the muon catalysed fusion for energy production. (71 References).
L. Bracci and G. Fiorentini, "The muon attachment probability after prompt fission," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A423, no. 3, pp. 429--44, 1984.
Abstract: The authors calculate the attachment probability of muons to the fission fragments of /sup 238/U. The problem is reduced to a one-dimensional wave equation with an effective potential, which allows one to investigate the weight of several dynamical factors. They find that the attachment probability is rather insensitive to the fission time, the dominant roles being played by the final kinetic energy and the asymmetry of the fragments. The attachment probability to the light fragment in the most likely configuration (E/sub fin/=165 MeV, A/sub L//A/sub H/=0.83) is P/sub L/ approximately=0.10, in agreement with the experimental data. (17 References).
L. Bracci, C. Chiccoli, G. Fiorentini, P. Pasini, V. S. Melezhik, and J. Wozniak, "Collisions Between Isotopes of Muonic Hydrogen," in Perspectives on Theoretical Nuclear Physics, (L. Bracci, P. Christillin, A. Fabrocini, and others, eds.), (Pisa, Italy), pp. 29--33, 1988.
L. Bracci, J. Wozniak, C. Chiccoli, G. Fiorentini, P. Pasini, and V. S. Melezhik, "Collisions between muonic isotopes of hydrogen and hydrogen isotopes," in Proc. LXXIII Congresso Nazionale di Societa Italiana di Fisica, (Napoli, Italy), pp. 149--150, 1987.
L. Bracci, C. Chiccoli, G. Fiorentini, P. Pasini, V. S. Melezhik, and J. Wozniak, "Collisions Between Hydrogen Isotopes and Their Muonic Counterparts," in Proc. Int. Symp. on Muon and Pion Interactions with Matter, pp. 295--301, 1987.
L. Bracci, C. Chiccoli, P. Pasini, G. Fiorentini, V. S. Melezhik, and J. Wozniak, "Spin flip rates in collisions between muonic atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 214-16, 1988.
Abstract: The authors present the calculation of spin flip rates for a wide range of temperatures in the case of (d mu )-d, (p mu )-p and (t mu )-t collisions. The calculations have been performed in the framework of the adiabatic representation of the three-body problem. (11 References).
L. Bracci, C. Chiccoli, G. Fiorentini, V. S. Melezhik, P. Pasini, L. I. Ponomarev, and J. Wozniak, "The atlas of the cross sections of mesic atomic processes. I. The processes p mu +p, d mu +d and t mu +t," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 247--302, 1989.
Abstract: The elastic and inelastic cross sections for the processes p mu +p, d mu +d and t mu +t are calculated in a collision energy range 0.005[left angle bracket]or=E[left angle bracket]or=50 eV. In the calculations the adiabatic representation method for the Coulomb three-body problem was used. The results are given in tables and figures. (17 References).
L. Bracci and others, "Atomic effects in the determination of nuclear cross sections of astrophysical interest," INFN Preprint IFUP--TH--60/89, 1989.
L. Bracci, C. Chiccoli, P. Pasini, G. Fiorentini, V. S. Melezhik, and J. Wozniak, "Collision-induced spin flip in isotopes of muonic hydrogen," Physics Letters A, vol. 134, no. 7, pp. 435--9, 1989.
Abstract: The authors present results for spin flip processes in muonic atoms. The calculations are performed in the framework of the adiabatic representation of the three-body Coulomb problem. The contribution of back decay is taken into account and comparison with available experimental data is reported. (13 References).
L. Bracci, C. Chiccoli, G. Fiorentini, V. S. Melezhik, P. Pasini, and J. Wozniak, "Calculation of the elastic scattering cross sections for p mu +p and t mu +t collisions in adiabatic representation," Physics Letters A, vol. 149, no. 9, pp. 463--8, 1990.
Abstract: The authors present results for elastic scattering of p mu and t mu mesic atoms in ortho and para states on hydrogen and tritium corresponding to nuclei in the energy range interesting for muon catalyzed fusion experiments. The calculations are performed in the framework of the adiabatic representation of the three-body problem, with several hundreds of basis wave functions taken into account. (15 References).
L. Bracci and E. Zavattini, "Formation and disappearance rates of metastable muon- alpha levels in high-pressure helium targets," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 2352--62, 1990.
Abstract: By considering the formation of excited muonic molecular ions (( mu /sup -/He)/sub 2S/+He)*/sup +/ in the triplet state a/sup 3/ Sigma /sup +/, it is possible to explain the presence of metastable muonic helium levels at late times, observed when negative muons are stopped in a high-pressure (p[right angle bracket]or=6 atm) helium-gas target at room temperature. A comparison of the different experimental results with the present idea is reported, and measurements to obtain independent checks of this scheme are proposed. (25 References).
L. Bracci, G. Fiorentini, and G. Mezzorani, "Nuclear fusion in molecular systems," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 83--98, 1990.
Abstract: The authors evaluate the nuclear fusion rates in molecular systems containing hydrogen isotopes. They discuss the case of molecular ions (XX'1) and molecules (XX'II) where X,X' are hydrogen isotopes and 1 is a negatively charged particle with arbitrary mass. They estimate the fusion rates in other molecular systems as a function of the equilibrium X-X' distance. They also discuss collective effects in the framework of an effective single-particle approximation, where the electron is given a momentum-dependent mass. (12 References).
L. Bracci, C. Chiccoli, G. Fiorentini, V. S. Melezhik, P. Pasini, L. I. Ponomarev, and J. Wozniak, "Recent progress in the theoretical description of the mesic atomic collision processes p mu +p, d mu +d and t mu +t," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 21--31, 1990.
Abstract: The results of previous theoretical investigations of the mesic atomic collision processes p mu +p, d mu +d and t mu +t are presented. The cross sections of these processes are obtained for energies from 0.005 eV up to tens of eV, where elastic scattering and spin-flip may occur. The calculations have been performed in the adiabatic representation of the three-body problem. The adiabatic expansion was so truncated that 52 components of the discrete spectrum and several hundred components of the continuous spectrum of the adiabatic basis were used. The mesic atomic cross sections on `bare` nuclei and corresponding phase shifts have been used as the input data for estimating the role of electron screening and molecular effects in the slowing down process of mesic atoms in the mixture where catalysis takes place. Applications of the obtained results to interpret the experimental data are discussed. (30 References).
L. Bracci and others, "Quantum mechanical calculation of the electron screening in d--D fusion," Physics Letters A, vol. 153, pp. 456--460, 1991.
L. Bracci, A. Vacchi, and E. Zavattini, "Laser induced transition 3D--3P muonic helium," Zeitschrift Für Physik C, vol. 56, pp. s74--s79, 1992.
L. Bracci, C. Chiccoli, P. Pasini, G. Fiorentini, V. S. Melezhik, and J. Wozniak, "About the boundary conditions for the three-body scattering problem in the adiabatic representation," Nuovo Cimento B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 105 B, no. 4, pp. 459--86, 1990.
Abstract: The authors investigate the asymptotic behaviour of the wave function of a three-particle Coulomb system (a, b, c; M/sub a/[right angle bracket]or=M/sub b/[right angle bracket]m/sub c/) in the adiabatic representation. They evaluate the effect of the basis truncation on its asymptotic dependence on the slow variable R (the coordinate of relative motion of nuclei a and b) in the region of break-up of the three-body system into subsystems (ac)/sub 1s/+b and a+(bc)/sub 1s/. A procedure for taking into account the truncation of the basis is presented, which is shown to converge in the case of the scattering problem. (9 References).
L. Bracci, C. Chiccoli, G. Fiorentini, V. S. Melezhik P. Pasini, and J. Wozniak, "Collisions of muonic atoms," in Electromagnetic Cascade and Chemistry of Exotic Atoms, (L. M. Simons, D. Horváth, and G. Torelli, eds.), (New York, USA), pp. 253--67, 1990.
J. N. Bradbury, M. Leon, H. Daniel, and JJ. Reidy, "Observation of the E2 nuclear resonance effect in pionic cadmium," Physical Review Letters, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 303--6, 1975.
Abstract: The occurrence of the E2 nuclear resonance effect in hadronic atoms has been established for pionic cadmium by comparison of /sup 112/Cd and /sup 111/Cd pionic X-ray intensity ratios. (13 References).
JN. Bradbury, "Physics with muons at LAMPF," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 626-33, 1993.
Abstract: Several important experiments are in progress at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) that make use of the intense beams of low-energy muons available there. (1) Measuring the recoil asymmetry in negative muon capture on /sup 3/He, resulting in a triton and a neutrino, provides a measure of the poorly known induced pseudoscalar form factor g/sub p/. (2) An ultra-high precision measurement is being assembled to determine the hyperfine structure interval in muonium to 10 ppb and the magnetic moment ratio mu /sub mu // mu /sub p/ to 50 ppb. This represents factors of 5 to 10 improvement over present values and an extremely stringent test of QED. (3) An innovative apparatus is now being commissioned to search for mu to e gamma at a branching ratio sensitivity of about 10/sup -13/, two orders of magnitude lower than the previous limit obtained at LAMPF. (4) An improved theoretical description of the observed (dt mu ) molecular formation rate, involving three-body effects, is now available. For the future, new physics will be accessible from a proposed pulsed lepton source, which will produce intense pulsed (0.25- mu sec) beams of muons and neutrinos. (2 References).
I. M. Brancus, B. Vulpescu, A. Bercuci, A. F. Badea, H. Bozdog, M. Duma, M. Petcu, J. Wentz, H. Rebel, A. Haungs, H-J Mathes, and M. Roth, "Measurements of the charge ratio of atmospheric muons," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 465--70, 2000.
Abstract: The measurements of the muon charge ratio representing the ratio of positive to negative atmospheric muons are performed using a small compact device, WILLI, by detecting the lifetime of the muonic atoms. Avoiding the difficulties of measurements with magnetic spectrometers, this method gives precise results on muon charge ratio especially in the low energy range relevant for the atmospheric neutrino anomaly. The detector, the method and the results of the muon charge ratio for five energy ranges below 1 GeV are presented. The results can be used to improve hadronic interaction models. (10 References).
D'Oliveira A. Brandao, H. Daniel, and Egidy T. von, "A search for effects on chemical isomerism in muonic X-ray spectra of propyl alcohol," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 197-200, 1974.
Abstract: The intensities of muonic X-ray transitions in n-propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol were measured. The experiment was performed at the muon channel of the 600 MeV synchrocyclotron at CERN. The spectra were evaluated by means of a standard computer program and by a technique to observe small differences between the propyl-alcohol spectra. No differences in the muonic spectra were observed within rather small experimental errors. (16 References).
d'Oliveira A. Brandao, H. Daniel, and Egidy T. von, "Coulomb capture and X-ray cascades of muons in metal halides," Physical Review A, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1772--7, 1976.
Abstract: X-ray yields following muon capture have been measured in sixteen metal halide molecules two of which were in liquid form. They are tabulated in detail. The ratio A(Z'/Z) for capture in the constituents Z' and Z of a binary chemical compound Z'/sub k/Z/sub m/ are derived from the measurements and compared with recent theoretical models. There is good qualitative agreement with the results of a calculation in which the muon is classically treated as a particle losing energy in the electron Fermi gas. Cascade calculations based on a modified statistical distribution of populations of the levels with n=20 do not give a good account of the observed intensities. (27 References).
d'Oliveira A. Brandao and Egidy T. von, "Energies of muonic transitions in Cd and Br and energies and intensities of nuclear transitions in /sup 78/Se and /sup 80/Se," Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung Section A-A Journal of Physical Sciences, vol. 31A, no. 2, 1976.
Abstract: The energies of the muonic 2-1 and 3-2 transitions in Cd and Br have been measured. The c-parameter of the (c,t) Fermi distribution was determined. Energies and intensities of nuclear gamma rays in Se are given. (9 References).
d'Oliveira A. Brandao, H. Daniel, Egidy T. von, and FJ. Hartmann, "A new determination of the pi /sup -/ rest mass," Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung Section A-A Journal of Physical Sciences, vol. 31A, no. 10, pp. 1150--4, 1976.
Abstract: The pi /sup -/ rest mass has been determined from measurements of X-ray transitions in pionic atoms using muonic transitions for the calibration, to the m/sub pi -/=139.571+or-0.010 MeV. A new upper limit for the mu -neutrino rest mass was deduced: m/sub v/[left angle bracket]0.78 MeV at 90 per cent confidence. (30 References).
MA. Braun, "Recoil corrections in a strong nuclear field," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 413--23, 1973.
Abstract: Corrections to atomic levels of the order of the reciprocal of the nuclear mass are considered for high nuclear charges and nuclear fields. This case involves the summation of an infinite sequence of Feynman diagrams describing the interaction of the electrons with the nucleus. For ordinary heavy atoms these corrections are small, but they may be substantial for more exotic bodies such as, for example, mesic atoms. A closed expression is derived for all corrections of order 1/M for a system consisting of a nucleus and a number of electrons interacting with a quantised electromagnetic field. These corrections can be associated with the Hamiltonian for a non-relativistic nucleus interacting with the electromagnetic field, and may be divided into four groups: recoil corrections, corrections for the nuclear magnetic moment, and corrections corresponding to the interaction of a spinless charged particle with the electromagnetic field, split into two parts one of which is linear in the field and the other quadratic in the field. (1 Reference).
M. Bregant, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, P. Hauser, E. Jeannet, K. Kirch, F. Kottmann, E. Milotti, C. Petitjean, L. M. Simons, D. Taqqu, and E. Zavattini, "Measurement of the K X-ray intensity ratios in muonic hydrogen at low gas densities," Physics Letters A, vol. 241, no. 6, pp. 344--50, 1998.
Abstract: Measurements of the K X-ray transitions of muonic hydrogen ( mu /sup -/p and mu /sup -/d) were performed at H/sub 2/ or D/sub 2/ gas pressures between 17 and 533 hPa (T approximately=293 K). The intensity ratios K/sub alpha //K/sub total/ and K/sub beta //K/sub total/ depend on the gas density because the strength of excited state collisional interactions increases at higher densities. The data are compared with the results of a cascade calculation. They are sensitive to the collisional Stark mixing rates at the main quantum levels n=4,...,8. (27 References).
S. E. Brener and AL. Zubarev, "Low-energy exchange reactions between hydrogen isotope mesoatoms," Few-Body Systems, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 33--40, 1987.
Abstract: In terms of the Faddeev-Hahn equations in the two-level approximation the exchange reactions in low-energy hydrogen isotope mesoatom collisions for the total momentum L=0 have been considered. Elastic and inelastic cross-sections of the scattering channels as well as the rates of the exchange reactions for the (d+p mu ) and (t+p mu ) collisions have been calculated. (23 References).
S. E. Brener and A. L. Zubarev, "Low-energy pµ + t collisions in the hydrogen isotope mixture," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, pp. 157--160, 1988.
SE. Brener, "Two-state approximation of the Faddeev-Hahn equations," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1623--35, 1994.
Abstract: To solve the Faddeev-Hahn integral equations in the two-state approximation different numerical schemes are developed. The peculiarities of the calculation of the cross sections and the rates of exchange reactions are considered on the basis of low-energy scattering of hydrogen isotope mesic atoms. (27 References).
A. Breskin, "CsI UV photocathodes: history and mystery," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 371, pp. 116--136, 1996.
D. Breskman and A. Kanofsky, "Chemical shifts of the mu /sup +/," Physics Letters B, vol. 33B, no. 4, pp. 309--11, 1970.
Abstract: The differences in chemical shifts between a muon and a proton in simple diatomic halide molecules are calculated and shown to be about 2 ppm. A formula based on the shift of the mu /sup +/ precession frequency is presented for determining reaction rates for mu molecule formation. (10 References).
D. Breskman and A. Kanofsky, "Chemical shifts of the mu /sup +/," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 147--52, 1970.
Abstract: The determination of mu molecule formation by measurement of the mu /sup +/ precession frequency shifts in a magnetic field (due to chemical shifts) is proposed. The differences in chemical shifts between a muon and a proton in simple halide molecules are calculated and shown to be about 2 ppm. A formula, based on the shift of the mu /sup +/ precession frequency, is presented for determining reaction rates for mu molecule formation. (10 References).
T. Bressani and A. Molinari, "Isovector potential in /sup 208/Pb from partial muon capture," Physics Letters B, vol. 36B, no. 4, pp. 297--300, 1971.
Abstract: The isobaric analogue states of nuclear collective modes of vibrations have been excited via mu /sup -/ capture in light nuclei. In heavy nuclei one expects a damping of these excitations because of the blocking effect due to the large neutron excess. Direct evidence of the role played by the neutron excess might be seen in the absence of a J/sup pi /=1/sup -/ state which should lie at approximately 4 MeV in the spectrum of /sup 208/Tl. These considerations are used as the starting point for an estimate of the isovector potential in /sup 208/Pb. (16 References).
WH. Breunlich, "Muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A335, no. 1-2, pp. 137--46, 1980.
Abstract: Summarizes the most recent progress in the field as presented at this conference. Special attention is paid to information about the weak interaction form factors. (47 References).
WH. Breunlich, "Muon capture in hydrogen isotopes," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A353, no. 1-2, pp. 201c-14c, 1981.
Abstract: After a survey of the phenomenology of muonic hydrogen atoms and molecules recent experiments at SIN are discussed, dealing with muonic atoms and molecules in deuterium. These experiments could clarify the longstanding problem of hyperfine populations of muonic deuterium atoms. For the first time hyperfine transitions in muonic atoms and hyperfine effects in the resonant formation of muonic molecules have been observed. The implication of these new results on weak-interaction rates and the three-body Coulomb problem of muonic atoms are discussed. (25 References).
W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, P. Kammel, J. Marton, P. Pawlek, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, K. M. Crowe, J. Kurck, A. Janett, C. Petitjean, R. H. Sherman, H. Bossy, and W. Neumann, "Experimental study of muon-catalyzed fusion in low-density deuterium-tritium gas," Physical Review Letters, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 1137--40, 1984.
Abstract: High rates for mesomolecular processes were found in a study of neutron spectra from muon-catalysed dt fusion in low-density D/T mixtures. An interpretation is given in terms of a reaction-kinetics model which includes hyperfine effects. The hyperfine components of the d mu t formation rates, first separated in this experiment, are large from 30 to 300K. An unexpected temperature dependence for the transition rate between mu t hyperfine states is found. (14 References).
W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, P. Kammel, J. Marton, P. Pawlek, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, K. M. Crowe, J. Kurck, R. H. Sherman, C. Petitjean, A. Janett, H. Bossy, and W. Neumann, "New experimental results on muon catalyzed fusion in low density deuterium-tritium gas," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 42-52, 1984.
Abstract: The authors present results of investigations of muon catalysis in deuterium/tritium mixtures. The first experimental observation of different components in the spectra of dt fusion neutrons at high tritium concentrations demonstrate the complexity of the muon induced fusion cycle. The results prove that low density experiments are essential if one is to understand the basic processes of muon catalysis. An interpretation of data in terms of a model including hyperfine effects is given. (17 References).
WH. Breunlich, "The development of mu CF studies at SIN," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 29--49, 1987.
Abstract: The research program of the OeAW-SIN-LBL-LANL-TUM collaboration at SIN developed in the context of weak interaction studies. The high chemical activity of muonic hydrogen with a variety of interesting phenomena was already well known when the experiments at SIN started, e.g. thanks to the pioneering efforts of the Columbia group, the Chicago group, the CERN-Bologna group, the DUBNA group, and others. When the striking hyperfine effects in the formation of muonic D/sub 2//sup +/ were discovered experimentally at SIN in 1979, the picture of resonant formation of muonic molecules, developed by scientists in the USSR, was successfully completed. As a matter of fact, mu CF helped to accomplish the first direct observation of a hyperfine transition. The implications for the weak interaction of nuclear muon capture as well as the renewed interest in mu CF are discussed. Experiments in gaseous DT mixtures from 30 to 300 K and in liquid DT performed at SIN brought astonishing results. High rates for the catalytic DT cycle and low muon loss probabilities result in values well above 100 for the number of fusion processes catalyzed by a single muon. A comparison to the LAMPF results is given where possible. Surprisingly intense but fast vanishing components of the d mu t molecular formation could be analyzed quantitatively and triggered new ideas which eventually could imply even higher fusion yields at temperatures of the order of 1000 K or above. (82 References).
W. H. Breunlich and others, "Muon--Catalyzed D--T Fusion at Low Temperature," Physical Review Letters, vol. 58, pp. 329--332, 1987.
W. H. Breunlich and others, "Muon--catalyzed $tt$ fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, pp. 121--125, 1987.
W. H. Breunlich, M. Carnelli, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, P. Pawlek, A. Scrinzi, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, J. Bistirlich, K. M. Crowe, M. Justice, J. Kurck, C. Petitjean, R. H. Sherman, H. Bossy, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, W. Neumann, G. Schmidt, and Egidy T. von, "Recent results of mu CF experiments at SIN," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 67--88, 1987.
Abstract: Important topics concerning muon catalyzed fusion were investigated in experiments at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research (SIN), including transient and steady-state rates for the main d mu t cycle as well as detailed information about the competing d mu d and t mu t fusion branches. The basic kinetic parameters were determined and striking features of the resonant d mu t formation process were revealed (density effect, epithermal behavior). DT sticking was measured with independent techniques, i.e. detection of fusion neutrons as well as mu He X-rays after fusion. Fusion yields per muon of 113+or-10 was observed at liquid conditions; yields exceeding 200 are anticipated for optimal conditions from the authors results. (43 References).
W. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, G. Chen, P. Guss, F. Hartmann, P. Kammel, J. Kraiman, J. Marton, C. Petitjean, J. Reidy, A. Scrinzi, R. Siegel, W. Vulcan, R. Welsh, H. Wolverton, A. Zehnder, and J. Zmeskal, "Diffusion of muonic hydrogen atoms," Sin Newsletter, vol. 20, no. , pp. NL58-9, 1988.
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment is to study the diffusion of muonic hydrogen ( mu p or mu d) atoms formed when negative muons are stopped in H/sub 2/ or D/sub 2/ gas which fills the interstices of an array of planar foils placed in an Al target pressure vessel. The specific objective is to gain information on (a) the velocity spectrum of muonic hydrogen atoms when they reach the 1S state, and (b) the subsequent scattering of these atoms in the gas in which they are formed. (6 References).
WH. Breunlich, "Recent developments in experimental mu CF research," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 478, no. , pp. 769c-75, 1988.
Abstract: The author summarizes the progress of experimental research in the field of muon catalyzed fusion and indicates several of the open problems to be solved for a comprehensive understanding of the complicated kinetics in the deuterium-tritium system. (33 References).
W. H. Breunlich, P. Kammel, J. S. Cohen, and M. Leon, "Muon-catalyzed fusion," in Annual review of nuclear and particle science, vol. 39, no. (J. D. Jackson, H. E. Gove, V. Luth, and RF. Schwitters, eds.), pp. 311--56, 1989.
Abstract: The authors present: (i) the catalysis cycle; (ii) muonic atom processes; (iii) muonic molecule processes and mu CF cycles; (iv) nuclear fusion and sticking analysis. (141 References).
W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, A. Scrinzi, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, W. Bertl, and C. Petitjean, "Experiments on dd mu formation and hyperfine effects," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 149--61, 1990.
Abstract: In a series of experiments, muon catalyzed dd fusion was systematically investigated at low temperatures (23-150 K) using liquid and gaseous targets of pure D/sub 2/ by detecting neutrons from the fusion process dd mu to n+/sup 3/He+ mu . With this method, the time components due to the two d mu hyperfine states could be clearly resolved over a wide range of target conditions. The rates lambda /sub F/ for dd mu formation from these two hyperfine states as well as the hyperfine transition rates lambda /sub FF`/ were separated in a kinetic analysis of the observed time spectra. The results obtained allow precision tests of the theory of the muonic three-body Coulomb problems, provide information on nuclear fusion reactions at low energy, and clarify the conditions for basic experiments on nuclear muon capture in deuterium. (27 References).
WH. Breunlich, "Muon catalyzed fusion," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 508, no. , pp. 3c-16, 1990.
Abstract: Considerable progress has been achieved in understanding the mu CF cycle recently. Systematic experimental investigations of resonant formation of dd mu in pure deuterium have been carried out at different laboratories providing valuable insight in the complicated resonance mechanism. Furthermore, the dd mu system serves as a test case for the interpretation of experimental results in the far more complex dt mu system. For the dt mu system the high output of fusion reactions per single muon has been verified experimentally. However, the understanding of the processes involved in the catalytic cycle has encountered substantial problems, which call for further theoretical and experimental work. The broad spectrum of physics phenomena ranging from atomic and molecular physics to nuclear and particle physics, which has been outlined, provide a strong motivation for this kind of investigation. (51 References).
W. H. Breunlich, J.-P. Egger, and others, "Direct measurement of the muon transfer from hydrogen to helium," PSI Proposal, vol. R--94--03, 1994.
W. H. Breunlich, J.-E. Egger, and others, "Direct measurement of the muon transfer from hydrogen to helium," Addendum to PSI Proposal, vol. R--94--03, 1997.
J. H. Brewer, K. M. Crowe, R. F. Johnson, A. Schenck, and RW. Williams, "'fast' depolarization of positive muons in solution-the chemistry of atomic muonium," Physical Review Letters, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 297--300, 1971.
Abstract: The initial magnitude and direction of the residual asymmetry in the decays of polarized positive muons stopped in solutions in transverse magnetic fields are observed to depend strongly upon the concentration of dissolved compounds. Such effects were seen in methanol solutions of I/sub 2/ and in aqueous solutions of FeCl/sub 3/ and Fe(ClO/sub 4/)/sub 3/. The underlying fast depolarization mechanism can be qualitatively and quantitatively understood by assuming muonium formation with subsequent chemical reaction of the atomic muonium with dissolved compounds. (16 References).
J. H. Brewer, K. M. Crowe, F. N. Gygax, R. F. Johnson, B. D. Patterson, D. G. Fleming, and A. Schenck, "Anomalous mu /sup +/ precession in silicon," Physical Review Letters, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 143--6, 1973.
Abstract: Studies precession of polarized positive muons in quartz and silicon in transverse magnetic fields, via the asymmetric decay. Observes free muon precession and two-frequency muonium precession, as well as two anomalous precession frequencies apparent only in silicon. (11 References).
J. H. Brewer, F. N. Gygax, and DG. Fleming, "Mechanism for mu /sup +/ depolarization in liquids-muonium chemistry with radical formation," Physical Review A, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 77--86, 1973.
Abstract: The phenomenon of environment-dependent 'fast' depolarization of stopped positive muons is described in terms of a theoretical model. The formalism is similar to that developed by Ivanter and Smilga (1968) to describe the 'proper muonium mechanism,' but has been adapted and expanded to include situations involving more than one strongly depolarizing influence (i.e., muonium and a molecular radical). For a plausible situation in dilute solutions with transverse applied magnetic field, the exact time dependence of the muon polarization is derived formally, with the 'residual polarization' emerging as a limit. The result can be applied to the study of muonium chemistry. (17 References).
J. H. Brewer and KM. Crowe, "Advances in muon spin rotation," in Annual review of nuclear and particle science, vol. 28, no. (J. D. Jackson, H. E. Gove, and RF. Schwitters, eds.), pp. 239-326, 1978.
Abstract: Reviews the development of muon spin rotation from 1957 to 1975 and, in particular, more recent advances. The muon as a magnetic probe, relaxation and motion in metals, muonium chemistry, Knight shifts, and mu SR in antiferromagnets are considered. (140 References).
JH. Brewer, "Negative muon hyperfine transition rate in aluminium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 19, no. 1-4, pp. 879--84, 1984.
Abstract: The residual polarization of the F/sup -/ hyperfine state of mu /sup -27/ Al has been investigated as a function of applied transverse magnetic field strength using standard TD- mu /sup -/SR techniques. The F/sup -/ precession frequency is -0.2623(5) (theoretical value: -0.2622) times that of the free muon in the same field. The observed muon decay electron asymmetry in the F/sup -/ state decreases with increasing magnetic field strength, due to initial precession in the opposite direction of the F/sup +/ state, which most muon initially populate, followed by a rapid transition to the F/sup -/ state. A fit of the data to this model indicates a transition rate R=41(9) mu s/sup -1/, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. This method can be used to determine R experimentally in other cases where it is to fast to be observed directly. (8 References).
JH. Brewer, "Negative muon precession in nuclei with spin," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 19, no. 1-4, pp. 873--8, 1984.
Abstract: Polarized negative muons were stopped in various materials containing nuclei with nonzero spin. The TF- mu SR precession signal of F/sup +/ hyperfine state (frequency nu /sub +/[right angle bracket]0) was pronounced for mu /sup -/Li and mu /sup -/Be, faint for mu /sup -/cl (in NiCl/sub 2/), and undetectable for mu /sup -/F (in CaF/sub 2/ or NiF/sub 2/) and mu /sup -/P. The F/sup -/ signal (frequency nu /sub -/[left angle bracket]0) was observed clearly for mu /sup -/Be, mu /sup -/Al and mu /sup -/Na, marginally for mu /sup -/K, mu /sup -/V and mu /sup -/Nb, and not at all for mu /sup -/Ga (at 4 kOe) or mu /sup 4/-Co (ferromagnetic, zero field). In the heavier elements the F/sup -/ signals is 'fed' by transitions from the F/sup +/ to the F/sup -/ state at a rate R, as long as R[right angle bracket][right angle bracket]( nu /sub +/- nu /sub -/). (7 References).
J. H. Brewer, S. R. Kreitzman, G. M. Luke, G. D. Morris, C. Niedermayer, T. M. Riseman, W. N. Hardy, E. P. Krasnoperov, E. E. Meilikhov, and VP. Smilga, "Muon relaxation in hydrogen isotopes HD and D/sub 2/," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 577--80, 1991.
Abstract: Experiments on muon relaxation in hydrogen isotopes in longitudinal and transverse magnetic fields have shown that there is a significant difference in the behavior of the muon and the muonium components. The relaxation rate of the muonium component increases with the nuclear magnetic moment, whereas the depolarization of the diamagnetic component ( mu /sup +/) is virtually independent of the isotopic composition. (10 References).
C. Briancon, V. B. Brudanin, J. Deutsch, V. G. Egorov, T. V. Filipova, R. Prieels, N. Severijns, C. Petitjean, Y. A. Shitov, V. Vorobel, T. Vylov, V. Wiaux, I. A. Yutlandov, and S. Zaparov, "Experiment AnCor: search for scalar interaction in beta decay and mu capture," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 1395--402, 1998.
Abstract: Experiments devoted to the search for scalar interaction in nuclear beta decay and ordinary muon capture and based on the measurement of ( beta - nu ) and ( gamma - nu ) angular correlations are described. The idea of the measurement is to detect the Doppler shift of photons due to the recoil of the daughter nuclei by means of high precision semiconductor gamma spectroscopy. (31 References).
C. Briancon, V. Brudanin, J. Deutsch, V. Egorov, T. Filipova, M. Kudoyarov, V. Lobanov, T. Mamedov, A. Pasternak, R. Prieels, A. Salamatin, Y. Shitov, T. Vylov, I. Yutlandov, and S. Zaparov, "The spin-neutrino correlation revisited in /sup 28/Si muon capture: a new determination of the induced pseudoscalar coupling g/sub P//g/sub A/," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A671, no. 1-4, pp. 647--57, 2000.
Abstract: We describe an improved follow-up of our previous spin-neutrino correlation experiment, where the 1229 and 2171 keV gamma-rays emitted after the /sup 28/Si( mu , nu )/sup 28/Al(1/sup +/, 2202 keV) reaction were observed by high-resolution HPGe detectors at different angles with respect to the muon spin. In the experiment described here, a magnetic field was used both to select events according to the spin-gamma angle and to measure the residual muon polarization by the muSR method. We further increase the precision of our result making use of new experimental and theoretical information. We obtain for the parameter x identical to M(2)/M(-1) the value of x=0.239+or-0.029, which can be compared to our previous result (Brudanin et al. (1995)) x=0.254+or-0.034 and to the value x=0.315+or-0.080 obtained recently at TRIUMF with a different technique. The coupling-constant ratio g/sub P//g/sub A/ was deduced from the mean value x=0.247+or-0.027. Using renormalized transition operators calculated recently, we obtained for g/sub P//g/sub A/ the solution range of -1.0 to +1.3 to be compared to the value of 7 predicted by PCAC for the free nucleon. This result confirms the strong quenching of g/sub P//g/sub A/ reported earlier. (26 References).
J. S. Briggs, P. T. Greenland, and E. A. Solov'ev, "The capture of slow antiprotons in helium, neon, and argon," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 235--240, 1999.
E. V. Brilev and ChL. Kathat, "Neutrino mass effects on asymmetry in mu /sup -/ meson capture by /sup 12/C," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 7--11, 1988.
Abstract: The authors study the m/sub upsilon / dependence for the asymmetry coefficient alpha /sub mu upsilon / in neutrino escape with respect to the muon spin orientation in mu /sup -/ capture by /sup 12/C in the ground state. For small transferred 4-momentum, the W boson propagator can be considered as constant and is approximately 1/M/sub W//sup 2/ (where M/sub W/ is the intermediate-boson mass), and all the calculations can be based on the current-current weak-interaction theory. (16 References).
D. I. Britton, G. A. Beer, J. A. Macdonald, G. R. Mason, T. Numao, A. Olin, P. R. Poffenberger, A. R. Kunselman, and BH. Olaniyi, "The pionic sodium 2p-1s transition," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A461, no. 3-4, pp. 571--8, 1987.
Abstract: The width and energy of the pionic sodium 2p-1s X-ray has been measured using a Compton suppressed germanium spectrometer. The resulting reduction of the continuum Compton back-ground has allowed a more detailed determination of the X-ray. The values obtained. The values obtained are: Energy=276.45(+or-0.27, +or-0.33) keV; Width=17.1 (+or-1.1, +or-1.2) keV. The measured widths is in better agreement with optical model predictions than previous measurements which gave anomalously narrow values. (14 References).
B. Brocklehurst and DB. Cook, "The muonium bond," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 142, no. 5, pp. 329--33, 1987.
Abstract: Muonium is a light isotope of hydrogen, so light that in strong hydrogen bonds its zero-point energy is close to or above the energy barrier; this favours the formation of symmetrical muonium bonds. In water, muons will exist as Mu(H/sub 2/O)/sub 6//sup +/ in contrast to H(H/sub 2/O)/sub 4//sup +/; the stability of this species will slow the exchange of Mu and H. With alkenes and alkynes, muons will preferentially form non-classical complexes because of their lower zero-point energy in weak bonds; in liquids, a muon will attach two molecules via a symmetrical muonium bond. (34 References).
R. Brockmann, W. Weise, and L. Tauscher, "Y* resonances and kaonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A308, no. 3, pp. 365--80, 1978.
Abstract: The role of the Y/sub 0/* and Y/sub 1/* resonances in kaonic /sup 12/C and /sup 32/S is studied. Non-local effects due to propagation of the Y/sub 0/* are investigated together with the influence of possible changes in the Y/sub 0/* position and width. The most recent parametrizations of the K/sup -/N amplitude will be used. It is shown that the kaonic widths and shifts suggest systematically a repulsive shift and an increased width of the Y/sub 0/* inside a nucleus. (20 References).
J-C Brodovitch, S-K Leung, S. Sun-Mack, P. W. Percival, D. Yu, and SFJ. Cox, "Intramolecular motion in muonium-substituted radicals," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 65, no. 1-4, pp. 937--8, 1990.
Abstract: Values of hyperfine coupling constants (HFC) for the muon and other spin-labelled nuclei in muonium-substituted radicals can be obtained by a combination of conventional mu SR and mu LCR experiments. Variations with temperature of the HFCs may be interpreted in terms of intramolecular motion effects, offering clues to the nature of the motions and the conformations of the radical species. This approach has been used with success at TRIUMF for the ethyl, tert-butyl, and cyclohexadienyl radicals. To complete the tert-butyl study, the HFC of the /sup 13/C spin-labelled radical centre was measured as a function of temperature to obtain more direct information on the type of hybridization at this site. mu LCR experiments were performed on a /sup 13/C-labelled isobutene sample diluted in either isopentane or an isopentane/dodecane mixture to cover the temperature range 120-390 K in the liquid phase. Preliminary results have been obtained on the Mu-substituted isopropyl and n-propyl radicals formed by addition of Mu to propene, both in the gas and liquid phase. (5 References).
J-C Brodovitch, Ji Feng, P. W. Percival, A. L. Bischoff, B. M. Pinto, B. Addison-Jones, and S. Wlodek, "Conformational studies of thiyl and selenenyl radicals," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 87, no. 1-4, pp. 839--45, 1994.
Abstract: Muonium adds to the unsaturated bond in 1,3-dithiolane-2-thione or -2-selenone to form a chalcogen-centered radical. The muon hyperfine coupling constants (HFC) were measured for both compounds over a range of temperatures. In solution, the temperature dependence of the muon HFC indicates that for the thiyl radical the preferred conformation corresponds to the muon eclipsing the unpaired electron p/sub z/-orbital, while there is practically free rotation in the case of the selenenyl radical in the temperature range studied. In pure thione the HFC values show a remarkable discontinuity at the melting point. The two radical signals seen in the solid are interpreted as due to the presence of two dominant crystal orientations in the samples studied. In pure selenone data were obtained only in the solid. For both systems, the solid phase results show that interaction between the muon and the unpaired electron spin is enhanced compared to the liquid phase and/or the solution. (8 References).
J. C. Brodovitch, P. W. Percival, B. Addison-Jones, and F. Ji, "Intramolecular motion and isotope effects in muonium-substituted chloroalkyl radicals," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 106, no. 1-4, pp. 163--7, 1997.
Abstract: Muon irradiation of pure liquid 3-chloropropene, CH/sub 2/=CH-CH/sub 2/Cl, yields a primary radical, CH/sub 2/-CHMu-CH/sub 2/Cl, and a secondary radical, MuCH/sub 2/-CH-CH/sub 2/Cl. 2-methyl-3-chloropropene yields only the tertiary radical, MuCH/sub 2/-C(CH/sub 3/)-CH/sub 2/Cl. These three chloroalkyl radicals have been characterized by mu SR and mu LCR, and the hyperfine coupling constants (hfcs) have been determined over a range of temperatures, either in the pure liquid precursor or in concentrated solution. The temperature variation of the hfcs has been analyzed to obtain estimates of the barrier to internal rotation about the C/sub alpha /-C/sub beta / axis for various alkyl groups, and also their minimum energy conformations, i.e. their orientations with respect to the axis of the 2p/sub z/ orbital of the unpaired electron. The tertiary radical is particularly interesting because all three methyl-like groups, -CH/sub 3/, -CH/sub 2/Cl and -CH/sub 2/Mu, are represented. The results can be compared to electron spin resonance data for analogous radicals, to provide information on the effects of Mu substitution for H. (7 References).
SJ. Brodsky, "Quantum electrodynamics and exotic atomic phenomena of high Z-elements," Comments on Atomic & Molecular Physics, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 109--18, 1973.
Abstract: A review is given of the physics of the exotic atomic phenomena, especially positron autoionization, which can occur if the charge of the nucleus is increased beyond the critical value Z approximately 170. The adiabatic collision of two heavy ions can be used to study experimentally the problem of the Dirac electron in a Coulomb field beyond the critical value where pair production occurs. Various approaches to this phenomenon are discussed, including the possible complications of quantum electrodynamic corrections. A brief review of recent tests of quantum electrodynamics in high Z electronic and muonic atoms is also presented. (24 References).
J. Brodsky and G. Karl, "Parity violation in atoms," Comments on Atomic & Molecular Physics, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 63--9, 1976.
Abstract: Recent theoretical predictions for parity violating effects in atoms are reviewed. Order of magnitude estimates are given for the effect of weak neutral currents in various electronic and muonic atoms. The observation of any of these polarization effects will not only establish the existence of a parity violating interaction between charged leptons and the nucleus, but will also determine the sign of the coupling-an important constraint for theory. (14 References).
S. J. Brodsky and PJ. Mohr, "Quantum electrodynamics in strong and supercritical fields," in Structure and collisions of ions and atoms, no. (A. Sellin, ed.), pp. 3-67, 1978.
Abstract: Reviews recent work on the atomic spectra in high-Z electronic and muonic atoms including muonic helium, with emphasis on the Lamb shift and vacuum polarisation corrections which test strong field quantum electrodynamics (QED). The theoretical framework of the QED calculations for strong fields is discussed. The constraints on nonperturbative vacuum polarisation modifications and possible scalar particles are presented. Also reviews recent work on the QED heavy-ion collisions, particularly the dynamics of positron production. Reviews the phenomenology and calculational methods, the parameters for possible experiments, vacancy formation and background effects. Also mentions several new topics including coherent production of photons in heavy-ion collisions and the self-neutralization of charged matter. Discusses the relative importance of induced versus adiabatic pair production and the nature of radiative corrections in alpha to spontaneous pair production. (187 References).
MWJ Bromley and J. Mitroy, "Configuration-interaction calculations of positron binding to group-II elements," Physical Review A, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 62505--1--10, 2002.
Abstract: The configuration-interaction (CI) method is applied to the study of positronic magnesium (e/sup +/Mg), positronic calcium (e/sup +/Ca), and positronic strontium (e/sup +/Sr). The CI expansion was seen to converge slowly with respect to L/sub max/, the maximum angular momentum of any orbital used to construct the CI basis. Despite doing explicit calculations with L/sub max/=10, extrapolation corrections to the binding energies for the L/sub max/ to infinity limit were substantial in the case of e/sup +/Ca (25%) and e/sup +/Sr (50%). The extrapolated binding energies were 0.0162 hartree for e/sup +/Mg, 0.0165 hartree for e/sup +/Ca, and 0.0101 hartree for e/sup +/Sr. The static-dipole polarizabilities for the neutral parent atoms were computed as a by-product, giving 71.7a/sub 0//sup 3/, 162a/sub 0//sup 3/, and 204a/sub 0//sup 3/ for Mg, Ca, and Sr, respectively. (48 References).
F. D. Brooks and others, "Pulsed muons for µCF experiments at RAL," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, pp. 85--92, 1988.
L. S. Brown, R. N. Cahn, and LD. McLerran, "Analytic calculation to all orders in Z alpha of nuclear size effects in vacuum polarization," Physical Review Letters, vol. 32, no. 10, pp. 562--5, 1974.
Abstract: The energy shift of the 5g/sub 9/2/-4f/sub 7/2/ transition in muonic /sup 208/Pb due to a finite nuclear size correction is found to increase the discrepancy between observation and prediction by 5 eV. The analysis is restricted by setting the electron mass to zero and by retaining only the first term the Vehling potential, radius expansion. (10 References).
L. S. Brown, R. N. Cahn, and LD. McLerran, "Vacuum polarization in a strong Coulomb field. III. Nuclear size effects," Physical Review D, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 609--19, 1975.
Abstract: For pt.II see ibid., vol.12, p.596, 1975. The change in the vacuum polarization near a high-Z nucleus arising from the finite extent of the nuclear charge distribution is calculated analytically to all orders of Z alpha . As applications of this, the shifts of muonic energy levels are calculated to lowest order in the ratio of the nuclear to the muonic orbit radii, and comparisons with experimental data are made. (22 References).
L. S. Brown, R. N. Cahn, and LD. McLerran, "Vacuum polarization in a strong Coulomb field. II. Short-distance corrections," Physical Review D, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 596--608, 1975.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.12, p.581, 1975. The coefficients of the r and r/sup 2 lambda / terms in the vacuum polarization potential induced by a point nuclear charge, are calculated analytically to all orders of Z alpha . The region near the nucleus is of importance for heavy muonic atoms. (12 References).
L. S. Brown, R. N. Cahn, and LD. McLerran, "Vacuum polarization in a strong Coulomb field. I. Induced point charge," Physical Review D, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 581--95, 1975.
Abstract: An expression, to all orders of Z alpha , is obtained for the polarization point charge induced by a point nuclear charge. The short distance behaviour of the vacuum polarization potential is important in the study of energy levels in heavy muonic atoms. (15 References).
V. Brudanin, V. Egorov, T. Filipova, T. Mamedov, A. Salamatin, Yu Shitov, I. Stekl, V. Vorobel, Ts Vylov, I. Yutlandov, Sh Zaparov, J. Deutsch, R. Prieels, L. Grenacs, and Ch. Briancon, "Investigation of spin-neutrino angular correlations in the capture of polarized muons by silicon nuclei," in Yamada Conference XL IV. Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei, (H. Ejiri, T. Kishimoto, and T. Sato, eds.), pp. 390--3, 1995.
Abstract: In two experiments carried out in 1993-1994 in Dubna the specific shape of gamma -lines corresponding to the decay of the short-lived excited state at 2202 keV of the recoiling nucleus was precisely measured at different angles to the muon polarisation axis. The results of the analysis of two gamma -lines indicate a significant quenching of the g/sub P//g/sub A/ ratio with respect to the Goldberger-Treiman prediction using the PCAC-hypothesis. The model-dependence of this apparent quenching remains to be assessed. (16 References).
V. Brudanin, V. Egorov, T. Filipova, A. Kachalkin, V. Kovalenko, A. Salamatin, Yu Shitov, I. Stekl, S. Vassiliev, V. Vorobel, T. Vylov, I. Yutlandov, Sh Zaparov, J. Deutsch, R. Prieels, L. Grenacs, J. Rak, and C. Briancon, "Measurement of the induced pseudoscalar form factor in the capture of polarized muons by Si nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A587, no. 4, pp. 577--95, 1995.
Abstract: The observation with high-resolution Ge detectors of the 1229 and 2171 keV gamma-rays emitted after the /sup 28/Si( mu , nu )/sup 28/Al(1/sup +/, 2202 keV) reaction allowed us to determine the nuclear-amplitude ratio x identical to M(2)/M(-1) characteristic of this muon-capture reaction. Using the nuclear-structure dependent evaluation of various correction terms (model of Ciechanowicz), our result x=+0.254+or-0.034 provides for the induced pseudoscalar coupling g/sub P/ the ratio g/sub P//g/sub A/(0.848m/sup 2//sub mu /)=3.4+or-1.0, to be compared to the PCAC prediction of g/sub P//g/sub A/=7. The model dependence of this apparent quenching remains to be assessed. (59 References).
H. Bruggemeyer, V. Pfeufer, U. Nielsen, and J-F. Wyart, "Hyperfine structure in the configuration 4f/sup 11/5d6s/sup 2/ of Er I," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 269--81, 1986.
Abstract: Hyperfine constants of low lying levels of the configuration 4f/sup 11/5d6s/sup 2/ in Er I have been measured for the only stable odd isotope, /sup 167/Er, using high resolution laser-atomic-beam spectroscopy. Hyperfine parameters were evaluated from the experimental data using the effective tensor operator formalism. For this purpose eigenfunctions have been determined from an analysis of the fine structure energies of Er I as well as from ab initio multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock calculations. A comparison of calculated fine structure energies, Lande g/sub J/-factors and hyperfine constants with experimental data allowed a test of the reliability of the fine structure and multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock wavefunctions. Effective nuclear electric quadrupole moments for /sup 167/Er have been determined from the experimental hyperfine constants using both calculated relativistic electronic radial integrals and hyperfine parameters for the 4f and 5d electrons in the configuration 4f/sup 11/5d6s/sup 2/ in Er I. From a comparison with the nuclear quadrupole moment measured in the mesic atom Sternheimer shielding factors are calculated. Configuration-interaction contributions to the radial integrals (r/sup -3/)/sub nl//sup 01/ of the 4f and 5d electrons have been determined. (44 References).
D. A. Bryman, M. Blecher, K. Gotow, and RJ. Powers, "Search for the reaction mu /sup -/+Cu to e/sup +/+Co," Physical Review Letters, vol. 28, no. 22, pp. 1469--71, 1972.
Abstract: The authors have searched for the reaction mu /sup -/+Cu to e/sup +/+Co, which is allowed by the lepton conservation scheme that assigns the same lepton number to e/sup -/, mu /sup +/, nu /sub e/, and nu mu . One event has been observed which is consistent with the above reaction, while the expected background was approximately=0.02 events. Although they cannot be certain whether the process has been detected, but they can set an upper limit on the branching ratio relative to ordinary muon capture of r[left angle bracket]or=2.6*10/sup -8/(90% confidence level). (15 References).
D. A. Bryman, ETH Clifford, M. J. Leitch, I. Navon, T. Numao, P. Schlatter, M. S. Dixit, C. K. Hargrove, H. Mes, R. A. Burnham, M. Hasinoff, J-M Poutissou, J. A. Macdonald, J. Spuller, G. Azuelos, P. Depommier, J-P Martin, R. Poutissou, M. Blecher, K. Gotow, A. L. Carter, H. L. Anderson, and SC. Wright, "Search for mu -e conversion in Ti," Physical Review Letters, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 465--8, 1985.
Abstract: A search has been performed for the lepton-flavor-nonconserving reaction mu /sup -/+Ti to e/sup -/+Ti using a time-projection chamber. No candidate events were observed, resulting in a limit of Gamma ( mu /sup -/+Ti to e/sup -/+Ti)/ Gamma ( mu /sup -/+Ti to capture)[left angle bracket]1.6*10/sup -11/ (90% CL) for this reaction relative to ordinary muon capture. (14 References).
D. A. Bryman, M. J. Leitch, I. Navon, T. Numao, P. Schlatter, M. S. Dixit, C. K. Hargrove, H. Mes, R. A. Burnham, M. Hasinoff, J-M Poutissou, J. A. Macdonald, J. Spuller, G. Azuelos, P. Depommier, J. P. Martin, R. Poutissou, M. Blecher, K. Gotow, A. L. Carter, H. L. Anderson, and SC. Wright, "Search for muon electron conversion mu /sup -/+Ti to e/sup -/+Ti," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 434, no. , pp. 469-74, 1985.
Abstract: A progress report on a search for the lepton flavor violating reaction mu /sup -/+Ti to e/sup -/+Ti is presented. No evidence for this process has yet been found leading to an upper limit [left angle bracket]2*10/sup -11/ (90% confidence level) relative to ordinary muon capture. (5 References).
M. Bubak, V. M. Bystritsky, A. Gula, and J. Wozniak, "Kinetics of muon catalyzed nuclear synthesis in media containing one hydrogen isotope and heavier element admixtures," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: Summary form only given. Kinetic formulae are derived describing the evolution in time of the processes leading to the muon-catalyzed nuclear synthesis in pure D/sub 2/ or T/sub 2/ targets containing possible admixtures of heavier elements. The formulae enable one to take into account any mu -molecular and mu -atomic processes in the muon-catalysis chain, and describe the time distributions of these processes in separate cycles with inclusion of the experimental detection efficiency. (2 References).
M. Bubak, V. M. Bystritsky, and A. Gu{\l}a, "Kinetic formulae for (D+D)µ and (T+T)µ muon--catalyzed nuclear synthesis," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. 16, pp. 575--588, 1985.
M. Bubak and V. M. Bystritsky, "Evaluation of the possibility for determining the parameters of the $t\mu$--atoms charge exchange on helium," JINR Preprint E1--86--107, 1986.
M. Bubak and M. P. Faifman, "Cross sections for hydrogen muonic atomic processes in two-level approximation of the adiabatic framework," JINR Preprint E4--87--464, 1987.
M. Bubak and VM. Bystritsky, "Cycle-by-cycle time distribution of muon catalyzed fusions disregarding events occurring in deadtime intervals," Kerntechnik, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 328--30, 1991.
Abstract: Cycle-by-cycle kinetic formulae are derived which describe the time distribution of muon catalyzed fusion events, disregarding events occurring in deadtime intervals. These theoretical time distributions are appropriate for any muon catalyzed fusion chain in any mixture of hydrogen isotopes. The approach enables analysis of experimental data excluding ambiguities connected with deadtime corrections. (13 References).
C. Bucci, G. Guidi, G. M. De'munari, M. Manfredi, P. Podini, R. Tedeschi, P. R. Crippa, and A. Vecli, "Direct evidence for muonium radicals in water solutions," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 41--4, 1978.
Abstract: The precession frequencies of muonium in a molecular radical state have been observed by mu SR technique in diluted solutions of 2,6-dihydroxy-5-methylpyrimidine (thymine) in water. The conditions for the observation of the radicals are discussed in terms of the interdependent roles played by the chemical reaction time for muonium and by the external magnetic field. A comparison with the known ESR data on solid thymine confirms that the observed product of the muonium's reaction is an adduct radical with an hyperfine interaction reduced by 7%+or-1% of the free muonium value. (5 References).
B. Budick, W. Y. Lee, S. Bernow, M. Y. Chen, S. C. Cheng, D. Hitlin, J. W. Kast, E. R. Macagno, A. M. Rushton, and CS. Wu, "Finite distribution of nuclear M1 and E2 moments in muonic /sup 115/In, /sup 133/Cs, and /sup 141/Pr," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 203-4, 1970.
Abstract: The distribution of nuclear M1 and E2 moments in the nuclei /sup 115/In, /sup 133/Cs, and /sup 141/Pr have been investigated by observing the hfs of their muonic X-ray spectra. The nuclear magnetism arising from the orbital motions is concentrated closer to the center of the nucleus, while the spin magnetism is more highly localized at the positions of the individual nucleons and tends to be more uniform. The reductions of the values of A/sub 1/(Is/sub 1/2/) from their point-dipole values for all three nuclei studied are apparent.
B. Budick, S. C. Cheng, E. R. Macagno, A. M. Rushton, and CS. Wu, "Muon- and pion-induced fission of uranium isotopes," Physical Review Letters, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 604--7, 1970.
Abstract: The authors have measured the energy distributions of fission fragments following formation of muonic and pionic /sup 233/U and /sup 235/U. They have confirmed earlier results on the mean lives for muon capture by /sup 235/U and /sup 238/U and extended the study to /sup 233/U, Additional data have also been obtained on the process whereby a muon induces fission by transferring its excitation energy to the nucleus in a radiationless transition to the 1s level.
B. Budick, J. R. Toraskar, and I. Yaghoobia, "Muonic X-rays from liquid hydrogen," Physics Letters B, vol. 34B, no. 6, pp. 539--41, 1971.
Abstract: The authors have observed Lyman radiation from the muonic atoms formed when a beam of muons stops in a liquid hydrogen target. Energies for these X-rays lie in the range 1.9-2.5 keV. Their results are consistent with a ratio of K/sub alpha // Sigma K=0.7+or-0.2. In addition, the authors searched for X-rays from pionic hydrogen by stopping negative pions in liquid hydrogen. No clear evidence for pionic X-rays was found.
B. Budick, "Muon-neutron interaction in heavy muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 2267--9, 1974.
Abstract: The existence of a neutron halo in heavy muonic atoms could be detected as a shift in the energy levels. This is calculated on the assumption of a Foldy interaction of the anomalous moments of the neutron in the halo with the electrostatic charge of a muon. However, the calculated values for the 3d level of muonic barium and the 4f level of muonic lead is too small and in the wrong direction to account for the present discrepancy between the calculated and the measured values of the vacuum polarization corrections to these levels. (14 References).
B. Budick, R. Anigstein, and JW. Kast, "Isomer shifts of the octupole doublet in muonic /sup 207/Pb," Physics Letters B, vol. 94B, no. 3, pp. 339--42, 1980.
Abstract: Isomer shifts in the doublet 5/2/sup +/, 7/2/sup +/ levels in muonic /sup 207/Pb have been measured. The shifts are essentially the same as in the core 3/sup -/ collective state. They support the hypothesis that the octupole vibration does not conserve volume. (15 References).
B. Budick, R. Anigstein, and JW. Kast, "Prompt gamma -rays from /sup 206/Pb following neutron emission from muonic /sup 207/Pb," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A350, no. 3-4, pp. 265--77, 1980.
Abstract: The authors have measured the energies and intensities of prompt gamma -rays from /sup 206/Pb that follow neutron emission from muonic /sup 207/Pb. For the levels at 803, 1704 and 2648 keV they deduce muonic isomer shifts. By comparing the relative and absolute yields of the gamma -rays with the intensities of neutron groups observed in ( gamma ,n) reactions, they find that roughly 50% of the prompt neutrons from muonic /sup 207/Pb result from radiationless deexcitation of atomic levels with n[right angle bracket]or=4. (26 References).
B. Budick, R. Anigstein, and JW. Kast, "Neutronless muon capture on /sup 207/Pb," Physics Letters B, vol. 106B, no. 1-2, pp. 55--7, 1981.
Abstract: Muon capture on /sup 207/Pb to the first excited state of /sup 207/Tl has been detected in a delayed gamma ray experiment with a probability of 7.9+or-1.4% per mu capture. This experiment is the first to observe muon capture to an excited state of the isobar of a heavy nucleus. (16 References).
B. Budick, R. Anigstein, and JW. Kast, "Nuclear excitation in the reaction /sup 207/Pb( mu /sup -/, nu 6n)/sup 201/Tl," Physics Letters B, vol. 110B, no. 5, pp. 375--8, 1982.
Abstract: A probability of roughly 1% has been measured for the formation of the first excited state of /sup 201/Tl following muon capture on /sup 207/Pb. A probability of this magnitude for 6 neutron emission may indicate structure in the nuclear excitation function near 54 MeV. An alternative interpretation is provided by muon capture on a correlated np pair in analogy with pion absorption. (17 References).
B. Budick, R. Anigstein, and JW. Kast, "Delayed gamma rays from muon capture on /sup 207/Pb," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A393, no. 3, pp. 469--90, 1983.
Abstract: The authors have measured the energies and intensities of delayed gamma -rays from /sup 207-201/Tl following muon capture on /sup 207/Pb. Probabilities for the emission of 0-6 neutrons have been deduced. Measured and predicted neutron multiplicities (based on an impulse approximation model) are in reasonable agreement for multiplicities of 2, 3, 4 and 5. Experimental values for high and low multiplicities are not accounted for by the theory. High angular momentum states involving the h/sub 11/2/ proton hole are observed in several of the thallium daughters. Using a simple shell-model approach, the authors have correlated mu -capture on the h/sub 11/2/ proton shell with the energy spectrum of directly emitted neutrons. (46 References).
U. G. Budyashov, V. G. Zinov, A. D. Konin, and A. I. Mukhin, "Muon capture in gas mixtures," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 5, pp. 830--833, 1967.
U. G. Budyashov, P. F. Ermolov, V. G. Zinov, A. D. Konin, and A. I. Mukhin, "Structure of K series of argon in atomic capture of negative muons in the pure gas and in a mixture with hydrogen," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 5, pp. 599--602, 1967.
DV. Bugg, "pi -deuteron scattering," in Conference on Few Body Problems in Nuclear and Particle Physics, (R. J. Slobodrian, B. Cujec, and K. Ramavatram, eds.), pp. 267--86, 1975.
Abstract: The author discusses what happens in pi d scattering which cannot be understood directly from knowledge of pi N. Experimental data on total cross-sections and elastic scattering are reviewed from threshold to the GeV region, with particular attention to recent results. A new measurement of the scattering length, from the strong interaction shift in the ground state of the mesic atom, agrees with pi N scattering lengths and multiple scattering theory. Elastic scattering at high energy and small angles now agrees well with Glauber theory. However, the magnitude of the contribution of inelastic states to Glauber shadowing in the total cross-section is confused both experimentally and theoretically. (40 References).
AP. Bukhvostov, "Muon depolarization during mu -mesoatom production from nuclei with non-zero spin," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 107--13, 1969.
Abstract: Muon residual polarization at cascade transitions in mesoatoms for the nuclear spin from 0 to /sup 11///sub 2/ is calculated for specific values of initial orbital momentum. Hyperfine splitting of excited levels is assumed to be large as compared to their width. When calculating the polarization the possibility of the Auger transitions between sublevels in the hyperfine structure of the mesoatom K-shell is considered.
A. P. Bukhvostov and NP. Popov, "Time dependence of particle correlations in muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 385--400, 1970.
Abstract: The formulae for the correlations between the directions of the neutrino and gamma-ray momenta and the vector of muon polarization are obtained for muon capture with the excitation of a daughter nucleus. Time dependence of the particle correlations, which is caused by the conversion between the hyperfine K-shell sublevels, is analysed. Gamma-neutrino angular correlation is discussed in detail for muon capture by the /sup 14/N nucleus. (15 References).
A. P. Bukhvostov, V. A. Vartanyan, Z. Ozievich, N. P. Popov, and RA. Eramzhyan, "Recoil nuclei asymmetry in the capture of mu mesons by the /sup 11/B nucleus," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 820--4, 1971.
Abstract: The angular distribution of the recoil nuclei is calculated relative to the polarization vector of mu mesons in reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 11/B to /sup 11/*Be(/sup 1///sub 2//sup -/)+ nu . The asymmetry coefficient is analysed as a function of weak interaction constants, polarization parameters of mesoatom and nuclear matrix elements. The time dependence of the recoil nuclei asymmetry is analysed. The asymmetry coefficient has been found to be weakly dependent on the model parameters and g/sub P/, g/sub T/. The calculations show that the asymmetry coefficient is positive-definite in a wide range of possible values of the parameters calculated within the (V-A) theory.
A. P. Bukhvostov, A. M. Chatrchan, G. E. Dogotar, R. A. Eramzhyan, N. P. Popov, and VA. Vartanjan, "Partial transitions in muon capture by complex nuclei. I. The capture rate," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. B3, no. 3, pp. 375--83, 1972.
Abstract: The partial capture rates in muon capture by some light nuclei (/sup 9/Be, /sup 10/B, /sup 13/C, /sup 14/N, /sup 15/N and /sup 19/F) are calculated. The dependence of capture rates on nuclear structure is investigated. The possibility of deriving muon-nucleon coupling constants from data on light nuclei is discussed. (9 References).
A. P. Bukhvostov, S. Ciechanowicz, G. E. Dogotar, R. A. Eramzhyan, N. P. Popov, and VA. Vartanjan, "Partial transitions in muon capture by complex nuclei. II. The gamma-neutrino correlation," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. B4, no. 4, pp. 495--500, 1973.
Abstract: For part I, see abstr. A55983 of 1972. The gamma-neutrino directional angular distribution is calculated for the muon capture in /sup 10/B and in /sup 15/N. The dependence on nuclear structure and induced pseudoscalar coupling is investigated. A detailed analysis of the independent multipole amplitudes which describe the transition in /sup 15/N to the first excited level of /sup 15/C is also given. (6 References).
A. P. Bukhvostov and NP. Popov, "Depolarization of negative muons in hydrogen," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 23--33, 1982.
Abstract: The residual polarization of mu /sup -/-mesons slowing down in hydrogen (protium or deuterium) is calculated. The rates of Auger collisions between excited mesic atoms and atoms of the target are calculated in the eikonal approximation. The available data on muon depolarization in hydrogen are discussed. (30 References).
R. Bukowski and B. Jeziorski, "Nonrelativistic Lamb shift for a nonadiabatic many-particle system: an application to the dt mu ion," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 5437--42, 1992.
Abstract: The soft-photon contribution to the Lamb shift of a bound state of a nonrelativistic many-particle system has been expressed by a general formula, which allows for the fully nonadiabatic treatment of the particles. This formula has been applied to estimate the radiative corrections to the binding energies of the S and P states of the dt mu molecule. The correction for the weakly bound P state has been found equal to 0.048 meV, and for the ground state the corresponding value is -1.184 meV. Simple adiabatic models for dt mu are examined and found to provide fairly accurate estimates of the Lamb shift for the two lowest states of this molecule. (27 References).
R. Bukowski and B. Jeziorski, "Nonrelativistic Lamb shift for muonic molecules," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 179--84, 1993.
Abstract: A recently developed formula (Bukowski and Jeziorski, 1992) has been applied to estimate the soft-photon Lamb shift contribution to the energies of the muonic molecules pp mu , dd mu , tt mu , pd mu , pt mu and dt mu . The corresponding corrections to the dissociation energies for the excited P states of dd mu and dt mu have been found to be almost identical and equal to 0.048 meV. The magnitude of this stabilizing effect is too small to affect seriously the formation rates predictions. (9 References).
L. Bulgarelli and others, "On the Ramsauer effect in the $d\mu +p \rightarrow d\mu + p$ cross section at $0.2$eV," INFN Preprint /AE--66/4, 1966.
G. G. Bunatian and YuS. Pol, "Slow pi -meson elastic scattering on nuclei," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, 1976.
Abstract: Reports calculations of the differential cross sections for pi /sup +/-/sup 4/He elastic scattering which described the interaction of pi mesons with nuclei in terms of an effective quasipotential analogous to the one used for the bound states of pi -mesic atoms and which also studied sensitivity to the different versions of the potential. (0 References).
G. G. Bunatyan, V. S. Evseev, L. N. Nikityuk, A. A. Nikolina, V. N. Pokrovskii, V. S. Roganov, L. M. Smirnova, and IA. Yutlandov, "Experimental determination of the ( mu /sup -/, nu ) probability on the Fe/sup 56/ nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 783--8, 1969.
Abstract: Probability of mu /sup -/-meson capture by the Fe/sup 56/ nucleus was measured by means of nuclear-chemical method and estimated theoretically using finite Fermi-system method. The probability of the process Fe /sup 56/ ( mu /sup -/ nu )Mn/sup 56/ measured is 0.16+or-0.025, theoretical estimate of this probability is 0.24+or-0.05. I t follows also from the calculations that in more than 50% of capture events in Mn/sup 56/, the 4.5 MeV level is excited. (19 References).
G. G. Bunatyan and YuS. Pol', "Energies and widths of the states of the pi atoms and distribution of nucleons in nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 827--32, 1977.
Abstract: The calculations and the data transition energies and widths of the levels of pionic atoms are analysed. The dependence of these quantities on the peculiarities of the nuclear density distribution is studied. It is shown that this dependence should be taken into account, although it gives no better fit to the data. (12 References).
EHS Burhop, D. H. Davis, J. Sacton, and G. Schorochoff, "K/sup -/ meson capture by nuclei and the existence of a neutron halo in heavy nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A132, no. 3, pp. 625--8, 1969.
Abstract: The evidence concerning the region of the nucleus in which the capture of K/sup -/ mesons in K mesonic atoms predominantly occurs is re-examined in the light of a recent criticism. It is concluded that capture in the extreme peripheral region where the nuclear density is of the order of 5 per cent of the central density and the existence of a neutron halo in heavy nuclei remain the most probable interpretation of the available data.
EHS. Burhop, "Exotic atoms," Contemporary Physics, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 335--58, 1970.
Abstract: Electrically charged elementary particles may be incorporated into atoms and molecules. A negatively charged particle may replace an electron while a positively charged particle may capture an electron forming an entity having many properties similar to those of an H atom. These unusual types of atom or molecule have many applications ranging from catalysing nuclear fusion, probing both the charge and nuclear matter distribution in a nucleus, providing accurate methods of measurement of fundamental constants and acting as tracing atoms for monitoring chemical reactions of atomic hydrogen. (17 References).
H. Burkhardt and J. Lowe, "Decays of the K/sup -/p atom and the Lambda (1405)," Physical Review C, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 607--14, 1991.
Abstract: To investigate differences between some recent calculations on the decays of the K/sup -/p atom, the authors calculate the pionic decays K/sup -/p to Lambda pi /sup 0/, Sigma /sup +/ pi /sup -/, Sigma /sup 0/ pi /sup 0/, and Sigma /sup -/ pi /sup +/ in an isobar model and compare them with experimental rates determined from measured branching ratios together with the imaginary part of the KN scattering amplitude. The comparison shows that the coupling constants at the strong-interaction vertices are reduced significantly from the on-shell values. These coupling constants are then applied to an isobar-model calculation of the radiative transition rates. Comparing these with results from a recent experiment gives values for the radiative decay widths of the Lambda (1405): Gamma ( Lambda (1405) to Lambda gamma )=27+or-8 keV and Gamma ( Lambda (1405) to Sigma/sup 0/+gamma)=10+or-4 or 23+or-7 keV. (41 References).
R. A. Burnstein, D. P. Novak, H. A. Rubin, and VR. Veirs, "Cascade time of negative K mesons in liquid deuterium," Physical Review A, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2102--5, 1973.
Abstract: The cascade time of K/sup -/ mesons have been measured in liquid deuterium using a deuterium-filled bubble chamber as the particle detector and absorber. The experimental result of T/sub cascade/ /sub D2/=6/sup +7//sub -6/*10/sup -12/ sec is consistent with results for liquid hydrogen and with the prediction that 'Stark-effect mixing' allow rapid capture for s states of high principal quantum number n. (15 References).
A. Buta, D. Dorcioman, N. Grama, V. Hulubei, L. Marinescu, M. Petrascu, Gh Voiculescu, and M. Omelianenco, "The mechanisms of Pu 239 fission by muons," Revue Roumaine de Physique, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 215--20, 1971.
Abstract: The time and pulse height distribution of the fissions induced by muons in Pu 239 was measured with a gas scintillation fission chamber. It has been experimentally established that the ratio of the radiationless fission probability to the mu /sup -/-capture fission probability for Pu 239 if 0.28+or-0.04. This large contribution of the radiationless transitions to the fission of Pu 239 is connected to the modification of the fission barrier due to the presence of the muon in the K shell of the mesic atom.
A. V. Butkevich, R. P. Kokoulin, G. V. Matushko, and S. P. Mikheyev, "Comments on multiple scattering of high-energy muons in thick layers," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 488, pp. 282-294, 2002.
Abstract: We describe two independent methods to calculate the angular distribution of muons after traversing a thick scatterer due to multiple Coulomb scattering, Both methods take into account the nuclear size effect, We demonstrate a necessity to account for the nucleus extension as well as incoherent scattering on atomic electrons to describe the muon scattering at large angles in thick matter layers. The results of the two methods of calculations are in good agreement. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
V. S. Butsev, D. Chultem, YuK Gavrilov, Dz Ganzorig, YuV Norseev, and V. Presperin, "Negative pion capture in chemical compounds," Physics Letters B, vol. 63B, no. 1, pp. 47--9, 1976.
Abstract: The capture has been investigated of negative pions in LiI, NaI, KI, RbI and CsI. The capture probability is in agreement with the Z-law. (7 References).
D. Buttar, R. M. Macrae, B. C. Webster, and E. Roduner, "Solvent effects on the hyperfine coupling constant and barrier to internal rotation for the 2-muoxyprop-2-yl radical," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 65, no. 1-4, pp. 927--36, 1990.
Abstract: The muon-electron beta -hyperfine coupling constant is reported for the 2-muoxyprop-2-yl radical formed by positive muon ( mu /sup +/) implantation in propan-2-one and aqueous solutions of propan-2-one. Using the technique of muon spin rotation ( mu SR) spectroscopy the coupling constant was measured over a full temperature range in which the samples were in the liquid state. In all cases, the coupling constants were found to be small, and to show a positive temperature dependence. In the aqueous mixtures the presence of the water produces a slight lowering, at all temperatures, in the coupling constant with respect to the coupling in pure propan-2-one. An interpretation is given which relates the radical structure to the barrier hindering internal rotation and to solvent interactions. (10 References).
D. Buttar and BC. Webster, "Vibrationally averaged beta -hyperfine coupling constants for the muonium-substituted ethyl radical," Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions, vol. 87, no. 18, pp. 2901--5, 1991.
Abstract: A variation-perturbation approach is applied to compute isotope-dependent zero-point vibrational corrections to the beta -hyperfine coupling constant of the ethyl radical. The corrections increase the coupling by ca. 5, 7 and 23% for the deuterium-, protium- and muonium-substituted radicals, respectively. The large vibrational correction to the muon beta -hyperfine coupling constant could explain the 'residual' isotope effect observed experimentally. (20 References).
S. Buttgenbach, "Magnetic hyperfine anomalies," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 1--64, 1984.
Abstract: This study is concerned with the measurement and interpretation of magnetic hyperfine anomalies in electronic and muonic atoms, i.e. effects of the distribution of nuclear magnetization on the magnetic dipole hyperfine interaction. After a summary of the relevant theory and a review of experimental techniques, hyperfine anomaly results are discussed in terms of various nuclear models. The use of the anomaly for yielding information about the origin of magnetic hyperfine interactions is outlined. Experimental and theoretical hyperfine anomalies are tabulated. (159 References).
V. S. Buttsev, Zh Ganzorig, V. Kozhokaru, T. Krogul'ski, KhG Ortlepp, S. M. Polikanov, B. M. Sabirov, V. D. Fromm, U. Shmidt, and D. Chultem, "Intensity of meso-X-ray transitions in lead, thorium and uranium," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 534-8, 1976.
Abstract: Measurements of the intensity of the main transitions in the muonic atoms of lead, thorium and uranium, were performed in two stages. First, the intensity of 6h to 5g to 4f transitions in Pb, Th and U were determined; then, the meso-X-ray spectra of all targets in the range of 150 keV to 7 MeV were measured over a long time, and the relative intensities of the transitions were determined. The final results are tabulated, indicating that the intensity of transitions for the lead and for the actinides differ appreciably. (8 References).
VS. Buttsev, "Absorption of slow pi /sup -/-mesons by deformed nuclei," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 131--40, 1979.
Abstract: The process of absorption of slow pi /sup -/-mesons by a nucleus begins with atomic pion capture on excited Bohr orbits. Then after emission of X-rays and Auger-electrons the pion descends to lower orbits and is absorbed by the nucleus. (21 References).
V. M. Bystritsky and others, JINR Preprint 13--80--325, 1980.
V. M. Bystritsky and others, JINR Preprint 13--83--636, 1983.
V. M. Bystriikii, V. P. Dzhelepov, K. O. Oganesyan, M. N. Omel'yanenko, SYu Porokhovoi, A. I. Rudenko, and VV. Fil'chenkov, "Investigation of the synthesis reaction d mu +d to He/sup 3/+n+ mu in gaseous deuterium. (dd mu mesomolecule formation)," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 61--7, 1974.
Abstract: The yield and time distribution of neutrons from the synthesis reaction in the dd mu mesomolecule are measured with a gaseous target containing ultrapure 41 atmosphere deuterium (content of impurities with Z[right angle bracket]1 is [left angle bracket]or approximately=10/sup -8/). The experiments are performed with the muon beam of the Dubna synchrocyclotron. The rate lambda /sub dd mu / of dd mu molecule formation in gaseous deuterium at T=300K and the rate lambda /sub f/ of the nuclear reaction in this mesomolecule are derived by analyzing the time distribution (918 events). The value obtained lambda /sub dd mu /=(0.73+or-0.07)*10/sup 6/ sec/sup -1/ and previous data for T=240K (obtained in experiments with a diffusion chamber) confirm the theoretically predicted existence of a mechanism of dd mu molecule formation which is in resonance with the d mu atom energy. Direct data on the magnitude of lambda /sub f/ are obtained. The experimental value lambda /sub f/[right angle bracket]1.8*10/sup 6/ sec/sup -1/ (with a probability of 90%) is in agreement with the theoretical results. (11 References).
V. M. Bystriikii, V. P. Dzhelepov, P. F. Ermolov, K. O. Oganesyan, M. N. Omel'yanenko, SYu Porokhovoi, V. S. Roganov, A. I. Rudenko, and VV. Fil'chenkov, "Measurement of the rate of muon capture in gaseous hydrogen," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 43--60, 1974.
Abstract: Muon capture by protons is investigated by employing a gaseous hydrogen target and the Dubna synchrocyclotron muon beam. 278+or-33 events of this type have been recorded. The measured capture rate is lambda /sub capt//sup p mu /=686+or-88 sec/sup -1/. The result obtained is in accordance with predictions of the universal four-fermion interaction theory and is a definite argument in favor of the V-A variant of the theory. (29 References).
V. M. Bystritskii, V. P. Dzhelepov, P. F. Ermolov, K. O. Oganesyan, M. N. Omel'yanenko, SYu Porokhovoi, and VV. Fil'chenkov, "Multichannel system for recording neutrons using a line with an electronic computer," Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 65-9, 1972.
Abstract: A system of instruments is described which is designed to record neutrons having energies of 1 to 10 MeV in experiments involving the study of the interactions of muons with hydrogen and other nuclei. The detectors are scintillation counters with stilbene crystals. The purpose of the electronic blocks is to separate neutrons from gamma -quanta and assure that separate analysis of events with respect to neutron energy for each detector may be conducted. The entire handling process is achieved using an electronic computer and may be performed during the experiment. (4 References).
V. M. Bystritskii, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. I. Petrukhin, A. I. Rudenko, V. M. Suvorov, V. V. Filchenkov, G. Khemnits, N. N. Khovanskii, and BA. Khomenko, "A direct measurement of the rates of formation of pp mu and pd mu molecules in gaseous hydrogen," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 1167--77, 1976.
Abstract: The rates of formation of the pp mu and pd mu mesic molecules and also the ratios of muon transfer of xenon from a proton or deuteron are measured in experiments with a gas target filled with H/sub 2/, H/sub 2/+Xe, H/sub 2/+Xe+D/sub 2/. (xenon concentration 3.10/sup -5/, deuterium approximately=7%) at a pressure of 40 atm. The muon beam from the Dubna synchro-cyclotron was employed. The following values were obtained: lambda /sub pp mu /=(2.34+or-0.17).10/sup 6/ sec/sup -1/, lambda /sub pd mu / =(5.53+or-0.16).10/sup 6/ sec/sup -1/. B=1.62+or-0.05. (17 References).
V. M. Bystritskii, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. I. Petrukhin, A. I. Rudenko, V. M. Suvorov, V. V. Fil'chenkov, G. Khemnits, N. N. Khovanskii, and BA. Khomenko, "A study of the spin states of d mu atoms in gaseous hydrogen and measurement of the fusion rate in the pd mu molecule," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 1680--8, 1976.
Abstract: The fusion reaction rate, lambda /sub F/, in the pd mu mesic molecule is measured in experiments performed with a gaseous target filled with a H/sub 2/+7% D/sub 2/ mixture at a pressure of 42 atm. exposed to the muon beam from the 680 MeV JINP synchrocyclotron. The upper limit of the transition rate, lambda /sub d/, between the levels of the d mu atom hyperfine structure in d mu (/sup 3///sub 2/)+d to d mu (/sup 1///sub 2/)+d collisions is also determined. From the estimate of lambda /sub d/ it follows that at low deuterium concentrations (of about several percent) the population of d mu atomic spin states in H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ mixtures is, during nuclear capture by the deuteron, close to the statistical. (16 References).
V. M. Bystritskii, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. I. Petrukhin, A. I. Rudenko, L. N. Somov, V. M. Suvorov, V. V. Filchenkov, G. Hemnits, N. N. Khovanskii, B. A. Khomenko, and D. Horvath, "Resonance dependence of the rate of dd mu mesic molecule formation in gaseous deuterium," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 460--9, 1979.
Abstract: "The dependence of the rate lambda /sub dd mu / of dd mu mesic molecule formation on energy ( epsilon /sub d mu /) of the d mu atom is measured with the muon beam of the 680 MeV synchrocyclotron of the JINR Nuclear Problems Laboratory and a gaseous deuterium target at d mu atom energies in the 0.015 to 0.050 eV energy range (deuterium temperature 120-380K). The results prove the existence of the resonance mechanism of dd mu mesic molecule formation predicted by the theory. From an analysis of the experimental data the position of the resonance is determined, epsilon /sub d mu //sup 0/=0.050+or-0.003 eV and also the value of lambda /sub dd mu / at the peak of the curve lambda /sub dd mu /( epsilon /sub d mu //sup 0/)=(0.85+or-0.11)*10/sup 6/ sec/sup -1/. This yields with a high degree of accuracy the binding energy of the dd mu molecule in a state with quantum numbers L=1
V. M. Bystritskii, V. P. Dzhelepov, Z. V. Ershova, V. G. Zinov, V. K. Kapyshev, S. M. Mukhamet-Galeeva, V. S. Nadezhdin, L. A. Rivkis, A. I. Rudenko, V. I. Satarov, N. V. Sergeeva, L. N. Somov, V. A. Stolupin, and VV. Fil'chenkov, "Experimental investigation of muonic catalysis in the synthesis reaction of deuterium and tritium," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 249--53, 1980.
Abstract: Using a 680 MeV OIYaI synchrocyclotron muon beam, the authors measured neutron emission from the reaction dt mu to /sup 4/He+n+ mu /sup -/+17.6 MeV, due to negative muons in a D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ gas mixture. On the basis of these results, the authors obtained muon capture speed of tritium from deuterium lambda dt=(2.7+or-0.9)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ and the lower bound for the speed of formation of dt mu -molecules, mu /sub dt mu /[right angle bracket]10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/. (11 References).
V. M. Bystritskii, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. G. Zinov, A. I. Rudenko, L. N. Somov, and VV. Filchenkov, "Measurement of the residual polarization of negative muons in gaseous hydrogen," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 839--51, 1981.
Abstract: The residual polarization of negative muons in the ground states of the p mu - and d mu -atoms is measured. The 680 MeV synchrocyclotron of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research produces the muon beam and a gas target consisting of ultrapure hydrogen at 40 atmospheres is employed. The values of residual polarization in protium P/sub mu /(H)=0.3+or-0.9% and deuterium P/sub mu /(D)=1.0+or-0.9% have been obtained. (28 References).
V. M. Bystritskii, V. K. Kapyshev, SSh Mukhamet-Galeeva, L. A. Rivkis, V. I. Satarov, and VA. Stolupin, "System for supplying gas to a target in experiments on muon catalysis on the (d+t) nuclear fusion reaction," Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 27--9, 1981.
Abstract: A system is developed for filling a target with a gaseous mixture of deuterium and tritium for experiments on muon catalysis of the (d+t) nuclear fusion reaction. The deuterium is purified using zeolite adsorbers. The tritium source was titanium tritide heated to 800 degrees C. The hydrogen isotopes were separated from the target by adsorbers saturated with TNT-4 titanium gas absorbers. The system yielded deuterium of purity 2.10/sup -7/ parts by volume; the impurity of the tritium was less than 10/sup -5/ parts by volume. (4 References).
V. M. Bystritskii, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. I. Petrukhin, A. I. Rudenko, V. M. Suvorov, V. V. Filchenkov, N. N. Khovanskii, and BA. Khomenko, "Muon transfer from hydrogen to helium," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 84, no. 4, pp. 1257--65, 1983.
Abstract: It is found that mu /sup -/ mesons stopped in a gas mixture of hydrogen, helium, and xenon (hydrogen pressure about 20 atmospheres, helium and xenon densities relative to hydrogen 0.05-2 and approximately 10/sup -4/ respectively) are transferred from the p mu atoms in the ground state to helium atoms at a rate lambda /sub He/=(3.6+or-1.0).10/sup 8/ sec/sup -1/. The result is in good agreement with the calculations in which a novel mesic-molecular mechanism of p mu -atom charge exchange with helium nuclei is taken into account. The dependence of the probability for p mu -atom formation in the ground state on the helium density is measured. An analysis of this dependence and a comparison of it with the corresponding data for pi /sup -/ mesons indicate that muons can also be transferred from excited levels of p mu atoms at a rate higher than in the case of p pi atoms (transfer constant Lambda /sub mu /=3.8+or-0.3 compared with Lambda /sub pi /=1.84+or-0.09). (9 References).
V. M. Bystritskii, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. I. Petrukhin, A. I. Rudenko, V. M. Suvorov, V. V. Fil'chenkov, N. N. Khovanskii, and BA. Khomenko, "Measurement of the cross section for scattering of rho mu atoms in gaseous hydrogen," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 384--92, 1984.
Abstract: The muon beam of the synchrocyclotron at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research has been used in an experiment with gaseous hydrogen at a pressure of 41 atm to measure the cross section for scattering of rho mu atoms by hydrogen molecules sigma ( rho mu +H/sub 2/)=(42+or-8)*10/sup -21/ cm/sup 2/, which corresponds to a cross section for scattering by free protons sigma ( rho mu +p)=(17.4+or-3.3)*10/sup -21/ cm/sup 2/. (21 References).
V. M. Bystritskii, A. V. Kravtsov, and NP. Popov, "Kinetics of excited muonic hydrogen in mixtures of hydrogen and helium isotopes," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 73--7, 1990.
Abstract: The de-excitation cascade of excited muonic hydrogen in a mixture of hydrogen and helium isotopes is considered. A method is proposed for determining the rates of transfer of a muon from excited muonic hydrogen to helium, and also the probability of direct atomic capture of a muon into isotopes of hydrogens. (20 References).
V. M. Bystritskii, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. G. Zinov, N. Ilieva-Sokolinova, A. D. Konin, L. Marczis, D. G. Merkulov, A. I. Rudenko, L. N. Somov, V. A. Stolupin, and VV. Fil'chenkov, "Muon transfer from d/sub m/ atoms to /sup 4/He nuclei in a deuterium-helium mixture at 1350 atmospheres," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 98, no. 5, pp. 1514--19, 1990.
Abstract: An experiment has been performed to measure the parameters of charge exchange of d mu atoms on /sup 4/He nuclei in a D/sub 2/+/sup 4/He mixture at a pressure P=1350 atm. The helium concentration was varied in the range 5*10/sup -4/ to 10/sup -2/. The rate of transfer of muons from d mu atoms in the ground state to /sup 4/He nuclei turned out to be (2.75+or-0.22)*10/sup 8/ sec/sup -1/. Lower-limit estimates were obtained for the population of the ground state of d/sub mu / atoms at minimal and maximal helium concentrations, which amounted respectively to 0.96 and 0.90. (18 References).
V. M. Bystritskii and VA. Stolupin, "Experimental determination of the parameters of charge exchange of mu -mesic atoms of hydrogen isotopes on He nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1005--11, 1991.
Abstract: The kinetics of mu -atom and mu -molecule processes that take place in a mixture of hydrogen isotopes with helium is considered. Expressions are obtained for determining the parameters of muon transfer from the mu -atoms of the hydrogen isotopes to the He nuclei using various experimental methods. (18 References).
VM. Bystritskii, "Measurement of cross sections for the scattering of p mu and d mu atoms on hydrogen and deuterium," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 688--94, 1995.
Abstract: A brief review is given of all experiments on measurement of cross sections for the scattering of p mu atoms on hydrogen and for the scattering of d mu atoms on hydrogen and deuterium. The experimental results are analyzed and compared both with one another and with the results of calculations. In order to clarify the nature of discrepancies between the results of certain experiments and to obtain more precise information about the cross sections for the above processes, a program is proposed for further experimental investigation of the scattering of muon atoms by hydrogen isotopes. (23 References).
VM. Bystritskii, "Muon transfer from muonic atoms of hydrogen isotopes to He nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 808--16, 1995.
Abstract: The entire body of experimental results on muon transfer from mu atoms of hydrogen isotopes to helium nuclei is discussed and subjected to comparative analysis. A program of further investigations aimed at obtaining more precise and detailed information about the characteristics of mu -atomic and mu -molecular processes in mixtures of hydrogen isotopes and helium is proposed. (34 References).
V. M. Bystritsky, V. P. Dzhelepov, Z. V. Ershova, V. V. Filchenkov, V. K. Kapyshev, S. M. Mukhamet-Galeeva, V. S. Nadezhdin, L. A. Rivkis, A. I. Rudenko, V. I. Satarov, N. V. Sergeeva, L. N. Somov, V. A. Stolupin, and VG. Zinov, "Experimental detection and investigation of muon catalyzed fusion of deuterium and tritium," Physics Letters B, vol. 94B, no. 4, pp. 476--9, 1980.
Abstract: Measurement of the neutron yield of the reaction dt mu to /sup 4/He+n+ mu /sup -/+17.6 MeV, induced by negative muons in a mixture of gaseous D/sub 2/ and T/sub 2/, has shown that the rate of muon transfer from deuterium to tritium is lambda /sub dt/=(2.7+or-0.9)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ and that the lower limit of the formation rate of dt/sub mu / molecules is lambda /sub dt mu /[right angle bracket]10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/. (11 References).
V. M. Bystritsky, V. P. Dzhelepov, Z. V. Yershova, V. G. Zinov, V. K. Kapyshev, SSh Mukhamet-Galeyeva, V. S. Nadezhdin, L. A. Rivkis, A. I. Rudenko, V. I. Satarov, N. V. Sergeyeva, L. N. Somov, V. A. Stolupin, and VV. Filchenkov, "Experimental investigation of muon catalysis of the fusion of deuterium and tritium nuclei," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 1700--14, 1981.
Abstract: The yield and time distributions of the neutrons produced in the fusion of the dt mu mesic molecule are measured with a gas target filled to various pressures with pure deuterium and tritium and the muon beam from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research synchrocyclotron. The experiments are performed at several concentrations of tritium and in the 93 to 613K temperature range. The lower limit for dt mu molecule formation lambda /sub dt mu /[right angle bracket]10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ and the rate of muon transfer from deuterium to tritium lambda /sub dt/=(2.9+or-0.4)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ are determined on the basis of these data. The value found for the lower limit of the dt mu molecule formation rate confirms the existence of the theoretically predicted mechanism of formation of the molecule which involves a resonance with respect to the t mu atom energy. The value of the transfer rate lambda /sub dt/ is also in good agreement with the theoretical value. (24 References).
V. M. Bystritsky and others, "Determination of optimal conditions for the experimental investigation of muon catalysis of nuclear reaction: t+t $\rightarrow$ $^4$He + 2n," JINR Preprint E1--83--690, 1983.
V. M. Bystritsky, A. Gula, and J. Wozniak, "Cycle-by-cycle analysis of muon-catalysed fusion in a one-component medium," Atomkernenergie Kerntechnik, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 197--9, 1984.
Abstract: The formulae describing the separate cycles of muon catalysed nuclear synthesis of hydrogen isotopes in a one-component medium (pure deuterium or tritium) are derived and discussed. (9 References).
V. M. Bystritsky, J. Wo{\'z}niak, and V. G. Zinov, "Characteristics of the large-volume NE--213 neutron counters for muon catalyzed fusion investigation," JINR Preprint E1--84--735, 1984.
V. M. Bystritsky, V. P. Dzhelepov, A. Gula, J. Wozniak, and VG. Zinov, "Calculation of neutron registration efficiency for experimental investigation of tt mu to /sup 4/He+2n+ mu /sup -/ and dt mu to /sup 4/He+n+ mu /sup -/ muon-catalysed fusion reactions," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. B15, no. 7, pp. 689--97, 1984.
Abstract: Neutron registration efficiency in experiments on muon-catalysed fusion reaction tt mu to /sup 4/He+2n+ mu /sup -/ and dt mu to 4He+n+ mu - is calculated. The dependence of light output response of the detectors on energy threshold of the registration apparatus is obtained. For fusion reaction in the tt mu molecule the values of registration efficiency are determined for several types of final-state interaction between the reaction products. (18 References).
V. M. Bystritsky, V. P. Dzhelepov, A. Gula, V. A. Stolupin, and J. Wozniak, "Determination of optimal conditions for the experimental investigation of muon catalysis of nuclear reaction: t+t to /sup 4/He+2n," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. B15, no. 7, pp. 699--713, 1984.
Abstract: Formulae describing the kinetics of muon-catalysed fusion t+t to /sup 4/He+2n in pure tritium are analysed with the aim of establishing optimum conditions for the experimental investigation of tt mu -fusion. It is shown that to determine the parameters characterizing tt mu -fusion in an experiment with a pure tritium target data have to be taken at different target densities. The range of variation of target density required to cover the region of parameter values predicted theoretically is determined. In particular, it is shown that temperature variation of the density of liquid tritium in a rather small range above the temperature of liquid hydrogen (20.4K) is sufficient in this kind of experiment. (13 References).
V. N. Bystritsky, V. P. Dzhelepov, A. Gula, V. P. Kapyshev, A. D. Konin, M. D. Malek, SSh Mukhamet-Galeeva, E. Lacki, L. A. Rivkis, V. A. Stolupin, S. G. Shamsutdinov, V. A. Utkin, J. Wozniak, and VG. Zinov, "Liquid tritium target with variation of temperature for the investigation of muon-catalyzed fusion: t+t to /sup 4/He+2n," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: Summary form only given. The design of the liquid tritium target for the experimental investigation of the muon-catalysed nuclear fusion t+t to /sup 4/He+2n is described. The temperature of liquid tritium in the target can be varied between 20.6 and 40K. Tritium cooling and temperature stabilization are secured by liquid or gaseous hydrogen at varying pressures which itself is cooled by liquid hydrogen at atmospheric pressure. The system of target filling and tritium removal is also presented. The activity of tritium for which the system is designed is 8.5*10/sup 4/ Cu. (3 References).
V. N. Bystritsky, J. Wozniak, A. Gula, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. P. Kapyshev, M. D. Malek, S. S. Mukhamet-Galeeva, L. A. Rivkis, V. A. Stolupin, V. A. Utkin, and S. G. Shamsutdinov, "Gas Filling System of the Liquid Tritium Target with 35 cc Active Volume," Pribory & Tekhnika Eksperimenta, vol. 4, 1984.
V. N. Bystritsky, J. Wozniak, V. G. Granovski, V. P. Dzhelepov, A. P. Zakharov, V. G. Zinov, I. Kanaiev, E. Lacki, Y. P. Melnik, V. A. Stolupin, and V. A. Sharapov, "Penetration of hydrogen in the steel tubes in high temperature and pressure conditions," Atomnaya Energia, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 395--9, 1988.
V. N. Bystritsky, J. Wozniak, V. G. Granovski, V. P. Dzhelepov, A. P. Zakharov, V. G. Zinov, I. Kanaiev, V. A. Kuc, E. Lacki, Y. P. Melnik, V. A. Stolupin, and V. A. Sharapov, "Investigation of hydrogen penetration in the gold covered steel tubes in high temperature and pressure conditions," Atomnaya Energia, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 422--3, 1988.
V. M. Bystritsky, J. Wozniak, and VG. Zinov, "Characteristics of large volume NE213 neutron counters for muon catalyzed fusion investigations," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A241, no. 2-3, pp. 532--8, 1985.
Abstract: The Monte Carlo method is used to establish the properties and feasibility of a large volume NE213 scintillator as an efficient neutron detector. The recoil proton spectra, calculated efficiencies for different detection thresholds and scintillator sizes are presented for neutron energies up to 15 MeV. The time characteristics, e.g. time resolution, are discussed. It is also shown that no strong influence of light attenuation by the scintillator itself on the calculated efficiencies is observed when the gamma-calibration technique is used. A detector volume of approximately 100 1 is suggested for application in investigations of mu -atom and mu -molecular processes. (20 References).
V. M. Bystritsky and J. Wo{\'z}niak, "Use of a large--volume NE--213 scintillator for investigations of the $tt\mu \to ^4He + 2n + \mu^-$ reaction," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. 17, pp. 309--312, 1986.
V. M. Bystritsky, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. V. Filchenkov, A. I. Gilev, V. B. Granovsky, Don Ir Han, N. Ilieva-Sokolieva, A. D. Konin, L. Marczis, D. G. Merkulov, A. I. Rudenko, A. B. Selikov, L. N. Somov, V. A. Stolupin, and VG. Zinov, "The measurement of dd mu -molecule formation rate at high deuterium pressure (0.4-1.5 kbar)," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 17-22, 1988.
Abstract: The dd mu -molecule formation rate has been measured in gaseous deuterium at pressures of 390, 825 and 1490 bar. The measurements have been performed on the muon channel of the JINR phasotron with the use of a gas target and a full-absorption neutron detector. (6 References).
V. M. Bystritsky, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. G. Zinov, N. Ilieva-Sokolinova, A. D. Konin, L. Marczis, D. G. Merkulov, A. I. Rudenko, L. N. Somov, V. A. Stolupin, V. V. Filchenkov, and Don Ir. Han, "Measurement of the temperature dependence of the dd mu molecule formation rate in gaseous deuterium at pressures of 1.5 and 0.4 kbar," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 141--7, 1990.
Abstract: In an experiment with a gaseous deuterium target of high pressure on the muon beam of the JINR phasotron, the temperature dependence of the dd mu molecule formation rate ( lambda /sub dd mu /) has been studied. Measurements have been performed with liquid deuterium at a temperature T=20.3 K and with gaseous deuterium at pressures of 1500 and 400 bar in the temperature region T=49-300 K. The value lambda /sub dd mu / does not depend on the deuterium density for each temperature. The obtained results are in fairly good agreement with theory and with the data of other experiments made with deuterium of sufficiently (one-two order) lower density. (22 References).
V. M. Bystritsky and V. A. Stolupin, "On the problem of experimental determination of parameters of charge exchange of hydrogen isotope $\mu^-$ atoms on He nuclei," Preprint, 1990.
V. M. Bystritsky, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, J. Wozniak, V. A. Stolupin, W. Czaplinski, M. Filipowicz, A. Adamczak, A. R. Kunselman, C. Petitjean, T. M. Huber, L. A. Rivkis, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, A. Olin, and P. Knowles, G. A. Beer, P. Kammel, M. C. Fujiwara, and J. Zmeskal, "Scattering of Muonic Hydrogen Isotopes. Experiment E742," Triumf Proposal, 1994.
V. M. Bystritsky, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, M. Maier, A. Adamczak, J. Wozniak, M. Filipowicz, V. A. Stolupin, A. R. Kunselman, C. Petitjean, T. M. Huber, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, A. Olin, P. Knowles, G. A. Beer, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, M. C. Fujiwara, T. A. Porcelli, and J. Zmeskal, "Scattering of Muonic Hydrogen Isotopes. Experiment E742," Triumf Progress Report 1996, 1996.
V. M. Bystritsky, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, A. Adamczak, G. A. Beer, M. Filipowicz, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, V. A. Stolupin, J. Wozniak, and J. Zmeskal, "E 742: Scattering of muonic hydrogen isotopes," in Triumf Annual Report. Scientific Activities 1996, 1997.
V. M. Bystritsky, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, and J. Wozniak, "Experiment 742. Scattering of muonic hydrogen isotopes," in Triumf Annual Report. Scientific Activities 1997, pp. 62--63, 1998.
V. M. Bystritsky, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, and F. Mulhauser, "Experiment 742. Scattering of muonic hydrogen isotopes," in Triumf Annual Report. Scientific Activities 1998, pp. 52--56, 1999.
V. M. Bystritsky, A. V. Kravtsov, and NP. Popov, "Kinetics of mesic hydrogen in hydrogen-helium mixtures," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 487--90, 1991.
Abstract: A method is proposed which allows one to determine the rates of muon-transfer from excited muonic hydrogen to helium nuclei, as well as the probability of muon atomic capture by nuclei. (20 References).
V. M. Bystritsky, A. V. Kravtsov, and J. Rak, "Experimental determination of the rates of the excited muonic hydrogen charge exchange on helium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 119--24, 1993.
Abstract: The data of the experiment with the H/sub 2/+/sup 4/He mixture are analyzed in order to estimate muon transfer rates from the excited states of p mu atoms to helium. Experimental data turned out to be insensible to the transfer rates from the metastable 2s state. The rates for n=3, 4, 5 were found to be: lambda /sup (3)/=(2+or-7)*10/sup 10/s/sup -1/, lambda /sup (4)/=(16+or-13)*10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/, lambda /sup (5)/=(75+or-60)*10/sup 11/s/sup -1/, respectively. (25 References).
V. M. Bystritsky, A. V. Kravtsov, and J. Rak, "Experimental estimates of rates of muon transfer from excited p mu -atoms to helium nuclei," Kerntechnik, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 185--7, 1993.
Abstract: Data of previous experiments with hydrogen-helium mixtures are analyzed in order to estimate rates of muon transfer from excited states of p mu -atoms to helium-4 nuclei. A program for further investigations of mu -atomic and mu -molecular processes in mixtures of hydrogen and helium isotopes is outlined and discussed. (25 References).
V. M. Bystritsky, "On measurement of cross sections for scattering of µp and µd atoms in hydrogen and deuterium," JINR Preprint E1--93--450, 1993.
V. M. Bystritsky, "Muon transfer from muonic atoms of hydrogen isotopes to He nuclei," JINR Preprint E1--93--451, 1993.
V. M. Bystritsky and others, "Negative results on the verification of reported ``cold fusion'' phenomena in $Na_x WO_3 / (D,D-T)$ system," JINR Preprint D15--94--499, 1994.
V. M. Bystritsky and others, "Negative results on the verification of hypothesis for existence of ``cold'' and ``hot'' fusion in $Ti/(D-T)$ and $ZrNbV/(D-T)$ systems," JINR Preprint D15--94--498, 1994.
VM. Bystritsky, "Muon transfer from muon atoms of hydrogen isotopes to He nuclei. Status and proposals," Nukleonika, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 51--63, 1995.
Abstract: All experimental data on muon transfer from mu -atoms of hydrogen isotopes to helium nuclei are discussed and compared. The programme of further investigations is proposed so as to get more accurate and detailed information on characteristics of mu -atomic and mu -molecular processes in mixtures of hydrogen and helium isotopes. (34 References).
V. M. Bystritsky and others, "The setup to investigate rare processes with neutron producing," JINR Preprint D13--95--243, 1995.
VM. Bystritsky, "The scattering of p mu - and d mu -atoms in hydrogen and deuterium," Nukleonika, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 37--50, 1995.
Abstract: The paper is a brief review of all experiments on measurement of cross sections for scattering of p mu -atoms in hydrogen and deuterium. The experimental results are analysed and compared both with one another and with calculated results. A programme for further investigation of scattering of muonic atoms of hydrogen isotopes is proposed in order to clarify the nature of discrepancies between some experimental results and to get more precise information about the above processes. (24 References).
V. Bystritsky, W. Czaplinski, J. Wozniak, E. Gula, A. Kravtsov, A. Mikhailov, and N. Popov, "Elastic scattering of excited muonic hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 4169--75, 1996.
Abstract: Total elastic and transport cross sections for the (p mu )/sub n/*+p, (d mu )/sub n/*+d, and (t mu )/sub n/*+t systems (n is the principal quantum number) are calculated in the energy range 0.04[left angle bracket]or=E[left angle bracket]or=10 eV using the classical and quasiclassical approach. Electron screening is taken into account. The obtained elastic cross sections are large, especially for small E. The experimental methods of measuring these cross sections are discussed. (32 References).
V. M. Bystritsky and others, "Measurements of $d + d \to ^3He + n$ cross section at ultra low energies using z-pinch," JINR Preprint D15--96--11, 1996.
VM. Bystritsky, "Experimental investigation of muon-catalyzed fusion in mixtures of hydrogen isotopes," in Current Trends in International Fusion Research. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Evaluation of Current Trends in Fusion Research, (E. Panarella, ed.), pp. 401--19, 1997.
Abstract: The brief review of experimental investigations devoted to study of mu-atomic and mu-molecular processes in the hydrogen isotope mixture is given. The open question in the muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) field requiring explanations or further investigations are discussed. One of the possible mu CF applications to energy production is considered. A tentative programme of further investigations of mu-atomic and mu-molecular processes in Russian research centers is given. (89 References).
V. M. Bystritsky and others, "Measuring $\mu d^3He$ fusion," PSI Proposal, vol. R--98--02, 1998.
V. Bystritsky, W. Czaplinski, and N. Popov, "Dynamics of muonic atom cascade in hydrogen-helium mixtures," European Physical Journal D, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 185--91, 1999.
Abstract: The deexcitation of excited muonic protium and deuterium in the mixture of hydrogen and helium isotopes is considered. Methods of experimental determination of the probability of direct atomic muon capture by hydrogen and muon transfer rates from excited muonic hydrogen to helium are proposed. Theoretical results for the population of the muonic atoms in the ground state, q/sub 1s//sup He/, are compared with the existing experimental data. Results obtained for D/sub 2/+/sup 3,4/He mixtures are of interest for investigation of nuclear fusion in d mu /sup 3,4/He muonic molecules. (27 References).
V. Bystritsky, W. Czaplinski, M. Filipowicz, E. Gula, and N. Popov, "Muonic atom cascade processes in the mixture of hydrogen and helium isotopes," Kerntechnik, vol. 64, no. 5-6, pp. 294--9, 1999.
Abstract: The time-dependence of populations of muonic hydrogen states in hydrogen-helium mixtures, q/sub n//sup He/, is calculated for the principal quantum number, n, the target density, phi , and the helium concentration, C/sub He/. The number of muons transferred to the helium nuclei, N/sub n//sup tr/, is also determined. The dependence of the population of the ground state of muonic hydrogen, q/sub 1s//sup He/, on target density and helium concentration is in agreement with recent experimental data. The comparison of the calculated yield of K lines of X-ray in pure hydrogen and deuterium with experimental data indicates an essential role of Coulomb deexcitation processes. (24 References).
V. M. Bystritsky, M. Filipowicz, and FM. Pen'kov, "Medium density variation as a method for investigating properties of mesomolecular resonances," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 369--71, 1999.
Abstract: The present paper proposes a method for experimental measurement of the partial nuclear fusion reaction rates in D mu /sup 3/He molecules in the states with J=0 and J=1 (J is the orbital moment of the system) together with determination of the mechanism of transition between J=1 and J=0. (9 References).
V. M. Bystritsky and FM. Pen'kov, "Method for experimentally determining the features of nuclear fusion from mu -molecular resonance states," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 316--25, 1999.
Abstract: Charge-asymmetric deuterium-helium muonic complexes (d mu He) have been studied. A method is proposed for experimentally determining the rates of nuclear fusion in the J=0 and J=1 states of d mu He molecules (J is the orbital angular momentum of the system) and the partial rates of the radiative decays of the above complexes in those states. It is suggested that the corresponding experimental program will be performed at meson factories with gas and cryogenic targets filled with a mixture of deuterium and helium. (48 References).
V. M. Bystritsky, M. Filipowicz, and FM. Pen'kov, "Method of investigation of nuclear reactions in charge-nonsymmetrical muonic complexes," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 432, no. 1, pp. 188--94, 1999.
Abstract: A method for experimental determination of the nuclear fusion rates in the d mu He molecules in the states with J=0 and J=1 (J is the orbital moment of the system) and of the effective rate of transition between these states (rotational transition 1-0) is proposed. It is shown that information on the desired characteristics can be found from joint analysis of the time distribution and yield of products of nuclear fusion reactions in deuterium-helium muonic molecules and muonic X-ray obtained in experiments with the D/sub 2/+He mixture at three (and more) appreciably different densities. The planned experiments with the D/sub 2/+He mixture at the meson facility PSI (Switzerland) are optimized to gain more accurate information about the desired parameters on the assumption that different mechanisms for the 1-0 transition of the d mu He complex are realized. (24 References).
V. Bystritsky, W. Czaplinski, M. Filipowicz, E. Gula, and N. Popov, "Time-evolution of cascade processes of muonic atoms in hydrogen-helium mixtures," European Physical Journal D, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 75--83, 2000.
Abstract: The time-dependence of the population of muonic hydrogen states in hydrogen-helium mixtures is calculated for principal quantum number n. The number of muons transferred to helium nuclei is also determined. The dependence of the population of the ground state of muonic hydrogen q/sub 1s//sup He/ on time and target density and the helium concentration is also considered. The results are in agreement with recent experimental data. The comparison of the calculated yield of K lines of X-ray in pure hydrogen and deuterium with experimental data indicates the essential role of the Coulomb deexcitation process. Possible Stark mixing is also analysed. (24 References).
V. M. Bystritsky, A. Adamczak, G. A. Beer, M. Filipowicz, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, V. A. Stolupin, J. Wozniak, and J. Zmeskal, "Generation of the ultracold muonic hydrogen flux," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 47--53, 2001.
Abstract: We present the study of mu p atom scattering in solid hydrogen. Anomalously large emission of E/sub p mu /[left angle bracket]or=1.9 meV mu p's from a solid H/sub 2/ layer was observed for the first time. This three times greater mu p atom yield is due to non-elastic phonon scattering. As a result, it becomes possible to generate an ultracold flux of mu p atoms. The recent calculations of the total and differential cross sections agree with all experimental results of mu p atom scattering in solid H/sub 2/. (11 References).
V. M. Bystritsky and V. V. Gerasimov, "Method of determination of muon catalyzed fusion parameters in H-T mixture," Eur. Phys. J. D, vol. 26, pp. 131-139, 2003.
Abstract: A method for measurement of the muon catalyzed fusion parameters muCF in the H-T mixture is proposed. The kinetics of the mu-atomic and mu-molecular processes preceding the pt reaction in the ptmu molecule is described. Analytical expressions are obtained for the yields and time distributions of gamma quanta and conversion muons formed in nuclear fusion reactions in ptmu molecules. It is shown that information on the desired parameters can be found from the joint analysis of the time distributions of gamma quanta and conversion muons to be obtained in experiments with the H-T mixture at three (and more) appreciable different atomic concentrations of tritium. The experiments with the H-T mixture at the meson facility PSI (Switzerland) are planned to be optimized to gain the precise information about the desired muCF parameters.
V. M. Bystritsky, A. V. Kravtsov, and N. P. Popov, "Kinetics of mesic hydrogen in hydrogen--helium mixture," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5/6, pp. 487--490, 1990/91.
V. M. Bystritsky, V. F. Boreiko, W. Czapliski, M. Filipowicz, V. V. Gerasimov, O. Huot, P. E. Knowles, F. Mulhauser, V. N. Pavlov, N. P. Popov, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, V. G. Sandukovsky, V. A. Stolupin, V. P. Volnykh J., and Wo{\'z}niak, "Experimental study of µ--atomic and µ--molecular processes in pure helium and deuterium--helium mixtures," arXiv, nucl-ex/0312018, no. , 2003.
Abstract: We present experimental results of µ--atomic and µ--molecular processes induced by negative muons in pure helium and helium--deuterium mixtures. The experiment was performed at the Paul Scherrer Institute (Switzerland). We measured muonic x--ray $K$ series transitions relative intensities in $(\mu{}^{3,4}\mathrm{He})^*$ atoms in pure helium as well as in helium--deuterium mixture. The muon stopping powers ratio between helium and deuterium atoms and the $d \mu{}^3 \mathrm{He}$ radiative decay probability of for two different helium densities in $\mathrm{D}_2 + {}^3\mathrm{He}$ mixture were also determined. Finally, the $\mathrm{q}_{1s}^{\mathrm{He}}$ probability for a $d\mu$ atom formed in an excited state to reach the ground state was measured and compared with theoretical calculations using a simple cascade model
V. M. Bystritsky, V. F. Boreiko, M. Filipowicz, V. V. Gerasimov, O. Huot, P. E. Knowles, F. Mulhauser, V. N. Pavlov, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, V. G. Sandukovsky, V. A. Stolupin, V. P. Volnykh, and J. Wo{\'z}niak, "Muon capture by 3He nuclei followed by proton and deuteron production," Physical Review A, vol. 69, no. 1, 2004.
Abstract: The paper describes an experiment aimed at studying muon capture by 3He nuclei in pure 3He and D2+3He mixtures at various densities. Energy distributions of protons and deuterons produced are measured for the energy intervals 10-49 MeV and 13-49 MeV, respectively. Muon capture rates are obtained using two different analysis methods. The experimental differential capture rates are compared with theoretical calculations performed using the plane-wave impulse approximation with the realistic nearest-neighbor interaction Bonn B potential. Extrapolation to the full energy range yields total proton and deuteron capture rates in good agreement with former results
R. Cabrera-Trujillo, "Projectile isotope effects on electronic stopping power: Harmonic Oscillator approach," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, vol. 149, pp. 228-232, 1999.
Abstract: As kinematic momentum transfer in a collision depends on the projectile mass M-1, the electronic stopping cross section of materials for swift ions should show an isotope effect The effect is larger for large isotope mass differences and for high mean excitation energy of the target at low velocities, as long as the first Born approximation is still valid. The magnitude of the projectile isotope effect is evaluated using an harmonic oscillator approach in the first Born approximation for the stopping power, and is found to account for a difference of 1% between the stopping of protons and muons on He and Ne; and 0.7%, on Al at a projectile energy of around 25 keV/amu. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A. J. Caffrey, A. N. Anderson, Siclen CDeW Van, K. D. Watts, J. N. Bradbury, PAM Gram, M. Leon, H. R. Maltrud, M. A. Paciotti, and SE. Jones, "Muon-catalyzed fusion experiments at LAMPF," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 53--66, 1987.
Abstract: The collaboration has conducted a series of muon-catalysis experiments over broad temperature and density ranges at the LAMPF accelerator in Los Alamos. The authors have discovered surprising effects on the normalized muon-catalysis cycling rate lambda /sub c/ and the apparent alpha-particle sticking coefficient omega /sub s/ that depend on the d-t mixture density. This paper reviews the experimental approach, analysis methods, and results for tests with targets varying in density from 0.12 to 1.30, normalized to liquid hydrogen density, and in temperature from 15 to 800 K. In particular, results are presented on the cycling rate, sticking coefficient, and /sup 3/He scavenging rate, as functions of temperature, mixture density, or tritium concentration. (18 References).
P. A. Cahill, R. A. Anderson, and ME. Riley, "Antiproton storage materials: response of neon, argon, and benzene to a negative particle," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 2315--21, 1990.
Abstract: The energies of systems composed of a point negative charge (e.g. antiproton, p, or negative muon, mu /sup -/) and an atom or small molecule (He, Ne, Ar, C/sub 6/H/sub 6/) have been calculated using large-basis-set, correlated ab initio electronic-structure methods. By invoking the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, these energies are used to generate potential surfaces for the interaction of a negative particle with an atom or small molecule. The results indicate that the particle-induced polarizations are significant even at 10-bohr separations in neon. Unusual behavior of the dipole moments of both argon and neon was calculated to occur as a function of separation. The molecular-orbital approach used here may also be useful in analyzing recent ionization behavior in low-energy p-inert-gas scattering experiments. Furthermore, the calculated large degree of polarization further constrains the design of materials for long-term normal matter storage of antiprotons for advanced energy sources. (24 References).
Chong-hai Cai and Yi-zhong. Zhuo, "Calculation of muon final probabilities after the prompt fission of a muonic atom," Chinese Physics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 942--54, 1983.
Abstract: Based on the variational method and using two classes (exponential and square) of nuclear charge distributions and two classes (Gaussian and exponential) of trial wave functions, the 1s and 2p energy levels of muonic atoms are calculated and compared with the exact calculation. The authors then use the method of LCAO (linear combination of atomic orbitals) to calculate the four energy levels of the muon in the two-center extended Coulombian potential of the nuclei, and use the method of PSS (perturbation of stationary states) to solve the time-dependent Schrodinger equation to obtain the final muon probabilities in these four states. They find that, after the prompt fission of muonic atom, the muon is attached mainly to the 1s state of the heavy fragment, but with only 3.8-5.1% attached to the 1s state of the light fragment, and 0.7-0.9% and 0.1% to the 2p states of the heavy fragment and the light fragment respectively. These results are in agreement with those of Ma et al. (1980, 1982), and also in accordance with the experimental results within experimental errors. (12 References).
Chong-hai Cai and Yi-zhong. Zhuo, "Calculation of muon final probabilities after the prompt fission of a muonic atom," Physica Energiae Fortis et Physica Nuclearis, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 203--16, 1983.
Abstract: Based on the variational method and using two classes (exponential and square) of nuclear charge distributions and two classes (Gaussian and exponential) of trial wave functions, the 1s and 2p energy levels of muonic atoms are calculated and compared with an accurate calculation. Then the authors use LCAO (Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals) to calculate the four energy levels of muons in the two centre nuclear extended Coulombian potential and use the PSS (Perturbation of Stationary States) to solve the time-dependent Schrodinger equation and obtain the final muon probabilities for these four states. They find that after the prompt fission of muonic atom. Muon is mainly attached on the 1s state of the heavy fragment, only 3.8-5.1% of the probabilities are attached on 1s state of the light fragment, and 0.7-0.9% and approximately 0.1% on the 2p states of the heavy fragment and the light fragment respectively. (12 References).
R. Callies, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, and W. Neumann, "Detection of muonic Auger electron lines from silver," Physics Letters A, vol. 91A, no. 9, pp. 441--3, 1982.
Abstract: Muonic K- and L-Auger transitions in Ag have been measured with cooled Si p-n junction detectors of high resolution. The experimental Auger intensity ratios are compared with calculated values. (6 References).
R. Callies, H. Daniel, Egidy T. von, H. Hagn, F. J. Hartmann, and W. Neumann, "Measurement of Auger electron energies and intensities from muonic transitions in silver," Sin Newsletter, vol. 15, no. , pp. 73-4, 1983.
Abstract: There is now general agreement that Coulomb capture of mesonic particles and deexcitation of the formed exotic atom must be accompanied by Auger electron emission. Auger electrons from a thin silver foil were counted by Si-pn-junction detectors with a thin dead layer. Lines could be resolved and intensity ratios determined. Two types of experiments were performed simultaneously, (I) with the slow-muon telescope in coincidence with any e/sup -/ detector of the array and (II) as above but with an additional Ag X-ray coincidence from a Ge(Li) detector placed close to the target. (4 References).
J. Calmet and DA. Owen, "Vacuum polarization potential in muonic atoms and alpha (Z alpha )/sup 3/ correction to energy level shifts," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 284, no. 4, pp. 371--7, 1978.
Abstract: The problem of the vacuum polarization potential in muonic atoms is systematically formulated in a framework of quantum electrodynamics. The alpha (Z alpha )/sup 3/ contribution is calculated for a point charge and a Yukawa distribution. A logarithmic asymptotic behaviour is found for large values of the momentum. Although this behaviour differs from such previous calculations the energy shifts for /sup 208/Pb are not significantly changed. Henceforth experimental and theoretical results remain in agreement. (28 References).
J. Calmet and DA. Owen, "On the alpha /sup 2/(Z alpha )/sup 2/-vacuum polarisation contribution to the muonic atom energy levels," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 169--76, 1979.
Abstract: A derivation of the relativistic, quantum electrodynamical expression for the alpha /sup 2/(Z alpha )/sup 2/-vacuum polarisation correction to muonic energy levels is presented. Using this derivation based on the bound-state interaction picture, the expression for the other radiative corrections such as the Lamb shift alpha (Z alpha )/sup 3/-vacuum polarisation, etc are obtained. This shows that the resulting expression for the alpha /sup 2/(Z alpha )/sup 2/-vacuum polarisation contribution is consistent with those used in other calculations which are rigorously based on quantum electrodynamics. Furthermore, this approach avoids the problem of double counting. (11 References).
M. Camani, "Formation of muonic helium atoms," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 46, no. 1, 1973.
Abstract: Because of the possibility of measuring the hyperfine structure interval of muonic helium (He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/) and the magnetic moment of mu /sup -/ it is interesting to consider the formation of this atom. Stopped muons are captured in helium gas, thus forming He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/ ions. During the capture of mu /sup -/ and the subsequent cascade leading to the basic He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/ condition, both electrons of the helium atom are emitted. For energy reasons, the electrons of the other He atoms cannot be captured by thermal He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/ ions. But if xenon atoms are present, the capture of electrons and formation of He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ from He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/ is possible as an exothermic reaction. The effective cross-section for electron capture can be quite large, in particular if the Xe/sup +/ ion is left in the excited /sup 2/P/sub 1/2/ condition. The atomic processes important for the formation of He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ are discussed.
M. Camani and A. Schenck, "Study of muonic helium atoms," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 83--4, 1974.
Abstract: The identification of polarized neutral muonic helium atoms is the first important step towards the formation of precision resonance experiments in which the hyperfine structure of muonic systems can be measured. In liquid helium studies, the muons of He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ have so far given negative results about spin rotation. Furthermore, decaying muons in liquid He show very little rest polarization. Electron and muon capture processes are discussed. (6 References).
E. Campani, "On the 2P-2S energy difference in mu -mesic hydrogen," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 512--14, 1970.
Abstract: In a recent paper di Giacomo (1969) calculated the 2S-2P energy difference in mu -mesic hydrogen atom, using a Bethe-Salpeter equation for the mu -p system. In this paper the limit of accuracy was determined by the natural width of the 2P-1S transition line, i.e. Gamma =0.6.10/sup -3/ alpha /sup 2/ Ryd. The author has independently studied the same problem by a different approach and his results confirm this, apart from two small contributions which were neglected, although they can be obtained using the Bethe-Salpeter equation. The two contributions are respectively: (1) a term of the order of ( mu /m/sub p/)/sup 2/ alpha /sup 2/ Ryd in the hyperfine structure, arising from the proton anomalous magnetic moment; its magnitude is of the order of (1/3) Gamma ; (2) a fine-structure term due to the electron vacuum polarization; its magnitude is of the order of 0.7 Gamma .
E. Campani, "Lamb shift in muonic helium ions," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 4, no. 21, pp. 982--4, 1970.
Abstract: The implications of a Lamb-shift measurement of the 2S-2P energy difference of muonic hydrogen have been recently examined, in view of testing Q.E.D. However, the experiment seems to be very difficult, because of the depopulation of the metastable 2S state by collisions with neighbouring hydrogen atoms. Since this phenomenon is practically absent for charged systems, (/sup 3/He, mu )/sup +/ and (/sup 4/He, mu )/sup +/ ions are good candidates for the experiment. Here the author adapts the results for muonic hydrogen to those systems. (13 References).
X. Campi, J. Martorell, and D. Sprung, "Self consistent description of isotone shifts," in International Conference on Nuclear Structure and Spectroscopy, Part I, (H. P. Blok and AEL. Dieperink, eds.), 1974.
Abstract: The authors present results for the shift between pairs of isotones. The model employed is a H.F. calculation using a density dependent effective interaction equivalent to the G-matrix in nuclear matter for Reid's potential. For open shell nuclei, BCS pairing effects are included.
X. Campi, "Nuclear density distributions," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 374, no. , pp. 435c-43, 1982.
Abstract: Some specific topics of the extremely versatile field of nuclear particles, magnetization and momentum density distributions are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the extraction of nuclear structure information from new experimental data. The review is devoted to some aspects of muonic atoms, electron and hadron scattering which provide nuclear density distributions. (51 References).
D. Candea, G. Constantinescu, and M. Ivascu, "Modified oscillator nuclear charge distribution differences," in Proceedings of the International Nuclear Physics Conference, (J. L. Durrell, J. M. Irvine, and GC. Morrison, eds.), 1987.
Abstract: Nuclear charge distributions are quite well known from model independent analysis of electron elastic scattering and muonic atom data. A sensitive test of a single particle potential is the description of the nuclear charge distribution differences as this experimental quantity can be obtained more accurately than the individual charge distributions. The authors have calculated the nuclear charge distribution differences as the difference between the sum of the absolute squares of the wave functions of the states of protons weighted by the occupation probability. They used a modified harmonic oscillator potential with zero deformation and parameters pi and mu have been varied with oscillator major shells. The harmonic oscillator parameter was taken as alpha =1 A/sup 1/6/ fm. (2 References).
F. Cannata, R. Leonardi, and Clot M. Rosa, "Breakdown of SU/sub 4/ invariance and total muon capture rates: /sup 4/He, /sup 12/C, /sup 16/O, /sup 40/Ca," Physics Letters B, vol. 32B, no. 1, pp. 6--8, 1970.
Abstract: The authors study the energy dependence of the first forbidden Fermi and Gamow Teller matrix elements, using sum rule techniques which give one a simple tool for the evaluation of the SU(4) breaking effect. A satisfactory agreement with experimental data is obtained. (11 References).
F. Cannata, "Muon capture, radiative pion capture and photoproduction of charged pions in double-closed-shell nuclei," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 75--9, 1970.
Abstract: The consequence of SU/sub 4/ breaking for muon capture total rates in double-closed-shell nuclei are analysed with sum rule techniques and compared with the quasi-particle theory of Migdal. The analysis is then extended to photoproduction of charged pions in double-closed-shell nuclei where Migdal's theory is not consistent with experimental data. It is shown that sum rule techniques, at variance with Migdal's method, bring theoretical calculations with impulse approximation and Butler surface model production in agreement with experiments up to about 20%.
F. Cannata and J. Ros, "Spin-dependent effects in giant-resonance excitation of doubly-closed-shell nuclei," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 466-70, 1973.
Abstract: It was pointed out in an earlier paper (Cannata, 1970) that spin-dependent effects, which in muon capture on doubly-closed-shell nuclei act as a reduction factor for the axial matrix elements relative to the vector ones (M/sub A//sup 2//M/sub V//sup 2/[left angle bracket]1), have by no means the same behaviour in other reactions exciting the giant-resonance analogue states of doubly-closed-shell nuclei. Some numerical estimates are now given in the particle-hole framework, especially for muon capture, photoproduction of charged pion and scattering of pions on /sup 16/O. Comments are made for neutrino-induced reactions and radiative pion capture. It is noted that, in order to have M/sub A//sup 2//M/sub V//sup 2/[left angle bracket]1 in muon capture one has to use a repulsive Bartlett potential which may be justified by calculations of binding energies of closed-shell nuclei by Miller and Green, where the Bartlett potential is given predominately by omega exchange. (11 References).
F. Cannata and J-I. Fujita, "Exchange effects and SU/sub 4/ invariance in electromagnetic and weak transitions," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 811--22, 1974.
Abstract: The consequences of SU/sub 4/ symmetry are studied using the hypothesis that the SU/sub 4/ algebra is generated by 15 operators: T/sup alpha /= integral V/sub 4//sup alpha /(x)dx, Y/sub k//sup alpha /= integral A/sub k//sup alpha /(x)dx, S/sub k/= integral A/sub k//sup 0/(x)dx. Here V and A denote the vector and axial vector hadronic currents, with the upper index referring to isospin and the lower one to Lorentz space (k=1, 2 and 3). Particular emphasis is given to the treatment of muon capture. The equality between the vector and axial vector matrix elements and the connection of the vector matrix elements to the photoabsorption cross section are discussed for this process. Some conclusions are drawn about many-body effects in electromagnetic and weak nuclear transitions from the current algebra and SU/sub 4/ invariance for the nuclear Hamiltonian. (25 References).
F. Cannata and C. Werntz, "Isospin breaking in the reactions /sup 3/H+/sup 9/Be to /sup 6/Li+/sup 6/He, /sup 6/Li*+/sup 6/He," Physical Review C, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 782--3, 1974.
Abstract: The significant deviations of the cross section leading to the isospin multiplet channel, /sup 6/He+/sup 6/Li*(3.56), from symmetry about 90 degrees are interpreted as arising from the difference between /sup 6/He and /sup 6/Li* radial wave functions, and not from a higher mixture of isospin states. The comparison between electron scattering and muon capture in /sup 6/Li supports this explanation. (9 References).
F. Cannata and NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Mean excitation energies in the nuclear muon capture," Physical Review C, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 379--82, 1974.
Abstract: The mean excitation energy E, proposed by Crystalline, Dellafiore and Rosa-Clot (see abstr. A74540 of 1973) as the most natural parametrization of the total muon capture rate, is shown to ignore the importance of allowed strength in light nuclei and to completely disagree with observed giant resonant energies in heavy nuclei. Their assumption that the Hamiltonian contains no exchange or spin orbit terms is exceedingly inaccurate and it is concluded that the problem of interpretation of the measured total capture rate is still open. (21 References).
F. Cannata, "Giant dipole resonance in nuclear muon capture," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 319-22, 1975.
Abstract: Muon capture by nondoubly closed shell nuclei with N[right angle bracket]or=Z is studied, in particular the importance of the giant dipole resonance in light nuclei. Total muon capture rates compared with dipole capture rates are included for /sup 9/Be, /sup 14/N, /sup 19/F, /sup 24/Mg, /sup 27/Al and /sup 28/Si. (20 References).
F. Cannata, R. Graves, and H. Uberall, "The capture of muons by complex nuclei," Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 133-86, 1977.
Abstract: The suggestion that the three known elementary weak interactions, (1) mu /sup -/+p to n+ nu /sub mu / which is manifested in the complex nuclear target reaction mu /sup -/+(A,Z) to (A,Z-1)+ nu /sub mu /, i.e. muon capture, (2) n to p+e/sup -/+ nu /sub e/ manifested as (A,Z-1) to (A,Z)+e/sup -/+ nu /sub e/, i.e. beta decay, and (3) mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/+ nu /sub e/+ nu /sub mu /, i.e. muon decay, are all part of a universal Fermi interaction is discussed in terms of the universal V-A interaction. It is concluded that the muon capture may be used to study the structure and universality of the weak Hamiltonian, and is a valuable tool for exploring the properties of excited nuclear levels. (209 References).
F. Cannata and H. Uberall, "Giant resonance phenomena in intermediate-energy nuclear reactions," in Giant resonance phenomena in intermediate-energy nuclear reactions, no. pp. 1-110, 1980.
Abstract: The authors adopt the viewpoint of a multi-reaction approach for the study of giant resonance phenomena. A unified treatment is possible for the latter, because although excitation processes such as neutrino-induced reactions and muon capture have a different SU/sub 4/ geometry, the amplitudes are the same as, e.g. for electroexcitation processes and photo-reactions. The forms of the nuclear interactions for these various processes are discussed as well as the classification of the various giant resonance components based on certain nuclear models. (227 References).
G. Carboni, "Lamb shift in muonic deuterium," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 160-2, 1973.
Abstract: The author has calculated the various contributions to 2s-2p splitting for muonic deuterium. An instantaneous potential is constructed between the muon and the nucleus. Except for the Coulomb potential, all the remaining terms are treated as a perturbation. The effects taken into account are fine structure, magnetic and electric hyperfine structure, muonic Lamb shift, vacuum polarisation, nuclear polarisation and nuclear size. (11 References).
G. Carboni, A. Placci, E. Zavattini, U. Gastaldi, G. Gorini, O. Pitzurra, G. Neri, E. Polacco, G. Torelli, J. Duclos, J. Picard, and A. Vitale, "Measurement of the Auger effect in the ( mu /sup 4/He)/sub 2s//sup +/ ionic system," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 233-7, 1973.
Abstract: The authors present some results of an experimental study which was performed to evaluate the contribution of the external Auger effect on the de-excitation of the ( mu /sup 4/He)/sub 2s//sup +/ system. Such a metastable system is formed when negative muons are slowed down in a helium target; the muons, initially captured in highly excited levels, promptly (in a time of 10/sup -11/s and through an electromagnetic cascade) reach either the fundamental level 1s or, with a small probability, the 2s level. In addition to the Auger effect, the muonic atom, once formed, can also disappear through other channels. (3 References).
G. Carboni and O. Pitzurra, "Radiative collisional quenching of the metastable muonic-helium ion mu He/sup +/(2S)," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 25B, no. 1, pp. 367-89, 1975.
Abstract: The calculations, based on the distorted wave approximation, demonstrate that the most important effect leading to destruction of the metastable ion is the formation of a bound molecule ( mu He/sup +/(2P)He); once this molecule is formed, the muon undergoes an electromagnetic transition to the ground state in a very short time ( approximately 5*10/sup -13/ s). The results of the calculation are strongly dependent upon the form of the short-range interaction between the muonic ion and the He atoms, suggesting that precision measurements of the lifetime of the metastable 2S-level in muonic helium could yield useful information about the form of this interaction. (27 References).
G. Carboni, U. Gastaldi, G. Neri, O. Pitzurra, E. Polacco, G. Torelli, A. Bertin, G. Gorini, A. Placci, E. Zavattini, A. Vitale, J. Duclos, and J. Picard, "Measurement of the 2S/sub 1/2/-2P/sub 3/2/ level splitting in muonic helium: a test of quantum electrodynamics predictions on electronic vacuum polarization," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 34A, no. 4, pp. 493-514, 1976.
Abstract: The results of a measurement of the 2S/sub 1/2/-2P/sub 3/2/ energy difference in the ( mu /sup 4/He) muonic system are presented. Full account of the experimental method as well as an up-to-date review of the pertaining theoretical predictions are given. The obtained results show a good agreement with QED predictions; the electronic vacuum polarization term of order alpha is checked with a relative accuracy of 5.10/sup -3/. (26 References).
G. Carboni and G. Fiorentini, "On the collision quenching of the 2S-state of muonic hydrogen," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 39B, no. 1, pp. 281-91, 1977.
Abstract: The inelastic and transport cross-sections for mu p(2S) scattering from H/sub 2/ molecules are calculated by the distorted-wave method. It is found that, if the mu p(2S) is formed at energy T[left angle bracket]or approximately=1.3 eV, the slowing-down process is fast enough to let a sizable fraction of atoms pass below the inelastic threshold (T/sub 0/=0.31 eV) without undergoing the 2S to 2P transition; therefore, the strong quenching effect due to the reaction mu p(2S)+H/sub 2/ to mu p(2P)+H/sub 2/, mu p(2P) to mu p(1S)+h nu can be suppressed due to the competition with the slowing-down process. (17 References).
G. Carboni, G. Gorini, G. Torelli, L. Palffy, F. Palmonari, and E. Zavattini, "Precise measurement of the 2s/sub 1/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ splitting in the ( mu /sup -4/He)/sup +/ muonic ion," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A278, no. 3, pp. 381--6, 1977.
Abstract: The results of a new measurement of the 2S/sub 1/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ splittings S/sup 1/ in the muonic ion ( mu /sup -4/He)/sup +/ are presented. Using the new, recently determined, value of the RMS charge radius for /sup 4/He the difference D, between S/sub exp//sup 1/ and the corresponding theoretical prediction is obtained and directly confirms, assuming mu -e universality, the QED vacuum polarization prediction to 0.25%. (7 References).
G. Carboni, G. Gorini, G. Torelli, E. Iacopini, L. Palffy, and F. Palmonari, "Measurement of the 2s/sub 1/2/-2p/sub 1/2/ splitting in the ( mu /sup -4/He)/sup +/ muonic ion," Physics Letters B, vol. 73B, no. 2, pp. 229--31, 1978.
Abstract: The measurement of the 2S/sub 1/2/ to 2P/sub 1/2/ energy transition in muonic helium is presented. The energy S/sup 1/ is found to be S/sub exp//sup 1/=1381.3+or-0.5 meV. This result agrees with the expected value S/sup 1/=1381.2+or-0.3 meV obtained assuming the previously measured value for the 2S/sub 1/2/ to 2P/sub 3/2/ energy difference. (7 References).
G. Carboni, G. Gorini, G. Torelli, V. Trobbiani, and E. Jacopini, "Muonic X-rays and muon capture in low-pressure argon," Physics Letters B, vol. 96B, no. 1-2, pp. 206--8, 1980.
Abstract: The authors have measured the spectrum of the K X-rays produced by muons stopping in low-pressure argon gas doped with 5% of propane. They report a new value for the nuclear capture rate of negative muons in argon: Lambda /sub c/(Ar)=(1.41+or-0.11)*10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/. (5 References).
M. Cargnelli, W. H. Breunlich, H. Fuhrmann, P. Kammel, J. Marton, P. Pawlek, C. Petitjean, J. Werner, and J. Zmeskal, "Measurement of muon-deuteron nuclear capture," Sin Newsletter, vol. 16, no. , pp. 57-60, 1984.
Abstract: The authors have measured the neutron yield from the reaction mu /sup -/+d to 2n+ nu /sub mu / using a cryogenic pure-deuterium gas-target. The experimental value of the rate Lambda /sub d/ of muon capture in deuterium is 420+or-60 sec/sup -1/. In obtaining this value corrections had to be made for background neutron sources. (4 References).
A. S. Carnoy, J. Deutsch, J. Egger, H. Kaspar, S. Lontie, Cl Petitjean, R. Prieels, and B. Tasiaux, "Search for massive nu in mu /sup -/-capture on /sup 3/He," Psi Nuclear & Particle Physics Newsletter, no. , pp. 17-18, 1990.
Abstract: In the authors' previous analysis of the September 1987 run they studied the integral information on the secondary light produced by the track electrons of the stopped muon and the charged particle emitted after the mu -capture on /sup 3/He. They improved this analysis by studying the time-dependent behavior of the same secondary scintillation, making use of 6 times 1024 amplitude sampling recorded at 20 MHz. (1 Reference).
BP. Carter, "Muonic-molecule calculations by variation of functions," Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 325--46, 1969.
Abstract: The adiabatic method is generalized by a trial function psi containing products of arbitrary functions, each of which depends on the internuclear distance and on one ellipsoidal coordinate. The arbitrary functions are varied to optimize psi . Numerical examples include several S- and P- states of muonic molecules. (19 References).
BP. Carter, "S-state matrix elements for muonic molecules," Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 54--66, 1969.
Abstract: Coordinates xi , eta , theta are introduced, one of which is the internuclear distance, and all of which are linear combinations of interparticle distances in a molecular three-body system. Each matrix element of the Hamiltonian or unity is shown to be the sum of a few products of reduced matrix elements, which are one- or two-dimensional integrals, provided that each basis function is thr product of a function of xi and eta times a function of theta . For basis functions which are products of mononomials times exponentials in xi , eta , theta , the reduced matrix elements are presented as linear combinations of basic integrals, for which closed-form or recursive expressions are derived.
A. L. Carter, M. S. Dixit, M. K. Sundaresan, J. S. Wadden, PJS Watson, G. K. Hargrove, E. P. Hincks, R. J. McKee, H. Mes, H. L. Anderson, and A. Zehnder, "New determination of the pi /sup -/ mass from pionic-atom transition energies," Physical Review Letters, vol. 37, no. 21, pp. 1380--3, 1976.
Abstract: Pionic-atom transitions in the elements Ag, Cd, Sn, I, Ba, Au, Tl and Pb have been measured with a view to determining M/sub pi /. The use of the Klein-Gordon equation with corrections gave a value of 139568.6+or-2.0 keV/c? (12 References).
A. L. Carter, C. R. Cox, M. S. Dixit, G. W. Dodson, M. Eckhause, C. K. Hargrove, E. P. Hincks, J. R. Kane, H. Mes, A. M. Rushton, R. T. Siegel, and RE. Welsh, "Search for two-photon emission from 2S states of low-Z muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 124B, no. 6, pp. 465--8, 1983.
Abstract: A search for two-photon emission from 2S states of low-Z muonic atoms has been made. Intrinsic Ge detectors were positioned around targets of Li, Be, B, or their hydrides, or a vessel containing B/sub 2/H/sub 6/, N/sub 2/, or O/sub 2/. Upper limits on the fraction of stopping muons which formed metastable 2S states range from approximately=10/sup -3/ to 10/sup i/-/sup 5/. (8 References).
B. P. Carter and Hu. Chi-yu, "Ground-state dt mu fusion rate and sticking probability using perimetric coordinates," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 6509--11, 1990.
Abstract: The ground-state energy, fusion rate, and sticking probability are calculated using a Laguerre polynomial basis. The results are compared with previous calculations, and the advantages are pointed out. (12 References).
R. Casalbuoni, Curtis S. De, Bartolomeo N. Di, F. Feruglio, and R. Gatto, "Parity violation in muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 273, no. 4, pp. 528--32, 1991.
Abstract: The authors discuss parity-violation experiments in muonic atoms to assess their implicit information in comparison to the presently available weak-interaction data. They find that an important role is played in the analysis by the introduction of the results from the EMC experiment, which drastically change the naive expectations from the axial quark term of the effective parity violating interaction. They again stress the important role of atomic physics experiments in providing information which is not contained in LEP1 Z physics. (13 References).
R. Casalbuoni, Curtis S. De, Bartolomeo N. Di, F. Feruglio, and R. Gatto, "Photon-electron directional correlation in muonic atoms and weak-interaction models," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A540, no. 3-4, pp. 577--98, 1992.
Abstract: Measurements of photon-electron directional correlation in muonic atoms may provide useful information on the low-energy neutral-current effective interaction of charged leptons with light quarks, significantly complementing the information obtainable from other low-energy parity-violation experiments. The authors calculate the expectations for the correlation coefficients in conventional extended gauge models, such as to test for possible deviations with respect to the standard model. They discuss sources of uncertainty in the estimate of such deviations. The physical relevance of this analysis is exhibited in a number of graphs which illustrate how such experiments, at presumably attainable precision, would significantly improve the bounds of the effective lagrangian as obtained from other sets of data (including LEP). (26 References).
T. Case, H. Bossy, K. M. Crowe, K. Lou, C. Petitjean, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Fuchs, S. Fussy, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, YuS Grigoriev, A. I. Ilyin, E. M. Maev, G. E. Petrov, G. G. Semenchuk, A. A. Vorobyov, P. Baumann, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, P. Hofmann, R. Huber, R. Lipowsky, and P. Wojciechowski, "Neutron analysis of the 1989 PSI sticking experiment," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 327--32, 1990.
Abstract: An experiment to directly measure dt sticking using an ionization chamber (IC) was at PSI with an HDT mixture at 161 bar. The IC was surrounded by twenty thick neutron counters covering about 40% solid angle. These neutron counters are used to eliminate dd fusion background and to evaluate the time distribution of dt fusions that would contribute to double fusion pileup events which are a major background. Also, because of the different track lengths of alpha /sup 2+/ and stuck mu alpha /sup +/, the fiducial volumes for the two events are slightly different and must be corrected using knowledge of the event geometry and angular response of the neutron detectors. (5 References).
T. A. Case, "A direct measurement of the final sticking probability in muon catalyzed deuterium--tritium fusion and associated neutron--detection measurements", 1993.
T. Case, K. M. Crowe, K. Lou, C. Petitjean, W. H. Breunlich, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, B. Lauss, J. Marton, W. Prymas, J. Zmeskal, D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, YuS Grigoriev, A. I. Ilyin, E. M. Maev, G. E. Petrov, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, P. Baumann, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, M. Muhlbauer, W. Schott, and P. Wojciechowski, "Systematic analysis of the PSI experiment to directly measure the sticking probability omega /sub s/ in dt fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 295--302, 1993.
Abstract: Starting in 1989 an experiment was run at PSI to directly measure the final sticking probability in muon catalyzed dt fusion. This experiment was based on an 'active-target' ionization chamber (IC) built at Gatchina, Russia, and an array of plastic neutron counters. In three runs approximately 5*10/sup 6/ isolated alpha signals were recorded with around one half of these occurring in the inner chamber region where we have more complete understanding of the systematic errors. Particularly from a long run in 1992 we were able to obtain a very clean sticking peak of some 5000 mu alpha events. However, to reach an accurate value of sticking, all systematic effects and several major backgrounds had to be understood in detail. To this end a Monte Carlo code was written to simulate the full electrostatic environment of the IC and to recreate completely each signal type including the actual tritium decay noise from the live experiment. A slightly model dependent value of approx. 0.56+or-0.04% is obtained for final sticking. (12 References).
T. Case, D. V. Balin, W. H. Breunlich, K. M. Crowe, H. Daniel, B. Gartner, F. J. Hartmann, P. Kammel, B. Lauss, E. M. Maev, V. E. Markushin, M. Muhlbauer, C. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, W. Prymas, G. N. Schapkin, W. Schott, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, A. A. Vasiliev, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, and J. Zmeskal, "Insights on d mu t sticking from d mu d stripping and mu /sup 3/He capture," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 197--202, 1999.
Abstract: Data from the recent PSI high statistics experiment on d mu d fusion are used to measure the stripping process in d mu d to n+ mu /sup 3/He and test current calculations of the stripping process. The PSI results in mu /sup 3/He capture are also used to remove a troubling background from this measurement. Combination of these results with the old d mu t sticking analysis slightly raise and improve that result to omega /sub s/=(0.58+or-0.04)% and indicate that theory and experiment can meet if theoretical stripping is increased only at the beginning of the track. This conclusion is in accord with the new stripping calculations where excited state stripping is increased significantly. (10 References).
C. M. Castelli and G. W. Fraser, "A novel high energy x--ray detector concept using CCDs," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 376, pp. 298--300, 1996.
J. J. Castro and CA. Dominguez, "Upper bound for the induced pseudoscalar form factor in muon capture," Physical Review Letters, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 440--2, 1977.
Abstract: An upper bound to the induced pseudoscalar form factor is obtained taking into account corrections to the nuclear Goldberger-Treiman relations and the partially conserved axial-vector current hypothesis. (4 References).
M. Castro, J. Keller, and A. Schenck, "The isotope chemical shift of mu /sup +/ in HBr," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 439--42, 1979.
Abstract: The isotopic change of the magnetic shielding for a mu /sup +/ in HBr is computed from first principles, using a cellular cluster multiple scattering method, for condensed matter and for the free molecules. The isotope shift and the chemical shift in liquid Br/sub 2/ is evaluated with the obtained eigenfunctions and eigenvalues using Ramsey formalism. The computed isotope chemical shifts are comparable with the results of Breskman and Kanofsky and of Williams and the solvent effect has the correct sign and order of magnitude. (6 References).
P. Cavaliere, G. Ferrante, R. Geracitano, and L. LoCascio, "New-type correlated wavefunctions for three-body systems with Coulomb interaction," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 624--7, 1975.
Abstract: A general correlated wavefunction is used to generate a number of wavefunctions for the ground state of three Coulombic systems viz. the positronium negative ion, e/sup -/e/sup +/e/sup -/; H/sup -/; and the mesic molecular ion p mu p. This wavefunction includes the correlation between two particles with the same charge sign and its optimizes exponential variational parameters. The calculated ground state energy values thus calculated show very good agreement with experimental data. (28 References).
A. Cecal and C. Hatnean, "Some aspects of muonium atom chemistry," Studii Si Cercetari de Fizica, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 567--76, 1983.
Abstract: Consists of a theoretical study on the formation and deceleration of penetrons, penetron strains and penetron atoms, followed by several examples of chemical transformations induced by these unstable atoms when interacting with atoms and molecules of substances in different states of aggregation. (23 References).
F. E. Cecil and F. J. Wilkinson III, "Measurement of the ground--state gamma--ray branching ratio of the $dt$ reaction at low energies," Physical Review Letters, vol. 53, pp. 767--770, 1984.
F. E. Cecil, J. F. Wilkinson III, R. Aristinen, and R. Rieppo, "Experimental determination of absolute efficiency and energy resolution for NaI(Tl) and germanium gamma ray detectors at energies from 2.6 to 16.1 MeV," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 234, pp. 479--482, 1985.
F. E. Cecil, D. M. Cole, J. F. Wilkinson III, and S. S. Medley, "Measurement and application of DD$_\gamma$, D$_\gamma$ and D$^3$He$_\gamma$ reactions at low energy," Nuclear Instruments and Methods B, vol. 10/11, pp. 411--414, 1985.
F. E. Cecil, D. M. Cole, R. Philbin, N. Jarmie, and R. E. Brown, "Reaction $^2$H($^3$He,$\gamma$)$^5$Li at center-of-mass energies between 25 and 60 keV," Physical Review C, vol. 32, pp. 690--693, 1985.
D. Ceperley and BJ. Alder, "Muon-alpha-particle sticking probability in muon-catalyzed fusion," Physical Review A, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 1999--2004, 1985.
Abstract: The Green's-function Monte Carlo method is used to calculate the ground-state wave function of the muonic-molecular ion composed of a negative muon bound to a deuteron and a triton. Using the sudden approximation, the probability that the muon will remain bound to the escaping alpha particle after fusion occurs is found to be 0.90%, about 25% smaller than previous estimates based on the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. The numerical method for determining the wave function is discussed in detail. (14 References).
M. C. Chan and T. Oka, "Observation of the U$_{1\leftarrow 0}$(1) transition of solid deuterium," Journal of Chemistry and Physics, vol. 93, pp. 979--982, 1990.
M. C. Chan and others, "High-resolution infrared spectroscopy of solid hydrogen," Physical Review Letters, vol. 66, pp. 2060--2063, 1991.
M. C. Chan and others, "Laser spectroscopic studies of the pure rotational U$_0$(0) and W$_0$(0) transitions of solid parahydrogen," Journal of Chemistry and Physics, vol. 95, pp. 88--96, 1991.
Hong-Mo. Chan, "Experimental implications of the dual colour solution to the generation puzzle," in OCPA 2000: Proceedings of the Third Joint Meeting of Chinese Physicists Worldwide. Commemorating the Past and Looking Towards the Future, (N-P Chang, K. Yong, H. M. Lai, and C-Y. Wong, eds.), pp. 179--81, 2002.
Abstract: Apart from offering explanations not only for the distinctive fermion mass and mixing patterns but also for the actual values of the mass and mixing parameters, the dual colour solution to the generation puzzle gives numerous detailed predictions ranging from rare FCNC meson decays and mu -e conversion in nuclei at low energies to cosmic ray air showers with energies beyond 10/sup 20/ eV at the extreme end of the experimental range. Besides, it predicts a new class of flavour-violating phenomena (called transmutations) due to the rotating fermion mass matrix which are unambiguously calculable. Comparison with experiment of these many {"}parameter-free{"} predictions reveals no violation of existing bounds but identifies several striking effects which can be tested with present experimental sensitivity. (15 References).
D. Chang and A. Zee, "Radiatively induced neutrino Majorana masses and oscillation," Physical Review D, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 071303/1-5, 2000.
Abstract: We review and remark on models of radiatively induced neutrino Majorana masses and oscillations. It is pointed out that while the models are capable of accounting for the observed solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillations, some of them can also induce neutrinoless double beta decay and mu /sup -/-e/sup +/ conversion in nuclei large enough to be potentially observable in the near future. (20 References).
Lee Chang-Hwan, Jung Hong, Min Dong-Pil, and Rho. Mannque, "Kaon-nucleon scattering from chiral Lagrangians," Physics Letters B, vol. 326, no. 1-2, pp. 14--20, 1994.
Abstract: The s-wave K/sup +or-/N scattering amplitude is computed up to one-loop order corresponding to next-to-next-to-leading order (or N/sup 2/LO in short) in chiral perturbation with a heavy-baryon effective chiral Lagrangian. Constraining the low-energy constants by on-shell scattering lengths, we predict the off-shell s-wave K/sup -/N scattering amplitudes relevant to kaonic atoms and K/sup -/ condensation in {"}nuclear star{"} matter. The crossing-even one-loop corrections are found to play an important role in determining the higher-order chiral corrections. (26 References).
GF. Chapline, "Muon production using colliding beams," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 163-75, 1984.
Abstract: The economics of fusion-fission breeders will probably require Q[right angle bracket]3, which implies that the muons required for fusion catalysis must be produced using colliding beams rather than fixed targets. The author describes a scheme for muon production using two intersecting storage rings for triton beams. Because of space charge limitations the production of useful numbers of muons will require storage rings with rather large but attainable emittances. It is shown that the storage rings can be filled in a manner consistent with Liouville's theorem using currently available ion sources. An alternate scheme involving injection of tritons into an imploding magnetic mirror system is also discussed. (0 References).
G. Chapline and R. Moir, "Some thoughts on the production of muons for fusion catalysis," Journal of Fusion Energy, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 191--200, 1986.
Abstract: For muon-catalyzed fusion to be of practical interest, a very efficient means of producing muons must be found. The authors describe some schemes for producing muons that may be more energy efficient than any heretofore proposed. There are, in particular, some potential advantages of creating muons from collisions of high-energy tritons confined in a magnetic mirror configuration. If one could catalyze 200 fusions per muon and employ a uranium blanket that would multiply the neutron energy by a factor of ten, one might produce electricity with an overall plant efficiency (ratio of electric energy produced to nuclear energy released) approaching 30%. (12 References).
G. F. Chapline and RW. Moir, "Production of muons for fusion catalysis using a migma configuration," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A271, no. 1, pp. 203--6, 1988.
Abstract: Muon-catalyzed fusion requires a very efficient means of producing muons. The authors describe a muon-producing magnetic-mirror scheme with triton migma that may be more energy efficient than any heretofore proposed. If one could catalyze 200 fusions per muon and employ a uranium blanket that would multiply the neutron energy by a factor of 10, one might produce electricity with an overall plant efficiency (ratio of electric energy produced to nuclear energy released) approaching 30%. The self-colliding arrangement of triton orbits will result in many pi /sup -/'s being produced near the axis of the magnetic mirror. The pions quickly decay into muons, which are transported into a small (few cm diameter) reactor chamber producing approximately 1 MW/m/sup 2/ neutron flux on the chamber walls. (5 References).
S. Charalambus, "Nuclear transmutation by negative stopped muons and the activity induced by the cosmic-ray muons," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A166, no. 2, pp. 145--61, 1971.
Abstract: Nuclear transmutation and the involved factors when negative muons are stopped in matter are discussed. Some uncertainties about the atomic capture of muons in compounds and about the neutron emission probability following muon capture still exist. The stopping rate of negative cosmic-ray muons in the atmosphere and in the lithosphere up to large depths is reviewed. The activities of some radioisotopes induced by stopped negative muons in the atmosphere and in the lithosphere are calculated and compared with measurements and other calculations. (72 References).
D. Chatellard and others, "Laser Spectroscopy of muonic hydrogen," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 53--66, 1993.
D. Chatellard, "Etude expérimentale de l'atome de deutérium pionique", 1995.
D. Chatellard and others, "X--ray spectroscopy of the pionic deuterium atom," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 625, pp. 855--872, 1997.
D. Chattarji and P. Ghosh, "K/sup -/-meson absorption in nuclei with below-threshold effects," Physical Review C, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2115--19, 1973.
Abstract: The Klein-Gordan equation for the K/sup -/ meson in a potential which includes the effects of the Y/sub 0/*(1405) quasibound state below threshold and the momentum distribution of nucleons in the nucleus is solved by an iterative procedure. Results for the energy level widths and level shifts for the mesonic atomic levels preceding capture for /sup 10/B, /sup 11/B, /sup 12/C, /sup 31/P, /sup 32/S and /sup 35/Cl are compared to previous theoretical predictions and agree quite well with the experimental values of Backenstross et al. (1970). (13 References).
L. Chatterjee, "Energy levels of a muonic atom," Annalen der Physik, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 148--60, 1979.
Abstract: The energy levels of a muonic atom, taking electron screening into account are determined by directly solving the Dirac equation in a screened Coulomb potential of the Allis-Morse type (1931). The non-relativistic limit of the result agrees with the values obtained by solving the Schrodinger equation for a muon in such a potential. The deviation from the Coulomb case is of the form 3 exp (-xZm/m/sub e/), where x approximately=2 to 7 for the 1S/sub 1/2/ state and is thus small if values of a/sub 1/ are taken from the tables of Allis and Morse. However, these values, fitted to electron-scattering experiments may not be relevant for muonic atoms so that experimental determination of a/sub 1/ for muonic atoms is required. If a/sub 1/ should be smaller, the perturbation of the Coulomb levels would be greater, especially for the outer shells, and one could vary the parameter a/sub 1/ to fit the results with experiments. (7 References).
L. Chatterjee, "Mesomolecule formation studied quantum electrodynamically," in Electronic and Atomic Collisions. 13th International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Int. Conference on the Phys. Electron. & Atomic Collisions, (J. Eichler, W. Fritsch, I. V. Hertel, N. Stolterfoht, and U. Wille, eds.), 1983.
Abstract: Mesomolecule formation is of crucial importance in the investigation of sub-barrier fusion of light nuclei by muon catalysis. Experiments determining the fusion yield involve the various meso-molecule formation rates in a highly mixed form. The resonance effects found experimentally and theoretically for some of the heavier hydrogen isotopes of exotic molecules provided the main motivation for investigating this phenomenon from a different angle. The authors have calculated mesomolecule formation in the framework of QED using a field theoretic formalism, and working in coulomb gauge. They consider the specific process of (p mu /sup -/d)/sup +/ formation from atomic hydrogen (d mu /sup -/)+H to (p mu /sup -/d)/sup +/+e. The free electron carries away the energy released. The interaction of the proton of hydrogen with the deuteron and muon of the incoming muonic atom are considered. (3 References).
L. Chatterjee and S. Bhattacharyya, "(p mu /sup -/d)/sup +/ formation studied quantum electrodynamically," Physics Letters A, vol. 93A, no. 7, pp. 360--2, 1983.
Abstract: Formation rates of mesic molecules influence greatly the rate of muon catalysed fusion of the relevant nuclei. The authors have calculated the rate of formation of (p mu /sup -/d)/sup +/ at thermal equilibrium, using quantum electrodynamics, and their value is in agreement with existing experimental and theoretical results. (9 References).
L. Chatterjee and S. Bhattacharyya, "Muon decay from (d mu /sup -/d)/sup +/ system," Physica Scripta, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 205--6, 1984.
Abstract: Nuclear fusion by muon catalysis is dependent on the muon lifetime. The authors report here the first theoretical investigation of the decay of the negative muon bound in the (d mu /sup -/d)/sup +/ molecular ion. The results are consistent with physical expectations. (11 References).
L. Chatterjee, "Physics of mu CF-extensions and hopes," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 98-108, 1984.
Abstract: The author discusses: the possibilities of enhancing fusion using host molecules other than D/sub 2/ or DT; QED investigation of muonic molecule formation; photo-reactivation of the muon once fusion has occurred; the possibilities of using heavier leptons such as the tau to initiate fusion. (18 References).
L. Chatterjee and S. Bhattacharyya, "Auger formation of (p mu d)/sup +/ muo-molecular ion," in Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Fourteenth International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Abstracts of Contributed Papers, (M. J. Coggiola, D. L. Huestis, and RP. Saxon, eds.), 1985.
Abstract: "The (p mu d)/sup +/ Auger formation rate is calculated for the V=0
L. Chatterjee and VP. Gautam, "Fusion characteristics in exotic catalyzed systems," Fusion Technology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 423--5, 1985.
Abstract: Muon catalyzed fusion represents a potential long-term approach to fusion power. The sensitivity of the fusion properties of muonic molecules to the choice of wave function describing the system is studied. The need for an improved understanding of the problem and correct evaluation of nonadiabatic effects is stressed, and the discrepancy between fusion rates from Born-Oppenheimer- and Hylleraas-type wave functions is pointed out. (13 References).
L. Chatterjee, S. Bhattacharyya, and K. Basuchoudhury, "Auger formation of the (p mu d) muonic molecular ion," Physica B & C, vol. 138B+C, no. 3, pp. 331--4, 1986.
Abstract: The formation of the (p mu d) muonic molecular ion by the interaction of d mu atoms with hydrogen has been studied. The formation rate is calculated and compared with existing values. (14 References).
L. Chatterjee, "Alternate channels for electromagnetic muon capture," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 253--6, 1987.
Abstract: Alternate channels in the muon electromagnetic capture process are proposed. The probability Gamma /sub A/ for a free muon to be captured into a 'large' molecular state is found to be larger than the probability Gamma /sub Ai/ for capture into high n atomic states. Subsequent cascade to a direct molecular state is proposed as an extra channel for muomolecule formation. (2 References).
L. Chatterjee, "On muon production for muon catalyzed fusion," Fusion Technology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 444--8, 1987.
Abstract: Efficient pion production is the first requisite for efficient muon production. The maximum number of negative pions that can be obtained in a particular projectile-target combination is studied as a function of operating energy. Tertiary pions produced in secondary collisions are included. Possibilities of reducing muon production costs are suggested and discussed. (16 References).
L. Chatterjee, D. Ghosh, and SD. Verma, "On heavy ion collisions as a muon source," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 435-7, 1988.
Abstract: The authors explore the possibility of heavy ion collisions providing an efficient pion, and eventually muon source for research purposes and for ultimate utilisation of muon catalysed fusion. (5 References).
L. Chatterjee, "Branching ratio for sticking in muon catalysed fusion," Physics Letters A, vol. 137, no. 1-2, pp. 4--6, 1989.
Abstract: A proper evaluation of the sticking factor as the branching ratio W/sub s/ of stuck to all possible final states results in a reduction of the intrinsic sticking w/sub s//sup 0/ as conventionally calculated. This establishes that phase space effects influence the rates and cause significant corrections that must be considered for contact with experiment. Numerically the percentage sticking is reduced by 0.2 for fusion in (dt mu ), and for the (dd mu ) case the value obtained for W/sub s/ is in agreement with experiment and other theories. (9 References).
L. Chatterjee, "Muon loss in catalysed fusion," in Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems 1989, ICENES '89, (Mollendorff U. von and B. Goel, eds.), pp. 276--8, 1989.
Abstract: The chief source of muon loss in muon catalysed fusion ( mu cf) is sticking, whereby the muon leaves the fusion scene coulombically attached to the charged fusion product. Unless it is reactivated, it is lost to the catalytic chain and poses a major hindrance to utilisation of cold fusion. Other sources of muon loss are scavenging by the fusion products even if there is no initial sticking, loss to impurities and of course muon decay and weak capture. The modifications of the muon decay rate due to Coulomb binding are of order alpha /sup 2/ and thus the free muon decay rate can be used in the catalysis cycle calculations. (8 References).
L. Chatterjee, "Muon production for energy applications: cold fusion," Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 787--90, 1989.
Abstract: Efficient muon production is an essential requisite for muon catalysed cold fusion. The problem of reducing costs of accelerator produced muon beams is studied from the point of view of higher projectile energies and rescattering effects. (10 References).
L. Chatterjee and A. Bandyopadhyay, "Angular constraints in cold d-t fusion catalysed by negative muons," Indian Journal of Physics, Part A, vol. 64A, no. 2, pp. 160-4, 1990.
Abstract: The authors demonstrate in this note that the conservation delta functions introduced angular constraints on the accessible phase space for the non-stuck fusion modes. These could be easily detectable in experiments of the type in progress to find direct sticking (Paciotti et al., 1988; Davis et al., 1988). (11 References).
L. Chatterjee, "Muon sticking revisited," Hadronic Journal, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 361--73, 1990.
Abstract: The author questions the credibility of the intrinsic sticking coefficient w/sub s//sup 0/ as used in existing theory for sticking. The approximations and resulting errors involved are critically assessed. Possible techniques for improving w/sub s//sup 0/ and their efficacy are discussed. (9 References).
L. Chatterjee and G. Das, "Beam depletion before thermalisation," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 491--3, 1991.
Abstract: Radiative capture of epithermal muons into deep stable orbits is computed without approximating the photon wave function to unity. The importance of resulting recoil effects is demonstrated. (4 References).
L. Chatterjee, "Muon catalysed fusion-the present status," Indian Journal of Physics, Part A, vol. 65A, no. 3, pp. 175-203, 1991.
Abstract: Reviews the present status of the challenging field of muon catalysed fusion, by which fusion of light nuclei can be catalysed at low temperatures by muon binding. The study of this intriguing phenomenon encompasses different disciplines of physics, including particle, nuclear, atomic, molecular, accelerator and reactor physics. Starting with the intrinsic characteristics of the muon, the review highlights the physics of the negative muon in matter that culminates in the fusion act. The post-fusion scenario and the dynamics of the reactions and associated physics are considered. (164 References).
L. Chatterjee and G. Das, "Sub-barrier nuclear fusion of amuonic and muonic flavour," Physics Letters A, vol. 154, no. 1-2, pp. 5--8, 1991.
Abstract: Sub-barrier nuclear d-d fusion has been investigated for low energies, using the Allis-Morse cut-off type screening potential. It is found that cut-off parameters smaller than 0.1 AA are required to explain the new experimental results for cold fusion in condensed matter. Possible theoretical bases for realising such anomalous screening conditions are explored. The study is extended to collisional muon catalysed fusion as well. (17 References).
L. Chatterjee, G. Das, and A. Chakraborty, "Radiative muon capture-beyond the soft-photon limit," Europhysics Letters, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 145--50, 1992.
Abstract: Radiative muon capture into ground hydrogenic states has been computed without the soft-photon approximation, for muons of energy above 1 keV. The process can be interpreted as the 'stochastic' component of the continuum-to-bound transition as it comprises sudden events analogous to bremsstrahlung. The results are compared with other calculations. Experimental signals and possible implications are discussed. (12 References).
L. Chatterjee, G. Das, A. Chakravorty, R. Goswami, and SK. Mondal, "Formation of fast exotic atoms by radiative Coulomb capture," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 143--8, 1993.
Abstract: Interesting surprises in some exotic atom kinetics have been reported recently. These involve muonic atom transfer cross sections, nuclear pion capture and the q 1s effect in mu CF. These can be explained if the exotic atom population contains a contributing fast component. Such fast atoms can be formed by radiative continuum to bound transitions of fast (keV) muons or pions. Cross sections for formation of such fast pionic and muonic atoms and their velocity distributions are reported. The possibility of these processes competing with the thermalisation channels and contributing effectively to the exotic atom population is discussed. (5 References).
L. Chatterjee, D. Ghosh, and T. Murphy, "The muon as deep nuclear probe," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, pp. 495--499, 1993.
L. Chatterjee, A. Chakraborty, and S. Mondal, "Weak and nucleoweak decays of muonic molecules," Physical Review A, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 4124--9, 1993.
Abstract: Weak decay of the negative muon in hydrogenic media is generally routed through muonic molecular or atomic states. The distortions to the free-muon decay rate due to the muon's Coulomb dressing is computed for all isotopic combinations for muonic molecular states in hydrogen and compared with the atomic case in light media. The nucleoweak channels corresponding to nuclear fusion accompanying the weak decay of the muon from a molecular environment are also investigated. (9 References).
L. Chatterjee, G. Das, and R. Goswami, "Stochastic continuum to bound transitions of the negative muon in the nuclear Coulomb field," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 32, no. 1-2, pp. 73--8, 1994.
Abstract: Cross sections for radiative Coulomb capture of muons in hydrogen are shown to be enhanced by two orders of magnitude for muon energies in the neighbourhood of 2.8 keV. This effect has not been recognised earlier and has important consequences for negative muon physics as shown. (16 References).
L. Chatterjee and A. Chakrabarty, "Weak capture of negative muons in hydrogenic media," Physical Review A, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 2754--7, 1994.
Abstract: The weak capture of negative muons on protons has been calculated in the local V-A theory in the correct spinor representation for mu p atoms and p mu p molecules. The neutrino-mass effects have been explored. The results obtained by this formal theory are compared with earlier calculations, and their importance is discussed in the light of the experiments. (12 References).
L. G. Chatterjee and SK. Mandal, "Can we increase the application prospects of muon-catalyzed fusion?," Fusion Technology, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 246--52, 1997.
Abstract: Possibilities of improving the prospects of utilizing muon-catalyzed fusion are explored from several angles. Specifically, the use of photons to artificially enhance stripping by taking advantage of an enhanced stripping mechanism is suggested. On the muon production side, the use of heavy ions for the production of the parent pions is investigated. (20 References).
L. G. Chatterjee, "Electrolysis in thin-film nickel coatings: Mimicking supernova physics?," Fusion Technol., vol. 34, pp. 147-150, 1998.
Abstract: Physics similar to the r-process mechanism of forming heavy elements in core-collapse supernovas is invoked to explain the recent observation of nuclear transmutations in thin-film nickel coatings during electrolysis. It is suggested that electrolysis could catalyze weak interactions of the electron capture type in thin films, resulting in an enhanced rate for the weak capture of electrons by protons to form real or virtual neutrons. These could subsequently be absorbed by the nuclei in the metal, and the neutrinos created to satisfy conservation laws would escape detection. The neutron-rich nuclei could stabilize by various beta decay channels similar to the r-process, and this model could explain the observed transmuted elements as well as the absence of radiation.
Ming Ko Che and PJ. Siemens, "Production of the pionic atom in heavy-ion collisions," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A367, no. 3, pp. 496--508, 1981.
Abstract: The authors estimate the production cross section of negative pions from the target in heavy-ion reactions into the atomic orbits of the projectile's Coulomb field. The cross sections is appreciable for high-energy heavy-ion collisions with heavy projectiles and targets. It favors production of pions in the lower atomic orbits with the target nucleus excited collectively. They argue that it is very likely that these pions will be ionized by the target's Coulomb field, leading to a peak of the pi /sup -/ spectrum near the projectile velocity. For those pions which remain in the orbits, correlation measurements of the pionic X-rays and the projectile residue could also signal the existence of the process. They point out that both the pion condensate mode and the isovector magnetic dipole mode of the target nucleus could be excited via this process. This investigation, therefore, offers interesting possibilities for studying these excitations. (8 References).
Ming Ko. Che, "Exotic pionic atoms in heavy-ion collisions," Physical Review C, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 333--4, 1984.
Abstract: Estimates are given for the cross section of producing pionic atoms of exotic nuclei in heavy-ion collisions. The production cross section for exotic nuclear fragments is determined by the abrasion-ablation model, while the number of pions and their momentum distributions are obtained from the fireball model. The radiative capture probability of the pion into the atomic orbits of the nuclear fragment is estimated and is found to be very small. Alternative capture mechanisms are suggested. (6 References).
Ming Ko. Che, "Mesonic atoms from heavy-ion collisions," Physical Review C, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 1778--80, 1985.
Abstract: The cross section for creating, in high-energy heavy-ion collisions, a negatively charged meson such as pi /sup -/ or K/sup -/ in the atomic orbits of the nuclear fragments is evaluated in the participant-spectator model. Its magnitude depends sensitively on the lifetime of the source. For a lifetime comparable to the collision time, the cross section is appreciable. (8 References).
Y. K. Chen and W. Pieper, "Muonic atoms with odd-mass nuclei," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 220, no. 2, pp. 185--98, 1969.
Abstract: The effect of the single particle excitations on the spectra of muonic atoms with odd-mass nuclei is studied in the framework of the unified model. The theoretical spectra are compared with the experimental ones and the excitation strengths of the nuclear states as well as the nuclear polarization due to the muon are calculated. (14 References).
M-Y. Chen, "Nuclear polarization in muonic atoms of deformed nuclei," Physical Review C, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1176--83, 1970.
Abstract: The analysis of muonic X-ray in deformed nuclei was carried out in the past by diagonalizing the electric quadrupole interaction between the spin doublets (2p/sub 3/2/, 2p/sub 1/2/), (3d/sub 5/2/, 3d/sub 3/2/) and the lowest rotational band of the nucleus. With the present experimental accuracy, this procedure is no longer adequate. To take into account the muonic and nuclear states not included in the diagonalization, we renormalize the electric quadrupole interaction by virtual excitations into these states. The authors find that the renormalization correction amounts to a few percent of the quadrupole matrix elements. This explains the systematic tendency for the intrinsic quadrupole moments obtained from the traditional analysis to be a few percent larger than the values deduced from Coulomb excitation experiments.
M-Y. Chen, "Nuclear polarization in muonic atoms of spherical nuclei," Physical Review C, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1167--75, 1970.
Abstract: The nuclear polarization effect in muonic atoms is calculated for /sup 208/Pb and /sup 40/Ca. The nuclear intermediate states of /sup 208/Pb are collective particle-hole states calculated from realistic nucleon-nucleon forces. The total effect is an increase of binding of 6.0+or-0.6 keV for the 1s level, 1.9+or-0.2 keV for the 2p level, and 1.2+or-0.2 keV for the 2s level. The authors are able to set the uncertainties of the calculation at the relatively small values given above for the following reasons: The muonic intermediate states are treated exactly with the reference-spectrum method; the energies of nuclear intermediate states of l[right angle bracket]2 turn out to be small compared with muonic intermediate state energies; the nuclear dipole states have been well studied experimentally and theoretically; and the nuclear monopole polarization calculated from the particle-hole states has been checked with a Thomas-Fermi theory which gives the observed surface thickness and the surface energy. (12 References).
L. C. Chen, J. Guo, and JE. Russell, "Structure of neutral mesonic atoms formed in liquid helium. III. More accurate treatment of the electron wavefunction," Journal of Mathematical Physics, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1906--13, 1971.
Abstract: For Pt. II see abstr. A15254 of 1971. The ground-state energy of a spinless nonrelativistic electron in the field of two fixed spinless nuclei with charges +2 and -1 is computed exactly for a large number of values of the internuclear separation. The results of this calculation are then used to estimate values, for a few highly excited states of alpha pi /sup -/e/sup -/ and alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/ atoms, of a correction to a previous calculation of the binding energy. For alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/ atoms with n=27 and 29, the energy corrections cause the calculated energy difference between a circular and a nearly circular orbit with the same principal quantum number to be between 15 and 30% smaller than had been estimated previously. Two other corrections are estimated and are found to be probably negligible. One of these corrections is the inaccuracy in the calculated binding energy of a heliumlike mesonic atom. The other correction is the change in the computed value of the mean meson orbital radius which occurs when the interactions responsible for the electron-meson angular correlation are taken into account.
M. Y. Chen, S. C. Cheng, W. Y. Lee, A. M. Rushton, and CS. Wu, "Resonance processes and nuclear excitation in muonic /sup 205/Tl," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A181, no. 1, pp. 25--32, 1972.
Abstract: The L and K X-rays of muonic /sup 205/Tl have been measured with an enriched (99.8%) /sup 205/Tl target. Two sets of resonance processes were included in the analysis, which led to satisfactory fits to the experimental spectra, and explain the anomalous intensity ratios between the fine structure components of the muonic L and K X-rays. At the same time, the M1 hyperfine structure constants, which show the finite distribution of the nuclear M1 moment, were determined. Also determined were the static nuclear E2 and M1 moments of the excited states. (14 References).
M. Y. Chen, Y. Asano, S. C. Cheng, G. Dugan, E. Hu, L. Lidofsky, W. Patton, C. S. Wu, V. Hughes, and D. Lu, "E2 dynamic mixing in p and K/sup -/ atoms of /sup 238/U," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A254, no. 2, pp. 413--21, 1975.
Abstract: The energies of the lower atomic transitions of the p and the K/sup -/ atoms of /sup 238/U have been measured. The measured values are significantly higher than the energies calculated from the electromagnetic interactions with the ground state of the /sup 238/U nucleus. It is shown that the dynamic mixing of the first excited quadrupole state can explain such shifts. (7 References).
Zheng Chen and Xiao-tong. Song, "The formation cross section for (d mu ) atom in radiative capture process," Physica Energiae Fortis et Physica Nuclearis, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 647--55, 1986.
Abstract: Under the ladder approximation, the B-S equation for (d mu ) atom is derived and the approximate solutions for l=0 are obtained. By using these solutions, the formation cross sections for the (d mu ) atom in the radiative capture process are calculated. (11 References).
M. Chen, S. G. Steadman, MPJ Gaudreau, S. C. Luckhardt, R. R. Parker, D. Albagli, V. Cammarata, M. Schloh, M. S. Wrighton, K. Kwok, C. Thieme, D. I. Lowenstein, and JJ. Reilly, "Measurements of neutron emission induced by muons stopped in metal deuteride targets," Journal of Fusion Energy, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 155--9, 1990.
Abstract: An 80-MeV/c negative muon beam from the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory was used to investigate the stopping of muons inside Pd, Ti, and Y targets saturated with deuterium. Neutron emission from the targets was measured with an array of /sup 3/He detectors, and in some runs, the temperature of the target was monitored as a function of time, with and without a flux of muons on the target. The neutron rates were also measured for Pd cathodes in an active electrochemical cell similar in design to those used in so-called 'cold fusion' experiments, and the electrolyte solution was analyzed for excess tritium. No evidence was found for muon-catalyzed fusion at rates consistent with those claimed in 'cold fusion' experiments. Neutron production from catalyzed fusion due to the presence of deuterium in palladium deuteride, PdD/sub 0.7/, exposed to muons was determined to be 0.0+or-0.03 (stat.)+or-0.25 (syst.) neutrons per stopped muon. (14 References).
C. X. Chen, G. Papini, N. Mobed, G. Lambiase, and G. Scarpetta, "Maximal acceleration corrections to the Lamb shift of muonic hydrogen," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 114B, no. 2, pp. 199--205, 1999.
Abstract: The maximal acceleration corrections to the Lamb shift of muonic hydrogen are calculated by using the relativistic Dirac wave functions. The correction for the 2S-2P transition is ~0.38 meV and is higher than the accuracy of present QED calculations and of the expected accuracy of experiments in preparation. (19 References).
S. C. Cheng, M. Y. Chen, J. W. Kast, W. Y. Lee, E. R. Macagno, A. M. Rushton, and CS. Wu, "Magnetic dipole hyperfine structure in muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 34B, no. 7, pp. 615--17, 1971.
Abstract: The nuclear finite-size effect in the M1 hyperfine structure of muonic atoms of /sup 93/Nb and /sup 139/La has been studied experimentally. Systematic differences of the finite-size effect between nuclei in which the spin and the orbital angular momentum of the odd proton are parallel or antiparallel are discussed.
S. C. Cheng, Y. Asano, M. Y. Chen, G. Dugan, E. Hu, L. Lidofsky, W. Patton, C. S. Wu, V. Hughes, and D. Lu, "K/sup -/ mass from kaonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A254, no. 2, pp. 381--95, 1975.
Abstract: The energies of the six circular transitions (n=13 to n=12 through n=8 to n=7) of the K/sup -/Pb exotic atom have been measured to high precision (typically approximately=50 ppm) using Ge(Li) spectrometers. The data acquisition system was computer controlled and stabilized, the energy calibration spectrum was taken simultaneously with the data spectrum. The experimental energies of the six transitions were corrected for ADC nonlinearities and data-calibration spectrum shifts, as well as the presence of unresolved noncircular transition contaminants. The energies of five of the transitions (13 to 12 through 9 to 8) were computed from quantum electrodynamics, including all significant orders of vacuum polarization, electron screening and nuclear polarization. The mass of the K/sup -/ was adjusted to achieve a best fit with the experimental energies: the result was m/sub K-/=493.657+or-0.020 MeV. (13 References).
K. T. Cheng, W. D. Sepp, W. R. Johnson, and B. Fricke, "Self-energy corrections in heavy muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 489--92, 1978.
Abstract: These numerical evaluations of the renormalized self-energy use the method of Brown, Langer and Schaefer (1959) which allows for the finite size of the nucleus in the interaction potential, when nuclear and muonic radii are comparable. Of the three terms contributing to the self-energy correction, two involve simple integrations that can be calculated with high accuracy. The principal source of inaccuracy (5%) is the estimate of the truncation remainders in the third term which involves a sum over photon partial waves and integration over photon frequency. The present values for the 1s/sub 1/2/ levels are 10% larger than previous results, giving Lamb shift data accurate to 5%. (19 References).
S. C. Cheng, A. Shor, B. Olaniyi, G. Dugan, W. Patton, C. S. Wu, and MY. Chen, "The study of quadrupole hyperfine interactions in pionic atoms of /sup 181/Ta and /sup 165/Ho," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 145--50, 1978.
Abstract: The results on the study of the quadrupole hyperfine structure in pionic atoms are presented. Quadrupole moments of /sup 165/Ho and /sup 181/Ta nuclei were extracted from the data. (7 References).
W. K. Cheng, B. Lorazo, and B. Goulard, "Interplay between mesonic-exchange corrections and nuclear structure in the weak transitions /sup 16/O(0/sup +/) to or from /sup 16/N(0/sup -/)," Physical Review C, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 374--83, 1980.
Abstract: The ratio of the muon-capture rate to the beta-decay rate in the weak transitions /sup 16/O(0/sup +/; ground state) to or from /sup 16/N(0/sup -/; 120 keV) is analyzed in terms of the interplay between mesonic-exchange currents and configuration mixing. It is shown that, up to date, various approaches are too preliminary to yield a quantitative conclusion on the role of mesonic-exchange currents contribution. (30 References).
W. K. Cheng and B. Goulard, "Axial meson-exchange currents in nuclear weak interactions," Physical Review C, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 869--72, 1981.
Abstract: On symmetry grounds and by a systematic analysis of one-meson exchange diagrams, the authors obtain the two-body axial meson-exchange current operator which is needed for computing meson-exchange corrections in nuclear systems. Special attention is given to the time-component of this operator and the experimental evidence of its importance. (10 References).
K. T. Cheng and WJ. Childs, "Ab initio calculation of 4f/sup N/6s/sup 2/ hyperfine structure in neutral rare-earth atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 2775--84, 1985.
Abstract: The multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) method is used to calculate excitation energies, Lande g values, and hyperfine-structure (HFS) constants for the lowest multiplets of the 4f/sup N/6s/sup 2/ configurations of neutral rare-earth atoms. Although no adjustable parameters are used, the results are in rather good agreement with experiment. The calculated excitation energies and dipole HFS constants (using the known moment values) differ from experiment by typically 5%, and the g values by 0.1%. Relative to quadrupole moment values determined from muonic-atom HFS or Coulomb excitation, the calculated electric-quadrupole HFS is typically (30+or-2)% too large, consistent with a Sternheimer shielding factor (not included in the MCDF calculations) of R/sub 4f/=+0.23. The calculated J dependence for all four observables is generally in good agreement with experiment for the ground multiplets. Particular cases where the MCDF results are less accurate are identified and discussed. (50 References).
M. K. Cheoun and I. T. Cheon, "An analysis of the models for the radiative muon capture on a proton," J. Phys. G-Nucl. Part. Phys., vol. 29, pp. 293-301, 2003.
Abstract: The recent TRIUMF experiment for mu(-)p --> nv(mu)gamma gave a surprising result that the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant g(p) was larger than the value obtained from mu(-)p -- > nv(mu) experiment by as much as 44%. Subsequent debates on the result gave rise to many theoretical calculations. Most of them were skeptical for the enlarged coupling constant g(p). Therefore, one needs to reexamine the theoretical analysis of the matrix element of Beder and Fearing which was exploited for the extraction of the value in the experiment. In this report we analyse the matrix element from the viewpoint of electromagnetic coupling schemes and suggest an additional term. This additional term plays an important role in restoring the standard value of g(p).
M. K. Cheoun, K. S. Kim, and T. K. Choi, "Radiative muon capture and induced pseudoscalar coupling constant in nuclear matter," J. Phys. G-Nucl. Part. Phys., vol. 29, pp. 2099-2105, 2003.
Abstract: Radiative muon capture is studied to investigate the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant g(P) in nuclear matter. According to the recent TRIUMF experiment for mu(-)p --> nupsilon(mu)gamma, the g(P) was surprisingly larger than the value obtained from mu(-)p --> nupsilon(mu) experiment by as much as 44%. The result may affect seriously theoretical interpretations of the experimental results for the radiative muon captures in finite nuclei. In view of the recent TRIUMF result, the radiative muon capture in nuclear matter is revisited in a framework of the relativistic mean field theory.
A. P. Cheplakov and others, "General characteristics of $\pi ^-$--mesons produced in dC and $\alpha$C interactions at 1 GeV/N and 3.3 GeV/N," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, pp. 399--408, 1989.
A. P. Cheplakov and others, "$\pi ^-$--mesons production in interactions of deuterons with extended carbon and beryllium targets at 1 GeV/Nucleon," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, pp. 231--243, 1992.
A. P. Cheplakov and others, "$\pi ^-$--mesons production in interactions of deuterons and $\alpha$--particles with extended carbon and beryllium targets at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.3 GeV/Nucleon," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, pp. 375--385, 1992.
A. P. Cheplakov, N. G. Fedeev, A. P. Nagaitsev, M. I. Soloviev, and NM. Viryasov, "pi /sup -/-meson production in interactions of deuterons and alpha -particles with the extended carbon and beryllium targets at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.3 GeV/nucleon," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 375--85, 1992.
Abstract: The yields, momentum and angular distributions of pi /sup -/-mesons produced in the interaction of deuterons and alpha -particles at 1.0 and 2.0 GeV/nucleon with thick carbon and beryllium targets have been obtained. The targets (about 30 cm along the beam direction) were placed inside a two-metre propane bubble chamber. The data were compared with those obtained for a propane target at 1.0 and 3.3 GeV/nucleon. The estimate of the energy amount needed to produce one negative pion in DBe, DC, alpha Be, alpha C interactions at 1.0, 2.0, 3.3 GeV/nucleon is presented. (10 References).
E. V. Cherednikova, R. N. Faustov, and AP. Martynenko, "Proton polarizability contribution to the hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A703, no. 1-2, pp. 365--77, 2002.
Abstract: The contribution of the proton polarizability to the ground-state hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen is evaluated on the basis of modem experimental and theoretical results on the proton polarized structure functions. The value of this correction is equal to 4.6(8) * 10/sup -4/ times the Fermi splitting. (53 References).
N. A. Cherepkov and LV. Chernysheva, "Capture of mu /sup -/ mesons by He atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 709--19, 1980.
Abstract: Cross sections of the Auger capture, elastic and inelastic mu /sup -/-meson scattering by He atoms have been found for the muon energies of 1 to 175 eV. The atom and knocked-out electrons are described by the Hartree-Fock wave functions. For the muon in the initial and final states Hartree wave functions in the field of the 'frozen' atom and ion, respectively, are used. The distributions of probabilities of muon decay into states with different principal and orbital quantum numbers n, l are calculated. It is shown that the muons are predominantly captured at energies equal to the ionization potential of the atom. (27 References).
L. V. Chernysheva and V. L. Yakhontov, "Two-program package to calculate the ground and excited state wave functions in the Hartree-Fock-Dirac approximation," Comput. Phys. Commun., vol. 119, pp. 232-255, 1999.
Abstract: Algorithms and computer codes to calculate the ground and excited (discrete and continuum) state wave functions of many- electron atoms and ions, including those containing positive/negative muons, in the Hartree-Fock-Dirac (HFD) approximation are reported. In contrast to the usual technique, the system of 2S self-consistent first order integrodifferential equations of the HFD is solved by reducing it first to a system of S second order ones. The Latter is then treated numerically by means of successive iterative refinement of both the orbital wave functions and the one-electron energies. Some improvements are incorporated into the codes to speed up the convergence process in the cases of large exchange coefficients, as well as to take nuclear size effects into account. The program enables one to find the self-consistent solution of the problem in the form of a single determinant or a linear combination of such determinants constructed from the one-electron orbitals corresponding to the specific configuration and the term of the atom/ion. The code is written in Fortran and can be run on any platform for which the corresponding compiler is available. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
NH. Cherry, "The pionic atom in the theory of the generalized gravitational potential," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 3b, no. 2, pp. 183-92, 1971.
Abstract: A general-relativistic scalar field theory in the complex Weyl space is applied to the pionic atom. In particular the wave equation of the pion for stationary states is derived and from this equation the radial equation for these states is obtained. The radial equation is then used in an approximation method for Z[left angle bracket]or approximately=12 to obtain the difference in energy between that predicted by the present theory and that predicted by Klein-Gordon theory for the pi -mesonic X-rays. This energy difference is then compared to the energy difference obtained between experiment and Klein-Gordon theory and the nucleon core radius as predicted by this theory is thus obtained. The theory is found to predict a repulsive nuclear force, a nucleon core radius of (0.76-0.78) fm and to correlate well with experiment for the low-Z isotopes considered.
B. T. Chertok, C. Sheffield, JW Jr Lightbody, S. Penner, and D. Blum, "Low-q/sup 2/ electron scattering from the 15.109-MeV state of /sup 12/C and the conserved-vector-current test," Physical Review C, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 23--36, 1973.
Abstract: High-precision electron scattering measurements from the 15.109-MeV 1/sup +/ state in /sup 12/C are made at theta =75 and 110 degrees with 35[left angle bracket]or=E[left angle bracket]or=55 MeV. From the measurements B(M1) is extrapolated to the photon point and the radiative width is determined, Gamma /sub gamma /=37.0+or-1.1 eV. The corresponding weak magnetism results for beta decay and mu capture are given. (36 References).
K. M. Cheung, "Muon anomalous magnetic moment and leptoquark solutions," Phys. Rev. D, vol. 6403, pp. art. no.-033001, 2001.
Abstract: The recent measurement of the muon anomalous magnetic moment a(mu) shows a 2.6 sigma deviation from the standard model value. We show that it puts an interesting bound on the mass of the second generation leptoquarks. To account for the data the leptoquark must have both leftand right-handed couplings to the muon. Assuming that the couplings have electromagnetic strength, the mass is restricted in the range 0.7 TeV<M-LQ<2.2 TeV at 95% C.L. We also discuss constraints coming from other low energy and high energy experiments. If first-second- generation universality is assumed, constraints come from atomic-parity violation and charged-current universality. We show that the coexistence with other leptoquarks can satisfy these additional constraints and at the same time does not affect a(<mu>).
H. C. Chiang, E. Oset, and de Cordoba P. Fernandez, "Muon capture revisited," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A510, no. 4, pp. 591--608, 1990.
Abstract: The problem of inclusive muon capture in nuclei is studied by calculating the capture rate in asymmetric infinite nuclear matter and using the local density approximation to evaluate the capture rates in nuclei. It is shown that the method is rather reliable and allows one to improve on approximations used in the past. The need for a strong nuclear renormalization is shown, reducing the capture rates by about a factor two in medium and heavy nuclei. By using standard effective interactions in the spin-isospin channel one can account for this renormalization and one finds a remarkable overall agreement with the measured capture rates for a large list of nuclei through the periodic table. (38 References).
Huan Ching Chiang and E. Oset, "Neutron densities from muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A532, no. 3-4, pp. 647--56, 1991.
Abstract: The authors show that, because of Pauli blocking and renormalization of the weak currents in nuclei, the muon capture rates are rather sensitive to the neutron distributions. They also show that, because of intrinsic theoretical uncertainties, neutron radii cannot be determined with precision but some reasonable limits can be given. However, the ratio of capture rates in different isotopes serves to determine the neutron radii of the isotopes provided the neutron density distribution for one of them is known. (26 References).
Huan Ching Chiang and Oset. Eulogio, "tau /sup -/ capture in nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 259, no. 3, pp. 239--42, 1991.
Abstract: The authors determine the capture rate of a tau /sup -/ from inner atomic orbits in medium and heavy nuclei through the reaction tau /sup -/p to n nu /sub tau /. The capture rates are of the order of 2*10/sup 9/ s/sup -1/, a factor 150 larger than the muon capture rates in heavy nuclei, and three orders of magnitude smaller than the ordinary free tau /sup -/ width. The investigation of this and related tau /sup -/ capture channels would allow the exploration of the nuclear excitation mechanisms in an unusual regime of momentum transfer and would provide valuable information on the axial form factor of the nucleon at large momentum transfers. (18 References).
H. C. Chiang, E. Oset, T. S. Kosmas, A. Faessler, and JD. Vergados, "Coherent and incoherent ( mu /sup -/, e/sup -/) conversion in nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A559, no. 4, pp. 526--42, 1993.
Abstract: Coherent and incoherent ( mu /sup -/, e/sup -/) conversion in nuclei is studied within the framework of several theories which violate flavour lepton number. A useful approach is followed which allows a factorization of the conversion widths into nuclear factors and other factors which depend only on the elementary process. The nuclear factors are evaluated in a wide range of nuclei allowing simple calculations of the conversion rates throughout the periodic table for a given theory with a minimum of work in the elementary sector. The coherent conversion is found to dominate the process. The results obtained modify appreciable previous results in the literature, particularly in the incoherent process. (21 References).
C. Chiccoli, V. I. Korobov, V. S. Melezhik, P. Pasini, L. I. Ponomarev, and J. Wozniak, "The atlas of the cross sections of mesic atomic processes. III. The processes p mu +(d,t),d mu +(p,t) and t mu +(p,d)," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 1-2, pp. 87--153, 1992.
Abstract: For pt.II see Adamczak et al., ibid., vol.4, p.303 (1989). The mesic atomic cross sections for elastic scattering (a mu +b to a mu +b) and isotopic exchange processes (a mu +b to b mu +a) in asymmetric collisions of p mu , d mu and t mu atoms with bare p, d and t nuclei are presented. They have been calculated in the collision energy range 0.001[left angle bracket]or=E[left angle bracket]or=50 eV using the multichannel adiabatic representation for the Coulomb three-body problem. The results are given in tables and figures. (27 References).
W. J. Childs and KT. Cheng, "Semiempirical Sternheimer shielding factors for the atomic 4f and 5d shells," Physical Review A, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 677--82, 1984.
Abstract: Sternheimer shielding factors are often obtained empirically by comparing nuclear electric quadrupole moment values derived from the hyperfine structure (HFS) of many-electron atoms with those determined by Coulomb-excitation or mesic-atom measurements. A large scatter in the resulting shielding factors arises from the lack of consistency in the approaches used in the analyses of the HFS. In the present work the radial HFS integrals are evaluated with a consistent configuration-average Dirac-Fock method. The scatter in the shielding factors obtained is reduced substantially and the results are in reasonable agreement with Sternheimer's original estimates. (35 References).
Hu. Chi-Yu, "Variational calculation of the energy levels of the (dt mu )/sup +/ molecule," Physical Review A, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 1245--8, 1985.
Abstract: The ground and the excited states of both the s and p states of the (dt mu )/sup +/ molecule are calculated using the variational method of moments. The author's best energy values are -319.117 and -34.766 eV for the s states, and -232.436 and -0.628 eV for the p states. (4 References).
Hu. Chi-Yu, "Variational calculation of the muon-alpha-particle sticking probabilities in the muon-catalyzed fusion dt mu to mu /sup 4/He+n," Physical Review A, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 2536--9, 1986.
Abstract: "mu - alpha sticking probabilities have been calculated for the S state and the P state, using a high-precision three-body variational wave function. The 0.90% S-state sticking probability agrees with previous works using other methods. It is necessary to calculate two sets of sticking probabilities and fusion rates for the J=1
Hu. Chi-yu, "Variational calculations of the excited-state fusion parameters of the (dt mu ) system," Physical Review A, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 4135--8, 1987.
Abstract: "The energies, muon-alpha particle sticking probabilities, and the fusion rates have been calculated for the J=0
Hu Chi-Yu and AK. Bhatia, "Three-body resonances in ta mu and da mu," Physical Review A, vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 5769--72, 1990.
Abstract: Resonances in muonic systems ta mu and da mu have been predicted for J=0 and 1 using the complex-rotation method. This method has the advantage that the resonance position and total width are calculated at the same time. These resonances are found to be below the n=4 threshold of a mu and are of Feshbach type. They decay to t mu +a and d mu +a and therefore could be of importance in the reactivation of mu from a mu in the fusion of t and d in the presence of a muon (muon-catalyzed fusion). The channel (a mu )/sub n=3/+t or d could be followed by multiple scattering resulting in stripping of the muon. This process is highly density dependent. (13 References).
Hu Chi-Yu and AK. Bhatia, "Resonances in muonic systems," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 439--44, 1991.
Abstract: Resonances in muonic systems t alpha mu , d alpha mu , t(/sup 3/He) mu , and d(/sup 3/He) mu have been predicted for J=0 and 1 using the complex-rotation method. This method has the advantage that the resonance position and total width are calculated at the same time. These resonances are found to be below the n=4 thresholds of alpha mu and (/sup 3/He mu ) and are of Feshbach type. The resonances in t alpha mu and d alpha mu are of particular interest. They decay to t mu + alpha and d mu + alpha , and therefore could be of importance in the reactivation of mu from alpha mu in the fusion of t and d in the presence of a muon (muon-catalyzed fusion). The channel ( alpha mu )/sub n=3/+t or d could be followed by multiple scattering, resulting in stripping of the muon. This process is highly density dependent. (10 References).
Hu Chi-Yu and AA. Kvitsinsky, "Solution of the Faddeev equations for Coulombic systems," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 59--72, 1993.
Abstract: Many important processes in muon catalyzed fusion cycle involve the reaction of three charged particles. Solving the Faddeev equations is one of the most direct approaches to the scattering of these charged particles. Difficulties encountered previously in solving such problems have been resolved. The authors report here a number of their initial calculations for bound as well as low energy scattering states. (16 References).
Hu Chi-Yu, G. M. Hale, and JS. Cohen, "Variational calculations for the dt mu molecule including nuclear effects on sticking by means of the Bloch operator," Physical Review A, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 4481--8, 1994.
Abstract: We investigate the effects of nuclear forces on the eigenvalues and sticking fractions of the ground and excited J=0 states of the dt mu molecule using a variational R-matrix approach. The nuclear boundary condition is imposed on the entire variational wave function, rather than on the individual elements of the basis, by means of the Bloch operator. This formulation results in rigorously symmetric variational matrix elements and improved flexibility of the basis at small d-t separations. Our results for the fusion rates and initial sticking fractions are lambda /sub f/=1.25*10/sup 12/ sec/sup -1/ and omega /sub s//sup 0/=0.912% for the nu =0 state and lambda /sub f/=1.05*10/sup 12/ sec/sup -1/ and omega /sub s//sup 0/=0.912% for the nu =1 state. (26 References).
Hu Chi-Yu, A. A. Kvitsinsky, and JS. Cohen, "Faddeev calculations of p mu +p collisions: effect of hyperfine splitting on the cross sections," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 28, no. 16, pp. 3629--41, 1995.
Abstract: The Faddeev equations, modified to remove long-range coupling between different channels, are solved in the total-angular-momentum representation for p mu +p collisions. S-wave elastic and hyperfine-transition cross sections are calculated with and without explicit inclusion of the hyperfine splitting Delta E. For hyperfine quenching the simpler approach without hyperfine splitting is found to be adequate at collision energies above about Delta E, but for elastic scattering it does not become adequate until somewhat higher energies. The present cross sections tend to fall in between earlier calculations performed using a large standard adiabatic expansion and those performed using a two-state improved adiabatic expansion, but are closer to the former. (18 References).
CF. Cho, "The energy levels of pi-muonium (produced in K/sup 0//sub l/ decay)," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 23A, no. 3, pp. 557-80, 1974.
Abstract: An experiment was recently proposed and planned to measure the energy levels of the pi - mu atom (pi-muonium). Expressions are obtained for all QED contributions to the 2S/sub 1/2/, 2P/sub 1/2/ and 2P/sub 3/2/ level shifts of pi-muonium accurate to 10/sup -4/ eV. Detailed discussions are given for the recoil corrections to the spinor-scalar system by means of an effective potential method. The contributions of the total hadronic vacuum polarization and the weak interaction are also discussed. The pi -e and the pi - pi atoms which are also produced in K decay, are discussed briefly. (32 References).
R. E. Chrien, S. Bart, P. Pile, R. Sutter, N. Tsoupas, H. O. Funsten, J. M. Finn, C. Lyndon, V. Punjabi, C. F. Perdrisat, B. J. Lieb, T. Kishimoto, L. C. Liu, R. Estep, B. Dropesky, C. E. Stronach, and RL. Stearns, "Search for bound states of the eta meson in light nuclei," Physical Review Letters, vol. 60, no. 25, pp. 2595--8, 1988.
Abstract: A search for nuclear-bound states of the eta meson has been carried out. Targets of lithium, carbon, oxygen, and aluminum were placed in a pi /sup +/ beam at 800 MeV/c. A predicted eta bound state in /sup 15/O* (E/sub x/ approximately=540 MeV) with a width of approximately=9 MeV was not observed. A bound state of a size /sup 1///sub 3/ of the predicted cross section would have been seen in this experiment at a confidence level of 3 sigma (P[right angle bracket]0.9987). (12 References).
P. Christillin and M. Rosa-Clot, "Nonlocal Hamiltonian and radiative-muon capture," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1-4, 1972.
Abstract: Discusses improvements in the approximations made in the theoretical treatment of radiative muon capture in order to reduce the discrepancy with experimental results.
P. Christillin and M. Rosa-Clot, "Isovector current-current processes in nuclear physics," Physical Review C, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 44--50, 1973.
Abstract: Processes involving two vertices are analyzed in nuclear physics. By means of an appropriate isospin analysis, corrections to the usual single-particle Hamiltonian arising from nuclear correlations are explicitly given for Compton scattering and muon and pion radiative capture. In particular the Delta T=2 channel is seen to play a fundamental role in radiative muon capture for medium and heavy nuclei where its contribution to the rate amounts to approximately 10% for /sup 40/Ca and affects sensitively the estimates of g/sub p/. (16 References).
P. Christillin, A. Dellafiore, and M. Rosa-Clot, "Nuclear excitation energy in muon capture," Physical Review Letters, vol. 31, no. 16, pp. 1012--15, 1973.
Abstract: Sum-rule techniques are used to evaluate total mu -capture rates. They turn out to be strongly dependent on the mean nuclear excitation energy, whose behavior along the nuclear table is discussed. (11 References).
P. Christillin, A. Dellafiore, and M. Rosa-Clot, "Nuclear excitation energy in muon capture: A reply," Physical Review C, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 691--4, 1975.
Abstract: Criticisms of Cannata and Mukhopadhyay (see Phys. Rev. no.C10, p.379 of 1974) of the authors' parametrization of the total capture rate in terms of a mean nuclear excitation energy related to the average neutrino momentum are refuted. The energy corrected for the Coulomb energy does agree with the giant dipole resonance energy in light nuclei and becomes larger in heavier nuclei because of contributions from higher multipoles. (13 References).
P. Christillin, M. Rosa-Clot, and A. Dellafiore, "Isotope effect in total muon capture rates on nuclei and isotensor effective potential," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 34A, no. 2, pp. 296-300, 1976.
Abstract: Isotope effects are considered in the framework of the energy-weighted sum rule treatment of muon capture on nuclei. The possibility of exploiting total capture rates to convey information on nuclear structure is pointed out. (11 References).
P. Christillin, A. Dellafiore, and M. Rosa-Clot, "Mean excitation energy and neutron emission following muon capture in medium-heavy nuclei," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 34A, no. 2, pp. 289-95, 1976.
Abstract: It is shown that calculated mean nuclear-excitation energies in muon capture account for the observed emission of neutrons from medium-heavy nuclei. The results confirm the finding of a decreasing average momentum nu of the emitted neutrino in heavy nuclei, while the hypothesis of a constant nu is untenable. (18 References).
P. Christillin, A. Dellafiore, and M. Rosa-Clot, "Total muon capture rates and mean neutrino energy," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 34A, no. 2, pp. 272-88, 1976.
Abstract: The energy-weighted sum rule approach to muon capture is discussed. The Fermi-gas model is used in medium-heavy nuclei to predict the mean neutrino energy-which is found to decrease along the nuclear table-and the total capture rates. Results compare favourably with experimental data. (24 References).
P. Christillin and S. Servadio, "About low-energy expansion of two-current amplitudes," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 42A, no. 2, pp. 165-88, 1977.
Abstract: An alternative technique to deal with processes in which two isospin-carrying electromagnetic or weak currents appear is developed to predict the amplitude up to nontrivial structure terms by means of the divergence conditions. Applications are made to isovector Compton scattering and radiative muon capture by a free proton. (6 References).
P. Christillin, M. Rosa-Clot, and A. Dellafoire, "Evaluation of v/c terms in nuclear muon capture rates," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 37A, no. 3, pp. 227-32, 1977.
Abstract: The v/c terms in muon capture are expressed within the usual approximations as a function of the mean neutrino energy and evaluated along the nuclear table. (11 References).
P. Christillin, S. Servadio, and M. Rosa-Clot, "Nuclear effects in radiative muon capture in calcium," Physics Letters B, vol. 73B, no. 1, pp. 23--6, 1978.
Abstract: The sensitivity of photon spectrum in the theoretical treatment of radiative muon capture in /sup 40/Ca to the closure approximation is discussed and its explicit calculation, relaxing the above condition, performed in two models. It is shown that the spectrum is substantially lowered with respect to the closure approximation results in the same models and it is now compatible with experimental data and nucleonic values of the weak coupling constants. (13 References).
P. Christillin, E. Lipparini, S. Stringari, and M. Traini, "Inclusive radiative pion and muon capture in N=Z nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 95B, no. 3-4, pp. 344--8, 1980.
Abstract: Sum rule techniques are used to predict average excitation energy and total capture rates for inclusive radiative pion and muon capture in N=Z nuclei. The processes under consideration are shown to exhibit different excitation features because of the strong dependence on the orbit of the captured particle. Results are given for /sup 16/O and /sup 40/Ca. A semi-quantitative agreement with experimental data is found, amenable to the approximations in the treatment of nuclear dynamics. (13 References).
P. Christillin, M. Rosa-Clot, and S. Servadio, "Muon wave function and Coulomb propagator in radiative muon capture in nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A345, no. 2, pp. 317--30, 1980.
Abstract: The electromagnetic effects connected with the muon radiating diagram in radiative muon capture in nuclei are discussed. The non-relativistic Schrodinger equation, reproducing with a very good accuracy the muonic ground-state properties, i.e., binding energies and effective charges Z/sub eff/, is shown to be adequate for the bound muon. The effects of the extended nuclear Coulomb field on the muon propagator are considered, and an explicit solution is worked out for the high-energy region of the photon spectrum. (21 References).
P. Christillin, M. Rosa-Clot, and S. Servadio, "Radiative muon capture in medium-heavy nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A345, no. 2, pp. 331--66, 1980.
Abstract: Radiative muon capture in nuclei is thoroughly investigated in view of its sensitivity to the pseudoscalar coupling constant g/sub P/. In the photon energy domain of interest (k[right angle bracket]or=60 MeV) the effective one-body hamiltonian in use is shown essentially to hold true, with minor corrections due to the muon propagator in the nuclear field and to the two-step process. The closure approximation is avoided by appropriately integrating the response function calculated in the Fermi gas model, in the energy-momentum transfer plane. Theoretical predictions in medium-heavy nuclei of the high-energy photon spectrum, of photon polarization, and of muon-spin photon angular correlation are given for various values of the pseudoscalar coupling constant. (34 References).
P. Christillin, "Radiative muon capture for N=Z nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A362, no. 2, pp. 391--404, 1981.
Abstract: The commonly used elementary Hamiltonian of radiative muon capture has been confirmed, while the alternative Hwang-Primakoff approach is shown not to be gauge invariant. In the inclusive process on N=Z nuclei, the closure approximation is avoided by using a realistic nuclear excitation spectrum. The study is exemplified by a detailed application to /sup 40/Ca. Predictions are given for the high-energy photon spectrum, circular polarization and asymmetry with respect to the muon polarization for various values of the pseudoscalar coupling constant g/sub p/. A semi-quantitative agreement is found with the data on the spectrum; more precise experiments are necessary to determine g/sub p/. (34 References).
P. Christillin, "Inclusive radiative muon capture in nuclei: a status report," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B32, no. 3, pp. 266--9, 1982.
Abstract: The problems connected to the use of the effective Hamiltonian and to the nuclear excitation spectrum for inclusive radiative muon capture in nuclei are reviewed. Results are presented for /sup 40/Ca. (10 References).
P. Christillin, "Radiative muon capture on /sup 16/O," Physics Letters B, vol. 150B, no. 1-3, pp. 50--2, 1985.
Abstract: Predictions of the photon spectrum of radiative muon capture on /sup 16/O are given within a phenomenological approach for a realistic nuclear excitation spectrum which includes low-lying excited states. Preliminary experimental results are totally at variance with the predictions based on the canonical value of the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant gp. (16 References).
P. Christillin, Dang G. Do, and A. Fabrocini, "Total muon capture rates beyond SU(4). Breakdown of the closure approximation," Physics Letters B, vol. 265, no. 3-4, pp. 212--18, 1991.
Abstract: It is shown that in a correlated model of spin-isospin saturated nuclear matter the tensor terms of the potentials yield a mean excitation energy for the axial current in the total muon capture rates that is above the maximum available one, i.e., the muon mass, thus making totally non-quantitative the use of sum rules for the process. This is in agreement with an analogous role played by tensor correlations in space-like low momentum transverse (e,e') scattering on nuclei and confirms the missing strength argument for Gamow-Teller transitions. (21 References).
K. Chung, M. G. Huber, B. Blum, and M. Danos, "Pion absorption in the oxygen isotopes," Physics Letters B, vol. 32B, no. 7, pp. 536--8, 1970.
Abstract: The absorption rates for bound pions in /sup 16/O and /sup 18/O are calculated on the basis of an independent particle model modified by short range nucleon-nucleon correlations. The ratio of the 1s and 2p level widths can be explained quantitatively by assuming an exchange of high momenta (h(cross)q approximately=300 MeV/c) between otherwise independently moving nucleons. It turns out that the detailed properties of the two d-neutrons in /sup 18/O one of vital importance to account for the observed differences of the absorption rates.
J-M Chung, B. K. Chung, K. S. Kang, and CW. Kim, "Reexamination of high-energy-transfer muon capture in /sup 165/Ho," Journal of the Korean Physical Society, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 142--6, 1994.
Abstract: The previous calculation of the muon-capture rate in /sup 165/Ho with high energy transfer or equivalently with time-like momentum transfer squared, q/sup 2/, has been reexamined and improved by incorporating better estimates of finite-nuclear-size corrections for the s-wave muon wave function and pion-nucleus coupling form factors. Also included in this new calculation are more refined estimates of the pion-nucleus scattering length and volume for /sup 165/Ho based on the extrapolation of optical potential calculations. Theory and experiment now agree within two standard deviations of experimental errors. (14 References).
Leung. Chun-Ming, "Branching ratio for the reaction pi /sup -/+/sup 4/He to n+/sup 3/H," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 389--93, 1969.
Abstract: The ratio of the two-body reaction pi /sup -/+/sup 4/He to /sup 3/H+n to all pi /sup -/ interactions is the same for pi /sup -/ absorption at rest and in flight. Therefore, this gives no direct information on the question of orbital angular momentum of pi /sup -/ capture in helium, but the ration is obviously compatible with an S-state capture hypothesis. The results seem to disagree with a small branching ratio for the charge symmetric reaction pi /sup +/+/sup 4/He to /sup 3/H+p reported by the Northwestern group (Block et al, 1968).
S. Ciechanowicz, "Angular correlations in muon capture including linear polarization of the de-excitation gamma-quanta," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. B7, no. 5, pp. 371--4, 1976.
Abstract: Angular correlations coefficients are calculated for the nuclear cascade process j/sub o/(mesoatom) mu /sup -/ capture into j/sub 1/, gamma decay into j/sub 2/. When introducing explicitly a photon polarization density matrix a new quantity is distinguished. It is the imaginary part of the muon capture partial amplitudes, providing another check of the T-invariance in the mu -capture. The new quantity could be measured only be means of the linear polarization of the emitted gamma -quanta. (6 References).
S. Ciechanowicz, "Allowed partial transitions in muon capture by /sup 28/Si," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A267, no. 3, pp. 472--84, 1976.
Abstract: The transition amplitudes for allowed transitions in muon capture by /sup 28/Si are given in terms of the shell model. These transitions were investigated experimentally by means of gamma - nu angular distributions. The extended nuclear charge distribution is taken into account. The magnitude of the induced pseudoscalar interaction appears to be C/sub P/[left angle bracket]or=C/sub A/. It indicates downward renormalization of the Goldberger-Treiman relation. (18 References).
S. Ciechanowicz, "Recoil nuclei polarization in the partial mu /sup -/+/sup 12/C to nu /sub mu /+/sup 12/B transitions," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A372, no. 3, pp. 445--8, 1981.
Abstract: The average linear recoil polarization of recoil nuclei in the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 12/C(g.s.) to nu /sub mu /+/sup 12/B(I/sup pi /) is investigated, and the results have been compared to the issues of the Louvain-Saclay-ETH experiment. The generalized Helm model has been used for the nuclear part of the problem, and its reliability is compared with the findings of the recent papers. The compatibility of the results with the recent experimental data has been confirmed within the model used, and qualitative explanation of the differences between the mu -capture rates from the Helm model and the experiment is proposed. (30 References).
S. Ciechanowicz, "Time reversal test in the nuclear muon capture," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atomic Nuclei), vol. 337, no. 1, pp. 97--108, 1990.
Abstract: Possible effects of breaking CP-symmetry are looked for in the muon capture by a linearly polarized target nucleus. With this aim the recoil polarization in the partial transitions 0 to I, 1/2 to J and 1 to I is investigated in a nuclear model independent way. It is shown that the hyperfine structure of the muonic atom significantly influences the T-odd correlations in the recoil polarization formula, and the expectation for the T-odd signal in case of the linearly polarized target is higher by one order of magnitude. The authors obtain the complete set of the T-odd observables which could enter the polarization formula. As an example, within the impulse approximation for the weak interaction hamiltonian, they analyse the nonstandard, CP-breaking extension of the Fermi theory using complex Fujii-Primakoff form factor G/sub V/e/sup i phi /. (19 References).
S. Ciechanowicz and N. Popov, "Neutrino mass effect on the nuclear muon capture," Zeitschrift fur Physik C-Particles & Fields, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 623--9, 1993.
Abstract: Multipole expansion of the partial transition amplitude in the nuclear muon capture with massive left-handed Dirac neutrino has been derived. The multipole amplitudes for the partial nuclear transitions are given as the explicit functions of the neutrino mass parameter. As an example, the capture rate, the recoil asymmetry and the neutrino polarization are investigated in terms of these multipole amplitudes. The transversal neutrino polarization provides a connection between the T-violation and the neutrino mass; if T-odd component in the neutrino polarization is observed, then neutrino must be a massive particle. It turns out that in the capture rate and recoil polarization, the effects due to very small neutrino mass can be proportional to the square ratio of the neutrino mass to its momentum, while the neutrino transversal polarization is proportional to this ratio only. Under the recent limits on the muon neutrino mass, the observable effects in the partial transition may be below the order of approximately=10/sup -3/. (26 References).
S. Ciechanowicz, "Low energy test of T-invariance in weak interactions," in Proceedings of the First German - Polish Symposium. Particles and Fields, (H. D. Doebner, M. Pawlowski, and R. Raczka, eds.), pp. 17--22, 1994.
Abstract: The Racah algebra formalism and the technique to compute amplitudes for mu -capture processes involving three-body final states are used in the explicit calculations of the observables. The formalism is then applied to the discussion of several mu -capture observables which might serve for the test purposes of the standard model fundamentals. The effects of CP-violation, neutrino mass and right-handed currents are analysed in detail. (9 References).
S. Ciechanowicz, Z. Oziewicz, and N. Popov, "Relativistic and neutrino mass effects in partial muon capture," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1601--9, 1996.
Abstract: The characteristics of the partial nuclear muon capture with massive left-handed Dirac neutrino and relativistic component of the muon wavefunction have been derived. The multipole amplitudes are given as a function of neutrino mass parameter and reduced nuclear matrix elements which are modified by the small component of the muon wavefunction. As an example, the capture rate, asymmetry and polarization of recoil nuclei are investigated in terms of these multipole amplitudes. (23 References).
S. Ciechanowiz and Z. Oziewicz, "Angular correlation for nuclear muon capture," Fortschritte der Physik-Progress of Physics, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 61--88, 1984.
Abstract: Formulae for the capture rates, gamma-neutrino correlations, and angular distributions of recoil in muon capture processes J/sub i/- mu to /sup mu /J/sub f/ by an unpolarized nucleus for J/sub i/[left angle bracket]or=3 and J/sub f/[left angle bracket]or=5/2, with and without change of parity of nuclear levels, are given explicitly in terms of the multipole amplitudes. Relation of helicity amplitudes for muonic atom decay to the multipole amplitudes and to amplitudes introduced by other authors is presented. The derivation is based on kinematics only, and the formulae are strictly valid for the muon capture by any nuclei. The formulae are convenient for model calculations of partial transitions with realistic nuclear and muon wave functions and for the phenomenological analysis of a weak interaction. (33 References).
A. Cieply, M. Gmitro, R. Mach, and SS. Kamalov, "Momentum-space method for pionic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 713--20, 1991.
Abstract: A new momentum-space method is developed for calculation of the strong-interaction shifts and widths in pionic atoms. The singularity connected with the Coulomb potential is treated by using the Vincent and Phatak prescription. The nuclear and atomic distances are separated in the scheme and this secures numerical stability of the calculation. The latter property makes the method a useful alternative to the earlier algorithms. Sample results for a series of light pionic atoms are shown. (35 References).
A. Cieply, M. Gmitro, and R. Mach, "Nuclear structure effects in light pi -mesoatoms," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1091--8, 1991.
Abstract: Performing the angle transformation from the pion-nucleon to the pion-nucleus CMS frame the first order pion-nucleus optical potential receives also a contribution due to nucleonic Fermi motion. The corresponding term is always repulsive and reflects the nuclear spin-orbital interaction playing an important role particularly for nuclei with half-filled valence shells. The authors demonstrate the effects due to this term yielding a contribution to the level shifts and widths of pionic atoms. Such ideas allow one to explain the A-dependence of 2p-level energy shifts for most of the s-d shell pi -mesoatoms. (28 References).
A. Cieply and R. Mach, "The nuclear spin-orbital interaction and characteristics of light pionic atoms," in Few-Body Systems Supplementum, pp. 302-9, 1991.
Abstract: Performing the angle transformation from pion-nucleon to pion-nucleus CMS frame, several Fermi motion terms appear in the first order pion-nucleus optical potential. One of them being always repulsive reflects the nuclear spin-orbit interaction and plays an important role particularly for nuclei with half-filled valence shells. the authors demonstrate the effects due to this term yielding a contribution to the level shifts and widths of pionic atoms. Such ideas allow one to explain the A-dependence of the 2p-level energy shifts for most of the s-d shell pionic atoms. (25 References).
A. Cieply and R. Mach, "Influence of nuclear structure on the characteristics of light pionic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 1454--65, 1994.
Abstract: An extended version of the standard pion-nucleus optical potential is presented using the momentum-space formulation of the multiple scattering theory. This potential is used for studying the influence of nonlocal effects and nuclear structure on the characteristics of light pionic atoms. A method is suggested to treat the long-range two-nucleon correlations involved in the second-order optical potential. Particularly, the spin-orbital Fermi motion correction to the first-order optical potential, the center-of-mass correlations, and the spin-isospin corrections to the second-order optical potential are discussed in some detail. The results are presented in comparison with the experimental data for the 1 s and 2 p levels of light pionic atoms up to /sup 44/Ca. (51 References).
W. A. Cilliers and FD. Brooks, "Tests of plastic scintillators as alpha detectors in dt mu CF," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 413--19, 1991.
Abstract: Thin plastic scintillators are considered for the detection of alphas from muon-catalyzed fusion in D-T gas targets. Tests show that barriers of havar foil (1.6 mu m) or aluminium oxide (0.3 mu m) provide adequate protection of the scintillator against tritium decay betas and restrict diffusion of tritium into the scintillator to within acceptable limits over periods of eight days or longer. (6 References).
W. A. Cilliers, F. D. Brooks, and JBA. England, "Detection of fusion alphas from D/sub 2/-T/sub 2/ gas targets," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 337--42, 1993.
Abstract: Detectors for recording alphas from fusions in D/sub 2/-T/sub 2/ gas targets require protection against diffusion of tritium into the detector medium. Tests have been carried out on surface barrier detectors to determine the feasibility of using thin coatings of oxide and metal for this purpose. The results show that a layer of 0.5 mu m aluminium oxide plus 0.2 mu m gold provides effective protection for at least 280 h, without impairing the transmission of 2 MeV alphas into the detector. Tests of an alternative detector, a phoswich of thin film plastic and lithium-glass scintillators, are also described. (7 References).
C. Cioaca, "Influence of spatial extent of nucleus on the levels of mesic (muonic) atoms," Romanian Journal of Physics, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1025--9, 1992.
Abstract: Utilizing the radial wave functions R/sub nl/(r) of the mesic atoms for arbitrary integers numbers n,l (n[right angle bracket]or=1) and applying the perturbation theory there are calculated without simplification the radial integral, the first-order corrections on the energy Delta E/sub nl/, associated to the states mod psi /sub nlm/). (4 References).
JHD Clark, D. S. Armstrong, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, P. M. King, T. J. Stocki, S. Tripathi, D. H. Wright, and PA. Zolnierczuk, "Ortho-para transition in muonic molecular hydrogen," in AIP. American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 407-10, 2000.
Abstract: Knowledge of the transition rate between the ortho- and para-molecular states of muonic molecular hydrogen is critical for the extraction of the induced pseudoscalar coupling of the proton, g/sub p/, from muon capture experiments in hydrogen. A measurement of this rate has recently been completed at TRIUMF, and a status report on the experiment is presented here. (6 References).
D. C. Clary and JNL. Connor, "Isotope and potential energy surface effects in vibrational bonding," Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 88, no. 13, pp. 2758--64, 1984.
Abstract: Variational calculations of vibrational energy levels have been carried out in order to study vibrational bonding for the IXI and BrXBr molecules with X=Mu, H, and D. Extended London-Eyring-Polanyi-Sato (LEPS) and three-center diatomics-in-molecules (DIM) potential energy surfaces have been used for IXI. For BrXBr, a three-center DIM potential surface was employed. The LEPS surface is purely repulsive, whereas the DIM potentials possess two van der Waals minima. The variational calculations use the exact Hamiltonian of Watson (1970) and provide rigorous upper bounds to the energy levels. Calculations have been performed both for the collinear configurations of the atoms as well as in three dimensions, with the total angular momentum quantum number equal to zero. The bond energies of YXY, where Y=Br and I, increase in the order D[left angle bracket]H[left angle bracket]Mu. This inverse isotope effect is opposite to that for conventional chemical bond energies. The bond energies for IXI also show a sensitive dependence on the nature of the potential surface. The presence of van der Waals wells as well as the lower barrier of the DIM surface increases the number of vibrationally bound states for IXI compared to the case of the LEPS surface. The accurate variational eigenenergies have also been approximately partitioned into normal-mode symmetric, bending, and asymmetric contributions. The isotopic dependence of the normal-mode frequencies is consistent with the predictions of the valence force field approximation. The calculations are relevant to the experimental detection of vibrational bonds by conventional spectroscopic techniques or by photodetachment spectroscopy. (34 References).
T. A. Claxton, A. M. Graham, MCR Symons, P. W. Percival, R. F. Kiefl, S. R. Kreitzman, D. M. Garner, SFJ Cox, G. M. Luke, J. H. Brewer, K. Nishiyama, and K. Venkateswaran, "On the interpretation of level-crossing resonance results for the muonated ethyl radical," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 138, no. 6, pp. 610--14, 1987.
Abstract: Recent level-crossing resonance results on the muonated ethyl radical are reinterpreted to confirm the existence of the 'residual' isotope effect. All results are expressed as reduced hyperfine coupling constants. (15 References).
T. A. Claxton, A. M. Graham, SFJ Cox, D. M. Maric, P. F. Meier, and S. Vogel, "Vibrationally averaged spin densities on muons and protons in the hydroxyl and ethyl radicals," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 65, no. 1-4, pp. 913--26, 1990.
Abstract: The observations of the residual isotope effect for muonated radicals are discussed using calculations on the hydroxyl and ethyl radicals. The origins are partly due to the non-linear increase of the hyperfine coupling constants with increase in bond length, although a significant contribution comes from the anharmonicity of the molecular vibrations. (10 References).
T. A. Claxton and SFJ. Cox, "Ab initio minimal basis set calculations on C/sub 60/Mu," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 207, no. 1, pp. 31--40, 1993.
Abstract: The simplest known adduct of C/sub 60/ fullerene is C/sub 60/Mu which shows an experimental mu SR spectrum very similar to that of C/sub 2/H/sub 4/Mu, the muonium adduct of ethylene. This suggests that the region affected by the addition of muonium (the defect) is very localised on the fullerene surface. To test this interpretation ab initio restricted Hartree-Fock calculations have been carried out on three different levels of relaxation of the C/sub 60/Mu geometry. Calculations have also been carried out on clusters C/sub 18/H/sub 12/Mu and C/sub 30/H/sub 12/Mu to investigate the extent to which the properties of this defect depend on the whole C/sub 60/ structure. (27 References).
T. A. Claxton and SFJ. Cox, "Ab initio calculations of quadrupole interactions and their isotope effects," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 87, no. 1-4, pp. 917--22, 1994.
Abstract: Calculations are presented of nuclear quadrupole coupling constants in simple closed-shell molecules containing hydrogen, together with their muonium-substituted counterparts. Results are given for HCl and MuCl, N/sub 2/H/sup +/ and N/sub 2/Mu/sup +/, and NH/sub 4//sup +/ and NH/sub 3/Mu/sup +/. The quadrupole isotope effect proves to be small, even for the ammonium ion, where isotopic substitution breaks the tetrahedral symmetry. The calculated quadrupole interactions serve to test the quality of the calculations, and also as a signature for these diamagnetic or closed-shell species: they may be compared with values measured by muon level crossing resonance, where known, or used to predict the fields for resonance, where not. (10 References).
E. Clementi and D. L. Raimondi, "Atomic screening constants from SCF functions," Journal of Chemistry and Physics, vol. 38, pp. 2686--2689, 1963.
D. A. Close, J. J. Malanify, and JP. Davidson, "Nuclear polarization deduced from muonic /sup 208/Pb measurements," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 34A, no. 2, pp. 301-14, 1976.
Abstract: The 2p-1s, 3d-2p, 3p-2s, 2s-2p, 3p-1s and 3d-1s muonic X-ray transitions in /sup 208/Pb have been used to determine the parameters of a spherical Fermi charge distribution and to deduce the nuclear polarization of the 1s, 2s and 2p muonic levels. The fitted value for the 1s nuclear polarization is larger by a factor of two than calculations; this may shed light on low-lying nuclear compressive modes. (22 References).
D. A. Close, J. J. Malanify, and JP. Davidson, "Nuclear charge distributions deduced from the muonic atoms of /sup 232/Th, /sup 235/U, /sup 238/U, and /sup 239/Pu," Physical Review C, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 1433--55, 1978.
Abstract: The muonic X-rays from four highly deformed actinide nuclei, /sup 232/Th, /sup 235/U, /sup 238/U, and /sup 239/Pu, have been measured. A four parameter Fermi charge distribution with distortion terms of the form beta /sub 2n/Y/sub 2n0/, n[left angle bracket]or=2, was used to characterize the nuclear charge distribution. A least squares fit was made to the energies of the 2p-1s and 3d-2p muonic X-rays and their fine and hyperfine structure splitting. The 4f-3d and 5g-4f muonic X-rays were measured for the four nuclei as well as the 5-3, 4-2, and 3-1 muonic transitions for /sup 232/Th and /sup 238/U. The intrinsic electric quadrupole moments were deduced. The results are compared with those from earlier muonic experiments, as well as with proton, alpha , and electron inelastic scattering. (47 References).
H. T. Coelho, Groote JJ De, and JE. Hornos, "General theoretical approach to Coulombic three-body systems by the hyperspherical formalism," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 5443--52, 1992.
Abstract: Coulombic three-body systems are investigated using the hyperspherical adiabatic approach. By using a suitable variable z=tan( alpha /2) in the angular differential equation for the determination of the potential curves, the authors are able to obtain stable series-expansion solutions, valid for small and large values of the hyperspherical radius. The analysis of the mathematical singularities of the differential equations in the variable z offers an insight into the physics of the problem and into the determination of stable converging solutions as well. In order to illustrate the investigation, the authors apply this study to several carefully chosen systems: He, dd mu , d/sub 2//sup +/, and excitons bound to a Coulomb center in different semiconductors. (20 References).
S. Cohen and others, "Mu--mesonic molecules. I. Three--body problem," Physical Review, vol. 119, pp. 384--397, 1960.
S. Cohen and others, "Mu--mesonic molecules. II. Molecular--ion formation and nuclear catalysis," Physical Review, vol. 119, pp. 397--411, 1960.
R. C. Cohen and others, "Muon capture in oxygen," Nuclear Physics, vol. 57, pp. 255--270, 1964.
J. S. Cohen, R. L. Martin, and WR. Wadt, "Diabatic-state treatment of negative-meson moderation and capture. I. The hydrogen atom," Physical Review A, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 33--43, 1981.
Abstract: A new formulation of the moderation and capture of negative mesons by atoms has been developed. The scattering is described by a complex potential with a real part given by a diabatic interaction potential and an imaginary part given by the ionization width of the diabatic state embedded in the electronic continuum. Results are presented for collisions of mu /sup -/, pi /sup -/, K/sup -/, and p/sup -/ with the hydrogen atom. The differential energy-loss cross sections and stopping powers obtained are large. The energy spectrum of stopped mesons is determined and most captures are found to occur at collision energies below or near the ionization potential. The principal-quantum-number distributions of the initially formed mesic atoms peak close to the orbital giving optimal overlap with the displaced electronic orbital. The angular-momentum distributions are not too different from statistical, except that they tend to cut off at l significantly smaller than n-1 in the case of large n. Comparison to a very recent experiment is made in a note added. (33 References).
J. S. Cohen and JN. Bardsley, "Radiative collisional quenching of metastable muonic hydrogen p mu /sup -/(2s) and the metastable muonic helium ion alpha mu /sup -/(2s)," Physical Review A, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 46--51, 1981.
Abstract: Fully quantum-mechanical calculations have been performed to determine the radiative collisional cross sections for quenching of metastable muonic hydrogen p mu /sup -/(2s) by normal hydrogen atoms and for quenching of the metastable muonic helium ion alpha mu /sup -/(2s) by normal helium atoms. The interatomic potential curves and the radiative transition rates for the mixed electronic-muonic systems are calculated using molecular-structure methods. The nuclear motion is treated as adiabatic and the interaction is written in terms of a complex potential. The cross sections are evaluated by direct numerical integration of the Schrodinger equation. The two-body thermal (300K) quenching rate constants obtained are 3.7*10/sup -13/ cm/sup 3//sec for p mu /sup -/ and 6.0*10/sup -15/ cm/sup 3//sec for alpha mu /sup -/. (19 References).
JS. Cohen, "Question of why metastable muonic helium is not quenched," Physical Review A, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1791--3, 1982.
Abstract: The ion-clustering mechanism which is the explanation usually invoked for the long collisional lifetime of metastable muonic helium is examined. Based on current knowledge of similar clusters, this mechanism does not work. (11 References).
JS. Cohen, "Classical-trajectory Monte Carlo calculation of negative-muon capture," in Electronic and Atomic Collisions. 3th International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Int. Conference on the Phys. Electron. & Atomic Collisions, (J. Eichler, W. Fritsch, I. V. Hertel, N. Stolterfoht, and U. Wille, eds.), 1983.
Abstract: The classical-trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) method has been used to describe the slowing down and capture of negative muons by hydrogen atoms. The reactions of concern are mu /sup -/+H(1s) to mu /sup -/+H(nl) (inelastic) or mu /sup -/+e+H/sup +/ (ionization) or e+H/sub mu /(nl) (capture). Cross sections for these processes are required over a wide energy range and no single quantum-mechanical method is practical over the entire range. Since molecular (p mu /sup -/e) and nuclear-symmetry effects do not occur and since the muon is generally captured in a high-lying Rydberg orbital, classical mechanics is expected to have a wider range of validity for mu /sup -/+H scattering than for p+H scattering than for p+H scattering where it has been quite successful. (4 References).
J. S. Cohen, R. L. Martin, and WR. Wadt, "Diabatic-state treatment of negative-meson moderation and capture. II. Mixtures of hydrogen and helium," Physical Review A, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1821--30, 1983.
Abstract: For p.I see ibid., vol.24, no.1, p.33, 1981. Slowing-down and capture cross sections have been consistently calculated for mu /sup -/, pi /sup -/, K/sup -/, and p in collisions with hydrogen and helium atoms and isotopic variants. Capture-energy distributions are determined using the differential-energy-loss cross sections in the laboratory frame. Capture is found to occur predominantly at energies near or below the ionization potential of the target. Ratios of capture on different species are given as a function of the mole fraction of each species present in mixtures. For pi /sup -/ in a He-H mixture the reduced capture ratio obtained is approximately 0.73, slightly less than the experimental value of 0.92 for the He-H/sub 2/ mixture. In contrast with another recent theoretical calculation and in agreement with experimental analysis, it is found that atomic capture of pions in the helium-hydrogen mixture is only slightly nonlinear. It is pointed out that some prior theoretical treatments are in error because of inconsistent calculation of the slowing-down and capture processes and/or subsequent approximate treatment of the energy transport. Use of capture and transfer rates in muon kinetics, e.g. muon-catalyzed fusion, is discussed. (29 References).
J. S. Cohen, "Slowing down and capture of negative muons by hydrogen: classical-trajectory Monte Carlo calculation," Physical Review A, vol. 27, pp. 167--179, 1983.
JS. Cohen, "Calculations of muon capture in D/sub 2//T/sub 2//He mixtures," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: The first step in the muon-catalyzed fusion cycle is slowing down and capture of the negative muon in isotopic hydrogen mixtures. The author has used two methods for calculating this process: the classical-trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) approach and the diabatic-state model. Previous CTMC calculations probably give the most accurate published cross sections for mu /sup -/capture by hydrogen isotopes. However, those results are somewhat uncertain since, while the momentum distribution in the H-atom is given exactly, the position distribution is not described well by the microcanonical ensemble employed. A description has now been developed that simultaneously treats the position and the momentum distributions with sufficient accuracy. As the amount of helium in the mixture builds up (/sup 3/He from tritium decay or /sup 4/He from fusion), the catalytic action is poisoned. Cross sections for mu /sup -/ capture by He have also been calculated. Determination of the fraction captured by He requires, in addition, proper description of the muon-energy transport. Results for hydrogen/helium mixtures are presented and the tolerable contamination by He deduced. (0 References).
J. S. Cohen, R. L. Martin, and M. Leon, "Interaction matrix elements for resonant muonic-molecule formation," Physical Review Letters, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 738--9, 1984.
Abstract: "In a recent Letter ibid., vol.52, p.605 (1984) Leon reported a calculation of the formation rate of the muonic molecular ion dt mu in the resonant reaction t mu +D/sub 2/( nu /sub i/=O,K/sub i/) to (dt mu )dee( nu /sub f/,K/sub f/), where nu /sub i/ and K/sub i/ are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers of the initial deuterium molecule and nu /sub f/ and K/sub f/ are the similar quantum numbers of the final electronic molecule in which dt mu serves as a compound nucleus of charge +1 and mass approximately 5 amu. In the resonant collision the relative collision energy plus the binding energy of a weakly bound ( approximately 0.64 eV) state of dt mu ( nu =1
J. S. Cohen and M. Leon, "New mechanism for resonant dt mu formation and epithermal effects in muon-catalyzed fusion," Physical Review Letters, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 52--5, 1985.
Abstract: A recent muon-catalysis experiment with a low-density D-T target saw a pronounced transient in the appearance of fusion neutrons. The authors propose that this transient is due to resonant molecular formation at epithermal energies. This effect is calculated, with inclusion of the contribution of direct (as opposed to dipole) mesomolecule formation. The direct process is the dominant one, but has not previously been considered. The results agree well with the experiment. (24 References).
JS. Cohen, "Thermalization of the muonic tritium atom in deuterium-tritium mixtures," Physical Review A, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 2719--30, 1986.
Abstract: Thermalization of hot t mu atoms formed in D/sub 2/-DT-T/sub 2/ mixtures and relaxation of the triplet hyperfine state of t mu are treated by Monte Carlo simulation. The cross sections for collisions with molecular targets are derived from cross sections for collisions with the component atoms. The statistical histograms for the time-dependent velocity distributions are fitted by sums of two Maxwellian functions, and the coefficients and temperatures are tabulated for tritium fractions of 10%, 50%, and 90% and mixture temperatures of 30, 100, and 300K. The results provide a basis for analyzing some previously puzzling aspects of the observed cycling rate in recent muon-catalyzed-fusion experiments. In particular, thermalization is found to be very incomplete for some low-temperature targets. Also, the relative rates of kinetic thermalization and hyperfine-state relaxation depend strongly on the target tritium fraction, and hyperfine effects may be observable. The velocity distribution of t mu atoms at times of molecular dt mu formation is shown to depend only rather weakly on the initial velocity distribution, which is not well known. (28 References).
JS. Cohen, "Kinetics of muonic helium in muon-catalyzed d-d and d-t fusion," Physical Review Letters, vol. 58, no. 14, pp. 1407--10, 1987.
Abstract: An accurate kinetics treatment is applied to the muonic helium atoms formed by a muon's sticking to the charged particle produced in muon-catalyzed d-d and d-t fusion. Cross sections for l- and n-changing transitions are included to describe density-dependent stripping and X-ray production. Coupled with recent accurate calculations of the initial sticking, the results are generally in very good agreement with experiments. The noteworthy exception is that the density dependence of the sticking is much weaker than previously observed, in agreement with preliminary results of a new experiment. (21 References).
JS. Cohen, "Some effects on the kinetics of d-t muon-catalyzed fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 179--203, 1987.
Abstract: Two important stages in the kinetics of muon-catalyzed d-t fusion are discussed: (1) atomic thermalization and hyperfine-state relaxation preceding molecular formation, and (2) muon stripping and X-ray production following sticking to the fusion alpha particle. Thermalization is accurately treated by Monte Carlo simulation. It is shown that the thermalization and triplet-quenching times of the t mu atom may be greater than the average dt mu formation time in low-tritium targets, but that epithermal transients are most important in high-tritium targets. A complete kinetic treatment of muon stripping from alpha mu is made using newly calculated stripping (ionization and charge transfer) and inelastic-excitation cross sections and explicitly treating the 2s-2p Stark mixing. The calculated values of the sticking probability and K alpha alpha mu X-rays per fusion are omega /sub s/=0.53% (0.59%) and I/sub K alpha // chi =0.23% (0.28%) at density phi =1.2 (0.1) times liquid hydrogen density. Sensitivities to the various kinetic rates are evaluated, and error bars are estimated. (29 References).
JS. Cohen, "Stripping of mu /sup -/ from alpha mu after muon-catalyzed fusion: effect of target structure," Physical Review A, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 1419--22, 1987.
Abstract: Stripping (ionization and transfer) and excitation cross sections for the muonic helium ion ( alpha mu ) in deuterium-tritium mixtures are calculated by the classical-trajectory Monte Carlo method. It is shown by direct (three- and four-body) calculations that the effects of the target electronic structure and finite mass are not important. (18 References).
JS. Cohen, "Cross sections for kinetics of muonic helium created in muon-catalyzed d-d and d-t fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 499--509, 1988.
Abstract: Simple analytic fits are provided for the cross sections required to describe the kinetics of the muonic helium resulting from sticking in muon-catalyzed d-d and d-t fusion. The stripping and inelastic excitation cross sections are determined by classical-trajectory Monte Carlo calculations or by conversion of normal-atom cross sections. (24 References).
JS. Cohen, "Charge transfer and ionization in collisions of alpha mu with all elements," Physical Review A, vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 2343--8, 1988.
Abstract: Cross sections are determined for stripping (charge transfer and ionization) of the alpha mu ion in collisions with a number of elements. The calculations are done with the classical-trajectory Monte Carlo method using the Thomas-Fermi model for the neutral-atom target. The total stripping cross sections are shown to differ only slightly from those for collisions with the bare nuclei. A simple analytic formula is given for evaluation of the stripping cross section for any target element. Finally, the results are applied to stopping and stripping of alpha mu ions in several metallic foils. (15 References).
J. S. Cohen and M. Leon, "Note on epithermal $dt\mu$ formation," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, pp. 497--498, 1988.
J. S. Cohen, M. Leon, and NT. Padial, "Pressure broadening of the ((dt mu )dee)* formation resonances," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 111-23, 1988.
Abstract: The treatment of ((dt mu )dee)* formation at high densities as a pressure broadening process is discussed. Cross sections for collisions of the complex (dt mu )dee, and of the D/sub 2/ molecule from which it is formed, with the bath molecules have been accurately calculated. These cross sections are used to calculate the collisional width in three variations of the impact approximation that have been proposed for this problem. In general, the quasistatic approximation is shown to satisfy the usual conditions of muon-catalyzed fusion better than does the impact approximation. A preliminary rough treatment is presented to illustrate the quasistatic approximation. (16 References).
J. S. Cohen and MC. Struensee, "Stark mixing of 2S muonic helium. II. Molecular and multiple-scattering effects in hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 53--7, 1988.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., p.44-52. The rectilinear-trajectory coupled-equation method (Kodosky and Leon 1971) is extended to collisions of alpha mu (2S) with molecular D/sub 2/. An efficient quadrature is formulated to integrate over the reaction probabilities and obtain the cross section that is dominated by trajectories passing close to one or the other nucleus. Molecular effects are found to increase the cross section by only 1-2% above twice the atomic value. Coherent effects in multiple scattering by more than one molecule in a high-density (or condensed) medium are also examined and shown to be negligible. (6 References).
JS. Cohen, "Stripping and X-ray production in muon-catalyzed d-d and d-t fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 421--37, 1988.
Abstract: The kinetics of the muonic helium formed by muon sticking to the charged particle produced in muon-catalyzed d-d and d-t fusion is described. A formula is given relating the required muonic cross sections to cross sections for He/sup +/+H/sup +/ collisions at different velocities. Ground-state cross sections are obtained by this formula, and excited-state cross sections are calculated quasi-classically. The influences of excited-state processes on muonic helium stripping and X-ray production are examined, and the resulting differences between alpha mu and /sup 3/He- mu kinetics are discussed. The state populations and sticking factors are shown as a function of density. Intensities of the K-series and L-series X-rays as well as the Doppler profiles of these transitions are given. The possible use of the Doppler shift to refine X-ray experiments is suggested. (20 References).
J. S. Cohen and M. Leon, "Approximations used in calculating many-body effects in resonant ((dt mu )dee)* formation," Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 946--51, 1989.
Abstract: The approximations needed to treat the resonant formation of the compound molecule ((dt mu )dee)* as a line-broadening process are examined. The necessary criteria for applying the impact (Lorentzian) approximation are shown to be seriously violated under the usual conditions of muon-catalyzed fusion. Neither the condition for binary collisions nor the requirement that the detuning not be too large holds. A much more appropriate description is the many-body quasistatic approximation, which is valid for large detunings at any density and for practically the whole profile at high densities. The convenient factorization of the three-body rate into a convolution of a two-body rate with a broadening factor is shown to hold within some approximations, but the broadening factor itself depends on the transition being considered. (23 References).
J. S. Cohen and J. D. Davies, "The cold fusion family," Nature, vol. 338, pp. 705--707, 1989.
J. S. Cohen and NT. Padial, "Effect of anisotropy on the sticking in muon-catalyzed fusion determined by the X-ray method," Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 915--18, 1989.
Abstract: The initial sticking in the 2p/sub m/ states of muonic helium in muon-catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) and the subsequent collisional excitation to these states are shown to have nonstatistical dependences on m that result in spatial anisotropy of the emitted X rays. This anisotropy, I(0 degrees )/I(90 degrees ), is found to be 0.71 for d-d mu CF and 1.12 for d-t mu CF in liquid targets, where the angle is between the coincidently detected X ray and neutron. The effect is predicted to increase the actual K alpha X-ray yield and corresponding sticking observed in a recent d-t mu CF experiment by 4%. The Doppler broadening of the radiation observed at different angles is also examined. (23 References).
JS. Cohen, "Muon catalyzed fusion," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials & Atoms, vol. B42, no. 4, pp. 419--25, 1989.
Abstract: Muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) has proved to be a fruitful subject for basic physics research as well as an unusual source of cold nuclear fusion. Recent experiments have demonstrated that over 100 fusions per muon can be catalyzed by formation of the dt mu molecule in mixtures of deuterium and tritium. After a brief review of the subject's history, the dt mu catalysis cycle and the principal relations used in its analysis are described. Some of the more important atomic and molecular processes and cross sections needed for understanding the mu CF cycle are then discussed. Finally, the status of current research is appraised. (46 References).
JS. Cohen, "Accurate treatment of electron screening in calculations of muonic atom cross sections," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 3--20, 1990.
Abstract: The improved adiabatic approximation is used to formulate the problem of muonic atom scattering. This method allows the effect of electron screening to be calculated directly, taking into account the short-range molecular interaction and symmetry. The electron screening potential is found to be about 30% smaller in magnitude than the previously used value at large internuclear distances, and to deviate considerably from the asymptotic form at small distances. Cross sections for elastic scattering, isotopic exchange, and hyperfine-state transitions are calculated for p mu , d mu , and t mu in collisions with H, D, and T atoms. Results are given for scattering with and without electron screening. (13 References).
JS. Cohen, "Improved adiabatic calculation of muonic-hydrogen-atom cross sections. III. Hyperfine transitions in asymmetric collisions," Physical Review A, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 2836--45, 1991.
Abstract: "For pt.II see ibid., vol.43, no.9, p.4668 (1991). Cross sections for transitions between hyperfine-structure states of muonic hydrogen atoms in asymmetric collisions have been calculated for the first time. The interaction is described by the improved adiabatic representation. s waves dominate the cross sections except for the remarkable case of t mu ( up arrow up arrow )+d where the p wave dominates even at liquid-hydrogen temperature. The quenching rates for the collisions in which the muon resides on the heavier isotope are lambda (d mu ( up arrow up arrow )+p to d mu ( up arrow down arrow )+p)=5.5*10/sup 2/ (6.4*10/sup 2/) s/sup -1/, lambda (t mu ( up arrow up arrow )+p to t mu ( up arrow down arrow )+p)=3.1*10/sup 2/ (3.2*10/sup 2/) s/sup -1/, and lambda (t mu ( up arrow up arrow )+d to t mu ( up arrow down arrow )+d)=7.5*10/sup 1/ (7.3*10/sup 2/) s/sup -1/ at 23 K (232 K) and liquid-hydrogen density. Although some experimental observations have been attributed to hyperfine quenching in asymmetric collisions, these rates are probably too slow to have had an effect in previous experiments. However, the rate for t mu ( up arrow up arrow )+d is somewhat uncertain since it is found to be extraordinarily sensitive to the potential. As a by-product of this work, an independent value of the hyperfine correction to the binding energy of td mu (J=1
JS. Cohen, "Improved adiabatic calculation of muonic-hydrogen-atom cross sections. II. Hyperfine transitions and elastic scattering in symmetric collisions," Physical Review A, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 4668--83, 1991.
Abstract: For pt.I, see ibid., vol.43, no.7, p.3460 (1991). The improved adiabatic representation is used in calculations of elastic and hyperfine-transition cross sections for symmetric collisions for p mu , d mu , and t mu with bare p, d, and t nuclei and with H, D, and T atoms, respectively. The cross sections for d mu +d and t mu +t are in excellent agreement with other recent determinations, while those for p mu +p are about 30% larger at low energies. The electronic screening is calculated nonperturbatively and found to be about 30% smaller in magnitude than the previously calculated value at large internuclear distances, and to deviate considerably from the asymptotic form in the molecular region. The resulting screened elastic cross sections are up to 60% smaller than those obtained using the old screening potential. The reactance matrices, needed for calculations of molecular-target effects, are given in tables. (28 References).
J. S. Cohen and MC. Struensee, "Improved adiabatic calculation of muonic-hydrogen-atom cross sections. I. Isotopic exchange and elastic scattering in asymmetric collisions," Physical Review A, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 3460--73, 1991.
Abstract: The improved adiabatic representation is used in calculations of elastic and isotopic-exchange cross sections for asymmetric collisions of p mu , d mu , and t mu with bare p, d, and t nuclei and with H, D, and T atoms. The formulation dissociates properly, correcting a well-known deficiency of the standard adiabatic method for muonic-atom collisions, and includes some effects at zeroth order that are normally considered nonadiabatic. The electronic screening is calculated directly and precisely within the improved adiabatic description; it is found to be about 30% smaller in magnitude than the previously used value at large internuclear distances and to deviate considerably from the asymptotic form at small distances. The reactance matrices, needed for calculations of molecular-target effects, are given in tables. (39 References).
JS. Cohen, "Collisional problems in the mu CF cycle before muonic molecule formation," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 15--30, 1993.
Abstract: Important processes in the muon-catalyzed fusion cycle preceding muonic molecule formation are discussed. These include muonic atom formation as well as the subsequent elastic, isotopic-exchange, and hyperfine-state quenching collisions of the muonic atoms. Modern methods for atomic capture of the negative muon are reviewed. Elastic and inelastic cross sections obtained in the improved adiabatic representation are given, and rates at liquid-hydrogen density are tabulated for easy reference and comparison. (19 References).
J. S. Cohen, G. M. Hale, and Chiyu. Hu, "Calculation of sticking using the R-matrix method with the Bloch operator," Hyperfine Interactions, no. , pp. 349-58, 1996.
Abstract: We calculate the effects of nuclear forces on the sticking in muon-catalyzed D-T fusion using the R-matrix method. The importance of the Bloch operator in this calculation is emphasized. We try to clarify some features in the formulation that seem to have caused confusion in the past. Some speculations are made regarding the remaining discrepancy of the calculated sticking with experimental values. (19 References).
J. S. Cohen, "Molecular effects on antiproton capture by H-2 and the states of (p)over-bar-p formed," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 56, pp. 3583-3596, 1997.
Abstract: Complete five-body dynamical calculations of antiproton ((p) over bar) capture by the hydrogen molecule (H-2) have a been carried out using a generalization of the Kirschbaum-Wilets method (belonging to a class of quasiclassical methods sometimes called fermion molecular dynamics). The differences between capture by H-2 and the H atom are found to be dramatic. The effects due to the two-center structure, rotational motions, and vibrational motions are distinguished. Of particular importance, the vibrational degree of freedom enables the molecule to capture antiprotons having lab energies above 100 eV, whereas atomic capture cuts off sharply above the ionization threshold of 27 eV (in the lab system). Antiproton capture by the atom is calculated by the same method as well as by the classical-trajectory Monte Carlo method, which is applicable only to the atom. The initial quantum numbers (assigned quasiclassically) of the <(pp)over bar> formed are found to be shifted to significantly smaller values for the molecular target; the n distribution is also narrower for the molecular target as compared with the atomic target. [S10502947(97)05011-7].
JS. Cohen, "Fermion molecular dynamics in the capture of muons by hydrogen atoms," Journal of Physics B, vol. 31, no. 19, pp. L833-40, 1998.
Abstract: The fermion-molecular-dynamics (FMD) method is applied to negative-muon ( mu /sup -/) capture by the hydrogen atom. It is found that the FMD results are similar to those of the classical-trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) method, whose validity was confirmed previously by the most accurate existing method, classical-quantal coupling (CQC). Thus FMD is validated as a quasiclassical method for mu /sup -/ capture and will be applicable to multi-electron atomic and molecular targets, for which the CTMC approach is not suitable. Actually the FMD results agree slightly better with the CQC results and suggest an interpretation of the very low-energy and adiabatic-ionization-threshold regions where the quantal (CQC) cross sections differ most from the classical (CTMC) results. (21 References).
JS. Cohen, "Isotope effects on antiproton and muon capture by hydrogen and deuterium atoms and molecules," Physical Review A, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 1160--9, 1999.
Abstract: Cross sections for capture of the antiproton (p) and negative muon ( mu /sup -/) by the H/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/ molecules are calculated using fermion molecular dynamics (FMD). All the cross sections are significantly larger than those for capture by the corresponding atom, also evaluated by the FMD method. The largest molecular cross sections are obtained when the negative projectile mass best matches the nuclear mass in the molecular target, thus for p+H/sub 2/. The vibrational degree of freedom is shown to be most important in distinguishing the four reactions, but the effects of rotations, two-center electronic charge distribution, and nonadiabaticity are also significant. The predicted initial capture fractions (i.e., not taking subsequent transfer into account) in a H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ mixture are P/sub capt//sup (p)//P/sub capt//sup (d)/=qc/sub p//c/sub d/, where q=1.585 for p and q=1.186 for mu /sup -/ independent of c/sub p/ and c/sub d/. The energy-dependent quantum-number distributions of the exotic atoms formed, the angular distributions of antiprotonic atoms, and the initial kinetic energies of muonic atoms are also presented. (24 References).
J. S. Cohen, "Negative pion capture in HD gas and in H-2+D-2 gas mixtures: Resolution of the isotope puzzle," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 59, pp. 4300-4308, 1999.
Abstract: The cross sections. initial quantum numbers, and kinetic energies For pionic atoms formed by negative pion capture in mixtures of isotopic hydrogen molecules are calculated using the fe:rmion-molecular-dynamics (FMD) method. With these cross sections, the reduced capture ratio for a H-2 + D-2 mixture is found to be (P-p((H2+D2))/P-d((H2+D2)))/(c(p)/c(d))= 1.204, and the capture ratio for HD is found to be P-p((HD))/P-d((HD)) - 0.875. In light of these results, the p-to-d pion transfer probabilities Q are reevaluated using prior experimental data and determined to be larger than previously thought: Q = 0.28 at deuterium fraction C-d= 0.5 and Q = 0.42 as c(d), -->. The puzzling relationship of the experimental data for HD to that for H-2 + D-2, mixtures is explained. [S1050-2947(99)06806-7].
JS. Cohen, "Theoretical status of muonic helium kinetics in muon-catalyzed d-t and d-d fusion," Riken Review, vol. 20, no. , pp. 8-11, 1999.
Abstract: Detailed n,l-dependent rates (several new) are used for the kinetics of muonic helium formed by muon sticking after muon-catalyzed d-t and d-d fusion. The results for stripping and X-ray yields are evaluated and compared with experimental results. Special attention is paid to the effects of Stark transitions due to collisions. The possibility that magnetic fields may further alter the angular-momentum populations is discussed. (13 References).
JS. Cohen, "Multielectron effects in capture of antiprotons and muons by helium and neon," Physical Review A, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 022512/1-14, 2000.
Abstract: Antiproton (p) and negative muon ( mu /sup -/) captures by helium and neon atoms are treated using the fermion- molecular-dynamics method, yielding capture cross sections, initial quantum numbers, and ejected-electron energies. The calculated angular-momentum distributions tend to pile up at l=n-1 and are not well fitted by the form (2l+1)e/sup alpha l/, which is often assumed in experimental analyses. The residual electrons are generally left in a {"}shake-up{"} state. When capture is accompanied by multiple ionization, the second and later electrons escape with increasing kinetic energies, a process that is not well described as quasiadiabatic. In a 50:50 mixture of helium and neon, the calculated Ne:He capture ratios are 3.36 for p and 3.69 for mu /sup -/. The mu /sup -/ per-atom capture probability is almost independent of the neon fraction and is in overall agreement with several mu /sup -/ and pi /sup -/ experiments; for p there is a rather strong dependence on neon fraction, but there are as yet no experiments. The possible experimental indication of a strong isotope effect on capture of pi /sup -/ in mixtures of /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He is not supported by the present calculation. (56 References).
JS. Cohen, "Preliminary results for capture of negative muons and antiprotons by noble-gas atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 159--66, 2001.
Abstract: Cross sections for capture of negative muons ( mu /sup -/) and antiprotons (p) by helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon atoms (incomplete for the two heaviest noble-gas atoms) are calculated using the fermion molecular dynamics (FMD) method. These cross sections are used to estimate the capture ratios in mixtures, but these ratios are not precise since the total energy-loss cross sections have not yet been determined. (22 References).
J. S. Cohen, "Capture of negative muons and antiprotons by noble-gas atoms," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 65, pp. art. no.-052714, 2002.
Abstract: Cross sections for capture of negative muons (mu(-)) and antiprotons ((p) over bar) by helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon atoms are calculated using the fermion molecular dynamics method. These cross sections are used to estimate the capture ratios in mixtures.
RK Jr. Cole, "Nuclear-polarization corrections to the levels of muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 164--83, 1969.
Abstract: It is shown that information about the nuclear electromagnetic-transition vertex derived from experimental inelastic-scattering cross sections for electrons may be used to evaluate the nuclear- polarization (dispersion) corrections to the levels of muonic atoms. A model-independent result is obtained for the contributions of discrete nuclear states. The most important systematic features of nuclear- excitation spectra, the giant-dipole resonance and the quasielastic peak, are considered in detail. The Goldhaber-Teller model is used for the former, and a simple-harmonic-oscillator shell model for the latter. Numerical estimates are obtained for total level shifts of low-lying muon states in nuclei with closed (harmonic- oscillator) proton shells, using closure approximation for the muon. The muon closure energies are considered in detail. It is felt that the results obtained are probably accurate to a factor of 2. The shifts are estimated to be several keV for the 1s state in heavy nuclei, and somewhat less (a few tenths to about 1 keV) for the 2s and 2p states. These shifts are significant in comparison to the present accuracy of measurement of muonic x-ray spectra, and should be considered in calculations to fit nuclear- charge distributions.
C. Comber, D. H. Davis, D. J. Gordon, D. N. Tovee, R. Roosen, C. V. Velde-Wilquet, and JH. Wickens, "The orbital capture of K/sup -/-mesons and Sigma /sup -/-hyperons in liquid helium," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 24A, no. 3, pp. 294--300, 1974.
Abstract: The mean cascade times of both K/sup -/-mesons and Sigma /sup -/-hyperons in their captures at rest in liquid helium have been determined to be (3.1+or-0.4)*10/sup -10/s and less than 3.6*10/sup -11/s (with a confidence level of 90%) respectively. The finding of a much lower mean cascade time for Sigma /sup -/-hyperons than for K/sup -/-mesons lends weight to the hypothesis of trapping of negative hadrons in metastable orbits in helium. (18 References).
GT. Condo, "Intensity variations of K/sup -/-mesonic X-rays," Physical Review Letters, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 126--8, 1974.
Abstract: The K/sup -/ mesonic X-ray line intensities of targets consisting of the Groups IV, V and VI metals are plotted against their atomic number (Z). A plot is also presented of the atomic diameters of the metals versus Z. Good correlations are found between the X-ray intensities and the atomic diameters, which is explained by the circular orbitals becoming more highly populated as the target atomic size increases. Anomalous results in previous work on muonic atomic spectra are treated on this basis. (10 References).
GT. Condo, "Electron depletion in mesic atoms," Physics Letters A, vol. 51a, no. 5, pp. 307--8, 1975.
Abstract: Assuming there is no serious electron depletion in mesic atoms, most previously calculated auger electron spectra for nuclear emulsion have ignored a large low energy (18-25 kev) contribution. A method for investigating electron depletion in mesic atoms is suggested. (9 References).
GT. Condo, "On the initial distribution in kaonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 58B, no. 1, pp. 55--6, 1975.
Abstract: A comparison of two recent kaonic X-ray experiments indicates that the initial distribution of K/sup -/ in the vicinity of the electronic K shell in kaonic atoms has a substantial low angular momentum excess which cannot be accommodated by the conventional parametrization, (2l+1) exp ( alpha l). (9 References).
GT. Condo, "Mass dependence in mesonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 376--7, 1975.
Abstract: Muonic and kaonic de-excitation X-ray spectra indicate that different particles have different distributions of the initial orbital angular momentum immediately the meson has been localized about a single atom. The X-ray data is compared with theoretical and experimental data. The results indicate that the population of the higher atomic angular momentum states decreases as the mass of the captured meson increases. (10 References).
GT. Condo, "Negative muons as solid state probes," Radiation Effects, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 125--6, 1976.
Abstract: It is shown that the use of negative muons as solid state probes is complicated by the de-excitation scheme of muonic atoms. A comparison with some recent radiation damage experiments suggest that the mu /sup -/ atom (at least in silicon) is displaced to an interstitial position. (11 References).
G. Conforto, S. Focardi, C. Rubbia, and E. Zavattini, "Direct measurement of $\mu^-$ mesonic molecule formation rates in liquid hydrogen," Physical Review Letters, vol. 10, pp. 432--434, 1962.
G. Conforto, C. Rubbia, E. Zavattini, and S. Focardi, "Direct measurement of $\mu^-$ mesonic Molecule formation rates in liquid hydrogen," Nuovo Cimento, vol. 33, pp. 1001--1019, 1964.
J. G. Congleton and HW. Fearing, "Determination of the nucleon pseudoscalar coupling using muon capture by /sup 3/He," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A552, no. 4, pp. 534--48, 1993.
Abstract: The recent development of a highly sophisticated and accurate three-body wavefunctions has led to renewed interest in the muon capture process mu /sup -/+/sup 3/He to v/sub mu /+/sup 3/He since it may now be possible to remove nuclear uncertainties and extract the induced pseudoscalar coupling g/sub p/ with nearly the same precision as from capture by the free proton. With this aim, the authors examine this process from two points of view. First using the elementary particle model (EPM), which uses empirical information from electron scattering and beta decay to evaluate the form factors, they calculate the rate and various analyzing powers and show quantitatively that the analyzing powers are more sensitive than the rate to g/sub p/. Secondly, they use the impulse approximation (IA), where the new wave functions allow extremely accurate evaluations of the nuclear matrix elements, to calculate these same quantities in a microscopic way. For the rate they find in EPM 1497 s/sup -1/ which is in reasonable agreement with experiment. In IA the rate is 1304 s/sup -1/ which is somewhat low. More detailed examination shows that this results from missing magnetic strength, and suggests that meson exchange currents may be significant. Numerical results are given also for the various analyzing powers. (59 References).
JG. Congleton, "Hyperfine populations prior to muon capture," Physical Review A, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. R12-14, 1993.
Abstract: It is shown that the 1S level hyperfine populations prior to muon capture will be statistical when either target or beam is unpolarized independent of the atomic level at which the hyperfine interaction becomes appreciable. This assertion holds in the absence of magnetic transitions during the cascade and is true because of minimal polarization after atomic capture and selective feeding during the cascade. (9 References).
JG. Congleton, "Muon capture by /sup 3/He: the hyperfine effect," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A570, no. 3-4, pp. 511--20, 1994.
Abstract: The hyperfine effect for muon capture by /sup 3/He is calculated in a modified closure approximation as a function of g/sub p/, the nucleon pseudoscalar form factor. It is found to be very sensitive to g/sub p/. (11 References).
J. G. Congleton and E. Truhlik, "Meson exchange currents for nuclear muon capture by /sup 3/He," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 761-3, 1995.
Abstract: We have calculated exchange corrections for nuclear muon capture by /sup 3/He using the hard pion method for the currents and wavefunctions for /sup 3/He and /sup 3/H found by the coupled rearrangement channel method. The result for the rate (triton asymmetry) has an uncertainty of 3% (1%) due mainly to the uncertainty in the value of f/sub pi N Delta / (various factors). (10 References).
J. G. Congleton and E. Truhlik, "Meson exchange currents for nuclear muon capture by /sup 3/He leading to the triton final state," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 429-31, 1996.
Abstract: We have calculated exchange corrections for nuclear muon capture by /sup 3/He using the hard-pion model and realistic nuclear wavefunctions. These currents modify the vector and axial part of the weak nuclear current. In their absence the rate is found to be about 12% smaller than experiment. Our aim is to test the hard-pion model by making a realistic estimate of the theoretical uncertainty and comparing the calculated rate with its experimental value. Results for the rate and spin observables will be presented at the symposium. The recent precise measurement of the rate (see the contributions of A.A. Vorobyov and W. Prymas in these proceedings) allows the most stringent test of exchange currents for muon capture to date. (12 References).
J. G. Congleton and E. Truhlik, "Nuclear muon capture by /sup 3/He: meson exchange currents for the triton channel," Physical Review C, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 956--76, 1996.
Abstract: We have calculated exchange corrections for nuclear muon capture by /sup 3/He leading to the 3H final state using the hard-pion model and realistic nuclear wave functions. These currents modify the vector and axial part of the weak nuclear current. In their absence the rate is 12% smaller than found by experiment. Our final result for the rate is 1502+or-32 per second. For the analyzing powers we find A/sub v/=0.515+or-0.005, A/sub t/=-0.375+or-0.004, and A/sub Delta /=-0.110+or-0.006. These predictions use the PCAC value of g/sub P/. The variation of the observables with g/sub P/ is also reported. (33 References).
JNL Connor, W. Jakubetz, A. Lagana, J. Manz, and JC. Whitehead, "The reaction X+Cl/sub 2/ to XCl+Cl (X=Mu,H,D). II. Comparison of experimental data with theoretical results derived from a new potential energy surface," Chemical Physics, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 19--48, 1982.
Abstract: For pt.I see J. Chem. Phys., vol.72, p.6209 (1980). Considers experimental implications for the Mu+Cl/sub 2/, H+Cl/sub 2/, and D+Cl/sub 2/ reactions of the extended London-Eyring-Polyani-Sato potential energy surface. The authors have performed accurate 1D quantum calculations of reaction probabilities, which are then transformed into 3D by an information theoretic 1D to 3D transformation incorporating a constraint to allow for angular momentum transfer effects in light+heavy-heavy atom reactions. This procedure implicitly accounts for the 3D nature of the potential surface. The Sato parameters for the 1D surface also define a full 3D surface. This is used as an approximation to the true surface, and its properties are explored in 3D quasiclassical trajectory calculations. (69 References).
R. Coombes, R. Flexer, A. Hall, R. Kennelly, J. Kirkby, R. Piccioni, D. Porat, M. Schwartz, R. Spitzer, J. Toraskar, S. Wiesner, B. Budick, and JW. Kast, "Detection of pi - mu Coulomb bound states," Physical Review Letters, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 249--52, 1976.
Abstract: The authors report the observation of the pi - mu system in a Coulomb bound state. These atoms were formed from the decay K/sub L//sup 0/ to ( pi mu ) nu . This is claimed to be the first observation of an atom composed by two unstable particles. (1 Reference).
G. Cory-Goulard, "Nucleon-nucleon interaction and some reactions with /sup 3/He, /sup 3/H," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B36, no. 8, pp. 971--5, 1986.
Abstract: Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations are discussed for the A=3 nuclei. Using the sum rule formalism, the need for a better bound state is investigated. Some reactions on /sup 3/He and /sup 3/H, like electron scattering, photodisintegration, and mu -capture, involve transitions to the continuum but with the work developed by Merkuriev, Gignoux and Laverne (1976) some progress is possible. The same realistic NN interactions used for calculating the bound state wave function of the three nucleon system are incorporated in the scattering equations based on the Faddeev approach. (20 References).
R. E. Cote, W. V. Prestwich, A. K. Gaigalas, S. Raboy, C. C. Trail, RA Jr Carrigan, P. D. Gupta, R. B. Sutton, M. N. Suzuki, and AC. Thompson, "Distribution of charge in Th/sup 232/ and U/sup 238/ determined by measurements on muonic X rays," Physical Review A, vol. 179, no. 4, pp. 1134--47, 1969.
Abstract: The energies and intensities of the X rays of muonic atoms of Th/sup 232/ and U/sup 238/ were measured. Analysis of the data was performed using the rotational model of strongly deformed nuclei to include dynamic quadrupole interactions. The distribution of nuclear charge was represented by a modified Fermi distribution which involves three parameters, namely, the intrinsic quadrupole moment Q/sub 0/, the half-density radius c=c/sub 0/A/sup 1/3/, and the skin thickness t. It was found that the allowed ranges of values for Q/sub 0/,c/sub 0/, and t were for thorium 9.58-9.83 b, 1.155-1.143 F, and 1.54-1.87 F, and for uranium 11.20-11.41 b, 1.150-1.142 F, and 1.600-1.87 F, respectively. However, if specific values for two of these parameters are chosen, the third is determined with an error smaller than the above ranges: 0.5% for Q/sub 0/, 0.25% for c/sub 0/, and 0.6% for t.
S. Cowell and VR. Pandharipande, "Quenching of weak interactions in nucleon matter," in Proceedings of the Kyudai-RCNP International Symposium. Nuclear Many-Body and Medium Effects in Nuclear Interactions and Reactions, (K. Hatanaka, T. Noro, K. Sagara, H. Sakaguchi, and H. Sakai, eds.), pp. 3--17, 2003.
Abstract: Weak interactions in nucleon matter occur during the beta-decay of nuclei, electron and muon capture reactions, neutrino-nucleus scattering and in various astrophysical environments, such as evolving stars, neutron stars and supernovae. Recently there has been much interest in weak interactions in the sun ,those of /sup 12/C and /sup 16/O due to their use in neutrino detectors searching for neutrino oscillations, and in interactions of neutrinos with dense matter in neutron stars and supernovae. The work presented here is within the context of neutron stars and supernovae. (29 References).
C. R. Cox, G. W. Dodson, M. Eckhause, R. D. Hart, J. R. Kane, A. M. Rushton, R. T. Siegel, R. E. Welsh, A. L. Carter, M. S. Dixit, E. P. Hincks, C. K. Hargrove, and H. Mes, "Muonic X-ray intensities in low-Z elements and their hydrides," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 1746--8, 1979.
Abstract: K-series muonic X-ray intensity ratios have been measured in Li, LiH, Be, BeH/sub 2/, B, B/sub 10/H/sub 14/, and LiBH/sub 4/. The relative intensities of the transitions nP to 1s, for n[right angle bracket]2, are enhanced for the higher-Z components in the hydrides compared to the elemental targets. Possible explanations for the observed intensity ratios are discussed. (8 References).
SFJ Cox, T. A. Claxton, and MCR. Symons, "On the origins of proton-muon isotope effects in muonium-containing radicals," Radiation Physics & Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 107--13, 1986.
Abstract: Reasons for marked isotope effects in the hyperfine coupling for muons relative to protons in various organic radicals are discussed, and the special case of the H/sub 2/CCH/sub 2/Mu radical is considered theoretically. It is concluded that hyperconjugation governs these isotope effects and that steric contributions in which the muonium atoms are treated as being significantly larger than hydrogen atoms in these radicals play only a minor role. (32 References).
SFJ Cox, G. H. Eaton, J. E. Magraw, and CA. Scott, "Muon addition to oxygen in ice: characterisation of the diamagnetic product by level crossing resonance," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 160, no. 1, pp. 85--8, 1989.
Abstract: Transfer of polarisation by resonant cross-relaxation is detected between positive muons implanted in ice and host /sup 17/O nuclei. The quadrupole resonance spectrum provides a direct chemical signature of the diamagnetic species in which the muon is incorporated, establishing that the muon is bound to oxygen. This result is informative about the early events following muon implantation, it also significantly extends the possibilities for studying the effects of isotopic substitution on quadrupole coupling constants and O-H bond dynamics. (24 References).
SFJ Cox, D. Buttar, and JAS. Smith, "Muon addition to nitrogen, oxygen and other atoms: considerations for level crossing resonance studies," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 65, no. 1-4, pp. 987--92, 1990.
Abstract: The purpose of this note is to examine the conditions under which muon level crossing resonance with quadrupolar nuclei may be used to characterise the elusive diamagnetic fraction which is formed when positive muons are stopped in various media and associate chemically with the host molecules. A potential difficulty is identified for nuclei having integral spin, which may explain why cross polarisation to /sup 14/N has not yet been detected. The general suitability of nuclei with half-integral spin (I[right angle bracket]or=3/2) is illustrated with the case of /sup 17/O, and suggestions are made for future studies with other nuclei, including species such as molecular ions and defect complexes (muon-impurity pairs). (22 References).
SFJ Cox, JAS Smith, and MCR. Symons, "Measurement of /sup 17/O quadrupole interactions and identification of the diamagnetic fraction in ice by muon level crossing resonance," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 65, no. 1-4, pp. 993--1003, 1990.
Abstract: By means of level crossing resonance in a sample of ice which is enriched in H/sub 2//sup 17/O, the final diamagnetic state of implanted positive muons is determined to be the muonium-substituted molecule HMuO, accommodated in the regular and fully relaxed Ih structure. The /sup 17/O quadrupole coupling constant is measured to be 6.1 MHz at 200 K assuming an asymmetry parameter close to unity, a decrease of about 5% relative to that in normal ice Ih at 77 K. The isotope effect is attributed to a greater polarization in the vicinity of a muonium (as opposed to a normal hydrogen) bond. At 50 K, an additional resonance is observed which could correspond to a precursor state, so far not definitely identified. One possibility is a muon trapped at a Bjerrum L-defect, giving a (H/sub 2/0-Mu-OH/sub 2/)/sup +/ species with an /sup 17/O quadrupole coupling constant of 8.2 MHz and asymmetry parameter of 0.55. Above this temperature, the fall in the (Gaussian) line-width parameter is attributed to the increasing rate of proton or muon migration, the correlation time dropping from 4 mu s at 80 K to 1 mu s near the melting-point. The increase in the diamagnetic fraction with rise in temperature is attributed to the increasing proportion of trapping sites available for muon capture. (28 References).
SFJ Cox, I. D. Reid, K. L. McCormack, and BC. Webster, "Muonium radical formation in elemental sulphur," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 273, no. 3-4, pp. 179--82, 1997.
Abstract: The formation of a molecular radical following muon implantation in sulphur S/sub 8/ is established experimentally by level crossing resonance. The position of the resonance determines the hyperfine constant as 233 +or- 5 MHz. Of various possible assignments evaluated by ab initio molecular orbital calculations, the most promising appears to be the muonic sulfanyl radical, SMu. (12 References).
SFJ. Cox, "Muon spin relaxation studies of interstitial and molecular motion," Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, vol. 11, no. 1-2, pp. 103--21, 1998.
Abstract: The unusual methods of preparation and analysis of spin polarization in mu SR spectroscopy, which exploit the unique properties of the positive muon, are introduced in this article. Following a summary overview of applications, particular attention is paid to the problem of spin-lattice relaxation for a muon experiencing a hyperfine interaction with a single unpaired electron. The specific cases considered are the interstitial diffusion of muonium-the 1-electron atom which may be considered as a light isotope of hydrogen-and the molecular dynamics of organic radicals labelled by muonium. Rate equations for the evolution of population in the hyperfine-coupled spin states are solved numerically for various relaxation mechanisms. The formalism is equally valid for conventional ESR studies of paramagnetic states but is pursued specifically to simulate T/sub 1/-relaxation in mu SR. The simulations are compared with literature data. Also treated is the case of intermittent hyperfine coupling, appropriate to electron capture and loss in semiconductors or soliton motion in polymers; for this, a Monte Carlo approach is used to simulate the muon response. (For low-dimensional motion, the relaxation function is not exponential, so that a unique value of T/sub 1/ cannot be defined.) Finally, a proposal is made to implement muon-T/sub 1 rho / measurements in the rotating frame; this is designed for the selective study of electronically diamagnetic muonium states (i.e., those without hyperfine coupling) in the presence of a paramagnetic muonium or radical fraction. (65 References).
DH. Crandall, "The scientific status of fusion," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials & Atoms, vol. B42, no. 4, pp. 409--18, 1989.
Abstract: The development of fusion energy has been a large-scale scientific undertaking of broad interest. The magnetic plasma containment in tokamaks and the laser-drive ignition of microfusion capsules appear to be scientifically feasible sources of energy. These concepts are bounded by questions of required intensity in magnetic field and plasma currents or in drive energy and, for both concepts, by issues of plasma stability and energy transport. The basic concept and the current scientific issues are described for magnetic fusion and for the interesting, but likely infeasible, muon-catalyzed fusion concept. Inertial fusion is mentioned, qualitatively, to complete the context. Fusion appears to release energy in rather large quantities (about 1000 MW) and significant new devices are needed to make progress. For magnetic fusion, the required net energy production within the plasma may be accomplished soon, but the more useful goal of self-sustained plasma ignition requires a new device of somewhat uncertain (factor of 2) cost and size. (49 References).
J. F. Crawford, M. Daum, R. Frosch, B. Jost, P-R Kettle, R. M. Marshall, and KOH. Ziock, "Precision measurement of the mass difference m/sub pi -/-m/sub pi 0/," Physical Review Letters, vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 1043--6, 1986.
Abstract: Using the time-of-flight method to determine the velocity of the neutrons from the reaction pi /sup -/+p to pi /sup 0/+n at rest the authors have measured the mass difference m( pi /sup -/)-m( pi /sup 0/) to be 4.5930+or-0.0013 MeV/c/sup 2/. From the width of the time-of-flight distributions they conclude that the pionic hydrogen atoms have a mean kinetic energy T/sub pi p/[left angle bracket]12 eV (90% confidence limit) at the time of the charge exchange. (13 References).
J. F. Crawford and others, "Precision measurement of the mass difference m$_\pi^-$--m$_\pi^0$," Physics Letters B, vol. 213, pp. 391--394, 1988.
J. F. Crawford, D. Daum, R. Frosch, B. Jost, P-R Kettle, R. M. Marshall, B. Wright, and KOH. Ziock, "Precision measurement of the mass difference m/sub pi -/-m/sub pi 0/," Psi Nuclear & Particle Physics Newsletter, no. , pp. 19-20, 1990.
Abstract: This experiment was concerned with the measurement of time-of-flight distributions of neutrons produced by the charge exchange reaction pi /sup -/p to pi /sup 0/n of pi /sup -/p atoms in liquid hydrogen. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the mass difference of charged and neutral pions, m/sub pi -/-m/sub pi 0/, and, as a side result, the kinetic energy distribution f(T/sub pi p/) of the pi /sup -/p atoms just before the charge exchange reaction. (4 References).
J. F. Crawford and others, "Precision measurement of the pion mass difference m$_\pi^{-}$ - m$_\pi^{0}$," Physical Review D, vol. 43, pp. 46--58, 1991.
G. Cripps, A. A. Harms, and B. Goel, "Muon catalyzed fusion of deuterium-tritium at elevated densities," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 77, no. 1-2, pp. 181--99, 1993.
Abstract: Calculations of the number of deuterium-tritium fusions a muon might catalyze in temperature and density conditions found in moderate fuel compressions are examined. Analytic models of muon catalyzed fusion reactions including muon sticking suggest that a deuterium-tritium fuel target with injected muons achieves an energetically viable number of fusions per muon only at fuel temperatures less than about 5 eV and fuel densities greater than 100 times LHD. (35 References).
L. Cristofolini, M. Ricco, Renzi R. De, E. Dalcanale, and L. Mavilla, "Observation of endohedral muonium in C/sub 61/H/sub 2/," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 234, no. 1-3, pp. 260--4, 1995.
Abstract: A study is presented of endohedral muonium (Mu= mu /sup +/e/sup -/) in a functionalized fulleroid, the 6, 5 isomer of C/sub 61/H/sub 2/. The temperature independence of the muonium depolarization rate implies that in the timescale of the mu SR experiment no isotropic reorientation regime sets in even at 280 K. The depolarization appears dominated by the interaction of Mu with methylene protons. No anisotropy of the hyperfine interaction was directly detected within experimental accuracy; an upper limit for the anisotropy can be fixed to 600 kHz by a transverse field measurement. (17 References).
L. Crone and C. Werntz, "Angular correlations between momentum transfer and emitted nuclear fragments in photo-absorption, electron scattering and muon capture; /sup 4/He," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A134, no. 1, pp. 161--79, 1969.
Abstract: The giant dipole region of nuclear excitation plays an important role in photo-absorption, electron scattering and muon capture, and in this region there are many overlapping levels of the same and different J/sup pi /. The authors derive expressions for the angular correlations of emitted nuclear fragments using R-matrix theory to describe the nuclear scattering states and reduced multipole moments to describe the electromagnetic or weak interactions. Application of the formulae to the processes in /sup 4/He is presented, and it is shown that one of two previously proposed level schemes is unacceptable.
A. D. Cronin, R. B. Warrington, S. K. Lamoreaux, and E. N. Forston, "Studies of electromagnetically inducet transparency in thallium vapor and possible utility for measuring atomic parity nonconservation," Physical Review Letters, vol. 80, pp. 3719--3722, 1998.
E. Cruz, M. Coronado, and JE. Vitela, "Statistical study of the muon catalyzed d-t fusion cycle," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 96, no. 1-2, pp. 139--51, 1995.
Abstract: In this paper we discuss the statistics of the main branch species of the muon catalyzed d-t fusion. From a master equation we derive and numerically solve kinetic equations for the average density and the covariances of a system composed of muons, muonic deuterium and muonic tritium atoms, muon molecular d-t ions, muonic helium, helium and neutrons. The system consists of an initial fixed amount of muons in a 50-50% D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ mixture without any external muon source. It is known that the probability distribution function of the population species with the exception of the neutron and helium follow a multinomial distribution function. (18 References).
W. J. Cummings, "Nuclear muon capture in extreme kinematics", 1991.
W. J. Cummings, G. E. Dodge, S. S. Hanna, B. H. King, S. E. Kuhn, Y. M. Shin, R. Helmer, R. B. Schubank, N. R. Stevenson, U. Wienands, Y. K. Lee, G. R. Mason, B. E. King, K. S. Chung, J. M. Lee, and DP. Rosenzweig, "Energetic protons and deuterons emitted following mu /sup -/ capture by /sup 3/He nuclei," Physical Review Letters, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 293--6, 1992.
Abstract: Spectra of energetic protons and deuterons emitted following negative muon capture from rest in /sup 3/He have been measured for the first time. Significant capture strength is observed at high energy transfers (m/sub mu /-E/sub nu /[right angle bracket]60 MeV) for the two-body and three-body breakup channels, indicative of the importance of nucleon-nucleon correlations and meson exchange currents in the capture process. A simple plane wave impulse approximation calculation reproduces the proton spectrum reasonably well, but underpredicts the deuteron rate at the highest energies by a large factor. (13 References).
W. J. Cummings, J. Behr, P. Bogorad, E. J. Brash, G. D. Cates, A. Gorelov, M. D. Hasinoff, O. Hausser, K. Hicks, R. Holmes, J. C. Huang, K. Kumar, B. Larson, W. Lorenzon, J. McCracken, P. Michaux, H. Middleton, E. Saettler, D. Siegel, P. A. Souder, D. Swenson, D. Tupa, X. Wang, and A. Young, "First measurement of the vector analyzing power in muon capture by polarized muonic /sup 3/He," in Yamada Conference XL IV, (H. Ejiri, T. Kishimoto, and T. Sato, eds.), pp. 381--5, 1995.
Abstract: This paper describes the first measurement of spin observables in nuclear muon capture by /sup 3/He. The sensitivity of spin observables to the pseudoscalar coupling is described. (8 References).
W. Czaplinski, A. Gula, A. Kravtsov, A. Mikhailov, and N. Popov, "Isotope exchange reactions in hydrogen mixtures," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 55--8, 1990.
Abstract: The rates of isotopic exchange for the excited states of muonic hydrogen are calculated as functions of collision energy. The ground-state population q/sub 1s/ is obtained for different collision energies, target densities and isotope concentrations. It is shown that for principal quantum numbers n[right angle bracket]5, the isotopic exchange still influences the value of q/sub 1s/. (10 References).
W. Czaplinski, A. Gula, A. Kravtsov, A. Mikhailov, N. Popov, and S. Ovchinnikov, "Muonic hydrogen deexcitation mechanisms," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 59--63, 1990.
Abstract: The cross sections and rates of Coulomb deexcitation of muonic hydrogen are calculated with and without electron screening taken into account. It is shown that for highly excited states, Coulomb deexcitation is essential and should be considered together with other deexcitation processes. (8 References).
W. Czaplinski, A. Gula, A. Kravtsov, A. Mikhailov, S. Ovchinnikov, and N. Popov, "Coulomb deexcitation of muonic hydrogen," in Exotic Atoms in Condensed Matter. Proceedings of the Erice Workshop, (G. Benedek and H. Schneuwly, eds.), pp. 159--65, 1992.
Abstract: The cross sections and rates of the Coulomb deexcitation of muonic hydrogen are calculated taking into account the electron screening effect and without it. It is shown that for highly excited states or muonic hydrogen one should take into account the Coulomb deexcitation process together with other known deexcitation processes. (9 References).
W. Czaplinski and AI. Mikhailov, "Direct radiative and Auger muon transfer from hydrogen to helium," Physics Letters A, vol. 169, no. 3, pp. 181--5, 1992.
Abstract: Direct muon transfer from ground state muonic hydrogen to helium accompanied by gamma -ray or Auger emission is considered. The transfer rates are calculated in the semi-classical approximation for different isotope combinations. At room temperature the rates range between (9.0-10.9)*10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/ for the radiative process and between (2.2-3.4)*10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/ for Auger emission. (12 References).
W. Czaplinski and others, "Kinetics of excited muonic hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 50, pp. 525--539, 1994.
W. Czaplinski and others, "Muon transfer in excited muonic hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 50, pp. 518--524, 1994.
W. Czaplinski, A. Kravtsov, A. Mikhailov, and N. Popov, "Estimation of the nuclear fusion rate in the d mu /sup 3/He molecule," Physics Letters A, vol. 219, no. 1-2, pp. 86--8, 1996.
Abstract: The rate of nuclear synthesis from the state of the total angular momentum J=0 of the d mu /sup 3/He molecule has been estimated by two methods, yielding the value lambda /sub f/~10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/. (12 References).
W. Czaplinski, M. Filipowicz, E. Gula, A. Kravtsov, A. Mikhailov, and N. Popov, "Rotational 1 to 0 transitions in muonic helium-hydrogen molecular ions due to external Auger process," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 283--7, 1996.
Abstract: Rotational J=1 to J=0 transitions in (He mu h)/sub J/ muonic molecular ions (where He and h are helium and hydrogen isotopes, respectively), induced by external Auger process in collision with hydrogen isotope atoms are considered. The obtained reaction rates, normalized to liquid hydrogen density, range between 3.4.10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/ and 11.2.10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/ for different isotope combinations. Rotational state populations of He mu h in hydrogen isotope-helium mixtures are also calculated. (24 References).
W. Czaplinski, A. Gula, A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, and N. Popov, "Transport cross sections for excited muonic hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 151-4, 1996.
Abstract: Transport cross sections for scattering of excited muonic hydrogen on hydrogen are calculated in the quasi-classic approximation in the energy range 0.01-50 eV. (9 References).
W. Czaplinski, M. Filipowicz, E. Gula, A. Kravtsov, A. Mikhailov, and N. Popov, "Decay modes of muonic lithium-hydrogen molecules," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 165--9, 1997.
Abstract: Radiative, Auger and predissociation decay modes of muonic lithium-hydrogen molecule, Li mu h, (h=p,d or t is a hydrogen isotope) are considered. Results obtained for the corresponding reaction rates indicate that predissociation is a dominating decay mode for h=p,d while Auger decay dominates for h=t. The calculated conversion coefficient is significantly larger than that for helium muonic molecule and ranges between 37 and 42 (on the basis of one electron) depending on isotope composition of the molecule. Reaction rates for rotational 1 to 0 transitions in Li mu h and He mu h due to inner Auger process are also calculated. (30 References).
W. Czaplinski, A. Kravtsov, A. Mikhailov, and N. Popov, "Gamma-ray and electron spectra from decay of hydrogen-helium muonic molecules," Physics Letters A, vol. 233, no. 4-6, pp. 405--9, 1997.
Abstract: Spectra of gamma -rays and Auger electrons emitted during decay of J=1 and J=0 states of hydrogen-helium muonic molecules have been calculated using the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. A comparison of the calculated gamma -ray spectra with experiment is presented. Experimental data allow one to conclude that the J=1 state is more populated than the J=0 one. (17 References).
W. Czaplinski, A. Kravtsov, A. Miihailov, and N. Popov, "Muon transfer in hydrogen isotopic mixtures," Acta Physica Polonica A, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 617--23, 1998.
Abstract: Direct and inverse muon transfer between atomic orbits of muonic hydrogen isotopes is considered in the WKB approximation. The corresponding cross sections, calculated as functions of collision energy, are different above the thresholds for the inverse transfer and approach common limits depending on the principal quantum number and hydrogen isotopes. The comparison of results obtained by integration over impact parameter and by summation over angular momentum is also presented. (20 References).
W. Czaplinski, A. Kravtsov, A. Mikhailov, and N. Popov, "Nuclear fusion in charge-asymmetric muonic molecules," European Physical Journal D, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 223--7, 1998.
Abstract: Nuclear fusion reactions in hydrogen-lithium muonic molecules, h mu /sup 6,7/Li (where h=p,D,T) are considered and fusion rates from rotational states J=0 of the molecules are presented. Results obtained depend on the isotopic composition of the molecules and range between 10/sup 3/ s/sup -1/ and 10/sup 7/ s/sup -1/. The upper limit for fusion rates from rotational states J=0 of hydrogen-helium muonic molecules, D mu /sup 3,4/He and T mu /sup 3,4/He, equal 10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/, is also found. (26 References).
W. Czaplinski, A. I. Mikhailov, and IA. Mikhailov, "About rotational transitions and muon transfer in muonic hydrogen-helium systems," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 142, no. 3-4, pp. 577--92, 2002.
Abstract: Rotational J = 1 to J = 0 transitions in muonic molecule, (/sup 3/He mu d)/sub J//sup ++/, in [(/sup 3/He mu d)/sup ++/ 2e]-D and [(/sup 3/He mu d)/sup ++/, e]/sup +/-D collisions are considered. The corresponding cross sections and reaction rates are calculated in the frame of the semi-classical approximation using He-H(H/sup +/) and He/sup +/-H(H/sup +/) interaction potentials. The results obtained are about two orders of magnitudes smaller than the corresponding quantum-mechanical ones calculated previously by the authors using plane-waves for description of relative motion of the subsystems. Reaction rates for radiative and Auger muon transfer from hydrogen to helium are also calculated semi-classically. The corresponding results are close to the quantum-mechanical ones published elsewhere. (24 References).
W. Czaplinski, E. Gula, and N. Popov, "Rotational 1 to 0 transition in muonic hydrogen-helium molecular ion induced by Auger conversion," Kerntechnik, vol. 67, no. 5-6, pp. 290--5, 2002.
Abstract: The rotational J = 1 to J = 0 transition in muonic molecular ion (d mu /sup 3/ He)/sub J//sup ++/ induced by external Auger effect in collision with a deuterium atom is considered. The energy dependence of the corresponding cross section and reaction rate is calculated within the quasi-classical approximation. The reaction rate weakly depends on the collision energy and is of the order of 10/sup 10/ s/sup -1/ (normalized to the liquid hydrogen density). Reaction rates are calculated for different isotope compositions of the ion range between 10/sup 9/ s/sup -1/ and 10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/. A discussion of the results from the point of view of the Born and eikonal approximation is also presented. (16 References).
A. Czarnecki, "Using muons to probe for new physics," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 252-62, 1997.
Abstract: Searches for new physics using muons are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to muon number non-conserving processes, like the decay mu to e/sub gamma / and muon-electron conversion in muonic atoms. Also, experimental determinations and theoretical predictions for the muon anomalous magnetic moment are reviewed. (86 References).
A. Czarnecki, W. J. Marciano, and K. Melnikov, "Coherent muon-electron conversion in muonic atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 409-18, 1998.
Abstract: Transition rates for coherent muon-electron conversion in muonic atoms, mu N to eN, are computed for various types of muon number violating interactions. Attention is paid to relativistic atomic effects, Coulomb distortion, finite nuclear size, and nucleon distributions. Discrepancies with previously published results are pointed out and explained. Results are presented for several elements of current and future experimental interest. (23 References).
A. Czarnecki, W. J. Marciano, and K. Melnikov, "Muon-electron conversion in nuclei," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 938-41, 2000.
Abstract: Transition rates for coherent muon-electron conversion in the field of a nucleus (muonic atoms), mu N to eN, are computed for various possible muon-number violating amplitudes. Attention is paid to relativistic atomic effects, Coulomb wave function distortions, finite nuclear size, and nucleon distributions. (15 References).
A. Czarnecki and K. Melnikov, "Expansion of bound-state energies in powers of m/M," Physical Review Letters, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 013001/1-4, 2001.
Abstract: We describe a new approach to computing energy levels of a nonrelativistic bound state of two constituents with masses M and m, by a systematic expansion in powers of m/M. After discussing the method, we demonstrate its potential with an example of the radiative recoil corrections to the Lamb shift and hyperfine splitting relevant for the hydrogen, muonic hydrogen, and muonium. A discrepancy between two previous calculations of O( alpha (Z alpha )/sup 5/m/sup 2//M) radiative recoil corrections to the Lamb shift is resolved and several new terms of O( alpha (Z alpha )/sup 5/m/sup 4//M/sup 3/) and higher are obtained. (22 References).
Cunha Lima IC da, M. Fabbri, da Silva A. Ferreira, and A. Troper, "Calculation of ground-state energies of muonic molecules of hydrogen isotopes confined to a two-dimensional region," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 4049--51, 1990.
Abstract: The authors calculate the ground-state energies of muonic molecules formed by deuterium-deuterium, tritium-tritium, and deuterium-tritium nuclei plus a negative muon confined in a two-dimensional (2D) region. They show that the equilibrium distance between nuclei is a factor of 4 smaller and the vibrational energies are about a factor of 5 higher than the corresponding three-dimensional (3D) muonic molecules, thus favoring fusion reactions. In fact, the estimated d+t fusion rate is found to be three orders of magnitude higher in 2D than in 3D. (7 References).
Cunha Lima IC Da, Da Silva A. Ferreira, M. Fabbri, and A. Troper, "Variation of the fusion rate of the deuterium molecule in an effective medium," Modern Physics Letters B, vol. 7, no. 13-14, pp. 949--52, 1993.
Abstract: The authors have investigated the dependence of the fusion rate of a deuterium-deuterium-muon (dd mu ) molecule on the relative mass correction of the d-d pair due to interaction with a medium. They show in a qualitative way that decreasing the relative mass by a factor of ten causes the fusion probability to increase by two orders of magnitude. (8 References).
van Enschut JFM d'Achard, JBR Berkhout, W. Duinker, Eijk CWE van, WHA Hesselink, T. Johansson, T. J. Ketel, J. H. Koch, J. Konijn, Laat CTAM de, W. Lourens, Middelkoop G. van, and W. Poeser, "Anomalous strong interaction shifts and widths of the 3d state in pionic Pt and Au," Physics Letters B, vol. 136B, no. 1-2, pp. 24--8, 1984.
Abstract: The pionic 4f to 3d X-ray transitions in Pt and Au have been observed. The strong interaction monopole shifts epsilon /sub 0/ and widths Gamma /sub 0/ of the 4f and 3d levels have been deduced. For the pionic 4f levels standard optical potentials predict the experimental values quite well, whereas the deeper bound 3d states have shifts and widths that are smaller by a factor of about two than the theoretical predictions. (14 References).
van Enschut JFM d'Achard, P. David, W. Duinker, C. Gugler, J. Hartfiel, H. Janszen, J. Konijn, T. Krogulski, Laat CTAM de, T. Mayer-Kuckuk, W. Muller, Mutius R. von, C. Petitjean, H. W. Reist, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and A. Taal, "Non-radiative decay of the 3d level in muonic /sup 237/Np," in Proceedings of the International Nuclear Physics Conference, (J. L. Durrell, J. M. Irvine, and GC. Morrison, eds.), 1987.
Abstract: The role of quadrupole 3d to 1s radiationless transitions in nuclear excitation, leading to prompt processes like gamma decay, neutron emission or fission, has been discussed in several papers. There are two theoretical descriptions of the non-radiative width of the 3d level in heavy muonic atoms. A microscopic one emphasizes the role of compound nucleus mechanism, and a phenomenological one describes it in terms of the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance as an entrance channel for nuclear excitation of the nucleus. If the phenomenological approach is correct, the probability of the radiationless 3d to 1s transition is about 15%. Here the authors report on X-ray coincidence experiments aiming at a determination of the fraction of missing 3d to 2p muonic X-rays. Correcting this value for the radiative width of the 3d to 1s transition and disregarding the very weak ([left angle bracket]or=0.1%) 3d to 2s transition, the non-radiative width of the 3d level was deduced. (8 References).
van Enschut JFM d'Achard, P. David, W. Duinker, C. Gugler, H. Hanscheid, J. Hartfiel, H. Janszen, J. Konijn, T. Krogulski, Laat CTM de, T. Mayer-Kuckuk, W. Muller, Mutius R. von, C. Petitjean, S. Polikanov, H. W. Reist, F. Risse, Ch Rosel, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, W. Schrieder, A. K. Sinha, A. Taal, and N. Trautmann, "Studies of muonic actinides," Sin Newsletter, vol. 19, no. , pp. 56-7, 1987.
Abstract: The X-ray spectrum of muonic and pionic /sup 237/Np has been investigated with muons and pions stopped in a 10g NpO/sub 2/ target. The authors discuss the experimental details and the electromagnetic and strong interaction parameters deduced from the results. (5 References).
H. Daniel, "Pion finite size and mesic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung Section A-A Journal of Physical Sciences, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 1510--11, 1970.
Abstract: Contrary to the point-like muon the pion has a spatial extension. The effect of this finite size on levels of pi -mesic atoms is estimated to be small but not necessarily negligible.
H. Daniel, H-J Pfeiffer, and K. Springer, "Muonic X-ray intensities in SF/sub 6/ and in H/sub 2/+SF/sub 6/," Physics Letters A, vol. 44A, no. 7, pp. 447--8, 1973.
Abstract: With a high pressure gas target muonic F and S X-ray intensities in SF/sub 6/ and H/sub 2/+SF/sub 6/ have been measured. It was found that the distribution of muons between sulphur and fluorine is not at all equal to the ratio of the atomic numbers Z. (3 References).
H. Daniel, H-J Pfeiffer, and K. Springer, "Search for mu /sup -/ transfer from He to Ar in gas at 620 atm," Physics Letters B, vol. 46B, no. 1, pp. 129--30, 1973.
Abstract: The mu /sup -/ transfer from He to Ar in gas at 620 atm has been searched for with a 1.5 l target. No transfer was observed. (5 References).
H. Daniel and others, "Electric charge radius of $^36$A," Physics Letters B, vol. 48, pp. 109--110, 1974.
H. Daniel, "Formation of mesonic atoms in condensed matter," Physical Review Letters, vol. 35, no. 24, pp. 1649--51, 1975.
Abstract: The Coulomb capture probability of negative mesic particles in condensed matter is calculated by using a pure classical model based on the Fermi and Teller treatment (1947). An expression for the ratio of capture probabilities per atom in a binary compound is obtained. The predictions based on these calculations are compared with previous calculations based on the Z-law, and with experimental values for a wide range of metal halides. (14 References).
H. Daniel, H-J Pfeiffer, and K. Springer, "Pionic X-rays from argon and hydrogen plus argon," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 275, no. 4, pp. 369--71, 1975.
Abstract: Pionic X-ray spectra from argon and hydrogen plus argon have been measured with a high pressure gas target. Energy and natural width of the (3d-2p)-line were determined ot be E=168.88+or-0.10 keV and Gamma =1.17+or-0.17 keV, respectively. An upper limit of 56% at 90% confidence was obtained for the probability of pion transfer from hydrogen to argon. (14 References).
H. Daniel, "Coulomb capture of muons," Radiation Effects, vol. 28, no. 3-4, pp. 189--94, 1976.
Abstract: The Coulomb capture of muons accompanied by Auger electron emission has been calculated by treating the process as internal conversion of E1 gamma radiation. Emission of K, L/sub I/, L/sub II/, L/sub III/, M/sub I/ and N/sub I/ electrons was investigated and emission of electrons from the other M and N subshells was considered in a very rough manner. Conversion coefficients by Hager and Seltzer (1968), and by Dragoun, Pauli and Schmutzler (1969) were used. Numerical calculations were carried out for Z=30 and Z=60. The results are expected to be best applicable to the case of mono-atomic gases. By extrapolating the values, good agreement with recent experimental results on Ne and Ar was obtained. (17 References).
H. Daniel, W. Denk, F. J. Hartmann, J. J. Reidy, and W. Wilhelm, "Measurement of the Coulomb capture ratio of muons in twenty oxides of medium and heavy elements," Physics Letters B, vol. 71B, no. 1, pp. 60--2, 1977.
Abstract: The Coulomb capture ratios of muons in twenty oxides of element between Ti and U have been measured by a novel technique. The per-atom ratios vary systematically with the position of the oxidized element in the periodic table. (12 References).
H. Daniel, "Reply to 'Transport properties of negative muons in matter'," Physical Review A, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1338--9, 1977.
Abstract: The author's previous result (see Phys. Rev. Lett., vol.35, no.24, p.1649 (1975)) that the steady-state energy spectrum of muons in a two species target is white is reiterated and the different result obtained by Vogel et al. in the previous paper (see ibid., vol.15, no.3, p.1336 (1977)) attributed to the different potential used in the outer region of the atom. The experiments suggested have in fact been carried out and are in better agreement with the predictions of the present author. (13 References).
H. Daniel, "Calculation of the Coulomb capture of mesonic particles in inhomogeneous matter," Nuclear Instruments & Methods, vol. 150, no. 3, pp. 609--11, 1978.
Abstract: The Coulomb capture of mesonic particles in inhomogeneous matter has been calculated in closed form. Depending on the values of the atomic number Z of the constituents large variations with the grain size may occur. (12 References).
H. Daniel, W. Denk, F. J. Hartmann, W. Wilhelm, and Egidy T. von, "Empirical intensity correlations in muonic X-ray spectra of oxides," Physical Review Letters, vol. 41, no. 13, pp. 853--5, 1978.
Abstract: The Lyman intensities of muonic X-rays from 35 oxides have been measured with Ge detectors. The dependence of the various quantities on each other and on target data is investigated with correlation theory. Many correlations are established. (13 References).
H. Daniel, R. Bergmann, V. Dornow, F. J. Hartmann, J. J. Reidy, and W. Wilhelm, "Search for an effect of the ionic charge on the Coulomb capture of muons in Cu, CuSCN and Cu(SCN)/sub 2/," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 215--18, 1978.
Abstract: Muonic Lyman series intensities and Coulomb capture ratios have been measured for CuSCN and Cu(SCN)/sub 2/, and the Cu Lyman series intensities also for Cu metal. No effect due to the ionic charge was found. (11 References).
H. Daniel, "Coulomb capture of muons and atomic radius," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 291, no. 1, pp. 29--31, 1979.
Abstract: An earlier theoretical treatment of the Coulomb capture of muons has been extended to take the radius of the (electronic) atom into account. Smaller radii are shown to favor the capture, in agreement with earlier experimental findings. (15 References).
H. Daniel, "Influence of chemical environment on lifetimes in nuclear physics," Atomic Energy Review, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 287--343, 1979.
Abstract: The influence of chemical environment on lifetimes in nuclear physics is reviewed. Electron capture and internal conversion for measuring total electron densities at the nucleus and densities of individual electron shells, respectively, are treated on an equal footing. Correlations to other fields of physics such as Mossbauer isomer shifts and muonic atoms are dealt with. (114 References).
H. Daniel, H-J Pfeiffer, P. Stoeckel, Egidy T. Von, and HP. Povel, "Direct measurement of the transfer rate p mu +Ar to p+Ar mu at high gas pressure," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A345, no. 2, pp. 409--12, 1980.
Abstract: The transfer rate p mu +Ar to p+Ar mu has been directly measured in H/sub 2/ gas 600 atm with 2.03*10/sup -3/ at.% Ar at room temperature using delayed coincidence technique. The transfer rate reduced to an Ar concentration (atoms per unit volume) corresponding to that of liquid hydrogen was found to be (9.8+or-1.5)*10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/, which is considerably higher than previous results obtained at lower pressure. (8 References).
H. Daniel, R. L. Hutson, M. Leon, M. E. Schillaci, and R. Seki, "Pionic X-ray intensities from C, CH/sub 2/ and CD/sub 2/," Physics Letters A, vol. 75A, no. 4, pp. 282--4, 1980.
Abstract: The relative intensities of the carbon L/sub alpha / and L/sub beta / pionic X-ray lines from graphite, polyethylene, and deuterated polyethylene have been measured. No differences between CH/sub 2/ and CD/sub 2/ were observed, but differences were found between graphite and the two polyethylene targets. (9 References).
H. Daniel, "Theory of the Coulomb capture of negative mesonic particles," Annals of Physics, vol. 129, no. 2, pp. 303--19, 1980.
Abstract: The Coulomb capture of negative mesonic particles is semiclassically calculated in closed form. Expressions are given for energy loss and angular momentum loss, capture ratios, and spectral flux densities of the slow particles in matter. The effect of a centrifugal barrier on the capture ratio and the spectral flux density is shown. Numerical results are given for gaseous Ar and a hypothetical solid of Z=18 with an assumed atomic radius corresponding to average condensed matter. There is a great difference between the results for the two cases. (28 References).
H. Daniel, "Dependence of Coulomb capture ratio and X-ray intensities on the mesonic-particle energy spectrum," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 302, no. 3, pp. 195--7, 1981.
Abstract: The dependence of the per-atom capture ratio A(Z/sub 1/, Z/sub 2/) and the X-ray intensity pattern on the spectral flux density n(W) of slow mesonic particles in the target is calculated in closed form with a semiclassical theory. The intensity pattern turns out to vary only slightly with n(W) whereas the capture ratio shows a more pronounced dependence. Numerical results are presented. (8 References).
H. Daniel, "Muonic atoms in physics, chemistry and archeometry," Naturwissenschaften, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 590--6, 1981.
Abstract: A survey is given of properties, formation, and application of muonic atoms in physics, chemistry, and archeometry. In the field of physics the measurement of nuclear charge distributions and vacuum polarization as well as the slowing down of muons in matter are treated in some detail, and in the fields of chemistry and archeometry, non-destructive quantitative chemical analysis of bulk material and, with the help of suitable beam setting, also of selected parts of the specimen. (28 References).
H. Daniel, R. Bergmann, G. Fottner, F. J. Hartmann, and W. Wilhelm, "Measurement of muonic X-ray intensities and Coulomb capture ratios in chlorides," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 300, no. 4, pp. 253--62, 1981.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray spectra of 32 chlorides have been measured with Ge detectors. Coulomb capture ratios and Lyman X-ray intensities were determined, and correlations to target data established. The experimental capture ratios agree well with the values from a recently proposed formula. (30 References).
H. Daniel, "Application of X-rays from negative muons," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials & Atoms, vol. 231, no. 1-3, pp. 65--70, 1984.
Abstract: Due to the large mu mass compared to the electron mass the muonic X rays have energies very suitable for standard gamma ray spectroscopy (Ge detectors). Consequently every element is easily recognized. By selecting the primary mu energies appropriately any part of the specimen, even well inside, can be non-destructively investigated. On the other hand, surface layers may be analyzed. Trace element analysis is possible only within limits (down to atomic abundances of about 100 p.p.m.). Typical accuracies of quantitative analyses are a few percent. Results on the Coulomb capture process and on applications in archeometry, nuclear medicine and surface physics will be presented. Ways of improving the muon flux density will be discussed. (11 References).
H. Daniel, "Can we produce muons cheaply?," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: The question how much a muon costs (in units of electrical energy) depends both on nuclear physics (working in the most effective energy range) and on accelerator technology. For a cheap production of muons a storage ring device may be appropriate making use of two new methods in accelerator technology: phase-free AC accelerator and frictional cooling. Both methods are explained. (0 References).
H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, R. A. Naumann, and JJ. Reidy, "Muon Coulomb capture in aqueous solutions and the controversy between the large-mesonic-molecule model and the transfer model," Physical Review Letters, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 448--51, 1986.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray spectra from aqueous solutions of alkali halides have been measured and compared with spectra from the respective solid salts. In the solutions the higher members of the Lyman series are enhanced. From this and from p+ pi /sup -/ to n+ pi /sup 0/ data on hydrogen-containing compounds it is concluded that transfer involving p mu or p pi atoms, respectively, is responsible for the hydrogen effects while mechanisms involving mesonic molecular orbitals are ruled out. (23 References).
H. Daniel, "Can we reactivate sticking muons?," Sin Newsletter, vol. 20, no. , pp. NL46-7, 1988.
Abstract: Negative muons can be used to catalyze hydrogen fusion. The only reaction for an eventual power reactor is muon-catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) of d and t. The limiting factor to the maximum number n/sub max//sup 0/ of fusions a single muon can catalyze without artificial reactivation is the final-sticking coefficient omega /sub 0/. The value of omega /sub 0/ as measured by the SIN-Vienna-Berkeley-Munich collaboration is omega /sub 0/=(0.45+or-0.05)*10/sup -2/, thus yielding n/sub max//sup 0/=222+or-25. However, for a power reactor based on fusion only (no breeding) a minimum n/sub min/ of the order of n/sub min/=600 fusions per muon is necessary. Hence, without artificial reactivation no self-sustaining mu CF reactor can be built. The author outlines the basic idea of a reactivator and presents the first results of calculations. (6 References).
H. Daniel, "Self-consistency of the vacuum polarization of mesic atoms," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 375-6, 1988.
Abstract: In relation to the self-consistency convection for the vacuum polarization potential, it is pointed out that it is incorrect to assume, as has been done hitherto, the nuclear charge distribution for the charge distribution term in the expression for the polarisation potential. (5 References).
H. Daniel, "Calculation of cooling charged particle beams by moderation plus acceleration," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, pp. 425--432, 1989.
A. V. Daniel, S. I. Kalcheva, V. V. Kuzminov, and YuV. Petrov, "Contribution of fast nucleons to the energy balance of a hybrid mesocatalytic reactor," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 133--50, 1989.
Abstract: Using Monte Carlo codes (SITHA, MORSE, BLANK) some blanket characteristics of a hybrid mesocatalytic reactor (HMCR) were evaluated. Fast nucleons, escaping from a pion-producing target, irradiate the blanket. The blanket contains a zone of natural uranium with construction elements and a graphite reflector with lithium (for tritium production). The multiple interaction of high-energy nucleons of the initial beam, both with the pion-producing target and the blanket, it taken into account. The number of fissions, the breeding rate of plutonium, and the tritium production were determined for the start of the operating period. The results are in good agreement with some earlier estimations. (29 References).
H. Daniel and RA. Naumann, "Negative muon capture in simple binary ionic solids-the influence of electronic structure," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 121--4, 1989.
Abstract: The study of negative muon atomic capture by simple binary ionic solids is advantageous when searching for regularities in the electronic processes occurring when exotic atoms are formed. The increasing body of such data for both atomic capture ratios and relative intensity data for the muonic X-ray series arising from both elemental constituents has revealed some important, essentially constant, experimental features. These observed similarities together with the standard ionic model usual for halide and oxide compounds of group IA, IIA and IIIA chemical elements indicate that muon capture involves two essentially independent and invariant processes; one specific for each constituent. Such a deduction follows from both the apparent constancy of quotients of per-atom atomic capture ratios (e.g. A'(Y/X)=A(M/X)/A(M/Y), independent of M) as well as the nearly-identical intensity patterns of the muonic X-ray series for element M from any M-containing ionic compounds. (13 References).
H. Daniel, "A new way of cooling a beam of charged particle," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, pp. 109--112, 1989.
H. Daniel, "`Cheap` muon production and artificial muon reactivation," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 335--47, 1991.
Abstract: The status of muon production and artificial muon reactivation is reviewed, in particular with respect to a mu CF (muon-catalyzed fusion) reactor, ad a concept of a novel mu CF reactor is outlined. This concept makes use of a recently proposed acceleration principle which is very suitable to continually supply energy to charged particles in a magnetic field to compensate, for example, losses due to ionization. In the novel reactor, the pions are produced by bombarding D+T gas with protons of 3 GeV; the same gas serves simultaneously as fusion material and stripper for muonic He (integrated reactor). The phase space behavior of both p and alpha mu beams is sketched. (20 References).
H. Daniel, "Concept of a novel muon-catalyzed fusion reactor," Fusion Technology, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 222--4, 1991.
Abstract: A muon-catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) reactor uses the negative muon to catalyze deuteron-triton (d-t) fusion via d mu t molecules. The novel reactor whose concept is outlined works with the deuterium-tritium (D-T) mixture in a single volume within a magnetic bottle. This volume serves simultaneously for pion production, pion decay into muons, muon stopping, d-t fusion, and muon reactivation. The pions are produced by proton bombardment of the D-T. The muon reactivation is done by stripping off the muons from muonic alpha particles by continuously moving the muonic alpha particles in cyclotron resonance. The protons for pion production are injected through a hole in the bottle and are kept moving in cyclotron resonance as well. Energy is supplied to the protons and muonic alpha particles in the bottle by a rotating electric field of constant amplitude. Some details of the phase-space behavior of the moving protons and muonic alpha particles are given. An optimistic estimate leads to a net cost of W=3 GeV per negative muon and an energy yield of Y=50 GeV per negative muon, both energies in the form of heat. (11 References).
H. Daniel, "Muon catalyzed fusion: old and new aspects of energy production," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 409--21, 1993.
Abstract: Muon catalyzed fusion of deuterium and tritium ( mu CF) yields the same energy gain per reaction as fusion with magnetic or inertial confinement (17.6 MeV). The crucial points of mu CF are, however, very different, namely (a) the energy cost W/sub ( mu )/ for production of one mu /sup -/ and (b) the number n of reactions a single muon can catalyze on the average. (b) is ultimately limited by the effective sticking probability omega /sub f/:n[left angle bracket]or=1/ omega /sub f/. With 'standard' methods one has W/sub ( mu )/ approximately=5 GeV, omega /sub f/=0.5%. Hence a 'standard' mu CF reactor can never reach a net energy gain. To solve this problem, ways discussed since about a decade are to increase the efficiency by both (i) energy multiplication using a fissionable blanket and (ii) breeding. A new way to increase the safety of fission devices mostly due to Yu. Petrov is outlined. On the other hand there is a hope to lower W/sub ( mu )/ slightly and omega /sub f/ drastically, the latter by artificial reactivation. New theoretical results for beam cooling in an omegatron type driven integrated mu CF reactor, important for W/sub ( mu )/ and, in particular, omega /sub f/, is presented. (22 References).
H. Daniel, "Muon catalyzed fusion and energy production," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 300-11, 1993.
Abstract: "Muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) of deuterium and tritium yields the same energy gain per reaction as fusion with magnetic or inertial confinement (17.6 MeV). The crucial points of mu CF are, however, very different, namely (a) the energy cost W( mu ) for producing one mu /sup -/ and (b) the number n of reactions a single muon can catalyze. (b) is ultimately limited by the effective sticking probability omega : n[left angle bracket]or=1/ omega . With 'standard' methods one has W/sub ( mu )/ approximately= 5 GeV
H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, W. Neumann, and W. Schott, "Measurement of the stopping power for $\mu^-$ at energies down to the eV range," Physics Letters A, vol. 191, pp. 155--158, 1994.
H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, and RA. Naumann, "Solid-state effects on Coulomb capture and X-ray cascade of negative muons," Physical Review A, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 3343--8, 1999.
Abstract: Coulomb capture and the subsequent muonic X-ray cascade have been measured for a selection of solid-state targets: three allotropic forms of selenium, magnesium chloride with and without crystal water, and single-phase Nb-Ta alloys in three different stoichiometric ratios. Small but statistically significant differences were found in higher-level crossover transition X-ray intensities in Se. A rather large enhancement of crossover transition intensities was observed in magnesium chloride with water, which is ascribed to transfer from hydrogen. No significant variations with composition were found in the Lyman intensity patterns from Nb-Ta; the per-atom capture ratio was measured to be constant within 5%. (24 References).
M. Danos, B. Müller, and J. Rafelski, "Detuning reduction of muon sticking in resonant muon catalyzed d--t fusion," Physical Review A, vol. 34, pp. 3642--3645, 1986.
M. Danos, B. Muller, and J. Rafelski, "Comment on 'muon-alpha-particle sticking probability in muon-catalyzed fusion'," Physical Review A, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 2741--3, 1987.
Abstract: D. Ceperley et al. (see ibid., vol.31, p.1999 1985) reported a calculation of the muon sticking probability using three-body Coulomb wave functions of the DT mu muomolecule. The authors comment here that such calculations require in addition the incorporation of the interplay of the nuclear reaction dynamics with the Coulomb problem. (13 References).
M. Danos, L. C. Biedenharn, and A. Stahlhofen, "Comprehensive theory of nuclear effects on the intrinsic sticking probability. II," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 320-9, 1988.
Abstract: For pt.I see Muon-Catalyzed Fusion 1988 Meeting, p.308-19. An accurate calculation of the intrinsic sticking fraction, omega /sub s//sup 0/, for (dt mu ) fusion requires the development of a comprehensive, non-perturbative, inherently many-body, reaction theory. The authors identify and discuss the key problems underlying their construction of this theory. (17 References).
M. Danos, L. C. Biedenharn, and A. Stahlhofen, "Comprehensive theory of nuclear effects on the intrinsic sticking probability. I," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 308-19, 1988.
Abstract: A comprehensive inherently many-body, reaction theory for an accurate calculation of the intrinsic sticking fraction, omega /sub s//sup 0/, for (dt mu ) fusion is outlined. The non-perturbative treatment of the long-range Coulomb force and its interference with the short range nuclear force is emphasized. (10 References).
M. Danos, B. Müller, and J. Rafelski, "Nuclear resonance effects on the muon sticking probability in muon catalyzed D--T fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, pp. 443--452, 1988.
M. Danos, A. A. Stahlhofen, and LC. Biedenharn, "Intrinsic sticking in dt muon-catalyzed fusion: interplay of atomic, molecular and nuclear phenomena," Annals of Physics, vol. 192, no. 1, pp. 158--203, 1989.
Abstract: A comprehensive reaction theory for the resonant muon catalyzed fusion of deuterium and tritium is formulated. Emphasis is put on non-perturbative, many body, treatment of the long range Coulomb force and its interference with the nuclear forces, with the aim of providing the theoretical framework for an accurate calculation of the branching ratio dt mu to (( alpha mu )+n)/( alpha + mu +n) essential for muon catalyzed fusion. (22 References).
M. Danos, "Accuracy-weighted variational principle for degenerate continuum states," Journal of Mathematical Physics, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 2588--91, 1990.
Abstract: A variational principle for continuum states is given that permits numerical solution by the Ritz method. It allows one to maximize the accuracy of the solution in preselected regions of space, and also allows the selection of that solution from the perhaps infinitely degenerate solution set that is needed in the particular application. (4 References).
F. Dautry, M. Rho, and DO. Riska, "Weak interactions in deuterons: exchange currents and nucleon-nucleon interaction," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A264, no. 3, pp. 507--30, 1976.
Abstract: While the meson-exchange electromagnetic current has been tested with an impressive success in the two-nucleon system, nothing much is known about the reliability of the exchange currents in weak interactions. The authors study this question using muon absorption in the deuteron, mu /sup -/+d to n+n+ nu . The meson-exchange current, previously derived in parallel to those of the electromagnetic interaction, is checked for consistency against the p-wave piece of the p+p to d+ pi /sup +/ process near threshold and then tested with the total capture rate for which some (though not so accurate) data are available. The same Hamiltonian is then used to calculate the matrix elements for the solar neutrino processes p+p to d+e/sup +/+ nu and p+p+e/sup -/ to d+ nu in the hope that they would be measured and help resolve the solar neutrino puzzle. Finally a detailed analysis of the differential capture rate d Gamma /dE/sub n/, is made, E/sub n/ being the kinetic energy in the c.m. of the two neutrons, in the expectation that it will be used to pin down the ever elusive n-n scattering length. (30 References).
P. David, J. Hartfiel, H. Janszen, T. Johansson, J. Konijn, T. Krogulski, T. Mayer-Kuckuk, C. Petitjean, S. Polikanov, H. W. Reist, and G. Tibell, "Total kinetic energy release and mass distributions in prompt and delayed muon induced fission of /sup 238/U," Sin Newsletter, vol. 15, no. , pp. 63-5, 1983.
Abstract: Negative muons after having formed muonic atoms induce fission in heavy nuclei in two different modes which can be separated experimentally. The first mode is a prompt component caused by radiationless transitions in the muonic cascade, and the second mode is a delayed part due to nuclear capture of the muon. In the prompt part the muon influences important fission parameters, which opens new possibilities to understand the fission process. The prompt mu /sup -/ induced fission of /sup 238/U was shown to be due to the radiationless 3d to 1s quadrupole transition in (74+or-14) % of all events. (5 References).
P. David, "Heavy muonic atoms and muon capture," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei, (HV. Klapdor, ed.), pp. 833--8, 1986.
Abstract: The study of muonic actinide atoms and the subsequent fission of these deformed heavy nuclei has revealed several aspects about the electromagnetic interaction of the muon with the nucleus at low energies and about the weak interaction. Information on the nuclear ground state shapes, nuclear structure and on capture mechanisms has been obtained. (16 References).
P. David, J. Hartfiel, H. Janszen, T. Mayer-Kuckuk, Mutius R. Von, Laat CTAM De, A. Taal, W. Duinker, J. Konijn, Van Enschut JFM D'Archard, C. Gugler, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, T. Krogulski, C. Petitjean, H. W. Reist, and W. Muller, "The probability of non radiative decay of the 3d level in muonic /sup 237/Np," Physics Letters B, vol. 180, no. 4, pp. 324--8, 1986.
Abstract: The X-ray spectrum of muonic /sup 237/Np has been investigated with stopped muons in a NpO/sub 2/ target, containing about 10 g of /sup 237/Np. The probability of the radiationless muonic 3d to 1s transition in /sup 237/Np, (9+or-4)%, was obtained by comparing the relative intensities of the main muonic X-ray transitions in single and coincidence spectra. The coincidences were gated by the 2p to 1s transitions. (14 References).
P. David, H. Hanscheid, J. Koniju, Laat CTAM de, W. Lourens, C. Petitjean, F. Risse, FGCh Rosel, der Schaaf A. van, and W. Schrieder, "Strong interaction effects of deeply bound 1s and 3d pionic orbits," Sin Newsletter, vol. 19, no. , pp. 60-2, 1987.
Abstract: Pionic atoms are a powerful tool to develop models on the strong pion-nucleus interaction at low energies. In particular, the strong interaction induces shifts and widths on pionic atom levels, which are used as input in the construction of phenomenological optical potentials. Although the standard optical potentials are able to explain the more peripheral pionic atom states in most nuclei, they fail to describe the shifts and widths of these more deeply bound levels. The experiments on pionic atoms of Mg, Pt, /sup 197/Au and /sup 208/Pb have been explained by ascribing this effect to an extra S-wave repulsion in the pi -nucleus optical potential. In view of this assumption and to obtain more accurate results than those from previous experiments the pionic X-ray spectra of /sup 181/Ta, Re and /sup 209/Bi have been reinvestigated. In order to further investigate whether this effect is also present for the pionic 1s orbit the authors have measured the pionic X-ray spectra of Mg, /sup 27/Al and /sup 28/Si. (5 References).
P. David, H. Hanscheid, J. Hartfiel, H. Janszen, T. Mayer-Kuckuk, Mutius R. von, F. Risse, CFG Rosel, W. Schrieder, C. Petitjean, H. W. Reist, S. M. Polikanov, J. Konijn, Laat CTAM de, A. Taal, T. Krogulski, T. Johansson, G. Tibell, van Enschut JFM d'Achard, J. P. Theobald, N. Trautmann, C. Gugler, L. A. Schaller, and L. Schellenberg, "The study of prompt and delayed muon induced fission. II. Mean life times of negative muons bound to /sup 237/Np, /sup 242/Pu and /sup 244/Pu," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atomic Nuclei), vol. 330, no. 4, pp. 397--405, 1988.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.328, p.37 (1987). The mean life times of negative muons bound to actinide nuclei have been measured by detecting the time difference between a stopped muon and the arrival of fragments from delayed fission after muon capture. The deduced capture rates Lambda /sub c/ are 1.392(4).10/sup 7//s for /sup 237/Np, 1.290(7).10/sup 7//s for /sup 242/Pu and 1.240(7).10/sup 7//s for /sup 244/Pu. The results are compared with published data for the fission and the neutron decay channels and for the electron decay of the bound muon. Including a former measurement of Lambda /sub c/ for /sup 239/Pu, an isotropic dependence of the muon capture rates in the Pu isotopes is clearly observed. (43 References).
P. David, H. Hanscheid, W. Eickhoff, J. Konijn, T. Kozlowski, T. Krogulski, Laat CTAM de, W. Lourens, T. Mayer-Kuckuk, H. Paganetti, C. Petitjean, S. M. Polikanov, H. W. Reist, F. Risse, ChFG Rosel, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and A. Taal, "Muon induced fission/muon capture on heavy nuclei with high fission threshold," Psi Nuclear & Particle Physics Newsletter, no. , pp. 63-4, 1990.
Abstract: The main process of delayed muon capture on heavy target nuclei occurs by the absorption on a single quasi free proton mu +p to n+ nu mu leading to an average excitation energy of E/sub x/=(19+or-1) MeV. This has been deduced from the yield of fragment masses in symmetric fission of actinide nuclei. Differently muons may also be captured on correlated nucleons. (12 References).
P. David, C. Rösel, F. F. Karpeshin, and B. Sabirov, "Recent facets of nuclear fission dynamics and properties of heavy muonic atoms," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 35--50, 1993.
J. P. Davidson, D. A. Close, and JJ. Malanify, "Evidence for higher shape deformations in muonic X-rays," Physical Review Letters, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 337--9, 1974.
Abstract: The K X-ray energies, hyperfine splittings and electric quadrupole moments of muonic /sup 232/Th and /sup 238/U have been analysed in terms of a distorted Fermi-type nuclear charge distribution model. The rare-earth deformed muonic atom data obtained by Hiflin (1970) has been reanalysed by using the same procedure. Good agreement is found in comparisons with proton and alpha inelastic scattering and for Coulomb excitation. (10 References).
J. D. Davies, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, C. J. Batty, S. F. Biagi, S. D. Hoath, P. Sharman, and AS. Clough, "Observation of kaonic hydrogen atom X-rays," Physics Letters B, vol. 83B, no. 1, pp. 55--8, 1979.
Abstract: A special liquid-hydrogen target has been used with a stopping kaon beam in order to search for the X-rays from kaonic hydrogen atoms. A peak at 6.52+or-0.06 keV, consistent with the unshifted energy of 2p-1s X-rays from K/sup -/-p atoms, has been observed with a yield of about 0.1%. The energy shift would imply rather small values for the real K/sup -/-p scattering length at threshold. (11 References).
J. D. Davies, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, C. J. Batty, S. F. Biagi, S. D. Hoath, and P. Sharman, "Observation of kaonic hydrogen atom X-rays," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 715-16, 1979.
Abstract: Using a specially constructed low Z cryogenic target fitted with a high resolution Si(Li) detector, and the K17 beamline at the Rutherford Laboratory, the authors have obtained some data on K-He, pi -He, K-H and pi -H which indicate the observation of kaonic hydrogen X-rays. (9 References).
D. W. Davies and SJ. Till, "Interaction potentials and rotational scattering for H/sub 2/ and MuH with He," Molecular Physics, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 757--71, 1980.
Abstract: Elastic and inelastic differential cross-sections for the rotational scattering of p-H/sub 2/ and MuH by He at a single collision energy are calculated with potential surfaces obtained by varying the parameters in a model potential. The importance of the attractive and repulsive terms in the potential, and of the available kinetic energy in the different channels is demonstrated, and it is shown that the whole potential surface determines the scattering cross-sections. Inelastic and elastic scattering are compared, and the differences between the rotational scattering of homonuclear and heteronuclear homopolar molecules are ascribed to the molecular constants rather than to the numbers of open channels. (28 References).
J. D. Davies, F. D. Brooks, W. A. Cilliers, JBA England, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, M. Piccinini, A. Vitale, A. Zoccoli, S. E. Jones, P. Li, L. M. Rees, E. V. Sheeley, J. K. Shurtleff, S. F. Taylor, G. H. Eaton, B. Alper, V. R. Bom, Eijk CWE van, Haan H. de, A. N. Anderson, A. J. Caffrey, J. Zabriskie, M. A. Paciotti, O. K. Baker, J. N. Bradbury, J. S. Cohen, M. Leon, H. R. Maltrud, and LN. Sturgess, "mu CF thoughts from Birmingham and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 52-6, 1988.
Abstract: This paper gives some ideas to be learnt from magnetic confinement fusion and briefly describes the pulsed muon beam at ISIS, progress with the measurement of W/sub s/ (the mu alpha sticking coefficient), future beam plans and possible experiments. (3 References).
J. D. Davies, JBA England, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, F. D. Brooks, W. A. Cilliers, A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, M. Piccinini, A. Vitale, A. Zoccoli, S. E. Jones, V. R. Bom, Eijk CWE van, Haan H. de, A. H. Anderson, M. A. Paciotti, G. H. Eaton, and B. Alper, "A direct measurement of the alpha-muon sticking coefficient in muon-catalysed d-t fusion," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 1529--37, 1990.
Abstract: A direct method of determining the alpha-muon sticking coefficient omega /sub 0/ following muon-catalysed d-t fusion, by measuring the ratio of ( alpha mu )-neutron coincidences to neutron singles, is described. Initial measurements have used a low-pressure D-T gas target and the pulsed muon beam at the ISIS facility of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and give a preliminary result of omega /sub 0/=0.0069+or-0.0040+or-0.0014(sys). (21 References).
JD. Davies, "Possible mu CF experiments with pulsed muons at RAL," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 195--202, 1992.
Abstract: The authors describe muon catalyzed fusion experiments using pulsed muons produced by a proton beam on a graphite target. (14 References).
J. D. Davies and RE. Welsh, "Muon lifetimes and weak interaction coupling constants," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 439-44, 1996.
Abstract: Improvements in determining muon lifetimes that are possible with the pulsed muon beam at the ISIS accelerator complex near Oxford, UK, are examined. The requirements of the standard model do not require an improvement in tau ( mu /sup +/)G/sub mu /, which is fortunate as the low repetition rate of ISIS make such difficult. However, for stopping mu /sup +or-/ in liquid hydrogen the differences tau ( mu /sup +/)- tau ( mu /sup -/, observing decay e/sup -/) and tau ( mu /sup -/,e/sup -/)- tau ( mu /sup -/, observing capture n) can be well improved to give the induced pseudo-scalar coupling constant, g/sub p/, to +or-2% and hence the first test of the chiral structure of the nucleon. (12 References).
D. H. Davis and D. N. Tovee, "A critique of the Alvarez interpretation of some old emulsion events as $\Omega ^-$ hyperon interactions and decays," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 237--244, 1996.
E. S. Dayhoff, S. Triebwasser, and W. E. Lamb, "Fine structure of the hydrogen atom. Part VI," Physical Review, vol. 89, pp. 106--115, 1953.
Renzi R. De and V. Dallacasa, "Muonic Knight shift for simple metals in a linear-response model," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 61B, no. 2, pp. 353-60, 1981.
Abstract: The hyperfine contribution to the magnetic field at the mu /sup +/ site is calculated in the elementary dielectric-constant theory, which reveals itself to be suitable for simple metals, especially in the low-electron-density range. The model is compared with experimental data with better agreement than any previous theory, but still not in a completely satisfactory way. Other contributions to the mu /sup +/ precession frequency shift are discussed. (11 References).
Kam J. de and CK. Wafelbakker, "Three-body approach to pionic /sup 16/O," Physical Review C, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 570--7, 1982.
Abstract: Relativistic three-body calculations are presented for the real part of the pi -/sup 16/O scattering length. The effects of the nucleon binding and the exclusion principle are studied in the framework of a covariant three-body model (pion, nucleon, and core) of the optical potential. The present theory is a natural generalization of the optical potential model of Celenza, Liu, and Shakin (1975), who consider only the single-triangle diagram, ignoring the nucleon rescattering. The authors find that the nucleon binding and the exclusion principle each have a large effect on the scattering length. However, the combined effect of both medium corrections is much smaller. Depending on the model for the pi N t matrix, the single-triangle diagram alone accounts for 15% and 33% of the scattering length. With medium correction included, these numbers are 25% and 40%, respectively. Finally, the authors determined the s wave strength parameter B/sub 0/ in a phenomenological rho /sup 2/ term. (25 References).
Kam J. De and G. Wolschin, "Population of isomeric states in muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 125B, no. 2-3, pp. 109--12, 1983.
Abstract: The probability to populate the isomeric state in radiationless muonic transitions is calculated. The authors find that for muon induced reactions the population ratio isomeric state to ground state is larger by an order of magnitude as compared to nucleon induced reactions at the corresponding energy. (14 References).
Laat CTAM De and JG. Kromme, "General-purpose fast CAMAC software for PDP-11 computers," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A239, no. 3, pp. 556--61, 1985.
Abstract: A set of easy-to-use general purpose software routines for data acquisition in experiments using a GEC-Elliot CAMAC interface is described. The software concerned is based on Digital's IAS real-time operating system and consists of a fast multi-user CAMAC driver, a number of service routines and a FORTRAN library of user-friendly subroutines. The multi-user approach allows several data acquisition programs to be run simultaneously on different terminals. The CAMAC driver supports direct memory access channels, lists and loops of N-A-F functions (software emulated data-channel) and single module operations. Typical data transfer rates on a PDP-11/34 are 150K words per second for hardware direct-memory channels and 40K words per second for software lists and loops. An example of application of this software in pionic- and muonic-atom experiments at NIKHEF-K in Amsterdam and in muon-induced fission experiments at SIN-Villigen, Switzerland is given. (3 References).
Boer FWN De, B. Aas, P. Baertschi, W. Beer, I. Beltrami, K. Bos, PFA Goudsmit, U. Kiebele, B. Jeckelmann, H. J. Leisi, W. Ruckstuhl, G. Strassner, A. Vacchi, and R. Weber, "Precision measurement of the 2p-1s transition wavelength in muonic /sup 13/C," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A444, no. 4, pp. 589--96, 1985.
Abstract: With the bent-crystal spectrometer at the SIN muon channel the authors measure the wavelength of the 2p-1s transition in muonic /sup 13/C with a precision of 13 p.p.m. The result for the 2p/sub 3/2/-1s/sub 1/2/ transition is lambda (2p/sub 3/2/-1s/sub 1/2/)=16.46055+or-0.00021 p.m.; it is interpreted in terms of a short-range muon-nucleon interaction not included in standard QED calculations. (14 References).
Chambrier G. de, W. Beer, Boer FWN de, K. Bos, A. I. Egorov, M. Eckhause, K. L. Giovanetti, PFA Goudsmit, B. Jeckelmann, K. E. Kir'yanov, L. N. Kondurova, L. Lapina, H. J. Leisi, V. I. Marushenko, A. F. Mezentsev, A. A. Petrunin, A. G. Sergeev, A. I. Smirnov, G. Strassner, V. M. Suvorov, A. Vacchi, and D. Wieser, "Precision measurement of the wavelengths and natural line widths of 3d-2p pionic X-ray transitions in low-Z atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A442, no. 4, pp. 637--66, 1985.
Abstract: The wavelengths and the natural line widths of the 3d-2p transitions in the pionic atoms of /sup 12/C, /sup 16/O, /sup 18/O, /sup 24/MG, /sup 26/Mg, /sup 28/Si and /sup 30/Si have been measured at SIN with a bent-crystal spectrometer. The precision reached in the transition wavelengths ranges from 4 to 18 ppm, and in the widths from 2 to 14%. (34 References).
Laat CTAM de, A. Taal, W. Duinker, A. H. Wapstra, J. Konijn, van Enschut JFM D'Achard, P. David, J. Hartfiel, H. Janszen, Mutius R. von, C. Gugler, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, T. Korgulski, C. Petitjean, and HW. Reist, "Strong interaction effects in pionic /sup 208/Pb," Physics Letters B, vol. 162B, no. 1-3, pp. 81--6, 1985.
Abstract: The X-ray spectrum of pionic /sup 208/Pb has been measured. The deduced values of the strong interaction monopole shift with respect to the point Coulomb energy are epsilon /sub 0/(4f)=1.49+or-0.02 and epsilon /sub 0/(3d)=19.4+or-1.2 keV. The observed strong interaction absorption widths of this spherical nucleus are found to be Gamma /sub 0/(4f)=1.25+or-0.02 keV and Gamma /sub 0/(3d)=47.0+or-3.6 keV. Important in the analysis of the pionic 4f level is the intensity balance for this level, giving an additional check on the measured absorption width of the pionic 4f level. For the more peripheral 4f state the measured strong interaction shifts and widths are well explained by standard optical model calculations. The values for the 3d state, however, are not in agreement with these calculations. (18 References).
Laat CTAM de, P. David, H. Janszen, J. Konijn, T. Krogulski, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and A. Taal, "Anomalous strong interaction effects in pionic /sup 181/Ta, Re and /sup 209/Bi," in Proceedings of the International Nuclear Physics Conference, (J. L. Durrell, J. M. Irvine, and GC. Morrison, eds.), 1987.
Abstract: The pionic X-ray spectra of /sup 181/Ta, Re and /sup 209/Bi have been reinvestigated to obtain more accurate results than previous experiments. The standard optical potentials are able to explain the more peripheral pionic atom states in most nuclei, but they fail to describe the strong interaction shifts and widths of the more deeply bound levels. The comparison between theory and experiment for the 4f and 3d pionic level widths are shown. (6 References).
Laat CTAM De, A. Taal, W. Duinker, J. Konijn, Van Enschut JFM D'Achard, P. David, J. Hartfiel, H. Janszen, T. Mayer-Kuckuk, Mutius R. Von, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, T. Krogulski, C. Petitjean, H. W. Reist, and W. Muller, "The quadrupole moment and strong interaction parameters from muonic and pionic X-ray studies of /sup 237/Np," Physics Letters B, vol. 189, no. 1-2, pp. 7--11, 1987.
Abstract: The X-ray spectrum of muonic and pionic /sup 237/Np has been investigated with muons and pions stopped in a NpO/sub 2/ target. The nuclear spectroscopic quadrupole moment was determined to be Q=3.886+or-0.006 b from the splittings of the muonic 5g to 4f hyperfine complexes. The B(E2) down arrow -values for the first and second excited states were evaluated as 3.17+or-0.08 and 2.77+or-0.10 e/sup 2/b/sup 2/, respectively. A comparison between the muonic and pionic 5g to 4f hyperfine complexes yields the strong interaction parameters for the pionic 4f state. For the first time a change of sign as a function of Z for the strong interaction quadrupole shift epsilon /sub 2/(4f) has been observed. The standard optical model predictions agree reasonably well with the measured strong interaction monopole shift epsilon /sub 0/(4f), and width, Gamma /sub 0/(4f), while they disagree with the experimental value for epsilon /sub 2/. A stronger s-wave repulsion in the optical potential could explain this effect. (20 References).
Laat CTAM De, A. Taal, J. Konijn, P. David, H. Hanscheid, F. Risse, Ch Rosel, W. Schrieder, and C. Petitjean, "A study of the strong interaction effects on pionic 3d and 4f levels in /sup 181/Ta, /sup nat/Re, /sup nat/Pt, /sup 197/Au, /sup 208/Pb, /sup 209/Bi and /sup 237/Np," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A523, no. 3-4, pp. 453--87, 1991.
Abstract: The pionic X-ray spectra of /sup 181/Ta, /sup nat/Re, /sup nat/Pt, /sup 197/Au, /sup 208/Pb, /sup 209/Bi and /sup 237/Np have been investigated to obtain data for a systematical study of the pionic 3d and 4f levels. In order to reduce background the experimental method has been improved by using an array of Compton suppression BGO-shields and neutron time-of-flight discrimination. The widths of the pionic 3d levels are observed to be narrower by a factor 1.5 than theoretical predictions obtained with standard optical potentials. A deviation is also found for the strong interaction quadrupole shift, in /sub 2/, for both the 4f and 3d orbits. A possible explanation for the smaller width, Gamma /sub 0/(3d), can be found by extending the parametrization of the optical potential with absorption terms. (42 References).
Vismes A. de, P. Roussel-Chomaz, and F. Carstoiu, "Global analysis of proton nucleus reaction cross sections," Physical Review C, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 064612/1-12, 2000.
Abstract: Glauber theory in the optical limit is used in a global analysis of proton-nucleus reaction cross sections. A large body of data with target mass 9[left angle bracket]or=A[left angle bracket]or=238 and energies 6[left angle bracket]or=E[left angle bracket]or=800 MeV has been analyzed. A good description is obtained in the entire range of mass and energy. The extracted rms radii are consistent with the corresponding values from high energy electron scattering and muonic atom X-ray measurements, as well as with relativistic mean field calculations. (43 References).
B. de {B}eauvoir and others, "Absolute frequency measurement of the 2S--8S/D transitions in hydrogen and deuterium: new determination of the Rydberg constant," Physical Review Letters, vol. 78, pp. 440--443, 1997.
B. de {B}eauvoir and others, "Metrology of the hydrogen and deuterium atoms: determination of the Rydberg constant and Lamb shifts," European Physical Journal D, vol. 12, pp. 61--93, 2000.
K. Debertin and R. G. Helmer, Gamma-- and x--ray spectrometry with semiconductor detectors, NHPC, 1988.
P. DeCecco, P. Hauser, D. Horvath, F. Kottmann, L. M. Simons, and D. Taqqu, "A new method to produce a negative muon beam of keV energies," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 394, pp. 287-294, 1997.
Abstract: A method is described by which muons are decelerated from MeV kinetic energies to energies below 50 keV inside a magnetic focusing device (cyclotron trap) and then extracted by an electric field into a magnetic guiding channel. Test measurements were performed which resulted in about 10(4)/s extracted negative muons, in reasonable agreement with MonteCarlo simulations. Using this method, muon beams in the energy range of 10-50 keV with intensities up to 10(5) mu(-)/s will be available in the near future.
M. Decker, W. Sandhas, and VB. Belyaev, "Muonic three-body Coulomb systems in the hyperspherical approach," Physical Review A, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 726--36, 1996.
Abstract: Muonic three-body bound states and resonances are treated within a hyperspherical adiabatic expansion scheme. A new method for determining the basis functions of this expansion is developed: decomposing these functions into Faddeev-type components, an equivalent treatment of all two-body contributions, and thus the correct asymptotics, are guaranteed. This approach is characterized by its high symmetry and a considerable reduction of the numerical effort. Using partial wave and B-spline expansions for the components, wave functions and energies of the dt mu and d/sup 3/He mu molecules are calculated in extreme and uncoupled adiabatic approximation. For dt mu good agreement with alternative calculations, which are based on a much higher number of expansion functions, is found, and the results for the d/sup 3/He mu system are rather close to variational calculations. (32 References).
Rosso A. del, M. Augsburger, V. F. Boreiko, V. M. Bystritsky, M. Filipowicz, O. Huot, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. E. Knowles, F. Mulhauser, V. N. Pavlov, C. Petitjean, N. P. Popov, V. G. Sandukovsky, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, V. A. Stolupin, Y-A Thalmann, S. Tresch, and J. Wozniak, "Measurement of the fusion rate in mu d/sup 3/He," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 177--82, 1999.
Abstract: Many atomic and molecular processes may occur after a muon has been stopped in a mixture of hydrogen and helium isotopes. In particular, the muonic molecule mu d/sup 3/He can be formed. This molecule either decays or undergoes muon catalyzed fusion. Theory predicts a fusion rate much lower than the decay rate; moreover, the various theoretical predictions differ from each other by several orders of magnitude. With the experiment presented here we intend to measure the effective fusion rate via the detection of the 14.7 MeV fusion proton. A new target and gas mixing system, designed at JINR, were used in a ten-day test run at PSI. The fusion protons and products from other transfer and background reactions were measured with several different detectors (plastic scintillators, BGO, germanium, neutron, and silicon detectors). The formation rate of the mu d/sup 3/He molecule and an upper limit for the effective fusion rate have been measured and are presented here. (10 References).
L. Delker, G. Dugan, C. S. Wu, D. C. Lu, A. J. Caffrey, Y. T. Cheng, and YK. Lee, "Experimental verification of the relativistic fine-structure term of the Klein-Gordon equation in pionic titanium atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 89--92, 1979.
Abstract: A newly designed, large-aperture and high-resolution bent-crystal spectrometer has been used to observe high-intensity sources of pionic X-rays. The pionic X-ray source was a target of natural titanium which was placed adjacent to a copper pion-production target in the external beam of the Nevis synchrocyclotron. The energy difference between the 5g to 4f and 5f to 4d transitions in pionic titanium was measured to be 87.6 +or- 1.8 eV. Comparison with the prediction of the Klein-Gordon equation is made. (12 References).
A. Dellafiore, "On the giant resonance and quasielastic nuclear excitation in electron scattering and muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A282, no. 3, pp. 493--517, 1977.
Abstract: A simple model of nuclear excitation which allows a simultaneous description of collective and quasielastic processes is developed, and applied to electron scattering and muon capture. Values of free parameters are determined from inelastic electron scattering and used to calculate muon capture rates. (30 References).
A. Dellafiore, "Effects of kinematical constraints in nuclear muon capture," Physics Letters B, vol. 82B, no. 2, pp. 155--9, 1979.
Abstract: Muon capture is discussed in the framework of linear response theory. This approach allows a general discussion of the role played by kinematical constraints in determining which features of nuclear dynamics are actually probed in the capture event. It is argued that the muon momentum spread can increase the capture rate at large energy transfer. (14 References).
A. Deloff and J. Law, "Kaon-nucleus interaction at low energies (kaonic atoms)," Physical Review C, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1688--96, 1974.
Abstract: The interaction is obtained by folding complex Gaussian K N potentials, whose depths are fitted to K N scattering lengths, into the nuclear density distributions. A value of the range of the potentials is obtained by fitting K-/sup 4/He cross sections. Kaonic atom level shifts and widths are then calculated using the interaction in the Klein-Gordon equation and are consistent with experimental values. (24 References).
A. Deloff and J. Law, "Kaonic atoms level shifts: potential approach," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 544-5, 1976.
Abstract: Presents, for a large number of atoms, kaonic atom level shifts and widths calculated using two different forms of effective kaon-nucleus potential-one based on the multiple scattering theory and the other derived from the effective potential for KN interaction. (4 References).
A. Deloff and J. Law, "Kaonic atoms level shifts: multiple scattering approach," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 546-7, 1976.
Abstract: Presents, for a large number of atoms, kaonic atom level shifts and widths calculated in a multiple scattering formalism which relates the K-nucleus scattering length to the Kp and Kn scattering lengths and the 2l moments of the nuclear density. (4 References).
A. Deloff, "S-matrix approach to hadronic atom level shifts," Physical Review C, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 730--6, 1976.
Abstract: A nonperturbative S-matrix approach is used to express the complex energy level shift in a hadronic atom in terms of the logarithmic derivative of the regular wave function at the nuclear boundary. A model-independent linear relation is derived between the shift and the zero-energy hadron-nucleus scattering phase shift. Illustrative model calculations for the k/sup -/-/sup 32/S atom show that the method is sufficiently fast and accurate to be used in all realistic calculations of the levels shifts from given equivalent nuclear potentials. (16 References).
A. Deloff, "Coherent nucleus approximation in kaonic atoms theory," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 436-7, 1979.
Abstract: The author shows that the phenomenological kaon-nucleus optical potential is derivable from microscopic theory. (3 References).
A. Deloff and J. Law, "Strong-interaction effects in kaonic hydrogen," Physical Review C, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1597--9, 1979.
Abstract: It is argued that Coulomb corrections to the K/sup -/p scattering length may affect the latter significantly and reduce the strong-interaction effects in kaonic hydrogen to below the observable level. (8 References).
A. Deloff, "Low-energy kaon-nucleus interaction," Physical Review C, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1516--24, 1980.
Abstract: Low-energy kaon-nucleus interaction has been considered in the framework of multiple scattering theory as formulated by Watson (1953) and by Kerman, McManus, and Thaler (1951). A kaon-nucleus optical potential of the shape of the nuclear density is shown to follow from theory under the assumption that the nuclear excited states may be neglected and that the range of the underlying microscopic KN interaction is small in comparison with the nuclear radius. The depth of the effective potential is a nonlinear function of the KN scattering lengths and depends upon a single parameter related to the unknown range of the KN interaction. This parameter has been adjusted to the available kaonic atom data. The resulting potential has been used to evaluate the kaonic atom level shifts and widths and the calculated quantities are compared with experiment. (27 References).
J. Delorme, "On the elementary-particle treatment of muon capture and radiative pion capture in /sup 6/Li," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B19, no. 2, pp. 573--88, 1970.
Abstract: The elementary-particle approach to muon capture and radiative pion capture in nuclei is here discussed for the particular case of the transition between the ground states of /sup 6/Li and /sup 6/He. Its validity is proved by comparison with standard calculations in the impulse approximation. The calculated capture rates are found to be consistent with the experimental data in contra- distinction to previous estimates. (33 References).
J. Delorme and M. Ericson, "Muon capture rate in /sup 6/Li and the PCAC hypothesis," Physics Letters B, vol. 32B, no. 6, pp. 443--4, 1970.
Abstract: The recent claim by Kim and Mintz (1970) that there is evidence for large renormalization effects in the pseudo scalar form factor from the transition /sup 6/Li to /sup 6/He in muon capture is critically discussed.
A. V. Demianov, V. S. Evseev, S. Kapusta, T. N. Mamedov, V. S. Roganov, YuV Obukhov, V. I. Kudinov, A. A. Evdokimov, and OP. Tkacheva, "Measurement of the probability of atomic capture and depolarization of negative muons in high-temperature superconductors," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 65, no. 1-4, pp. 1035--8, 1990.
Abstract: The possibility of investigating high-temperature superconductors (HTSC) by the mu SR method with negative muons is discussed in the paper. The results of measurement of the probability of negative muon capture by oxygen and residual polarization of muons in the 1s-state of oxygen in some HTSC at room temperature are reported. (5 References).
D. De{M}ille and M. G. Kozlov, "Stark--induced electric dipole amplitudes for hyperfine transitions," physics Preprint, vol. 9901034, 1998.
D. L. Demin, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. V. Filchenkov, N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, D. V. Migachev, A. D. Konin, A. I. Rudenko, V. T. Sidorov, YuG Zhestkov, V. G. Zinov, J. D. Davies, V. R. Bom, and Eijk CWE. van, "Measurement of the spin and temperature dependence of dd mu molecule formation rate in solid and liquid deuterium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 13-19, 1996.
Abstract: The DD mu molecule formation rate is experimentally measured for the two hyperfine states of the D mu -atom in the temperature range of 5-30 K. Results are consistent with a preliminary measurement by the TRIUMF group and contradict theoretical predictions. The work has been performed on the JINR phasotron (Dubna). (8 References).
D. L. Demin, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. V. Filchenkov, V. G. Grebinnik, A. D. Konin, D. V. Migachev, M. E. Ravodin, A. I. Rudenko, V. T. Sidorov, YuG Zhestkov, and VG. Zinov, "Novel experimental method for the investigation of multiple muon catalysis processes in an H/D/T mixture," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 591-7, 1996.
Abstract: The original experimental method for further mu CF study in double, D/T, and triple, H/D/T, mixtures of high density is considered. This method is the basis of the international project sponsored by the ISTC. (4 References).
D. L. Demin, V. P. Dzhelepov, N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, A. D. Konin, A. I. Rudenko, YuA Sorokina, YuG Zhestkov, V. G. Zinov, and EP. Krasnoperov, "Solid deuterium target," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 583-9, 1996.
Abstract: An installation is made to investigate the temperature and spin dependence of the DD mu {"}meso{"}-molecular formation rate in deuterium in solid, liquid and gaseous phases. It is composed of a target cooled with helium of a volume equal to 280 cm/sup 3/ and target thermostabilization and gas-handling systems. The temperature of the target in the range 5-40 K can be fixed with an accuracy of 0.2 K. (4 References).
D. L. Demin, A. E. Drebushko, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. V. Filchenkov, N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, A. D. Konin, D. V. Migachev, A. I. Rudenko, V. T. Sidorov, YuG Zhestkov, V. G. Zinov, J. D. Davies, V. R. Born, and Eijk CWE. van, "Measurement of the spin and temperature dependence of the dd mu molecule formation rate in solid and liquid deuterium," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 1163--73, 1997.
Abstract: The dd mu molecule formation rates have been measured from the two hyperfine states of the d mu atom in the temperature range T=5-30 K. Results are consistent with the measurement of the TRIUMF group at T=3 K and contradict theoretical predictions. This work was performed on the JINR phasotron (Dubna). (23 References).
D. L. Demin and VI. Pryanichnikov, "Cryogenic reactor for the INS project," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 345--7, 1999.
Abstract: A feasible scheme of a cryogenic reactor based on muon catalyzed fusion for an intense 14 MeV neutron source (INS) is considered. (11 References).
D. L. Demin, V. P. Dzhelepov, N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, S. V. Medved', V. I. Pryanichnikov, V. A. Utkin, and VG. Zinov, "Liquid tritium target," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 349--51, 1999.
Abstract: The concentration dependence study of the formation rate of the muon molecules DT mu in equilibrium double D/T and triple H/D/T liquid mixtures of hydrogen isotopes requires an installation consisting of a target of volume 30 cm/sup 3/ with helium cooling and a thermostabilization system. The temperature of the target, close to 22 K is fixed with an accuracy of 0.1 K. (9 References).
YuN Demkov, D. F. Zaretskii, F. F. Karpeshin, M. A. Listengarten, and VN. Ostrovskii, "Distribution of muons among muonic atom fission fragments," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 287--90, 1978.
Abstract: The probability of occurrence of muons in the light and heavy fragments following spontaneous fission of a muonic atom is calculated. (9 References).
A. S. Denisov, A. V. Zhelamkov, YuM Ivanov, L. P. Lapina, P. M. Levchenko, V. D. Malakhov, A. A. Petrunin, A. G. Sergeev, A. I. Smirnov, V. M. Suvorov, and OL. Fedin, "New measurements of the mass of the K/sup -/ meson," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 557--61, 1991.
Abstract: The energy of the 4f-3d transition in the K/sup -/ /sup 12/C atom has been measured with the help of a Cauchois crystal diffraction spectrometer at the proton synchrotron of the Institute of High-Energy Physics. A new value has been found for the mass of K/sup -/ meson: 493.6960+or-0.0059 MeV. This figure is significantly different from the previously accepted value. (11 References).
P. Depommier, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, M. Blecher, C-Q Chen, B. Doyle, T. P. Gorringe, P. Gumplinger, M. D. Hasinoff, G. Jonkmans, J. A. MacDonald, S. C. McDonald, M. Munro, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, E. Saettler, D. G. Sample, C. Sigler, G. N. Taylor, and DH. Wright, "Observation of radiative muon capture on the proton," Chinese Journal of Physics, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1247-60, 1994.
Abstract: Radiative muon capture on the proton has been observed for the first time at TRIUMF. (22 References).
P. Deponmier, S. Ahmad, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, M. Blecher, C-Q Chen, Egidy T. von, T. P. Corringe, M. D. Hasinoff, R. Henderson, A. J. Larabee, J. A. Macdonald, S. C. McDonald, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, A. Serna-Angel, G. N. Taylor, D. H. Wright, and N-S. Zhang, "Radiative muon capture on hydrogen and nuclei," in Progress in Nuclear Physics, (W-YP Hwang, Lee Shih-Chang, Lee Chien-Er, and DJ. Ernst, eds.), pp. 283--9, 1991.
Abstract: A status report is given on the experimental program performed at TRIUMF on radiative muon capture (RMC) on hydrogen and several nuclei. (37 References).
K. Derrick and others, "$\pi ^-$ Capture in hydrogen--deuterium and hydrogen--helium mixtures," Physical Review, vol. 151, pp. 82--86, 1966.
F. A. de Saavedra, E. Buendia, F. J. Galvez, and A. Sarsa, "Variational calculation of some S-states of Coulomb three-body systems," Eur. Phys. J. D, vol. 13, pp. 201-206, 2001.
Abstract: A generalized Hylleraas-type basis set with three nonlinear parameters is proposed to study three-body systems interacting via coulomb forces within the framework of non-relativistic quantum mechanics. This basis set improves the rate of convergence with respect to previous ones, specially for nonsymmetric systems and excited states of two electron atoms: Accurate binding energies and other properties for S-states of helium-like ions, muonic molecules and the positronium negative ion are reported.
P. Desgrolard, PAM Guichon, and J. Joseph, "Muon capture rates for A=6-14 nuclei," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 43A, no. 3, pp. 475-84, 1978.
Abstract: Total and partial muon capture rates are calculated within the frameworks of the nuclear 1p-shell model and impulse approximation. A systematic study is achieved with the available effective interactions for A=6-14 nuclei. A strong model dependence is exhibited particularly for the partial rates of nuclei in the middle of the shell. The Sussex parametrization yields results which are significantly different from those given by the Cohen and Kurath interaction (1965) for B and C nuclei. (38 References).
P. Desgrolard and PAM. Guichon, "One-pion exchange currents effect on partial muon capture rates for 1p shell nuclei," Physical Review C, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 120--8, 1979.
Abstract: Allowed partial transition rates are calculated for muon capture by nuclei with A=6-14. The nuclear 1p shell model is used and the corrections to the impulse approximation due to exchange currents are estimated with the one-pion exchange model. Whereas the capture rates themselves are strongly dependent on the wave functions, similar amounts of exchange current corrections are obtained with all nuclear shell model variants. These percentages vary in a smooth way with the mass number from approximately=-2% for A=6 to approximately=-20% for A=14. It is found that the scalar and tensor parts of the current are responsible for the main contributions to the corrections. (35 References).
RD. Deslattes, "Improved X-ray and gamma -ray measurements have several applications," Dimensions, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 18--21, 1980.
Abstract: Describes work done by the National Bureau of Standards (USA) into improved X-ray and gamma -ray measurements. The impetus for this work came from discrepancies between theory and experiment in the quantum electrodynamics (QED) model of muonic atoms; thus the time was ripe for a re-evaluation of the gamma -ray reference lines. (0 References).
RD. Deslattes, "Applications of X-ray interferometry," in Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants II. Proceedings of the Second International Conference (NBS-SP-617), (B. N. Taylor and WD. Phillips, eds.), pp. 303-11, 1984.
Abstract: The review begins by summarizing work at the PTB and NBS on optical interferometry of (220) repeat distances in samples of monocrystalline Si. Distribution of such an initial calibration to other samples and other species is briefly mentioned. The main emphasis is on subsequent applications of these crystals toward determination of fundamental constants, especially N/sub A/ and extension of the congruent electromagnetic scale to gamma -rays has so far been carried out at NBS. In the last mentioned case, applications emerge which include tests of QED in muonic atoms, determination of mass values for the pion and the kaon, and tests of relativistic self-consistent field calculations for inner vacancy states in atoms. (23 References).
J. P. Deutsch, L. Grenacs, J. Lehmann, P. Lipnik, and PC. Macq, "Measurement of muon partial capture rates in /sup 16/O and the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant in muon capture," Physics Letters B, vol. 29b, no. 1, pp. 66--9, 1969.
Abstract: The partial rates in the capture of muons by /sup 16/O were measured for the J pi =0/sup -/ and 1/sup -/ excited bound states of /sup 16/N. The energy spectrum and the time dependence of the gamma -rays emitted by the target were observed using a Ge(Li) detector. On the basis of the Rho-Migdal theory (5), the observed lambda /sub 0//sup -// lambda /sub 1//sup -/ ratio led for the induced pseudoscalar coupling to a value of C/sub p/=10.6+or-1.0. (15 References).
JP. Deutsch, "Remarks on muon capture in complex nuclei," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 136-43, 1970.
J. Deutsch, "Nuclear structure information from particle-emission in muon capture," in Topical Meeting on Intermediate Energy Physics, pp. 59-61, 1974.
Abstract: A list of 26 references is presented broadly classified into neutron emission and proton emission each of which is subdivided into three groups. (26 References).
JP. Deutsch, "'Overtures' in muon capture," in Progress in Particle & Nuclear Physics, pp. 247-52, 1978.
Abstract: The role of the axial current in nuclear muon capture is outlined. The author proposes some novel approaches to solve some of the problems in the conserved isovector current hypothesis. (22 References).
J. P. Deutsch, M. Lebrun, and R. Prieels, "Emission of heavy neutrinos in muon capture," Physical Review D, vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 1644--7, 1983.
Abstract: The possible use of various muon-capture observables is assessed in the search for heavy neutrinos mixed in the dominant variety. Existing data on the triton recoil spectrum measured in the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 3/He to nu /sub mu /+/sup 3/H readily allow the exclusion of the emission of heavy neutrinos of mass m/sub nu j/ between 60 and 72 MeV/c/sup 2/ with probability higher than mod U/sub mu j/ mod /sup 2/ approximately=0.01. This complements limits on mod U/sub mu j/ mod /sup 2/ obtained from the reactions pi to mu nu /sub mu / and K to mu nu /sub mu /. (19 References).
J. Deutsch, "Time dependence of neutron polarization in hydrogen muon capture: a possible experiment for LAMPF II?," in Proceedings of the 3rd LAMPF II Workshop, (J. C. Allred, T. S. Bhatia, K. Ruminer, and B. Talley, eds.), pp. 628--34, 1983.
Abstract: At the 1982 LAMPF II Workshop the author briefly outlined a great number of problems in muon capture which justify both renewed efforts and the development of improved experimental facilities. In this talk the author focuses on the precision measurement of the muon-nucleon couplings in second-generation hydrogen muon-capture experiments. (20 References).
J. Deutsch, J. Egger, Gh Gregoire, H. Kaspar, C. Petitjean, W. Reist, and B. Tasiaux, "Search for massive neutrinos in muon-capture: development of a gas scintillation detector," Sin Newsletter, vol. 16, no. , pp. 26-8, 1984.
Abstract: A measurement of the triton recoil-spectrum from the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 3/He+/sup 3/H+ nu /sub mu / should allow the observation of possible heavy neutrinos in the mass range 30-90 MeV. The ideal tool for the determination of the kinetic energy of the triton in a gas scintillation proportional chamber (GSPC). Two problems have to be solved in building a Helium-GSPC. The first one is that there is a mismatch of the emission spectrum (600-1000 AA) with the sensitive region of the photomultiplier. The goal of these tests is to show that small quantities of nitrogen (100-5000 p.p.m.) added to the gas can replace the normally used wavelength shifters. Secondly, with its quenching property, nitrogen should prevent the UV-light to reach the walls of the counter where these hard photons from He/sub 2//sup +/ can cause photoeffect and liberate new electrons. (11 References).
J. Deutsch, "Nuclear muon capture," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 3--11, 1993.
J. Deutsch, "Nuclear weak interaction at SC energies: the muon probe," Physics Reports, vol. 225, no. 1-3, pp. 133--4, 1993.
Abstract: With the increasing sophistication of the tools at the author's disposal, aspects of increasing complexity could be investigated. The investigations started with total capture-rate measurements in nuclei and also in hydrogen, both liquid and gaseous. At a later stage one could measure partial capture rates to well-defined nuclear levels or the intensity and decay spectra of various nuclear break-up channels. The rare process of radiative muon capture was also discovered and so was the use of mu -mesic X-rays in mapping out electromagnetic properties of the nucleus. At a later stage the muon and nuclear spin (both that of the capturing and of the produced nucleus) were introduced in the investigations; the hyperfine effect was discovered and various correlation experiments became possible. Actually most of the modern muon-capture experiments use either these correlation techniques, explore the rare radiative muon-capture reactions or search for muon-capture channels forbidden by the standard model. (0 References).
V. Devanathan and R. Parthasarathy, "Asymmetry of emitted neutrons in muon capture," in Nuclear physics and solid state physics symposium. (abstracts only), 1972.
Abstract: The asymmetry and spectrum of the emitted neutrons in the capture of polarized muons by complex spin zero nuclei are studied, using Fujii-Primakoff Hamiltonian for the process mu /sup -/+p to n+/sup nu / mu and assuming shell model for the nucleus. Momentum dependent terms are included and the effect of these terms are studied by comparing with the result of momentum independent terms. The outgoing neutrons are assumed to be plane waves but corrections for interaction with the recoil nucleus are taken into account by modifying the neutron momentum inside the nucleus as suggested by the nuclear matter theory. Numerical results are presented for /sup 40/Ca, /sup 32/S, /sup 28/Si, /sup 16/O, and /sup 12/C and compared with the available experimental data. The dependence of the asymmetry on the energy of outgoing neutron and on the Induced pseudo-scalar coupling constant are studied and it is found that a large value for the Induced pseudo-scalar coupling constant gives a high negative value for the asymmetry.
V. Devanathan and R. Parthasarathy, "Polarization of the emitted neutron in muon capture," in Nuclear physics and solid state physics symposium. (abstracts only), 1972.
Abstract: The polarization of the emitted neutrons resulting from the capture of muons by complex nuclei is investigated and it is pointed out that this study provides valuable information which is difficult to obtain from any other source. Starting from the effective muon capture interaction Hamiltonian of Fujii and Primakoff, the sum and average over lepton spins are performed. The resulting nuclear matrix elements are evaluated and expressed in terms of density matrix rho defined in the spin space of the emitted neutron. Then the longitudinal polarization of the emitted neutron is given by trace ( sigma , n rho )/trace rho , where n is the unit vector denoting the direction of emitted neutron. The expression for polarization involves the neutrino direction and since neutrino is not observed, an integration over its direction is performed. Numerical results are presented for /sup 40/Ca, /sup 32/S and /sup 28/Si.
V. Devanathan, R. Parthasarathy, and G. Ramachandran, "Polarization of the emitted neutron in muon capture," Annals of Physics, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 428--44, 1972.
Abstract: The polarization of the emitted neutrons resulting from the capture of muons by complex nuclei is investigated and it is pointed out that this study provides valuable information which is difficult to obtain from any other source. Starting from the effective muon-capture interaction Hamiltonian of Fujii and Primakoff, the sum and average over lepton spins are performed. The resulting nuclear matrix elements are evaluated and expressed in terms of density matrix rho defined in the spin space of the emitted neutron. Then the longitudinal polarization of the emitted neutron is given by Tr( delta .n rho )/Tr rho , where n is the unit vector denoting the direction of emitted neutron. The expression for polarization involves the neutrino direction and since a neutriino is not observed, an integration over its direction is performed. Numerical results are presented for /sup 40/Ca, /sup 32/S and /sup 28/Si. (34 References).
V. Devanathan, R. Parthasarathy, and PR. Subramanian, "Recoil nuclear polarization in muon capture," Annals of Physics, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 291--302, 1972.
Abstract: The polarization of recoil nuclei resulting from the absorption of polarized muons is investigated. The reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 12/C(J/sup P/=0/sup +/) to nu /sub mu /+/sup 12/B(J/sup P/=1/sup +/) is chosen for the study since in this case the transition probability to the low-lying excited bound states of /sup 12/B is found to be negligible when compared to the transition probability to the ground state of /sup 12/B(J/sup P/=1/sup +/). Numerical calculations are done using both the single particle j-j coupling shell model and the general 1p-shell wavefunctions and it is found that the polarization of /sup 12/B is insensitive to the nuclear model although the capture rate depends very much on it. (22 References).
V. Devanathan, R. Parthasarathy, and PR. Subramanian, "Recoil nuclear polarization in muon capture," in Nuclear physics and solid state physics symposium. (abstracts only), 1972.
Abstract: The polarization of recoil nuclei resulting from the absorption of polarized muons is investigated and it is shown to be always a vector polarization in the direction of muon polarization if the recoil direction is not observed. The reaction mu /sup -/ + /sup 12/C (J/sup P/ = 0/sup +/) to /sup nu / mu + /sup 12/B (J/sup P/ = 1/sup +/) is chosen for the study since in this case the transition probability to the low-lying excited bound states of /sup 12/B is found to be negligible when compared to the transition probability to the ground state of /sup 12/B (J/sup P/ = 1/sup +/). Numerical calculations are done using both the single particle j-j coupling shell model and the general lp-shell wave functions and it is found that the polarization of /sup 12/B is insensitive to the nuclear model although the capture rate depends very much on it.
V. Devanathan and PR. Subramanian, "Cascade process in muon capture and gamma-neutrino angular correlations," Annals of Physics, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 25--43, 1975.
Abstract: A nuclear cascade process resulting from muon capture and subsequent deexcitation by gamma emission is considered. Possible observable quantities such as the final nuclear polarization and the gamma-neutrino angular correlation coefficients are investigated. It is shown that the nuclear transition with the spin sequence 0 to J/sub I/ to 0 is very favorable for study since the angular correlation coefficients in this case are not affected by the uncertainties in the gamma decay matrix elements. For a more restricted transition with J/sub I/=1, there exist some simple relations connecting the asymmetry coefficient of the recoil nucleus emitting the gamma ray and the gamma-neutrino angular correlation coefficients. These relations are shown to be independent of both the nuclear structure and the muon capture coupling constants. (24 References).
V. Devanathan, P. R. Subramanian, R. D. Graves, and H. Uberall, "Partial muon capture rates in /sup 12/C from the generalized Helm model," Physics Letters B, vol. 57B, no. 3, pp. 241--4, 1975.
Abstract: Partial capture rates in the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 12/C to nu /sub mu /+/sup 12/B are calculated using the generalized Helm model. The results are in good agreement with the recent experimental data. (19 References).
V. Devanathan and PR. Subramanian, "Recoil nuclear polarization in muon capture-effect of target thickness and finite range of nuclear recoils," Pramana-Journal of Physics, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 105--9, 1981.
Abstract: The effect of target thickness and finite range of nuclear recoils is investigated in the study of average and longitudinal polarizations of recoiling nuclei resulting from the capture of muons by spin zero target nuclei. (11 References).
S. Devons and I. Duerdoth, "Muonic atoms," in Nuclear physics, Advances in Vol.2, no. (M. Baranger and E. Vogt, eds.), pp. 295-418, 1969.
Abstract: Reviews the work of the past few years, which exploits the greater precision and higher resolution now possible and the attempts to interpret the new experimental results. While the implications of precision and resolution are distinct, they are not unrelated. One can deal sequentially with different aspects of the subject according according to the degrees of refinement which they require in treating the muon-nucleus interaction. Starting with the crudest interaction, that of a nuclear charge Ze with the muon, one treats successively: the influence of the finite extent of this charge; the multipole fields produced by the distributed nuclear charges and currents (treated as static fields); small modifications to such approximations attributable to the general dynamical properties of the nucleus; phenomena where both internal nuclear motion and muon motion must be treated together; and, finally, as an extreme example, situations where it is primarily a nuclear change with the muon playing a relatively passive role that is observed. (158 References).
W. Dey, B. Aas, P. Ebersold, R. Engfer, H. J. Leisi, H. K. Walter, F. Scheck, and WU. Schroeder, "Determination of nuclear spectroscopic quadrupole moment from muonic /sup 175/Lu and observation of quadrupole-hyperfine splitting in pionic /sup 175/Lu," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 924--5, 1972.
Abstract: "Abstract only given, substantially as follows. A new method to measure nuclear spectroscopic quadrupole moments is to observe the quadrupole splitting of excited states of the cascade in muonic atoms for which the splitting is large enough to be observed and at the same time the point-nucleus approximation is satisfied. Furthermore, the field gradient of the muon is precisely known and the magnetic dipole interaction can usually be neglected. From an experiment performed at the muon-channel of the CERN Synchrocyclotron with a parasitic beam, the authors have observed the quadrupole splitting of the 4f-3d X-ray transition in muonic /sup 175/Lu. A preliminary evaluation of the data gives a nuclear spectroscopic quadrupole moment of the ground state of /sup 175/Lu
W. Dey, P. Ebersold, H. J. Leisi, F. Scheck, F. Boehm, R. Engfer, R. Link, R. Michaelsen, B. Robert-Tissot, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, W. U. Schroder, J. L. Vuilleumier, H. K. Walter, and A. Zehnder, "Nuclear spectroscopic quadrupole moments of /sup 175/Lu and /sup 235/U: a new approach (using muonic atoms)," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 34, no. , pp. 582-3, 1973.
Abstract: The authors propose to measure spectroscopic (model-independent) quadrupole moments from the quadrupole splittings of excited states of muonic atoms for which the mean muon radius is large compared to the nuclear radius but a quadrupole splitting still can be observed experimentally. The dominant part of the quadrupole coupling constant may then be evaluated in the point nucleus approximation. The nuclear finite size effect, nuclear polarization and also effects of the dynamic quadrupole interaction are then small corrections. The splitting can thus be calculated from the spectroscopic quadrupole moment Q and the eigenfunction of the bound muon. They have observed the quadrupole splittings on the 5g-4f and the 4f-3d X-ray transitions in muonic /sup 175/Lu and /sup 235/U. The energy spectra are presented and analysed. (6 References).
W. Dey, P. Ebersold, H. J. Leisi, F. Scheck, F. Boehm, R. Engfer, R. Link, R. Michaelsen, B. Robert-Tissot, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, W. U. Schroder, J. L. Vuilleumier, H. K. Walter, and A. Zehnder, "Search for strong interaction quadrupole effect in the pionic atom of /sup 175/Lu," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 34, no. , pp. 584-5, 1973.
Abstract: The authors have observed the quadrupole splitting on the 5g-4f X-ray transition in pionic /sup 175/Lu. The intensities of the hfs lines have been calculated assuming a statistical distribution of the initial states. For all components Gaussian line profiles were assumed with the width as a free parameter. The only other important parameter in the fit is the effective quadrupole moment. They obtain Q/sub eff/=3.70+or-0.04b. (4 References).
W. Dey, P. Ebersold, H. J. Leisi, F. Scheck, H. K. Walter, and A. Zehnder, "Spectroscopic quadrupole moments from muonic X-ray transitions and the effect of strong interaction in pionic atoms. (/sup 175/Lu atoms)," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 93--6, 1974.
Abstract: Experiments on the quadrupole splitting in muonic and pionic /sup 175/Lu atoms were evaluated. The spectroscopic quadrupole moment was found to be (3.63/sub -0.07//sup +0.06/) b. The mean width of the pionic 5g-4f transition in /sup 175/Lu was shown to be beta 0.15/sub -0.05//sup +0.10/ keV. (4 References).
W. Dey, P. Ebersold, H. J. Leisi, F. Scheck, H. K. Walter, and A. Zehnder, "Nuclear spectroscopic ground-state quadrupole moments from muonic atoms: the quadrupole moment of /sup 175/Lu," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A326, no. 2-3, pp. 418--44, 1979.
Abstract: The authors have measured the quadrupole splittings of the 4f to 3d, 5f to 3d and 5g to 4f X-ray transitions in muonic /sup 175/Lu. These states whose size is large compared to the nuclear dimensions are very much hydrogen-like. Hence the quadrupole splittings is almost exclusively determined by the nuclear spectroscopic quadrupole moment Q. The small corrections due to the finite nuclear size, dynamical nuclear excitation and nuclear polarization, vacuum polarization and the M1 and E4 hyperfine interactions are investigated in detail. The ground-state quadrupole moment of /sup 175/Lu is determined to be Q=+3.49+or-0.02 b. The prediction of the rigid rotar model is tested by combining Q with recently measured B(E2) values. From the h.f.s. of the 3d/sub 5/2/ state the hexadecapole moment of /sup 175/Lu is estimated to be Pi approximately=0+or-0.02 b/sup 2/. The quadrupole structure of the 3d+or-2p and 2p+or-1s transitions have also been measured. By the method described, precise spectroscopic quadrupole moments from muonic atoms can be obtained. (38 References).
Giacomo A. Di, "A sensitive test of quantum electrodynamics the 2S-2P energy difference of muonic hydrogen," Nuclear Physics B, vol. b11, no. 2, pp. 411--27, 1969.
Abstract: The 2S and 2P energy levels of muonic hydrogen are evaluated with an accuracy of the order of the width produced by the 2P-1S decay. It is shown that a measurement of the 2S-2P transition frequencies with this accuracy would give a precise determination of order alpha and order alpha /sup 2/ electron vacuum polarization effects, thus providing a very good test of quantum electrodynamics. (17 References).
T. H. V. T. Dias, F. P. Santos, A. D. Stauffer, and C. A. N. Conde, "Monte Carlo simulation of x--ray absorption and electron drift in gaseous xenon," Physical Review A, vol. 48, pp. 2887--2902, 1993.
S. A. Diddams and others, "Direct link between microwave and optical frequencies with a 300THz femtosecond laser comb," Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, pp. 5102--5105, 2000.
H. Dilger, E. Roduner, M. Stolmar, I. D. Reid, D. G. Fleming, D. J. Arseneau, J. J. Pan, M. Senba, and M. Shelley, "Why ALC mu SR is superior for gas-phase radical spectroscopy," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 106, no. 1-4, pp. 137--42, 1997.
Abstract: ALC mu SR spectra of the muonated ethyl and cyclohexadienyl radicals in the gas phase are reported. They have surprisingly narrow lines for a magnetic resonance type technique under conditions near ambient temperature and near 1 atmosphere pressure. The main reason for this behavior is the dramatic reduction of electron spin relaxation in high magnetic fields. (14 References).
M. Dineikhan and GV. Efimov, "Quantum mechanics of bound states in the oscillator representation," Fizika Elementarnykh Chastits i Atomnogo Yadra, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 651--718, 1995.
Abstract: A method is formulated for calculating the energies of two- and three-body systems of ground states and of orbital and radial excited states. The perturbation series is rapidly convergent; i.e., the corrections associated with the interaction Hamiltonian are sufficiently small. In particular, the results of calculations for anharmonic potentials show that the zeroth approximation of the oscillator representation agrees with the exact values with good accuracy. Methods of calculating the energy spectra of relativistic Schrodinger equations are presented. The region of stability is established for a three-body Coulomb system of particles with unit charge as a function of the particle masses. The ground-state energies of muonic molecules of light nuclei are calculated, and the critical value of the nuclear charge is determined. (61 References).
M. Dineykhan and GV. Efimov, "Mesic molecules of light nuclei in the oscillator representation," Modern Physics Letters A, vol. 9, no. 23, pp. 2083--95, 1994.
Abstract: The mesic molecules (H mu N/sub z/), where H is the hydrogen isotopes (p,d,t) and N/sub z/ are nuclei with charges Z=2,3,4,... and masses M/sub z/=2Zm/sub p/, are studied. The energy values of the ground state for the mesic molecules of light nuclei have been calculated by using the oscillator representation method. The dependence of the binding energies of the muonic molecules on nuclear charges and the critical values of nuclear charges are obtained. (12 References).
M. Dineykhan and GV. Efimov, "The oscillator representation and the stability of three-body Coulomb systems," Few-Body Systems, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 59--90, 1994.
Abstract: Within nonrelativistic quantum mechanics the Wick-ordering method, called the oscillator representation, is suggested for calculating the energy spectrum for a wide class of potentials allowing the existence of a bound state. As test cases, anharmonic (V(r)=r/sup 2 sigma /) and screened Coulomb potentials are considered. In particular, the method is applied to three-body Coulomb systems to obtain the dependence of the bound-state energy on the masses and charges of the particles. The calculations of the bound-state energies for the molecules H/sup -/=(pee), H/sub 2//sup +/=(ppe), (e/sup -/e/sup -/e/sup +/) and (pp mu ), (dd mu ), (dt mu ) prove the accuracy of the zeroth approximation to be better than one per cent. For the three-body Coulomb system with charges +, -, - and arbitrary masses the region of stability is determined. For the systems (pe/sup -/C/sup +/), (A/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup +/), and (pB/sup -/e/sup -/) the critical masses are calculated to be M/sub C/=1.945m/sub e/, M/sub A/=4.350m/sub e/ and M/sub B/=1.575m/sub e/. It turns out that the system (pe/sup -/e/sup +/) is unstable. (31 References).
P. C. Divari, J. D. Vergados, T. S. Kosmas, and LD. Skouras, "The exotic double-charge exchange mu /sup -/ to e/sup +/ conversion in nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A703, no. 1-2, pp. 409--31, 2002.
Abstract: The formalism for the neutrinoless ( mu /sup -/,e/sup +/) conversion is investigated in detail and the relevant nuclear matrix elements for light intermediate neutrinos in the case of /sup 27/Al( mu /sup -/,e/sup +/)/sup 27/Na are calculated. The nucleus /sup 27/Al is going to be used as a stopping target in the MECO experiment at Brookhaven, one of the most sensitive probes expected to reach a sensitivity in the branching ratio of the order 10/sup -16/ within the next few years. The relevant transition operators are constructed utilizing a variety of mechanisms present in current gauge theories, with emphasis on the intermediate neutrinos, both light and heavy, and heavy SUSY particles. The nuclear wave functions, both for the initial state and all excited final states are obtained in the framework of 1s-0d shell model employing the wellknown and tested Wildenthal realistic interaction. In the case of the light intermediate neutrinos the transition rates to all excited final states up to 25 MeV in energy are calculated. We find that the imaginary part of the amplitude is dominant. The total rate is calculated by summing over all these partial transition strengths. We also find that the rate due to the real part of the amplitude is much smaller than the corresponding quantity found previously by the closure approximation. (42 References).
M. S. Dixit, H. L. Anderson, C. K. Hargrove, R. J. McKee, D. Kessler, H. Mes, and AC. Thompson, "Experimental test of the theory of muonic atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 27, no. 13, pp. 878--81, 1971.
Abstract: Muonic X-rays have been measured in the energy region 150 to 440 keV in nine elements with an absolute precision of 15 to 21 eV for transitions with small nuclear effects. Calculated transition energies were found to be consistently larger than those measured by an amount that varied from 15+or-16 eV at 157 keV to 137+or-22 eV at 438 keV. For these transitions, the principal correction to the Dirac energy is the vacuum polarization. The discrepancy, however, lies outside the expected validity of quantum-electrodynamic calculations and we are unable, at present, to offer an explanation for this effect. (17 References).
M. S. Dixit, A. L. Carter, E. P. Hineks, D. Kessler, J. S. Wadden, C. K. Hargrove, R. J. McKee, H. Mes, and HL. Anderson, "New muonic-atom test of vacuum polarisation," Physical Review Letters, vol. 35, no. 24, pp. 1633--5, 1975.
Abstract: The higher order quantum electrodynamic corrections to energy level calculations for muonic atoms are tested by measurements of transitions in muonic Pb and Ba. The experimental results for vacuum polarisation agree well with theory. (15 References).
R. M. Djilkibaev and VM. Lobashev, "The solenoid muon capture system for the MELC experiment," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 53-60, 1996.
Abstract: A solenoid capture system for the MELC experiment in which the efficiency of soft muon generation from the primary proton (600 MeV) is 10/sup -4/ in comparison with 10/sup -8/ for ordinary schemes has been proposed. Both signs of muons with an intensity 10/sup 11/ mu /sup -//sec for the negative and 2*10/sup 11/ mu /sup +//sec for the positive component can be generated by a pulsed proton beam with an average current up to approximately= 200 mu A. A detailed 3-D calculation of the magnetic field for the MELC setup is presented. Production of muons from pion decay in the solenoid capture system is studied. The target lifetime and radiation condition of the superconducting coil are considered. (7 References).
VF. Dmitriev, "Electroproduction of pions on nuclei in bound states. (Mesic atoms)," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 124--7, 1971.
Abstract: It is known that study of pi -mesic atoms is one of the most sensitive methods of investigating the structure of the nucleus. However, the usual method of formation of pi -mesic atoms by capture of stopped (stopping) pions has one fundamental shortcoming. The point is that the probability of the capture of the pion by the nucleus increases with Z more rapidly than the probability of the radiative transition, and therefore, starting with a certain Z, transitions to states with lower orbital angular momentum cannot be seen. Thus, for example, the 2p-1s transition is indiscernible already starting with Z=12, and the transition 3d-2p starting with Z=27. Yet greatest interest attaches to just the levels with small l and n, since their parameters are most sensitive to the interaction of the pion with the nucleus. It is therefore meaningful to consider an experiment on the production of a pion immediately in the bound state of the mesic atom. This experiment supplements all the available experiments and makes it possible to obtain data on the s-levels of mesic atoms with large Z.
VF. Dmitriev, "pi -mesoatom electroproduction," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 800--4, 1973.
Abstract: The pi /sup -/-meson electroproduction into bound states of a mesoatom is calculated. The background from two-nucleon splitting of the nucleus is estimated. It is shown that the ratio of the cross section of the effect to that of the background may be of the order of approximately 1 in the region of light nuclei.
VF. Dmitriev, "Electroproduction of muonic atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 402--6, 1974.
Abstract: An expression is obtained for the total cross section of the electroproduction of muonic atoms on nuclei, as well as for the spectrum of positive muons. Various applications of this process for experiments in region of the low-energy nuclear physics are considered. (2 References).
V. F. Dmitriev and PN. Isaev, "Electroproduction of mu mesoatoms on heavy nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1162--7, 1980.
Abstract: The effect of the finite nuclear size on the direct electroproduction of mu mesoatoms is considered. The dependence of the cross section on Z and A is estimated; sigma (Z,A) approximately A-/sup 4///sub 3/ sigma /sub c/(Z), where sigma /sub c/(Z) is the cross section in the case of the Coulomb center. The cross section for the ground state of /sup 244/Pu is obtained numerically and is found to be sigma =6.1*10/sup -9/bn=10/sup -4/ sigma /sub c/(Pu). (4 References).
V. F. Dmitriev and VB. Telitsin, "The influence of the spin-orbit quasiparticle interaction on the magnetic properties of nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A402, no. 3, pp. 581--95, 1983.
Abstract: The influence of a two-particle spin-orbit interaction on the magnetic dipole and octupole moments, M1, M2 and M4 transitions and on the hyperfine structure in muonic atoms is investigated. The main effect of the spin-orbit interaction arises from its velocity dependence. The description of the allowed transitions becomes better in the presence of the spin-orbit corrections. The l-forbidden transitions are not reproduced. (30 References).
T. A. Dmitrieva, Z. Oziewicz, and A. Pikulski, "Gamma-neutrino correlation in muon capture in /sup 14/N," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A155, no. 1, pp. 205--8, 1970.
Abstract: The capture rate and the gamma-neutrino angular correlation for the process /sup 14/N(1/sup +/)/sup mu -/ to /sup 14/C*(2/sup +/)/sup gamma / to /sup 14/C(0/sup +/) is calculated taking into account the second-forbidden terms and it is shown that the inclusion of these terms is necessary.
Dang G. Do, "On the closure approximation in the study of muon capture by nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 38B, no. 6, pp. 397--400, 1972.
Abstract: A method is developed which allows one to calculate the total capture rate of muons by nuclei in a modified closure approximation in such a way that the result is approximately independent of the average neutrino energy adopted. (10 References).
M. Dobeli, M. Doser, Elmbt L. van, M. Schaad, P. Truol, A. Bay, J. P. Perroud, and J. Imazato, "Experimental results on radiative muon capture in complex nuclei," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B36, no. 3, pp. 386--9, 1986.
Abstract: Experimental results for the radiative muon capture branching ratio in several nuclei and the photon-muon spin asymmetry in /sup 40/Ca are reported. For the measurements a two arm NaI-spectrometer is used. Apart from /sup 26/O and /sup 40/Ca, where the authors confirm previous results, new data on /sup 12/C, /sup 56/Fe, /sup 165/Ho and /sup 209/Bi are presented. No available theoretical models explain all the data consistently. The preliminary results for the asymmetry measurements, obtained using a stroboscopic method are in agreement with previous measurements and with theoretical calculations. (13 References).
M. Dobeli, M. Doser, Elmbt L. van, M. Schaad, P. Truol, A. Bay, J. P. Perroud, and J. Imazato, "Radiative muon capture and the induced pseudoscalar coupling in nuclei," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium, (HV. Klapdor, ed.), pp. 822--30, 1986.
Abstract: The authors have started a series of experiments with two principal goals. The measurement of photon spectra for various other targets ranging from /sup 12/C to /sup 209/Bi should shed light on the question of whether the induced pseudoscalar coupling is indeed enhanced in lighter and suppressed in heavier nuclear systems. Secondly the photon-muon spin angular correlation asymmetry parameter Gamma gamma seems to be less dependent on the model used to describe the initial and the nonobserved final nuclear states than the photon yield. Thus a more precise determination of this quantity aims at eliminating the uncertainties arising from the assumed nuclear response in /sup 40/Ca. (20 References).
M. Dobeli, M. Doser, Elmbt L. van, M. W. Schaad, P. Truol, A. Bay, J. P. Perroud, J. Imazato, and T. Ishikawa, "Radiative muon capture in nuclei," Physical Review C, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 1633--46, 1988.
Abstract: The energy spectra of photons following negative muon absorption in /sup 12/C, /sup 16/O, /sup 27/Al, /sup 40/Ca, /sup nat/Fe, /sup 165/Ho, and /sup 209/Bi have been measured with two NaI spectrometers. The branching ratios for the emission of high energy photons give information on the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant g/sub p/ in nuclear matter. The data for light nuclei are in agreement with the theoretical calculations using the nucleonic value of g/sub p/ approximately=7g/sub A/ predicted by the partially conserved axial vector current hypothesis, while significantly lower values of g/sub p/ are required to fit the data of the heavier elements with presently existing theoretical predictions. Disregarding the remaining theoretical uncertainties, these results can be interpreted as a further indication of the renormalization of the nucleonic form factors inside the nucleus. (36 References).
YuP Dobretsov, B. A. Dolgoshein, and VG. Kirillov-Ugryumov, "Munucleon atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 19, no. 1-4, pp. 845--56, 1984.
Abstract: Presents the consideration of problems concerning formation and observation of munucleon atoms produced by the capture of negative muon by atoms of noble gases by means of the mu SR-method. (22 References).
L. R. Dodd and Roy MN. Sinha, "Off-shell contributions to the energy shift in the pi -d atom," Physics Letters B, vol. 84B, no. 4, pp. 389--92, 1979.
Abstract: The validity of the usual zero-energy approximation relating the energy shift and the scattering length in pionic atoms is examined for the case of the pion-deuteron system. A form of three-body perturbation theory is used to derive an expansion for the energy shift directly in terms of the off-shell pion-nucleon amplitudes. With the help of separable models to determine the off-shell behaviour of the pion-nucleon amplitudes in the S/sub 11/ and S/sub 13/ channels, results of numerical calculations of the energy shift are compared with the zero-energy approximation. The errors caused by firstly neglecting the momentum spread in the atomic wavefunction of the pion, and secondly by the off-shell variation of the pion-nucleon t-matrices are found to be significant. (9 References).
G. E. Dogotar, YuA Salganik, and RA. Eramzhyan, "Muon capture by a deuteron," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 472--8, 1975.
Abstract: Absorption of muons by deuteron is considered. The following properties are investigated: velocity of the capture, the energy spectrum and asymmetry of angular distribution for neutrons. Results are presented for three cases of the initial state of the muonic atom: doublet state, quartet state, and the statistical level population. (9 References).
G. E. Dogotar, YuA Salganic, and RA. Eramzhyan, "Neutron asymmetry in muon capture by few-nucleon systems," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B25, no. 3, pp. 276--8, 1975.
Abstract: Importance of the velocity dependent terms upon the form of the energy dependence of the neutron asymmetry in muon capture by deuterons is demonstrated. (3 References).
G. E. Dogotar' and RA. Eramzhyan, "Differential spectra of neutrons from muon capture by deuterium," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 483--90, 1977.
Abstract: The differential spectrum of neutrons emitted in the capture of muons by deuterons are studied. The dependence of the spectrum upon the nn scattering length and upon the induced pseudoscalar interaction constant is analysed. (9 References).
G. E. Dogotar' and RA. Eramzhyan, "Muon capture by deuteron and proton and the muon-nucleon coupling constants," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1042--50, 1977.
Abstract: Experimental data on muon capture in hydrogen and deuterium are analysed. Domains of possible values of the induced pseudoscalar and the axial coupling constants are established from the data on the capture from the singlet state of meso-hydrogen, ortho-state of meso-molecular ion and the doublet state of meso-deuterium. The results are in reasonable agreement with the predictions of the theory of weak interactions. (20 References).
G. E. Dogotar, R. A. Eramzhyan, H. R. Kissener, and RA. Sakaev, "Partial transitions in radiative pion capture on light atomic nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A282, no. 3, pp. 474--86, 1977.
Abstract: The partial transitions in radiative pion capture on light nuclei are studied within the shell model with intermediate coupling. The probabilities of capture from s- and p-states of a mesoatom and the total yield of gamma -quanta have been calculated and compared with experimental data. (26 References).
G. E. Dogotar, R. A. Eramzhyan, and E. Truklik, "Exchange currents and extraction of a/sub nn/ and g/sub p/ from negative muon capture in deuterium," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A326, no. 2-3, pp. 225--43, 1979.
Abstract: It is shown that the value of the neutron-neutron scattering length a/sub nn/ extracted from the normalized differential neutron spectra measured in the reaction mu /sup -/+d to 2n+ nu /sub mu / can be changed by up to approximately=-0.07 fm by the axial meson exchange current (MEC) effects, this being comparable in magnitude to the error in a/sub nn/ due to the uncertainty of 0.2 fm in r/sub nn/. The kinematical region is found where the influence of these effects on the extraction of a/sub nn/ is minimal. Due to the MEC effects, the value of g/sub p/ obtained from the ratio of the quadruplet Gamma /sub q/ to the doublet Gamma /sub d/ transition rate is changed by approximately=0.5 g/sub A/. The authors also confirm that the normalized neutron spectra are sensitive to a reasonably small variation of a/sub nn/. (30 References).
C. Dohmen, K-D Groth, B. Heer, W. Honecker, G. Otter, B. Steinrucken, P. Wintz, V. Djordjadze, J. Hofmann, T. Kozlowski, S. Playfer, W. Bertl, J. Egger, W. Herold, B. Krause, H. K. Walter, R. Engfer, C. Findeisen, M. Grossman-Handschin, E. A. Hermes, F. Muheim, C. B. Neibuhr, H. S. Pruys, L. Ricken, D. Vermeulen, and der Schaaf A. van, "Test of lepton-flavour conservation in mu to e conversion on titanium," Physics Letters B, vol. 317, no. 4, pp. 631--6, 1993.
Abstract: A search for mu to e conversion in muonic atoms is being performed at PSI with the SINDRUM II spectrometer. A first measurement on Ti gives upper limits on the branching ratios for the ground-state transitions of Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti to e/sup -/T/sup g.s.// Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti capture) [left angle bracket]4.3*10/sup -12/ and Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti to e/sup +/Ca/sup g.s./)/ Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti capture)[left angle bracket]4.3*10/sup -12/ (90% confidence). With the assumption of a giant resonance excitation of the Ca nucleus the limit on the total rate for mu /sup -/ to e/sup +/ conversion is Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti to e/sup +/Ca*)/ Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti capture)[left angle bracket]8.9*10/sup -11/. (29 References).
M. Doi, T. Sato, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Effect of meson exchange current on deuteron muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A511, no. 3-4, pp. 507--24, 1990.
Abstract: The effect of meson exchange current was investigated on the energy spectrum of the emitted neutron and the asymmetric angular distribution of the neutrino in muon capture in the deuteron, mu /sup -/d to n+n+ nu . The authors adopt the one-pion and one-rho-meson exchange model and the Siegert theorem for electric multipole amplitude in order to satisfy phenomenologically the vector-current conservation relation. They found a large effect of the meson exchange current on the neutron energy spectrum, particularly at high energies, in the muon capture from doublet and quartet hyperfine states. The asymmetry coefficient of the neutrino is also affected significantly by the exchange current in the muon capture from the doublet hyperfine state, but not from the quartet state. (28 References).
M. Doi, T. Sato, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Muon capture in hyperfine states of muonic deuterium," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 13--16, 1991.
Abstract: Muon capture rates from the doublet and quartet states are carefully studied as the functions of the pi N Delta coupling constants, c/sub 0/ and d/sub 1/, and the induced pseudoscalar form factor g/sub P/. Evaluation of the exchange current effects is still sensitive to the magnitudes of c/sub 0/ and d/sub 1/, although there are almost no ambiguities due to nuclear structure. The authors found that the ratio of the capture rates from these two hyperfine states is insensitive to c/sub 0/ and d/sub 1/, but fairly sensitive to g/sub P/. This is very useful to test PCAC in detail. (8 References).
V. K. Dolinov, GYa Korenman, I. V. Moskalenko, and VP. Popov, "Atomic capture of negative muons and hadrons in helium," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 169--82, 1989.
Abstract: Collisions of slow negative heavy particles M/sup -/ with He atoms are considered using the semiclassical approximation for quantum coupling equations taking into account the two-particle channel M/sup -/+He and the ionization channels M/sup -/+He/sup +/+e. The ionization and atomic-capture cross sections are calculated. The kinetic characteristics of slowing-down and atomic capture of the particles in helium are obtained. The results for stopping power and slowing-down time of muons in helium are compared with the experimental data. (15 References).
T. W. Donnelly and JD. Walecka, "Electromagnetic and weak interactions with nuclei: one-body densities in /sup 6/Li," Physics Letters B, vol. 44B, no. 4, pp. 330--4, 1973.
Abstract: Elastic and inelastic magnetic electron scattering and other electromagnetic data, are used to accurately determine one-body densities (and wave functions) for the valence nucleons in /sup 6/Li. Semi-leptonic weak processes are then analyzed in an essentially model-independent way. (15 References).
TW. Donnelly, "Semi-leptonic weak and electromagnetic interactions in nuclei," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 454-67, 1975.
Abstract: The author's emphasis is on neutrino reactions in nuclear systems at intermediate energies. In a unified analysis the electromagnetic interactions are used to probe the nucleus and to define its physics as fully as possible, yielding a set of nuclear amplitudes which are also common to the weak processes; the quality of extracted amplitudes is tested by comparison with predicted beta-decay and muon capture rates; and the charged neutrino and antineutrino reaction and neutral-current neutrino and antineutrino scattering cross-sections are then predicted. Selected results of calculation are plotted and discussed. (9 References).
T. W. Donnelly, J. Dubach, and WC. Haxton, "Semi-leptonic weak and electromagnetic interactions in the Goldhaber-Teller model," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A251, no. 3, pp. 353--84, 1975.
Abstract: The authors employ the Goldhaber-Teller model in an investigation of semi-leptonic weak and electromagnetic excitations in a series of doubly even light nuclei. They examine electron scattering, a comprehensive set of weak interactions ( mu -capture, beta -decay, neutrino-induced reactions, muon-induced reactions) with particular emphasis on the identification of second-class tensor current effects, and inelastic neutrino scattering via neutral current interactions. (27 References).
C. Dorrer, F. Nez, B. de Beauvoir, L. Julien, and F. Biraben, "Accurate measurement of the $2^3 S_1 - 3^3 D_1$ two photon transition frequency in helium: new determination of the $2^3 S_1$ Lamb shift," Physical Review Letters, vol. 78, pp. 3658--3661, 1997.
CB. Dover, "A density expansion of the pion-nucleus optical potential. II. Second order terms," Annals of Physics, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 441--79, 1973.
Abstract: For pt.I, see abstr. A63652 of 1971. The second order terms in a density expansion of the pion optical potential V/sub opt/ are evaluated quantitatively. The coefficients of these terms are proportional to various combinations of on- and off-shell nucleon-nucleon T-matrices, averaged over the distribution of two nucleon relative momenta in the Fermi sea. The on-shell contributions can be obtained directly from experimental phase shifts, but the calculation of the off-shell-parts requires a model for the nucleon-nucleon potential. A number of realistic local and nonlocal, separable potentials are considered which fit nucleon-nucleon phase shifts, in order to study the variations in V/sub opt/ which arise from differences in the off-shell behavior of T. Absorptive (imaginary) and dispersive (real) contributions to V/sub opt/ which are of comparable magnitude are found. The results are compared with empirical potentials obtained by fitting energy level shifts and widths in pi-mesic atoms, as well as theoretical estimates based on threshold cross sections for the processes pi +N+N to or from N+N. (19 References).
M. Doyama, R. Yamamoto, Y. Suzuki, R. Nakai, T. Hatano, T. Natsui, E. Sato, and H. Fujiwara, "Study of metallic materials by positive muons," Journal of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, vol. 21, pp. 56-7, 1983.
Abstract: Vacancies in nonstoichiometric compounds Al-Ni and Cu-Al trap positive muons at room temperature. The formation energy of a vacancy was determined to be 0.7 eV by the quantitative analysis of the trapping model. The diffusion of positive muons in zirconium and vanadium hydrides was also studied. In aluminum dilute alloys quenched from higher temperatures three peaks in the depolarization were found (Peak I, II, III). Peak I and III are due to the trapping and detrapping of muons from impurities and vacancies, respectively. Peak II is probably due to the trapping and detrapping of muons at impurity vacancy clusters. (18 References).
RJ. Drachman, "Nonrelativistic hyperfine splitting in muonic helium by adiabatic perturbation theory," Physical Review A, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1755--7, 1980.
Abstract: Huang and Hughes (1980) have recently discussed the hyperfine splitting Delta nu of muonic helium ( alpha /sup ++/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/) using a variational approach. In the paper, the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is used to simplify the evaluation of Delta nu in the nonrelativistic limit. The first-order perturbed wave function of the electron is obtained in closed form by slightly modifying the method used by Dalgarno and Lynn (1957). The result Delta nu =4450 MHz, is quite close to the published result of Huang and Hughes 4455.2+or-1 MHz, which required a very large Hylleraas expansion as well as considerable extrapolation. (12 References).
RJ. Drachman, "A new global operator for two-particle delta functions," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 14, no. 16, pp. 2733--8, 1981.
Abstract: A new type of global operator to be used in evaluating matrix elements of two-particle delta functions is introduced. It is based, like the Trivedi (1980) one-particle operator, on the Poisson equation and is easier to apply than the method of Hiller et al. (1978). After a test in the helium isoelectronic sequence, the new method is applied successfully to the interesting problem of hyperfine structure in muonic helium. (13 References).
RJ. Drachman, "Hyperfine structure in muonic helium: excited states," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 16, no. 23, pp. L749-51, 1983.
Abstract: Two approximate methods for evaluating the hyperfine splitting in the ground state of muonic helium are extended to states in which the muon (but not the electron) is excited. Simple, analytic expressions are given correct to first order in the electron-muon mass ratio, for any state and for both /sup 4/He and/sup 3/He. The result agrees with the value given by Amusia et al. (1983) for the /sup 4/He 2s state. (12 References).
W. F. Drake and LL. Byer, "Lamb shifts and fine-structure splittings for the muonic ions mu /sup -/-Li, mu /sup -/-Be, and mu /sup -/-B: a proposed experiment," Physical Review A, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 713--19, 1985.
Abstract: Detailed calculations are presented for the energy splittings of the states 2s/sub 1/2/-2p/sub 1/2/ and 2s/sub 1/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ for the muonic ions mu /sup -/-Li, mu /sup -/-Be, and mu /sup -/-B obtained by numerical integration of the Dirac equation. It is shown that there is severe cancellation between the vacuum polarization and finite nuclear size contributions to the energy differences, leading to transition frequencies which lie in the visible region of the spectrum. As a consequence of the cancellation, a measurement of the transition frequency would provide a sensitive probe of nuclear size and structure. The system mu /sup -/-/sup 7/Li appears to offer particularly good possibilities for performing such an experiment. (25 References).
G. W. F. Drake, J. Patel, and A. van Wijngaarden, "High--precision anisotropy measurement of the Lamb shift in He$^+$," Physical Review Letters, vol. 60, pp. 1002--1005, 1988.
A. E. Drebushko, V. V. Filchenkov, and A. I. Rudenko, "Analysis methods in the novel manner of the study of multiple muon catalysis process," JINR Preprint E15--97--8, 1997.
E. G. Drukarev and MI. Strikman, "Final-state interaction of beta electrons and related phenomena," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 1160--71, 1986.
Abstract: The final-state interaction of a beta electron with atomic electrons has been calculated to accuracy ( alpha Z/ nu )/sup 2/. It is shown that previous studies devoted to the final-state interaction have not taken into account all diagrams contributing in the first nonvanishing approximation. Correct allowance for the final-state interaction makes it impossible to explain the discrepancy between the theory and the experimental results of Simpson by emission of a neutrino. The influence of the final-state interaction on the value of G/sub V//sup 2/ obtained from superallowed 0/sup +/ to 0/sup +/ transitions is investigated. The correction for final-state interactions to the decay probabilities of tritium, muonium, muonic atoms and pionium is calculated. (23 References).
J. F. Dubach, E. J. Moniz, and GD. Nixon, "Dynamical polarization in pionic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 725--43, 1979.
Abstract: Dynamical nuclear polarization occurs in pionic atoms when a nuclear excitation of appropriate multipolarity is nearly degenerate with de-excitation of a pion atomic level. This phenomenon has been studied in several nuclei, one goal being to test the pion optical potential for pion atomic states normally 'hidden' because of pion absorption. The authors find that, in addition to Coulomb mixing of the atomic and nuclear levels, strong interaction mixing and nuclear excitations above the lowest collective quadrupole mode are important for understanding the experimental results. All cases except /sup 110/Pd can then be understood. For /sup 110/Pd additional nuclear structure information is needed to determine whether or not the conventional pion optical potential will suffice again. They discuss the sensitivity of dynamical polarization measurements to the parameters of the optical potential and to various aspects of nuclear structure. In particular, they find that pionic /sup 150/Sm provides a test of the interacting boson model and that the difference in neutron and proton radii predicted by Hartree-Fock calculations affects the mixing appreciably. (30 References).
T. Dubler, R. Engfer, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, H. K. Walter, and JK. Vuilleumier, "Nuclear charge radii from X-ray transitions in muonic C, O and N," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics, (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), 1973.
Abstract: Energies of muonic X-rays permit an almost model independent determination of nuclear root mean square (rms) radii for light and medium nuclei, which can be compared to those obtained from elastic electron scattering experiments at low momentum transfer. In the present experiment the X-ray energies of the K series of C, N and O up to the 6p-1s transition are determined with an accuracy of +or-15 eV from which rms radii are deduced comparable in precision to the electron scattering data. Muons from the CERN muon channel were stopped in a target, which contained 70 gr dimethylglyoxim (C/sub 4/H/sub 8/N/sub 2/O/sub 2/) and 18 gr rhodium powder. (0 References).
T. Dubler, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, R. Engfer, J. L. Vuilleumier, H. K. Walter, A. Zehnder, and B. Fricke, "Nuclear charge radii from X-ray transitions in muonic atoms of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A219, no. 1, pp. 29--38, 1974.
Abstract: Energies of muonic X-rays of the K-series of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen have been measured with an accuracy of about 15 eV. Root mean square radii of the nuclear charge distributions were deduced. The results 2.49+or-0.05 fm for carbon, 2.55+or-0.03 fm for nitrogen and 2.71+or-0.02 fm for oxygen are in good agreement at comparable accuracy with recent electron scattering data. (31 References).
T. Dubler, K. Kaser, B. Robert-Tissot, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Chemical effects in muonic nitrogen," Physics Letters A, vol. 57A, no. 4, pp. 325--7, 1976.
Abstract: Lyman series of muonic nitrogen have been measured in BN, NaNO/sub 2/ and NaNO/sub 3/. Changes seen in the muonic X-ray intensity structures and the capture ratios may be attributed to the variation of the electron density in the valence shells. (14 References).
T. Dubler, K. Kaeser, B. Robert-Tissot, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Precision test of vacuum polarization in heavy muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A294, no. 3, pp. 397--416, 1978.
Abstract: In order to test the QED corrections, and in particular the vacuum polarization, muonic 4f-3d transitions in Ba and Ce and 5g-4f transitions in Tl and Pb have been measured using Ge(Li) detectors. An absolute energy accuracy of +or-8 eV corresponding to a relative error of 17-19 ppm has been obtained. The experimental energies agree with theory within the total uncertainty of +or-10 eV. This corresponds to a test of the QED vacuum polarization calculations of between 0.35% and 0.50%. (35 References).
T. Dubler, K. Kaser, B. Robert-Tissot, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Muonic Roentgen intensities in phosphorus and selenium allotropes," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 396--7, 1980.
Abstract: Summary form only given, as follows. Measurements on allotropic modifications of phosphorus (white, black and red) and of selenium (black and red) have shown that the muonic Roentgen intensity of a muon cascading in the electron cloud depends on the structural environment of the atom. The intensity relations of the K series between amorphous and crystalline modifications of the same element are slightly diminished with increasing exit level. In the modifications of selenium a structural effect is found in the K series of the same order of magnitude (m=(44+or-14).10/sup -3/). The two crystalline modifications of phosphorus on the other hand show constant intensity relations within the limits of measurement. (0 References).
D. Dúchs and T. Hellsten, "Status and prospects of controlled thermonuclear fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, pp. 577--594, 1993.
J. Duclos, "A new measurement of the muon capture rate in liquid hydrogen," in Exotic Atoms '79. Fundamental Interactions and Structure of Matter. Proceedings of the Second Course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms, (K. Crowe, J. Duclos, G. Fiorentini, and G. Torelli, eds.), pp. 39-44, 1980.
Abstract: Describes an experiment for measurement of muon capture rate which avoids the neutron detection problem by comparing accurately the mu /sup -/ and mu /sup +/ lifetimes in liquid hydrogen. The comparison of the lifetime of neutrons from mu capture and electrons from mu decay, also resolves uncertainties about the initial state of the p mu p molecule. The principle of the experiment is described and some preliminary results are given. (13 References).
A. Dupays, B. Lepetit, J. A. Beswick, C. Rizzo, and D. Bakalov, "Calculation of muon transfer from muonic hydrogen to atomic oxygen," Physical Review A, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 62505--1--6, 2003.
Abstract: The muon-transfer probabilities between muonic hydrogen and an oxygen atom are calculated in a constrained geometry one-dimensional model for collision energies between 10/sup -6/ and 10/sup 3/ eV. For relative translational energies below 10/sup -1/ eV, for which the de Broglie wavelength ([right angle bracket]1 AA) is much larger than the characteristic distance of the potential interaction (~0.1 AA), the problem corresponds to an ultracold collision. The close-coupling time-independent quantum equations are written in terms of hyperspherical coordinates and a diabatic-by-sectors basis set. The muon-transfer probabilities are qualitatively interpreted in terms of a model involving two Landau-Zener crossings together with the threshold energy dependence. Based on this analysis, a simple procedure to estimate the energy dependence of the muon-transfer rate in three dimensions is proposed. These estimated rates are discussed in the light of previous model calculations and available experimental data for this process. It is concluded that the high transfer rates at epithermal energies inferred from experiments are unlikely to be correct. (20 References).
A. Dupays, B. Lepetit, J. A. Beswick, C. Rizzo, and D. Bakalov, "Hyperspherical elliptic coordinate treatment of muon transfer from muonic hydrogen to atomic oxygen," Physical Review A, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 62506--1--5, 2003.
Abstract: Quantum-mechanical calculations of muon transfer between muonic hydrogen and an oxygen nuclei for s waves and collision energies in the range 10/sup -3/-10/sup 3/ eV are presented. Close-coupling time-independent Schrodinger equations, written in terms of hyperspherical elliptic coordinates, were integrated along the hyperradius to obtain the partial and total muon-transfer probabilities. The results show the expected Wigner-Bethe threshold behavior up to collision energies of the order of 10/sup -2/ eV and pronounced maxima at 10/sup 2/ eV which can be interpreted in terms of crossings between potential energy curves corresponding to the entrance channel state ( mu p)/sub 1s/+O and two product channels which asymptotically correlate to p+(O mu )/sub n=5,6/. The population of the final states with different orbital angular momenta is found to be essentially independent of energy in the range considered in this work. This can be attributed to a strong selection rule for the conservation of the quantum number associated with one of the elliptic hyperangles. (14 References).
A. Dupays, A. Beswick, B. Lepetit, C. Rizzo, and D. Bakalov, "Proton zemach radius from measurements of the hyperfine splitting of hydrogen and muonic hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 68, no. 5, pp. 52503--1--5, 2003.
Abstract: While measurements of the hyperfine structure of hydrogen-like atoms are traditionally regarded as test of bound-state QED, we assume that theoretical QED predictions are accurate and discuss the information about the electromagnetic structure of protons that could be extracted from the experimental values of the ground state hyperfine splitting in hydrogen and muonic hydrogen. Using recent theoretical results on the proton polarizability effects and the experimental hydrogen hyperfine splitting we obtain for the Zemach radius of the proton the value 1.037(16) fm. We compare it to the various theoretical estimates the uncertainty of which is shown to be larger than 0.016 fm. This point of view gives quite convincing arguments in support of projects to measure the hyperfine splitting of muonic hydrogen. (35 References).
D. Duplain, B. Gaulard, and J. Joseph, "Multipole excitations in nuclear muon capture and mean nuclear excitation energies," Physical Review C, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 28--35, 1975.
Abstract: The capture formalism is reviewed in terms of the shell model and the influences of the muon binding energy and type of nuclear potential well are discussed as well as the nuclear excitation energy distribution among the various multipoles. The mean excitation energy tends to be rather constant as A and Z increase but energy spreading among final states decreases. (24 References).
D. Duplain and B. Goulard, "The effects of ground state correlations in /sup 16/O on the muon nuclear sum rule," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 321--8, 1982.
Abstract: The total rate of muon capture by /sup 16/O is calculated using the linked cluster expansion to introduce ground state correlations. All diagrams up to the second order in the number of hole-lines are included. mod M/sub v/ mod /sup 2/ is reduced by some 15% and is shown to behave like sigma /sub -1/. mod M/sub A/ mod /sup 2/ and mod M/sub P/ mod /sup 2/ are strongly increased by about 30%. This enhancement is related to that part of the defect wave function which arises directly from the tensor component of the N-N potential. It is suggested that, for those transitions that are induced by spin operators, the mean neutrino energy may be smaller than usually thought. (16 References).
V. V. Dvoeglazov, S. V. Khudyakov, and SB. Solganik, "Relativistic covariant equal-time equation for quark-diquark system," International Journal of Theoretical Physics, vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 1895--908, 1998.
Abstract: Relativistic three-dimensional quasipotential (equal-time) equations are considered which describe bound states of a fermion and a boson of spin S=0 or S=1. The spin structure of the interaction quasipotentials in such systems is studied, and the corresponding partial-wave equation for the simplest case is obtained. Such equations can be used in calculations of energy spectra, decay rates, and structure functions of quark-diquark systems (nucleons and their resonances) and for the description of the ( pi mu ) atom as well. (36 References).
P. Dyer, A. M. Sabbas, and SA. Wender, "Laser spectroscopy of the transitional nucleus /sup 151/Sm," Physical Review C, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 240--1, 1985.
Abstract: The isotope shift, magnetic moment, and quadrupole moment of the radioactive transitional nucleus /sup 151/Sm has been measured using the atomic-beam resonance-fluorescence technique. The hyperfine structure of the 591.6 nm transition was observed with an energy resolution of 20 MHz. The isotope shift of this line is found to be delta nu /sub i//sup 151,152/=-1472.2+or-2.9 MHz. The authors have constructed a King plot of muonic atom delta (r/sup 2/) versus optical isotope shifts to determine electronic parameters, and obtain delta (r/sup 2/)/sup 151,152/=0.279+or-0.012 fm/sup 2/. (14 References).
V. P. Dzhelepov and others, Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 50, 1966.
V. P. Dzhelepov and others, "Experimental investigation of $\mu^-$ mesic atom process in gaseous hydrogen," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 42, pp. 439--449, 1962.
V. P. Dzhelepov and others, "Elastic scattering of $d\mu$ mesic atoms on protons, deuterons, and complex nuclei," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 47, pp. 1243--1256, 1964.
V. P. Dzhelepov, P. F. Ermolov, and V. V. Fil'chenkov, "Scattering of µp atoms by protons," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 49, pp. 393--405, 1965.
V. P. Dzhelepov and VV. Fil'chenkov, "Experimental investigations of mu -atomic and mu -molecular processes in hydrogen on the JINR synchrocyclotron," Atomnaya Energiya, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 376--91, 1983.
Abstract: The authors outline the history of muon atomic and molecular studies. (50 References).
V. P. Dzhelepov, "Experimental discovery of the resonance mechanism of muonic molecule formation," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, pp. 9--14, 1988.
V. P. Dzhelepov, V. V. Filchenkov, A. D. Konin, A. I. Rudenko, G. M. Solovieva, and VG. Zinov, "Full-absorption scintillation spectrometer for neutrons," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A269, no. 3, pp. 634--8, 1988.
Abstract: A full-absorption scintillation spectrometer for neutrons (volume of scintillator=24 l) has been developed and employed in investigations of muon catalysed processes. Its application allows: considerably increasing the rate of accumulation of events; efficiently using muon catalysis multiplicity for fuller and more reliable determination of its parameters; significantly reducing uncertainty in the calculated and experimentally found values of neutron detection efficiency. The device combines good spectrometric properties for neutron energies E/sub n/=1-6 MeV and reliable n- gamma separation (the degree of separation for a Pu-Be source [left angle bracket]or approximately=10/sup -3/ starting from an electron energy of 50 keV). (14 References).
V. P. Dzhelepov, V. G. Zinov, S. A. Ivanovskii, S. B. Karpov, A. D. Konin, A. I. Malyshev, L. Martsish, D. G. Merkulov, A. I. Rudenko, V. V. Fil'chenkov, and OA. Yurin, "Experimental study of spin effects in the resonant formation of muonic deuterium molecules," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 581--5, 1991.
Abstract: The temperature dependences of the rates of formation of dd mu molecules from the two states of the hyperfine structure of the d mu atom and the transition rate between these two states have been measured in experiments with high density deuterium ( phi equivalent to 1). A comparison of the results with measurements at a deuterium density phi =0.02 indicates the possibility of a density effect in the formation of dd mu molecules from the upper spin state of the d mu atom. (23 References).
V. P. Dzhelepov, V. V. Filchenkov, S. I. Ivanovsky, S. B. Karpov, A. D. Konin, A. I. Malyshev, L. Marczis, D. G. Merkulov, A. I. Rudenko, and VG. Zinov, "Experimental investigation of the dd and pd fusion cycles at high pressures," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 387--98, 1992.
Abstract: In experiments with a cryogenic target of high pressure (0.6 kbar) on the muon beam of the JINR phasotron the dd mu molecule formation rate ( lambda /sub dd/ mu ) from different d mu atom spin states and the pd mu molecule formation rate ( lambda /sub pd mu /) have been measured in the temperature range T=20-300 K. The experimental results do not show any temperature dependence of the value of lambda /sub pd mu /. The data obtained indicate a possible existence of a density effect in the dd mu molecule formation rate from the upper spin state of the d mu atom. According to theory, this effect must appear when collisional broadening of the resonance is allowed for. (26 References).
V. P. Dzhelepov and others, "Experimental investigation of the $dd$ and $pd$ fusion cycles at high pressure," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, pp. 387--398, 1992.
V. P. Dzhelepov, V. V. Filchenkov, S. A. Ivanovsky, S. B. Karpov, A. D. Konin, A. I. Malyshev, L. Marczis, D. G. Merkulov, A. I. Rudenko, and VG. Zinov, "Measurements of the p mu d-molecule formation rate at different hydrogen temperatures," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 399--408, 1992.
Abstract: In experiments with a cryogenic target of high pressure (0.6 kbar) on the muon beam of the JINR phasotron the time distributions of gamma -quanta from the reaction pd to /sup 3/He mu + gamma +5.5 MeV have been measured in the temperature region T=21-300 K. From their analysis the values of the p mu d-molecule formation rate lambda /sub p mu d/ and the p+d nuclear fusion rate have been found. The data obtained point to the absence of a lambda /sub p mu d/ dependence on temperature. The value lambda /sub p mu d/=(5.49+or-0.30) mu s/sup -1/ averaged on all temperatures is in good agreement with theory and previous measurements made at T=20 K and T=300 K. (24 References).
V. P. Dzhelepov, V. G. Zinov, S. A. Ivanovskii, S. B. Karpov, A. D. Konin, A. I. Malyshev, L. Marczis, D. G. Merkulov, A. I. Rudenko, V. V. Fil'chenkov, and OA. Yurin, "Measurement of the temperature dependence of the rate at which muonic molecules of deuterium are formed for various spin states of the d mu m atoms at high deuterium density," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 101, no. 4, pp. 1105--17, 1992.
Abstract: The temperature dependence of the rate at which dd mu molecules form from two hyperfine-structure states of the d mu atom has been measured in experiments with dense deuterium ( phi approximately=1). The rate of transitions between these states has also been measured. The results are compared with the results of measurements by the Vienna-Villengen group, carried out at low deuterium densities ( phi =0.02 and 0.04). The comparison suggests that a density effect may be operating in the production of dd mu molecules from the state of the d mu atom with a spin F=3/2. This interpretation agrees with the predictions of the theory of resonant production of muonic molecules which incorporates, along with the Wessmann mechanism, collisional broadening of the resonance. (36 References).
V. P. Dzhelepov, V. V. Filchenkov, S. A. Ivanovsky, S. B. Karpov, A. D. Konin, A. I. Malyshev, L. Marczis, D. G. Merkulov, A. I. Rudenko, and VG. Zinov, "Experimental investigation of the dd mu and pd mu fusion cycles at high pressures," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 634-46, 1993.
Abstract: Investigations have been carried out of mu-atomic and mu-molecular processes at the JINR phasotron. The authors have made measurements on the temperature dependences of the dd mu molecule formation rate from different d mu atom spin states and of the pd mu molecule formation rate. The principal features of the experiments are the use of cryogenic targets at high pressure (up to 1.5 kbar) in the wide temperature region T=20-300 K and of a high efficiency neutron spectrometer under conditions close to 4 pi geometry. (26 References).
V. P. Dzhelepov, V. G. Zinov, S. A. Ivanovskii, S. B. Karpov, A. D. Konin, A. I. Malyshev, L. Martsish, D. G. Merkulov, A. I. Rudenko, and VV. Fil'chenkov, "Formation rate of p mu d muon molecules as a function of hydrogen temperature," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 730--9, 1993.
Abstract: Using a high-pressure (0.6 kbar) cryogenic target in the muon beam of the JINR phasotron, the authors have measured the temporal distribution of gamma rays from the reaction p mu d to /sup 3/He mu + gamma +5.5 MeV in an 98.3% H/sub 2/+1.7%D/sub 2/ mixture over the temperature range T=21-300 K. Analysis of the results yields the formation rate lambda /sub p mu d/. of p mu d molecules and the rate of the p+d reaction in the p mu d system. The data thus obtained suggest that lambda /sub p mu d/ is temperature independent. The temperature-averaged value, lambda /sub p mu d/=5.49+or-0.30 mu s/sup -1/, is in good agreement with theory and with other measurements conducted at T=20 and 300 K. (24 References).
V. P. Dzhelepov, "Muon catalyzed fusion - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Muon Catalyzed Fusion and the Physics of Exotic Atoms and Molecules (mu CF-95) - Dubna, Russia, June 19-24, 1995 - Opening address," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 102, pp. R13-R26, 1996.
R. I. Dzhibuti and RYa. Kezerashvili, "Muon capture by the tritium nucleus," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 1109--14, 1984.
Abstract: Negative muon capture by the tritium nucleus is studied by means of the method of hyperspherical functions in the coordinate representation with the use of various nucleon-nucleon interaction potentials. It is shown that the final-state interaction between all nucleons significantly influences the process investigated: the energy distribution of neutrinos changes qualitatively and the mu -capture rate increases. The results are rather sensitive to the form of the potential used. (16 References).
VA. Dzhrbashyan, "Residual polarization of mesons in various elements," Izvestiya Akademia Nauk Armyanskoi Ssr Fizika, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 187--92, 1974.
Abstract: A formula for the depolarization of mu /sup -/-mesons in mesic atom transitions, which takes into account the values of the ratio of fine structure of each cascade level to its width, is deduced. Starting from two initial distributions for carbon, it was shown that the residual polarization of mu /sup -/-mesons was insensitive to the initial population. The value of P/P/sub 0/=19%, obtained when utilizing the statistical distribution with due regard for possible cascades, is in good agreement with recent measurements of the Dubna group (1972). The decrease of the residual polarization with the increase of Z is observed as well. This is due to the fact, that for heavier mesic atoms more energetic levels take part in depolarization. (15 References).
VA. Dzhrbashyan, "The square and projection of the bispin are conserved for particles described by the Dirac equation," Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 254, no. 4-6, pp. 1116--21, 1980.
Abstract: Shows that for free particles described by the Dirac equation, the square and third projection along an arbitrary direction of the angular momentum 'bispin', are conserved. Then, as an application, using the theory of the probabilities of transitions between not necessarily stationary states, the author examines the distribution of electrons from the decay of muons, which can be bound in a muonic atom (for mu /sup -/) or in muonium (for mu /sup +/) and may be located in an external magnetic field. (12 References).
A. A. Dzhuraev, V. S. Evseev, YuV Obukhov, and VS. Roganov, "Depolarization of negative muons in water and in aqueous solutions," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 2210--20, 1972.
Abstract: The dependence of negative-muon depolarization on the temperature and on the hydrogen-peroxide concentration was measured in various aqueous solutions placed in longitudinal and transverse magnetic field. It is shown that the experimental data are not inconsistent with the familiar concepts regarding the behavior of free radicals in aqueous solutions. The residual polarization in an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide is found to be 1.8 times higher than in pure water. This is interpreted as being the result of chemical interaction between mesic nitrogen and hydrogen-peroxide molecules, leading to the formation of diamagnetic compounds. It is shown that the degree of depolarization does not depend on the magnetic field strength. According to the depolarization model in which mesic-atom chemical reactions are taken into account, this signifies that the mesic atom enters into chemical reactions within a time t approximately=10/sup -11/ sec at T=300 degrees K; the paramagnetic products of these primary reactions, which contain nitrogen, then participate in secondary reactions within a time t/sub l/[left angle bracket]or=10/sup -7/ sec. The rate constants of the reactions leading to the formation of diamagnetic products were obtained. (22 References).
A. A. Dzhuraev, V. S. Evseev, G. G. Myasishcheva, YuV Obukhov, and VS. Roganov, "Depolarization of negative muons in solids," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 1424--32, 1972.
Abstract: The method of spin precession in a magnetic field has been used to investigate the residual polarization of negative muons in solids with zero nuclear spin (metals, semiconductors, insulators) and in the oxygen of a number of oxygen compounds. The results obtained are not described by the theory of cascade depolarization for an isolated mesic atom without taking into account the dynamics of filling of the electron shell of the mesic atom in the course of the de-excitation process. To explain the measured values of residual polarization, it is necessary to take into account the interaction of the mesic atoms with the surrounding medium the high degree of ionization of the mesic atom during the mesic atom cascade, and the paramagnetism of its electron shell. (36 References).
A. A. Dzhuraev, V. S. Evseev, YuV Obukhov, and VS. Roganov, "Dependence of negative muon depolarization on molecular weight and temperature in organic compounds," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 114--20, 1972.
Abstract: An atomic capture of negative muons in the aliphatic hydrocarbon series and the dependence of muon rest polarization on the molecular weight of the hydrocarbon have been studied. The temperature dependence of depolarization in benzole and styrene has been obtained. The depolarization results are being interpreted in terms of chemical interactions of mesonic atoms in organic compounds. (13 References).
A. A. Dzhuraev and VS. Evseev, "Mechanism of mu -meson depolarization in molecular condensed media," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 1166--74, 1972.
Abstract: The effect of rapid chemical mesic atom reactions on depolarization of the negative muon is considered on the basis of the concept of a 'Coulomb explosion' resulting from the high ionization of the molecule in Auger transitions in the mesic atom. It is shown that the experimental dependence of residual muon polarization on temperature in the case of atom capture by water corresponds to the mean time required for the mesic atom produced to participate in the chemical reaction, this being (8.3+or-1.2).10/sup -12/ sec at 80 degrees K and (2.5+or-0.4).10/sup -12/ sec at 273 degrees K. (19 References).
A. A. Dzhuraev, V. S. Evseev, YuV Obukhov, V. S. Roganov, and NI. Kholodov, "Negative muon depolarization in monomeric and polymeric organic compounds," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 121--4, 1972.
Abstract: It is shown, that in transitions from monomer to polymer the value of the rest polarization of negative muons decreases approximately by 1.4 times, if the polymer chain does not contain any olefinic bond. If there are olefinic bonds polyisoprene, the polarization is just the same as in the monomer. These experimental data are being interpreted on the basis of a model that takes into account chemical reactions of mesonic atoms. (10 References).
A. A. Dzhuraev, V. S. Evseev, YuV Obukhov, V. S. Roganov, M. V. Frontaseva, and NI. Kholodov, "Dependence of the asymmetry of negative muon decay electrons on the length of the hydrocarbon chain of alcohols and alkyl chlorides," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 1930--4, 1973.
Abstract: Relative (with respect to graphite) values of the asymmetry coefficients a/a/sub c/ for the angular distribution of mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ decay electrons from muons stopped in aliphatic alcohols C/sub n/H/sub 2n+1/OH and in chlorine-substituted paraffins C/sub n/H/sub 2n+1/Cl with various carbon atoms in the chain are obtained by the method of muon spin precession in a weak transverse magnetic field. With growth of n/sub c/ the ratio a/a/sub c/ passes through a maximum and then approaches a limit which is determined for paraffin and polyethylene. The dependence derived is interpreted on the basis of concepts of the chemical interactions of mesic atoms leading to the formation of diamagnetic compounds and of concepts regarding energy migration along the carbon atom chain. (19 References).
A. A. Dzhuraev, V. S. Evseev, YuV Obukhov, and VS. Roganov, "Depolarization of negative muons in condensed molecular media," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 433--42, 1974.
Abstract: A correlation is established between the residual polarization of negative muons in matter and the radiative stability of the matter. It is shown that the correlation observed can be satisfactorily explained by a formal theory based on the concept of rapid reactions between meso-radicals and the environment. The rates of participation of the meso-radicals in chemical reactions in various types of hydrocarbons are determined. The asymmetry coefficients for mu /sup -/-decay electrons in aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide of various concentrations at room temperature are measured by the precession technique. The asymmetry coefficient for a peroxide solution with a concentration of 97 wt.% at a temperature of 80K is measured. The rates of chemical reactions involving meso-nitrogen are determined. It is shown that the activation energy of the chemical reaction between mesic nitrogen /sub mu /N and hydrogen peroxide molecules must be taken into account. The depolarization temperature dependence is measured for a number of organic compounds. (19 References).
V. A. Dzuba, V. V. Flambaum, and J. K. Webb, "Calculations of the relativistic effects in many-electron atoms and space-time variation of fundamental constants," Physical Review A, vol. 59, pp. 230--237, 1999.
J. Eades and L. M. Simmons, "Deceleration in an anticyclotron as a means of producing very low energy antiprotons," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 278, pp. 368--374, 1989.
J. Eades and D. Horváth, "Metastable hadronic helium atoms: what next?," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 329--340, 1996.
P. Ebersold, B. Aas, W. Dey, R. Eichler, J. Hartmann, H. J. Leisi, and WW. Sapp, "Spectroscopic quadrupole moment of holmium from pionic X-ray measurement," Physics Letters B, vol. 53B, no. 1, pp. 48--50, 1974.
Abstract: From the observed quadrupole splitting of the 5g-4f X-ray transition in pi -/sup 165/Ho the authors determine the spectroscopic quadrupole moment of /sup 165/Ho to be Q=3.47+or-0.11 b. The strong interaction shift and the width of the 4f level are found to be epsilon /sub 0/=0.35+or-0.08 keV and Gamma /sub 0/=0.21+or-0.04 keV, respectively. (6 References).
P. Ebersold, B. Aas, W. Dey, R. Eichler, H. J. Leisi, W. W. Sapp, and HK. Walter, "Observation of nuclear rotational spectra in pion capture on /sup 165/Ho and /sup 175/Lu," Physics Letters B, vol. 58B, no. 4, pp. 428--30, 1975.
Abstract: In X-ray spectra of pionic atoms of /sup 165/Ho and /sup 175/Lu nuclear gamma -rays of Dy and Yb isotopes, respectively, were observed arising from the pion capture reactions /sup 165/Ho( pi /sup -/,xn)/sup 165-x/Dy*, and /sup 175/Lu( pi /sup -/,xn)/sup 175-x/Yb*, where x=1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11. (9 References).
P. Ebersold, B. Aas, W. Dey, R. Eichler, H. J. Leisi, W. W. Sapp, and F. Scheck, "Monopole and quadrupole strong interaction effects in pionic atoms of /sup 175/Lu and /sup 165/Ho," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A296, no. 3, pp. 493--518, 1978.
Abstract: The authors have measured the strong-interaction monopole energy shift epsilon /sub 0/ and width Gamma /sub 0/, and the quadrupole splitting of the 4f level in pionic /sup 175/Lu and /sup 165/Ho. The monopole shift in the case of lutetium deviates from the value obtained with a standard optical potential description of the pion-nucleus interaction. Using the (electromagnetic) quadrupole moment as measured recently in an experiment on muonic /sup 175/Lu, the strong-interaction quadrupole constant of the 4f state in /sup 175/Lu, epsilon /sub 2/, is found. The ratio epsilon /sub 2// epsilon /sub 0/ is in good agreement with theoretical predictions. It is concluded that the optical potential in the present form is not sufficient for the analysis of the 4f level shift in pi -/sup 175/Lu, or there is a difference between the neutron and proton monopole density distributions in this nucleus. (25 References).
K. Ebert and J. Meyer-ter-Vehn, "Radiative pion and muon capture on /sup 208/Pb," Physics Letters B, vol. 77R, no. 1, pp. 24--8, 1978.
Abstract: Partial and total rates for the ( pi /sup -/, gamma ) and ( mu /sup -/, nu ) capture reactions on /sup 208/Pb have been calculated within RPA. (19 References).
M. Eckhause, F. R. Kane, J. R. Kane, P. Martin, G. H. Miller, CB Jr Spence, and RE. Welsh, "Strong interaction effects in the 2p-1s transition in pionic neon," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B44, no. 1, pp. 83--92, 1972.
Abstract: The authors present experimental results for the 2p-1s transition energy and the natural line-width of the 1s state in pionic neon. The line width Gamma =14.5+or-3.0 keV is in substantial agreement with semiphenomenological low-energy pion-nucleus interaction theories in the region A approximately=20. (9 References).
M. Eckhause, P. Guss, D. Joyce, J. R. Kane, R. T. Siegel, W. Vulcan, R. E. Welsh, R. Whyley, R. Dietlicher, and A. Zehnder, "Search of 2S-state metastability in muonic helium at 40 atm," Physical Review A, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 1743--50, 1986.
Abstract: A search was made for photons from the two-photon deexcitation of the 2S state of muonic He by measuring the time and energy distributions of delayed photons emitted when negative muons were stopped in gaseous He at room temperature. An upper limit of 46+or-1 ns was obtained for the lifetime of this state at 40 atm, in disagreement with earlier measurements. Prompt K-series muonic X-rays were also measured at pressures between 0.5 and 40 atm, and the X-ray intensity ratios were used to deduce initial 2S-state populations. (22 References).
J. Edsjo, "Neutrinos from neutralino dark matter - Expected fluxes and searches," Phys. Scr., vol. T93, pp. 79-81, 2001.
Abstract: A large fraction of the mass in the Universe can be in the form of dark matter, of which a Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) is one of the favorite candidates. In supersymmetric extensions of the standard model, the lightest neutralino arises naturally as a WIMP and hence as a good dark matter candidate. We will here go through how neutralino dark matter can be searched for with neutrino telescopes focusing on theoretical predictions of the neutrino-induced muon fluxes from neutralino annihilations in the center of the Earth and the Sun.
B. Effenberger, W. Kunold, W. Oesterle, M. Schneider, L. M. Simons, R. Abela, and J. Wuest, "Determination of the spectroscopic quadrupole moments of /sub 33//sup 75/As and /sub 29//sup 63/Cu," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 309, no. 1, pp. 77--81, 1982.
Abstract: The HFS-splitting of the 2s-2p and 3d-2p transitions of muonic arsenic and 3d-2p transitions of copper have been measured with high resolution Ge-semiconductor detectors to determine the nuclear quadrupole moments. A coincidence measurement was performed to separate the 2s-2p transition from the background. The nuclear spectroscopic quadrupole moments were found to be: Q/sub spec/=0.314(6)b for /sub 33//sup 75/As Q/sub spec/=0.220(15)b for /sub 29//sup 63/Cu. In addition, generalized Barrett moments were determined in a model-independent analysis of muonic transition energies. (14 References).
G. V. Efimov, M. A. Ivanov, and VE. Lyubovitskii, "On the characteristics of the pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/ atom," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 460--564, 1986.
Abstract: The characteristics of the pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/ atom are discussed. The virton-quark model is used to calculate the main characteristics of the pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/ atom: the binding energy, the wave function at the origin, the 2s-2p level difference, and the lifetime. (13 References).
G. V. Efimov, M. A. Ivanov, and VE. Lyubovitskii, "pi K dimesonic atom," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 526-9, 1987.
Abstract: The properties of a pi K dimesonic atom are discussed in connection with planned experiments at the Pozitronii installation (Institute of High-Energy Physics and Joint Institute for Nuclear Research). The basic characteristics of the pi K dimesonic atom-its lifetime, its binding energy, Lamb shift, and the value of the wave function at the origin-are calculated on the basis of the virton-quark model. (11 References).
G. V. Efimov, M. A. Ivanov, V. E. Lyubovitskii, and AG. Rusetskii, "Microscopic description of the S-wave pi N scattering lengths and the lifetime of the (p pi /sup -/) atom in the quark confinement model," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 190--9, 1990.
Abstract: The S-wave pi N scattering lengths and the lifetime of the (p pi /sup -/) atom are calculated in the quark confinement model. The nucleon is regarded as a quark-diquark system. Agreement with experimental data is reported. (20 References).
VD. Efros, "The three-body problem: generalized exponential expansion; arbitrary states in a correlated basis, and the binding energy of muonic molecules," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 10--24, 1986.
Abstract: A simple scheme is given for solution of the three-body problem in a correlated basis for states with arbitrary L. An effective correlated basis is proposed, consisting of a generalized exponential expansion. It is shown that the corresponding system of functions is complete. For arbitrary L simple analytic formulas have been obtained for the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian and other typical operators in correlated bases. A reduction of the problem to a system of three-dimensional radial equations of simple form is carried out. The rate of convergence of the expansions in correlated basis functions is studied for muonic-molecule systems. General methods of increasing the accuracy of the variational calculation are pointed out. The usual formulas for the matrix element of irreducible tensor operators are modified. (25 References).
V. P. Efrosinin and DA. Zaikin, "Calculation of the pion-nucleon sigma term value from the experimental data on pionic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 318, no. 3, pp. 357--61, 1984.
Abstract: The pion-nucleon sigma term value is calculated using pion-nuclear scattering lengths extracted from the data on pionic atoms with A[left angle bracket]or=24 and isospin I=0. The renormalization of the soft-pion pi N amplitude in nuclear matter is taken into account. The A-dependence of the pion-nuclear scattering lengths is studied. Comparison with other results for sigma term leads to the conclusion that the most probable interval for it is 30-50 MeV. The dispersive part of the S-wave pion-nuclear potential is discussed. (32 References).
PO. Egan, "Muonic helium," in Atomic Physics 7. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Atomic Physics, (D. Kleppner and FM. Pipkin, eds.), pp. 373--84, 1981.
Abstract: Describes some novel precision experiments on the simplest three-body muonic atom, neutron muonic helium, /sup 4/He mu /sup -/e/sup -/. The HFS interaction between the mu /sup -/ and e/sup -/ in /sup 4/He mu /sup -/e/sup -/ has been detected and measured to the level of a few parts per million. (16 References).
P. O. Egan, S. Dhawan, V. W. Hughes, D. C. Lu, F. G. Mariam, P. A. Souder, J. Vetter, Putlitz G. zu, P. A. Thompson, and AB. Denison, "Search for long-lived 2S muonic hydrogen in H/sub 2/ gas," Physical Review A, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1152--63, 1981.
Abstract: The authors have searched for long-lived 2S muonic hydrogen ( mu /sup -/p) in H/sub 2/ gas at 0.8 atm. The state could be detected by observing delayed 1.9-keV 2P to 1S photons from collisionally quenched mu /sup -/p(2S). The observed upper limit (90% confidence level) for the fraction, f/sub 2S/, of mu /sup -/p(2S) with lifetime tau /sub 2S/ in the gas in the range, 100[left angle bracket] tau /sub 2S/[left angle bracket]1000 ns, is f/sub 2S/[left angle bracket]2%. Their results are consistent with the view that most of the mu /sup -/p(2S) have kinetic energies greater than the 0.3-eV threshold for the inelastic collision mu /sup -/p(2S)+H/sub 2/ to mu /sup -/p(2P)+H/sub 2/ and hence are rapidly quenched. They have also measured the relative Lyman line intensities in muonic hydrogen and muonic helium at 0.8 atm with solid-state detectors (Ge for mu /sup -4/He and Si(Li) for mu /sup -/p). The results are (K/sub alpha //K/sub total/)/sub mu -p/=0.46+or-0.06, K/sub alpha //K/sub total/)/sub mu -X/=0.76+or-0.04, (K/sub beta //K/sub total/)/sub mu -X/=0.04+or-0.02, where X is /sup 4/He. These results imply that about 7.5% of mu /sup -/p atoms cascade to the 2S state. (37 References).
P. A. Egelstaff, Thermal neutron scattering, Academic Press, 1965.
Egger, Schwitter, Backenstoss, Bamberger, Bunaciu, Koch, Lynen, Ritter, Bergstrom, and Huttberg., "Strong interaction in kaonic atoms," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 46, no. 4, 1973.
Abstract: Abstract only given. The authors measured the effects of strong interaction on the natural width of a kaon on an atomic orbital as well as on the lowest energy level for a series of elements with Z[left angle bracket]or=17 using Ge(Li) detectors. The optical pseudopotential model cannot be used to reproduce the values measured for these three parameters or the neutron distributions in the nucleus. Simplifications and limits of the model must be made. (0 References).
J-P Egger, E. D. Bovet, D. Chatellard, P. Eugster, and E. Jeannet, "CCDs as X-ray detectors in muon catalyzed fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 421--9, 1991.
Abstract: The possibility of using CCDs (charge coupled devices) as X-ray detectors in muon catalyzed fusion is examined. The performance of the authors` detection system is presented and some results from pionic and antiprotonic light atoms are shown. They conclude that CCDs are ideal X-ray detectors for mu CF except in the case of strong noncorrelated X-ray background as, for example, from tritium beta -decay. (8 References).
J. -P. Egger, D. Chatellard, and E. Jeannet, "Progress in soft x--ray detection:the case of exotic hydrogen," Particle World, vol. 3, pp. 139--147, 1993.
J.-P. Egger, D. Chatellard, and E. Jeannet, "Progress in soft X--ray detection: the case of exotic hydrogen," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 331--344, 1993.
J.-P. Egger, "New, improved methods of x--ray detection," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 291--299, 1999.
J. -P. Egger and others, "CCDs as x--ray detectors in muon catalyzed fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5/6, pp. 421--429, 1990/91.
P. Ehrhard, F. J. Hartmann, E. Köhler, and H. Daniel, "An experimental investigation of the pressure and concentration dependence of muonic coulomb capture and cascade in gases," Zeitschrift Für Physik A, vol. 311, pp. 259--266, 1983.
P. Ehrhart, F. J. Hartmann, E. Kohler, and H. Daniel, "Concentration dependence of Coulomb capture of muons in noble gases," Physical Review A, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 575--7, 1983.
Abstract: The Coulomb capture of muons has been measured in gaseous Ne, Ar, and Kr mixtures. A concentration dependence of the per atom capture ratio was established for the first time. (15 References).
P. Ehrhart, F. J. Hartmann, E. Kohler, and H. Daniel, "An experimental investigation of the pressure and concentration dependence of muonic Coulomb capture and cascade in gases," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 311, no. 4, pp. 259--66, 1983.
Abstract: Muonic Coulomb capture ratios and X-ray intensity patterns in four binary mixtures of the gases N/sub 2/, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe have been measured at three atomic ratios. An influence of the concentration has been established. The Lyman series intensity patterns of pure N/sub 2/, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe were measured at pressures between 0.4 and 51 bar and found to depend on the pressure. Possible explanations are discussed. (49 References).
R. D. Ehrlich, H. Hofer, A. Magnon, D. Stowell, R. A. Swanson, and VL. Telegdi, "Determination of the muonium hyperfine splitting at low pressure from a field-independent Zeeman transition," Physical Review Letters, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 513--17, 1969.
Abstract: The ground-state hyperfine interval Delta nu of muonium has been redetermined in argon by measuring the (1,1) to or from (1,0)Zeeman frequency nu /sub 1/ at that external-field value where delta nu /sub 1// delta B=0. The measurements were performed with good statistics at much lower argon pressures than heretofore, greatly reducing uncertainties in extrapolating Delta nu (p) to zero pressure. The result Delta nu (0)=4463.317+or-0.21 MHz, disagrees with the value found by Thmpson et al. (1969) in Ar, but is consistent with their result in Kr. (14 References).
R. Eichler, B. Aas, W. Beer, I. Beltrami, P. Ebersold, Ledebur Th von, H. J. Leisi, W. W. Sapp, J. C. Dousse, J. Kern, and W. Schwitz, "Energy of a muonic X-ray transition measured with a crystal spectrometer," Physics Letters B, vol. 76B, no. 2, pp. 231--4, 1978.
Abstract: The wavelength of the 3d/sub 5/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ muonic X-ray transition in /sup 28/Si has been measured relative to the wavelength of the 84 keV gamma ray from a /sup 170/ Tm source. The result is lambda /sup Si// lambda /sup Tm/=1.099675 (39). Using the reported value for lambda /sup Tm/ the authors find ( lambda /sub exp//sup Si/- lambda /sub th//sup Si/) lambda /sub th//sup Si/=(-9+or-35)*10/sup -6/. (16 References).
M. I. Eides, S. G. Karshenboim, and VA. Shelyuto, "All-analytic radiative-recoil corrections to ground state muonium hyperfine splitting," Physics Letters B, vol. 202, no. 4, pp. 572--4, 1988.
Abstract: An analytic calculation of muon-line radiative corrections to muonium hyperfine splitting is presented. The muon-line contribution turns out to be ((Z/sup 2/ alpha )(Z alpha )/ pi /sup 2/) (m/M) (9/2 zeta (3)-3 pi /sup 2/ln 2+39/8) in units of the Fermi hyperfine splitting energy. This result completes the program of analytic calculation of all radiative-recoil corrections and the final expression for these corrections is also presented. (9 References).
M. I. Eides, S. G. Karshenboim, and VA. Shelyuto, "Purely radiative contribution to muonium and hydrogen hyperfine splitting induced by light by light scattering insertion in external photons," Physics Letters B, vol. 268, no. 3-4, pp. 433--6, 1991.
Abstract: The radiative correction to hyperfine splitting of relative order alpha /sup 2/(Z alpha ) induced by light by light scattering insertion in external photons is obtained. The new contribution turns out to be equal to -0.48213 . . . ( alpha /sup 2/(Z alpha )/ pi )E/sub F/, in Fermi hyperfine splitting energy units E/sub F/. Numerically it gives -0.26 kHz for muonium and -0.084 kHz for hydrogen. (9 References).
M. I. Eides and V. A. Shelyuto, "Corrections of order $\alpha ^2(Z\alpha )^5$ to the hyperfine splitting and the Lamb shift," Physical Review A, vol. 52, pp. 954--961, 1995.
M. I. Eides, H. Grotch, and VA. Shelyuto, "Theory of light hydrogenlike atoms," Physics Reports, vol. 342, no. 2-3, pp. 63--261, 2001.
Abstract: The present status and recent developments in the theory of light hydrogenic atoms, electronic and muonic, are extensively reviewed. The discussion is based on the quantum field theoretical approach to loosely bound composite systems. The basics of the quantum field theoretical approach, which provide the framework needed for a systematic derivation of all higher-order corrections to the energy levels, are briefly discussed. The main physical ideas behind the derivation of all binding, recoil, radiative, radiative-recoil, and nonelectromagnetic spin-dependent and spin-independent corrections to energy levels of hydrogenic atoms are discussed and, wherever possible, the fundamental elements of the derivations of these corrections are provided. The emphasis is on new theoretical results which were not available in earlier reviews. An up-to-date set of all theoretical contributions to the energy levels is contained in the paper. The status of modern theory is tested by comparing the theoretical results for the energy levels with the most precise experimental results for the Lamb shifts and gross structure intervals in hydrogen, deuterium, and helium ion He/sup +/, and with the experimental data on the hyperfine splitting in muonium, hydrogen and deuterium. (352 References).
D. Eiras and S. Soto, "Light fermion finite mass effects in non-relativistic bound states," Physics Letters B, vol. 491, no. 1-2, pp. 101--10, 2000.
Abstract: We present analytic expressions for the vacuum polarization effects due to a light fermion with finite mass in the binding energy and in the wave function at the origin of QED and (weak coupling) QCD non-relativistic bound states. Applications to exotic atoms, Upsilon (1s) and tt production near threshold are briefly discussed. (37 References).
J. M. Eisenberg and R. Guy, "Higher-order corrections to the optical potential for kaonic atoms," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 57--60, 1972.
Abstract: Second-order corrections to the optical potential for kaonic atoms are evaluated in the form of an approximate, local potential which takes into account an isovector correlation function but omits Pauli and hard-core correlations. The corrections are found to be very small, a result not appreciably modified when rough estimates of the consequences of Pauli correlations are considered. (17 References).
J. M. Eisenberg, J. Hufner, and EJ. Moniz, "The Lorentz-Lorenz effect in pion-nucleus interactions," Physics Letters B, vol. 47B, no. 5, pp. 381--4, 1973.
Abstract: The Lorentz-Lorenz effect in pion-nucleus interactions is derived from the Watson expansion of the optical potential. The use of a realistic, finite range pi N interaction significantly reduces its importance for nuclear short-range correlations in pionic atoms. (10 References).
JM. Eisenberg, "Behavior of the Lambda (1405) resonance in nuclear matter," Physical Review C, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 2343--5, 1976.
Abstract: The shift and width of the Lambda position are calculated as functions of nuclear matter density by including virtual Sigma pi decay and the modification of the pion propagator by the (3,3) resonance. These changes give a simple picture of large effects implicitly contained in previous analyses of kaonic atoms which modify the kaonic optical model potential. (15 References).
J. M. Eisenberg and W. Greiner, Excitation mechanisms of the nucleus, 2nd revised edition, North-Holland. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1976.
Abstract: The volume, the second in a series, develops the basic formalism of multipole fields and quantization of the electromagnetic field, and then applies these techniques to describing the phenomena of photo-and electro-excitation, Coulomb excitation, and muonic atoms. It then presents weak interaction theory as it is relevant to nuclear physics, with special emphasis on the relation between this and nuclear electromagnetic processes.
JM. Eisenberg, "The Lambda (1405) in nuclear matter and implications for kaonic atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 542-3, 1976.
Abstract: Reports that an estimate of the dynamic effect of the Lambda (1405) in nuclear matter indicates that it raises the position of the resonance by 5-7 MeV thus providing a contribution comparable to that of the kinematic effects in bringing about a sign reversal in the kaonic-atom optical potential. (5 References).
JM. Eisenberg, "Theoretical aspects of pion photo- and electro-production," in Nuclear Physics with Electromagnetic Interactions, (H. Arenhovel and D. Drechsel, eds.), pp. 325-38, 1979.
Abstract: These remarks will attempt to illustrate that pion-electromagnetic processes, such as ( gamma , pi ), ( pi , gamma ) and (e,e' pi ), have in recent years become a powerful and flexible tool for studying a great variety of nuclear phenomena. A brief history of radiative pion capture, and its relation to photo- and electro-excitation and muon capture, will be provided, with special emphasis on the excitation of families of giant resonance levels. The use of the pi /sup -/+d to n+n+ gamma reaction for determining the neutron-neutron scattering length is briefly noted. The author then surveys the relevance of ( gamma , pi ) studies for learning about pion-nucleus interactions near threshold and for pions in the region of the Delta resonance of the pi N system, as well as for probing aspects of Delta N or Delta -nucleus interactions. Lastly, the author sketches the use of pion-electromagnetic processes for studying the behavior of off-shell pions in nuclei, as in aspects of pionic exchange currents, in pion-nucleus hadronic bound states and in pion condensates. (80 References).
R. A. Eisenstein, D. W. Madsen, H. Theiseen, L. S. Cardman, and CK. Bockelman, "Electron-scattering studies on Ca/sup 40/ and Ca/sup 48/," Physical Review A, vol. 188, no. 4, pp. 1815--30, 1969.
Abstract: The beam from the Yale University Electron Accelerator has been used in systematic studies of the nuclear charge distributions of Ca/sup 40/ and Ca/sup 48/. The beam energy has been varied between 20 and 60 MeV, and the angular distributions include angles between 70 degrees and 150 degrees . Elastic electron scattering has been used to obtain the rms radius of Ca/sup 40/, and a value for the difference between the Ca/sup 40/ and Ca/sup 48/ radii. The results indicate that this difference is not as large as that predicted by the A/sup 1/3/ rule, in agreement with the Stanford electron scattering work and the Chicago and CERN experiments on the spectra from muonic atoms. Inelastic scattering experiments also have been performed, yielding results for the reduced transitions probability B(EL spin up) and the transition radius R/sub tr/ for the following states: Ca/sup 40/, 3.73-MeV (3-), 3.90(2+), 6.94(2+,3-); Ca/sup 48/ 3.83-MeV (2+) and 4.51-MeV (3-). (14 References).
S. Eliezer, T. Tajima, and MN. Rosenbluth, "Muon catalysed fusion-fission reactor driven by a recirculating beam," Nuclear Fusion, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 527--47, 1987.
Abstract: The recent experimentally inferred values of multiplicity of deuterium-tritium fusion catalysed by muons have increased the interest in muon catalysed fusion reactors. Since the main energy expended is in pion (and consequent muon) production, it is tried to minimize the pion loss by magnetically confining pions where they are created. At the present time, it does not appear possible to achieve an energy gain by pure fusion, but it is possible to gain energy by combining catalysed fusion with fission blankets. Two new ideas for improvement of the muon fusion reactor concept are presented. The first idea is to combine the target which creates pions, the converter of pions to muons, and the synthesizer in one vessel (synergetic concept). This is accomplished by injecting a tritium or deuterium beam of 1 GeV per nucleon into DT fuel contained in a magnetic mirror. The confined pions slow down and decay to muons which are confined in the fuel whereby muon loss is kept small. The quantity of tritium necessary to keep the reactor viable has been derived. The second idea is to collect the beam passing through the target for reuse and to recirculate it, while directing the strongly interacting portion of the beam to electronuclear blankets. The present concepts are at the margin of known technologies and are based on known physical processes and data. (31 References).
S. Eliezer, T. Tajima, and MN. Rosenbluth, "A muon catalysed fusion-fission reactor," Nuclear Fusion Supplement, vol. 3, no. , pp. 301-8, 1987.
Abstract: Absorption of one muon in matter and muon induced fusion of deuterium and tritium can induce about one hundred nuclear D-T fusion reactions in a liquid density medium during the muon lifetime (2.2*10/sup -6/ s). This end result of nuclear fusion follows a chain of atomic and molecular processes. The 'energy cost' for the creation of a muon is estimated to be about 5 GeV. Therefore, if one muon catalyses about one hundred D-T fusions, the energy output is less than 2 GeV per muon, so that no energy gain seems to be possible from 'pure' fusion nuclear reactions. However, it seems possible to gain energy by combining the catalysed fusion with fission blankets. Two new ideas are presented which should improve the muon fusion reactor concept. The first idea is to combine the target, the converter of pions to muons and the synthesizer, making them one system. This is accomplished by injecting a tritium or deuterium beam of 1 GeV per nucleon into the D-T fuel contained in a magnetic mirror. The confined pions slow down and decay to muons; these are confined in the fuel, causing little muon loss. The second idea is to collect the beam passing through the target and to recirculate it, while directing the strongly interacting portion of the beam to an electronuclear blanket. Thus it is possible to reduce the necessary quantity of tritium by about two orders of magnitude and to improve the energy gain compared with previously suggested concepts. The present concepts are based mostly on readily available technologies and on known physical processes and data. (3 References).
S. Eliezer and Z. Henis, "Enhancement of mu -molecular resonant formation by laser induced Stokes transitions," Physics Letters A, vol. 131, no. 6, pp. 361--3, 1988.
Abstract: It is suggested to enhance the mu -molecular formation by strong electromagnetic fields. In particular, the authors estimate the rate production of the dd mu and dt mu molecules in the presence of a laser field. (7 References).
S. Eliezer and Z. Henis, "Laser induced mu -molecular formation," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 178-84, 1988.
Abstract: The authors consider a three level system for a mu -molecule, such as dt mu , dp mu etc. For the dt mu molecule these levels are: a state in the continuum of t mu +d (a), the bound state (J, v)=(1, 1) of the molecule dt mu (c) and the bound state (J, v)=(0, 1) of dt mu (b). Under the influence of an external field a Stokes transition from level (a) to level (c) takes place while the transition from (c) to (b) is occurring through an Auger process. The spontaneous decay from (a) to (c) and the decay of level (c) are included phenomenologically. The probability amplitudes of the levels (a) and (c) (within the rotating wave approximation) are estimated assuming a dipole transition. The cross section for this two step process and the efficiency (defined as the ratio between Stokes induced transitions and spontaneous decay) are calculated. The results show that for a resonant laser frequency and intensities of 6*10/sup 5/ W/cm/sup 2/ the Stokes efficiency is about 50. (7 References).
S. Eliezer, "Muon catalyzed nuclear fusion," Laser & Particle Beams, vol. 6, no. , pp. 63-81, 1988.
Abstract: The physics of muon-catalyzed fusion is summarized and discussed in the perspective of energy production by high density muon beams. (48 References).
S. Eliezer and Z. Henis, "mu -molecular formation under laser irradiation," Laser & Particle Beams, vol. 7, no. , pp. 345-52, 1989.
Abstract: The possibility of enhancement of molecular formation by strong electromagnetic fields is discussed. The electron screening of the laser is considered. Rate production of dd mu and dt mu molecules in the presence of a laser field is estimated as a function of the resonance detuning. (20 References).
S. Eliezer, T. Tajima, and RM. Kulsrud, "A muon catalyzed fusion reactor and direct conversion of the catalyzed energy," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 357--62, 1991.
Abstract: A method of direct conversion of muon catalyzed fusion energy is proposed in order to reduce the cost of muon production. This mu CF concept is based on a pellet composed of many thin solid deuterium-tritium (DT) rods encircled by a metallic circuit immersed in a magnetic field. The direct energy conversion is the result of the heating of the pellet by beam injection and fusion alphas. The expanding DT rods cause the change of magnetic flux linked by the circuit. The authors` calculation shows that the direct conversion method reduces the cost of one muon by a factor of approximately 2.5 over the previous methods. The present method is compatible with a reactor using the pellet concept, where the muon sticking is reduced by the ion cyclotron resonance heating and the confinement of the exploding pellet is handled by magnetic fields and the coronal plasma. (6 References).
S. Eliezer and Z. Henis, "Muon-catalyzed fusion-an energy production perspective," Fusion Technology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 46--73, 1994.
Abstract: The physics of muon-catalyzed fusion is summarized and discussed. Muon catalysis is surveyed for the following systems: proton-deuteron, deuteron-deuteron, deuteron-triton, and non-hydrogen elements. The idea of muon catalysis in a plasma medium is also presented. The formation of mu-atoms and mu-molecules and their disintegration in a condensed plasma are calculated. It seems that in a homogeneous plasma, there are no values of temperature and density appropriate for achieving the desired X/sub mu / approximately=1000. New ideas that might lead to the goal of 1000 fusions per muon by the use of laser beams or selective electromagnetic radiation are suggested. (95 References).
W. Elsaesser and JM. Eisenberg, "Pion absorption followed by two-nucleon emission," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A144, no. 2, pp. 441--8, 1970.
Abstract: The process is considered in which a negative pion in a 2P atomic orbital is captured on a correlated pair of nucleons. Mutual final-state scattering of the emitted nucleons is taken into account. The absorption process is treated in perturbation theory using a nonrelativistic pion-nucleon interaction. Asymptotic radial wave functions of the emitted nucleon pair used in earlier works are replaced by radial wave functions in a realistic nucleon-nucleon potential. The results are significantly affected by this substitution. Numerical results, including angular and energy distributions and absorption rates, are presented for pair emission from the 1s/sub 1/2/ and 1p/sub 3/2/ subshells. (19 References).
GT. Emery, "Pionic atoms from inside out: direct production in (p, pi /sup -/) reactions," Physics Letters B, vol. 60B, no. 4, pp. 351--4, 1976.
Abstract: Behaviour near threshold of the (p, pi /sup -/) reaction is discussed, and the feasibility of using this reaction for direct production of pionic-atom states is indicated. Important extensions of pionic-atom studies could be made possible by this new technique. (22 References).
GT. Emery, "From continuum to bound states and vice versa," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 195-202, 1991.
Abstract: A number of physical phenomena related to reaction thresholds are discussed. Some history and some general remarks are included. The principal focus is on Coulomb-bound systems, their formation in nuclear reactions, their structure, and their decay. Among the atom-like systems considered are pi A pionic atoms, positronium, pionium ( pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/), and multipionic (N pi A) atoms. (43 References).
V. Engel, R. Schinke, and E. Pollak, "A collinear quantal study of vibrational predissociation and prereaction of van der Waals molecules," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 1596--603, 1987.
Abstract: It was recently suggested that vibrational excitation of van der Waals molecules could lead to prereaction instead of predissociation. A mechanism for vibrational prereaction based on tunneling of a light atom is proposed and tested. The effect of van der Waals wells on the reactivity of collinear MuD/sub 2/, ClHBr, and ClHCl systems is studied. The authors find that vibrational prereaction is sensitive to the ratio of tunneling and vibrationally nonadiabatic interaction. If tunneling dominates, prereaction will take place. This is the case for the ClHBr and ClHCl systems. The interplay between reaction probability and photodissociation cross sections is studied. The authors conclude that vibrational prereaction will lead to an increase in reaction probability and an increase in the formation of products in photodissociation. This study suggests that vibrational prereaction could be observed at least in principle in light atom transfer systems. (19 References).
R. Engfer, "Muonic atoms and nuclear structure," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 104-21, 1970.
Abstract: Reviews the use of muons in muonic atoms as probes to study the electromagnetic size of nuclei. (81 References).
R. Engfer, "Distribution of charge and magnetism in nuclei," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics. Vol.II, (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), pp. 438-58, 1973.
Abstract: The author describes the analysis of nuclear magnetic and charge distributions using muonic atoms and elastic electron scattering. (93 References).
R. Engfer, H. Schneuwly, J. L. Vuilleumier, H. K. Walter, and A. Zehnder, "Charge-distribution parameters, isotope shifts, isomer shifts, and magnetic hyperfine constants from muonic atoms," Atomic Data & Nuclear Data Tables, vol. 14, no. 5-6, pp. 509--97, 1974.
Abstract: A compilation of muonic-atom data providing information on the size of nuclei is presented: energies of mu X-ray transitions, theoretical corrections, isotope and isomer shifts, and magnetic h.f. constants. Besides root-mean-square radii, equivalent radii from a model-independent analysis are given. (141 References).
R. Engfer, K. Wal'mer, and Kh. Shnoifei, "Study of nuclear properties with muonic atoms," Fizika Elementarnykh Chastits i Atomnogo Yadra, vol. 5, no. , pp. 382-418, 1974.
Abstract: The following nuclear properties are determined: the charge distribution, muonic isomer shift, and the nuclear polarization by the muon; the influence of the finite distribution of magnetization on the hyperfine splitting of muonic X-rays and on nuclear gamma -transitions (Bohr-Weisskopf effect); the electric quadrupole hyperfine splitting of muonic X-rays and a new approach to measure, in a model-independent way and with high precision, the quadrupole moment of nuclear ground states. In comparison with other methods the following aspects are discussed: universality of electron-nucleus and muon-nucleus interaction, test of quantum electrodynamical corrections, a 'calibration' of Mossbauer isomer shifts, and the quadrupole effect in pionic atoms. (102 References).
R. Engfer, E. A. Hermes, H. P. Isaak, H. S. Pruys, der Schaaf A. von, F. U. Schleputz, A. Zglinski, L. Felawka, T. Kozlowski, H. P. Povel, U. Sennhauser, and HK. Walter, "Spectroscopy of high-energy neutrons after nuclear muon capture," Sin Newsletter, vol. 12, no. , pp. 40-2, 1979.
Abstract: Inclusive high-energy neutron spectra, the energy dependence of the neutron angular asymmetry with respect to the muon spin direction and neutron-neutron angular correlations have been measured. Recoil proton spectra were measured with six neutron detectors containing the liquid scintillator NE 213. The photon background has been rejected effectively by pulse shape discrimination. (6 References).
R. A. Eramzhyan, V. N. Fetisov, and YuA. Salaganic, "The neutron channel in muon capture on /sup 4/He," Physics Letters B, vol. 35B, no. 2, pp. 143--4, 1971.
Abstract: The neutron channel in muon capture on /sup 4/He is calculated. It is shown that asymmetry of the neutron angular distribution when polarized muons are captured is essentially due to the relativistic terms in the muon-nuclear Hamiltonian. Those terms also contribute significantly to the capture rate. The final-state interaction changes the neutron energy spectrum and asymmetry of angular distribution.
R. A. Eramzhyan, V. N. Fetisov, and YuA. Salganic, "Neutron spectrum and asymmetry of the angular distribution in muon capture on /sup 4/He nucleus," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B39, no. 1, pp. 216--26, 1972.
Abstract: The neutron channel in muon capture by /sup 4/He is considered. The dependence of the energy spectrum and asymmetry of the angular distribution in the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 4/He to /sup 3/He+n+ nu on relativistic terms of the muon-nucleon Hamiltonian and final state interaction is investigated. It is shown that the above mentioned factors are decisive in the description of the high energy part of the spectrum and asymmetry. (15 References).
R. A. Eramzhyan, G. E. Dogotar, and YuA. Salganic, "Muon capture in /sup 4/He," in Conference on Few Body Problems in Nuclear and Particle Physics, (R. J. Slobodrian, B. Cujec, and K. Ramavatram, eds.), pp. 412--13, 1975.
Abstract: Some results on muon capture in /sup 4/He, concerning only the dominating channel mu /sup -/+/sup 4/He to /sup 3/H+n+ nu are reported. The impulse approximation is used for the muon-nuclear Hamiltonian. The relativistic terms of Hamiltonian (they are proportional to nucleon velocity inside the nucleus) are taken into account. (3 References).
R. A. Eramzhyan, L. Majling, and J. Rizek, "The proton channel in muon capture by /sup 32/S," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A247, no. 3, pp. 411--17, 1975.
Abstract: A possibility for proton emission after muon capture by /sup 32/S is discussed in the resonance mechanism approach. The branching ratios and neutron spectrum are calculated. It is shown that the proton emission can be reasonably described in terms of the model used.
R. A. Eramzhyan, M. Gmitro, R. A. Sakaev, and LA. Tosunjan, "Towards a better understanding of /sup 16/O nuclear structure: muon capture and radiative pion capture reactions," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A290, no. 2, pp. 294--314, 1977.
Abstract: Muon capture and radiative pion capture reactions on /sup 16/O have been analysed with the aim to extract more information on the importance of higher components of the A=16 nuclear ground and excited states. Good agreement with the experimental data for both reactions may be achieved if at least 2p2h components of the nuclear wave functions are taken into account. The positive parity excited states in /sup 16/N are shown to contribute 43% to the radiative pi - capture but only approximately=10o the muon capture rate. (36 References).
R. A. Eramzhyan, M. Gmitro, and HR. Kissener, "Giant M2 and transversal E1 resonances in light nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A338, no. 2, pp. 436--50, 1980.
Abstract: The cross section for inelastic backward electron scattering on 1p shell nuclei at incident energy E/sub e/=70 MeV is calculated in the shell model. Comparison is made with radiative pion capture and muon capture. It is shown that the T[right angle bracket] branch of the M2 resonance in (e,e') and the main maxima in the ( pi /sup -/, gamma ) response function are formed by identical partial transitions. The authors consider the basic features of the M2 resonance excitation in 1p shell nuclei and predict configurational and isospin splitting of this mode. (24 References).
R. A. Eramzhyan, M. Gmitro, S. S. Kamalov, G. V. Micelmacher, and J. Rizek, "A method to determine the muon-neutrino mass," Journal of Physics G, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. L231-5, 1981.
Abstract: The radiative muon capture reaction on nuclear targets mu /sup -/+(A,Z) to nu /sub mu /+ gamma +(A,Z-1) is suggested as a possible source capable of providing a new upper limit on the muon-neutrino mass. (14 References).
R. A. Eramzhyan, L. Majling, and J. Rizek, "The role of deep shell nucleons in the formation of giant dipole resonance," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B31, no. 5, pp. 482--9, 1981.
Abstract: The high energy branch of giant dipole resonance (GDR) is considered. The intensive excitation of this part of GDR is expected in certain (e,e') reactions and in muon capture. The large excitation probability is due to the axial component of the external field, which leads to intensive spin-flip transitions of deeply bound nucleons. The possible explanation of the local maximum observed in the spectra of neutrons following muon capture is given. The ways of experimental study of the high energy resonance are pointed out. The consideration is carried out for /sup 32/S, /sup 58/Ni and /sup 88/Sr nuclei. Due to the universality of GDR this choice covers rather broad region of nuclei. (22 References).
R. A. Eramzhyan, B. S. Ishkhanov, I. M. Kapitonov, and VG. Neudatchin, "The giant dipole resonance in light nuclei and related phenomena," Physics Reports, vol. 136, no. 4-6, pp. 229--400, 1986.
Abstract: The present-day status of the giant dipole resonance (GDR) in light nuclei is discussed with main emphasis on the supermultiplet and configurational splitting of GDR, which are its most important features. A great wealth of experimental data, which confirm the existence of the above phenomenon are presented. Consideration is also given to the related problems, such as radiative pion capture and muon capture spin-isospin dipole excitations, the role of the supermultiplet structure of nuclear levels in the formation of hypernuclear states in processes of the coherent substitution of hyperons for nucleons. (480 References).
RA. Eramzhyan, "Muon capture. Present status and perspectives," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 282-99, 1993.
Abstract: Ordinary and radiative muon capture processes are reviewed from the point of view of examining the semileptonic weak interaction sector of the standard model (SM). The problem resolves in the precise determination of the coupling constants. Present day situation with the coupling constants as given by capture data on hydrogen and some light nuclei is analyzed. Some possible ways to get more detailed information on coupling constants is discussed. Finally the problem of induced pseudoscalar coupling in radiative muon capture is considered. (53 References).
R. A. Eramzhyan, V. A. Kuz'min, and TV. Tetereva, "Calculations of ordinary and radiative muon capture on /sup 58,60,62/Ni," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A642, no. 3-4, pp. 428--48, 1998.
Abstract: The photon spectra and total radiative muon capture rate on heavy nuclei have been calculated for the first time using a microscopic description of the nuclear excitation function. The quasiparticle random phase approximation has been used to calculate the excitation spectra and transition amplitudes of ordinary and radiative muon capture in /sup 58,60,62/Ni. The parameters of the phenomenological nuclear spin-isospin residual interaction have been determined by comparison of the calculated and experimentally observed distributions of the transition strength over the excitation energies. The strength functions of Gamow-Teller ( sigma t/sup +or-/) and spin-dipole (rY/sub 1/ sigma /sub 0,1,2/ t/sup -/) transitions are calculated and compared with the experimental data. The sum rule for the Gamow-Teller transitions is also considered. The nuclear amplitude of radiative muon capture has been treated in the framework of the standard impulse approximation and also in the modified impulse approximation, which takes into account the continuity equation for electromagnetic current. The calculated total rates of ordinary muon capture are close to the experimental data. (37 References).
R. A. Eramzhyan, G. G. Ryzhikh, and YuM. Tchuvil'sky, "Antisymmetrization in the multicluster dynamical model of nuclei and nucleon-exchange effects," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 42--62, 1999.
Abstract: A modified version of the multicluster dynamical model of nuclei is proposed to construct completely antisymmetrized wave functions of multicluster systems. An overlap kernel operator is introduced to renormalize the total wave function after antisymmetrization with respect to nucleons belonging to different clusters. A group-theoretical method is developed to analyze the role of exchange effects that arise in calculating various observables of multicluster systems due to this antisymmetrization. The antisymmetrized version of the multicluster dynamical model is applied to six-nucleon systems treated as alpha -2N ones. For six-nucleon systems, the static and dynamical characteristics that manifest themselves in electron and pi -meson scattering, muon capture, beta decay, pion photoproduction, etc., are calculated. Significant advances are made in describing a variety of dynamical observables of six-nucleon systems in relation to the multicluster dynamical model. In the majority of cases, the calculated static and especially dynamical features comply well with available experimental data. (56 References).
TEO. Ericson, "Theoretical developments in the field of pi -mesic atoms," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 488-96, 1970.
Abstract: Three connected topics are discussed. Is there an anomaly in pi -nuclear interaction as a function of nuclear size with a change of its sign at a certain critical nuclear radius?. Why is the pi -nuclear s-wave interaction repulsive?. Some results from a recent numerical analysis of pi -mesic atoms are considered.
TEO. Ericson, "Can polarizabilities of nuclei and elementary particles be determined from exotic atoms?," Physics Letters B, vol. 40B, no. 4, pp. 459--62, 1972.
Abstract: The nuclear and hadronic responses to the electromagnetic fields in exotic atoms causes an energy shift proportional to a sum of nuclear and hadron polarizabilities. The shifts are shown to be within present experimental precision. (8 References).
T. Ericson, "Exotic atoms," in Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen, 1972.
Abstract: Any negatively charged particle in the Coulomb field of a nucleus forms a Bohr atom. The atomic size is inversely proportional to the mass of the particle while the energy is proportional to its mass. In orbits with small overlap with the central nucleus, all the ordinary atomic phenomena are displayed with unusual scale. In such orbits the atom can be used to test quantum electrodynamics and to measure masses, magnetic moments etc. of the elementary particle. In orbits of sizable overlap with the central nucleus the exotic atom becomes an important tool for measuring nuclear charge and current distributions or, for strongly interacting particles, the interacting strength of these with nuclei and the nuclear matter distribution.
TEO Ericson and J. Hufner, "Theory of polarization shifts in exotic atoms," Nuclear Physics B, vol. b47, no. 1, pp. 205--39, 1972.
Abstract: The level shifts caused by the electromagnetic polarizability of the nucleus (N) and the orbiting particle (H) are investigated in detail. The static E1 polarizability strongly dominates in levels with l[right angle bracket]or=4 and the shift is given. The polarizabilities of other multipoles are calculated with the help of sum rules. The polarization of the electron cloud is a small modification of electron screening. The quasistatic approximation for the particle in the atomic orbit is justified by deriving a number of exact expressions for averages of excitation energies and their spread. (12 References).
TEO. Ericson, "Somewhat virtual pions," Progress in Particle & Nuclear Physics, vol. 1, no. , pp. 173-92, 1978.
Abstract: The effect of virtual pions on muon capture, beta decay, magnetic moments etc. is discussed. The Yukawa field of the pion is also described. (11 References).
TEO. Ericson, "Anomalies in pionic atoms," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B32, no. 2, pp. 230--2, 1982.
Abstract: Large anomalies have recently been observed in the level shifts and widths of pionic 3d states in very heavy atoms. It is shown that the shifts can be well accounted for by including the previously neglected energy dependence of the multiple scattering optical potential without introducing any new free parameter. It is essential to couple this energy dependence to minimal coupling. The widths are better described but are still anomalously small. The present effect has consequences for pi /sup +or-/ scattering. (4 References).
TEO Ericson and L. Tauscher, "A new effect in pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 112B, no. 6, pp. 425--9, 1982.
Abstract: Shows that a likely explanation of the anomalous energy shifts in heavy pionic atoms is the energy dependence of the s-wave pi N scattering amplitudes. This leads to an energy dependence of the pi -nuclear optical potential. As a result, a nontrivial Coulomb term appears which leads to a remarkably better agreement with experiments without additional free parameters. An anomaly persists for the widths. (11 References).
TEO Ericson and G. Karl, "Strength of pion exchange in hadronic molecules," Physics Letters B, vol. 309, no. 3-4, pp. 426--30, 1993.
Abstract: The authors discuss the physics of pion exchange in forming hadronic molecules. The notion of a critical mass-the minimal reduced mass required for molecule formation-is introduced. The critical mass is estimated using scaling arguments based on the deuteron. They also discuss the role of tensor forces in such molecules. (7 References).
P. Erkkila, M. Saarela, and A. Kallio, "Muon capture rate in /sup 16/O and the ground-state wave function," Physics Letters B, vol. 34B, no. 1, pp. 5--6, 1971.
Abstract: The effect of deformed components in /sup 16/O ground-state wave function upon total mu -capture rate is studied. It is found that the discrepancy between theory and experiment is reduced to great extent both in group summation method and in closure approximation.
MR. Eskandari, "Muon catalyzed hybrid reactor under compression and heat conditions," Nuclear Science Journal, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 247--53, 1994.
Abstract: Immediately after prediction of the high rate for resonant deuteron-muon-triton (d mu t) formation, the scheme of practical application of muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) for the production of neutrons and nuclear fuel was suggested. With respect to recent developments on the d mu t molecule formation under compression and heating, re-examining of the conceptual design of muon catalyzed hybrid reactor ( mu CHR) seems necessary. In this work the conceptual design of mu CHR with compression and heating processes especially in the context of combining it for uranium breeding is considered. The energy production and energy gain of suggested system is considered under compression and temperature conditions. It seems a design of the system at ion density of 100 times the liquid hydrogen density and temperature range of about 10/sup 1/-10 eV will have a promising energy production rate and it simply makes the system quite reasonable for economical capital investment. (14 References).
M. R. Eskandari, SNH Motlagh, and M. Zahedifar, "Electron screening utilization factor in d-t fusion reaction at low energies for different distributions," Nuclear Science Journal, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 77--84, 1996.
Abstract: In fusion reactors, the particle distributions deviating from Maxwellian have been observed. To re-examine the reaction rate parameter in d-t fusion system, Maxwellian and multi-Maxwellian particle distributions are considered here with the electron presence in medium. Mathematical method for analytical calculation is reported. Very high sensitivity of reaction rate on particle distribution function was observed. The energy gain for a d-t fusion system is considered under the new conditions of distributions and electron presence. It seems that in the energy range of 1-30 keV for all considered distributions the electron presence can enhance the fusion gain by several times. In fact, above 10 keV it seems that the electron utilization factor saturate to a small value, but still enhancement in fusion gain is observed. Considering the muon-catalyzed fusion which is mostly considered as a low temperature fusion, this can have an important effect on muon efficiency. (12 References).
M. R. Eskandari, M. Zahedifar, and Khozani G. Sheikh, "Optimal condition for pion production in double target conceptual scheme for muon catalyzed fusion," Nuclear Science Journal, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 1--13, 1998.
Abstract: Muon or negative pion production has a very important role in Muon Catalyzed Fusion, mu CF. In most pion production systems, thick targets are used and in some special cases other designs are considered. In this paper we introduce double target design for pi /sup -/ production and present conditions which the energy expenditure for pi /sup -/ production to be as low as possible. In this conceptual design, protons are accelerated in an accelerator to higher energies and then in a storage ring they are circulated to find chance of interaction with thin target to produce primary negative pions and shower particles of protons and neutrons and pi /sup -/. These high energetic secondary particles will act as projectile particles for the external second thick target material which eventually further negative pions are produced. In this case, despite having a beam of certain energy on thin target and pion production, the pion energy reduction will be ignorable as they will path through thin target and the energy loss of incident protons on thin target can be compensated in storage ring easily. The energy expenditure of pi /sup -/ production for projectile protons of energy 1-3 GeV and various thin and thick target materials are calculated by a simple theory given and compared with results of FLUKA code. This comparison has shown acceptable accuracy for the given method. Finally the best configurations of thin and thick targets for having low energy cost of negative pion production are introduced. (12 References).
M. R. Eskandari and SN. Hoseini-motlagh, "Stability studies of muon catalysed fusion in mixture of H/T/D," Nuclear Science Journal, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1--12, 1999.
Abstract: Recent studies of muon catalyzed fusion in mixture of three gases of H/D/T, diluted to tritium and deuterium have shown considerable increase in muon cycling coefficient. In previous theoretical studies we have solved the relevant non-linear dynamical equations in steady state condition to determine the muon cycling coefficient and we have shown that the obtained coefficient is in a very good agreement with available experimental values of PSI. In this work the stability of solved steady state condition is considered. It is shown that the suggested system has considerable enhancement for muon catalyzed fusion in mu dt cycle at certain diluted concentration. Also, we find that, in general for a plausible range of fuel concentration ratios, such systems are absolutely stable. (46 References).
M. R. Eskandari, F. Faghihi, and K. R. Shirazi, "A study on yield and energy expenditure of negative pion and the determination of its optimal production conditions for muon catalyzed fusion," Iran. J. Sci. Technol., vol. 23, pp. 333-350, 1999.
Abstract: In previous calculations of yield and energy expenditure for negative pion production, the Coulomb scattering energy loss of projectile particles on target nucleus is not taken into account. Our calculations show that this is an important parameter. Also, in most calculations, the target thickness is assumed very thick near to infinity. This assumption will increase the Coulomb scattering energy loss, and also the chance of charge exchange reactions will increase for pions; all these combined will reduce outcoming pions from the target. In this paper, we provide a simple method for a theoretical calculation of energy expenditure for negative pion production in finite thickness target materials. By the given method, the energy loss of pions in target by Coulomb scattering and charge exchange of pions is calculated and the optimal conditions of projectile particles, their energy and target thickness are determined. Finally, it is shown that using finite target has the advantage of facilitating the use of heavier targets for pion production while it has low tritium inventory.
M. R. Eskandari, S. N. Hoseini-Motlagh, and F. Faghihi, "D-D muon catalyzed hybrid reactor and its comparison with D-T system," Iran. J. Sci. Technol., vol. 24, pp. 147-154, 2000.
Abstract: A new conceptual design of muon catalyzed hybrid deuteriumdeuterium fusion reactor is presented and its energy production and gain for different ion densities are determined. It is shown that the energy gain of 6.59 is achievable with the suggested system for deuterium of liquid hydrogen density. Its comparison with a similar deuterium-tritium hybrid fusion reactor has shown that at lower densities of LHD - 10 LHD the similar gain of 6.59-6.86 is achievable. For a deuterium density of 100 LHD, the obtained gain is 7.16, which is 10 times more than the gain of a muon catalyzed d+d reactor. The calculated gain was at temperature < 0.01 eV, and for this reason the obtained gain was small in comparison with a similar muon catalyzed d+t hybrid system. Finally, the availability of deuterium, an absence of radio-activity, tritium handling and inventory problems and the simplicity in using this suggested system as a central component for the satellite purposes of a nuclear power station all suggest that the proposed system has good potential.
M. R. Eskandari, K. R. Shirazi, and Zahedifar., "Studies on effects of CD/sub 4/ molecules on resonance exchange and energy gain enhancement of muon catalyzed D-D fusion," Nuclear Science Journal, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 251--63, 2000.
Abstract: Recent studies on resonance mechanism in the formation of muonic deuterium-deuterium mesomolecules is shown that the (dd mu )dee* complex formation rate in nu =6 state increases considerably by using an appropriate laser beam and a muon can catalyze hundreds of fusion events before it decays. In continuation of studies on the resonance mechanism, we suggest addition of CD/sub 4/ molecules to deuterium to make the required transition possible. So, the energy gain enhancement of muon catalyzed d-d and muon catalyzed hybrid d-d fusion systems for various concentrations of CD/sub 4/ molecules are considered. It is shown that the energy gain in these fusion systems in presence of CD/sub 4/ molecules are strongly dependent on CD/sub 4/ concentration and is optimized at a certain CD/sub 4/ concentration. The energy gain of both suggested fusion systems in optimized conditions are determined for various ion densities. It is also shown that the energy gain of 8.762 is achievable in 100LHD with only a 13 percent concentration of CD/sub 4/ which has a 22.2 percent gain enhancement. Having relatively good energy gain and easy availability and other advantages of deuterium, suggests more studies on the introduced systems and obtaining reliable d-d fusion systems seems promising. (22 References).
M. R. Eskandari, F. Faghihi, and M. Zahedifar, "The effects of newly observed sidepath on optimum muon cycling of inhomogeneous muon catalyzed fusion," Nuclear Science Journal, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 219--29, 2001.
Abstract: In recent studies of muon catalyzed fusion system, to reach to higher cycling rate and reduce the muon sticking to produced alpha ( alpha ) particles, using inhomogeneous media is suggested. The fusion and muonic molecules formation take place in liquid drops of deuterium-tritium and for stripping of muonic alpha particles, alpha mu , and reactivation of sticking muons, muonic-alpha particles are introduced to the hot plasma surrounding liquid drops to let them to be stripped by interactions. Released muons with existing deuterium in plasma are diffused into liquid drops in form of muonic deuterium and eventually increase the muon cycling. Our recent studies have shown that in optimal conditions of liquid drops and plasma, muon cycling coefficient (number of fusion per muon injection in liquid drop life time) reaches to 325 which comparing to homogeneous d-t system has considerable increase. In recent years a sidepath is reported in d-t system which is due to excited mesic d-t molecules formation, (dt mu )* from t mu (2s) state. Decay of formed mesic-molecule to d mu (1s) and t mu (1s) provides a reversible path which generates time delay in muon cycling and consequently reduces the muon cycling coefficient. In this paper, we have determined the muon cycling rate in suggested inhomogeneous system with considering sidepath effects. It is shown that at low temperature range the effects of sidepath are considerable. But at higher temperature (2 eV for drops in suggested system) the effects of reduction is small (3%) and is a motivation to explore new conditions towards further experiments on inhomogeneous system. (20 References).
M. R. Eskandari, B. Rezaie, and M. Zahedifar, "Optimal conditions for muon cycling in inhomogeneous media," Iran. J. Sci. Technol., vol. 25, pp. 355-367, 2001.
Abstract: A method to reach a large number of muon catalysis cycles in a pulsed muon catalyzed fusion system using inhomogeneous media (liquid drops of deuterium and tritium surrounded by hot deuterium plasma) is suggested. The effective sticking coefficient of(4) He at the optimum temperature of plasma (T-p = 100eV) is calculated as a function of plasma density using recently available data. The optimum plasma density and effective sticking coefficient of Phi (p) = 0.2LHD and omega (eff)(s) = 0.0025 are determined. For the mentioned optimum conditions, the liquid drop density of Phi (m) = 5LHD, lifetime, tau (m) = 7.08 x 10(-7) sec and average radius, r(D) = 0.004 cm with diffusion rate of muonic deuterium from plasma to liquid drops, lambda (D) = 1.6 x 10(7) sec(-1) are determined. Written point dynamical equations for the time change of muons, muonic atoms and muonic-molecules in both liquid drops and plasma are solved in time duration of liquid drops life-time using the RKF45 numerical method. It is shown that for a relative deuterium density of C-d = 0.35 (in liquid drops) and in optimum conditions, the muon catalysis cycle, chi (dt mu) is 325. It is also shown that for an appropriate blanket design and muon injection rate, the energy gain of 71.2 in hybrid design of the suggested inhomogeneous system is achievable, which is three times higher than the gain of similar homogeneous systems under compression and heat conditions.
M. R. Eskandari, F. Faghini, and M. Mahdavi, "The minimum binding energy and size of doubly muonic D-3 molecule," Int. J. Mod. Phys. C, vol. 13, pp. 265-275, 2002.
Abstract: The minimum energy and size of doubly muonic D-3 molecule, which two of the electrons are replaced by the much heavier muons, are calculated by the well-known variational method. The calculations show that the system possesses two minimum positions, one at typically muonic distance and the second at the atomic distance. It is shown that at the muonic distance, the effective charge, z(eff) is 2.9. We assumed a symmetric planar vibrational model between two minima and an oscillation potential energy is approximated in this region.
M. R. Eskandari, F. Faghihi, and R. Gheisari, "mu CF study of D/T and H/D/T mixtures in homogeneous and inhomogeneous medium, and comparison of their fusion yields," Int. J. Mod. Phys. C, vol. 13, pp. 689-705, 2002.
Abstract: {Muon reactivation coefficient are determined for muonic He (He = (4)(2) He = alpha
M. R. Eskandari, F. Faghihi, and R. Gheisari, "mu UF study of D/T and H/D/T mixtures in homogeneous and inhomogeneous medium, and comparison of their fusion yields," International Journal of Modern Physics C-Physics & Computers, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 689--705, 2002.
Abstract: "Muon reactivation coefficient are determined for muonic He (He=/sub 2//sup 4/He= alpha
M. R. Eskandari, S. N. Hoseini-Motlagh, and B. Rezaie, "Studies on muonic dynamics of liquid D-T-H in dt mu muonic-molecule resonance formation and its comparison with a D-T system," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 80, no. 10, pp. 1099--114, 2002.
Abstract: "Recent experimental and theoretical studies on muon-catalyzed fusion in a mixture of three gases, D-T-H, have shown that the muon-cycling-rate changes obtained are mostly in contradiction with each other and depend strongly on the physical conditions of the system. In this paper, we have considered the muon-cycling rate and its relevant nonlinear dynamical equations for mixtures of D-T and D-T-H in practical conditions where the muon-cycling rate is temperature; density of the mixture; and relative-particle concentration (deuterium, tritium, and hydrogen) dependent. Our theoretical method has shown that addition of protium to a D-T mixture leads to a significant decrease in the cycling rate, namely, by a factor of more than 15 in the liquid mixture and more than three in the gaseous mixture at 300-600 K. We show that the results obtained for given experimental conditions are in very good agreement with recent experimental values of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. The given reliable theoretical method leads us to determine the optimal condition of the muon-cycling rate such as relative-particle concentration in the resonance-temperature range at liquid hydrogen density
M. R. Eskandari and M. Mahdavi, "Calculation of binding energy for muonic three-body systems in the hyperspherical approach," Physical Review A, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 32511--1--6, 2003.
Abstract: Muonic three-body bound states are investigated within a hyperspherical adiabatic expansion representation. We have used a method for determining the basis functions of the expansion, which consists of decomposing these functions into Faddeev-type components and an equivalent treatment of all two-body contributions. Through this approach, and using partial waves for components, the binding energy of the ground state and the lowest eigenpotentials for the muonic molecules (pd mu ,pt mu ,dt mu ) are calculated in extreme and uncoupled adiabatic approximation. The obtained results are very close to variational calculations. (19 References).
M. R. Eskandari and F. Faghihi, "Minimum binding energy and size of the doubly muonic T-3 molecule," Int. J. Quantum Chem., vol. 93, pp. 377-383, 2003.
Abstract: The minimum energy and size of doubly muonic T-3 molecule in which two of the electrons are replaced by the much heavier muons are calculated by the well-known variational method. The calculations show that the system possesses two minimum positions, one at a typically muonic distance and the second at the atomic distance. It is shown that at the muonic distance the effective charge, z(eff), is 2.88. We assumed a symmetrical planar vibrational model between two minima and an oscillation potential energy is approximated in this region. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
M. R. Eskandari and K. R. Shirazi, "Muon catalyzed fusion dynamics in solid heterogeneous H/D/T mixture and its comparison with solid homogeneous D/T system," Int. J. Mod. Phys. C, vol. 14, pp. 367-378, 2003.
Abstract: The Ramsauer-Townsend effect in hydrogen is used to force the muonic tritium in suggested heterogeneous solid hydrogen- deuterium-tritium (H/D/T) multilayer system to provide resonance muonic deuterium-tritium molecule formation. The written coupled linear point dynamical equations for the suggested system are solved by Monte-Carlo method using "Lsode" computer code. The obtained results for the optimum layer thicknesses and tritium concentration are compared with the results of solid homogeneous deuterium-tritium system in the same physical condition (temperature, density and tritium concentration). It is shown that for the same physical conditions, the muon cycling coefficient of two isotopes of deuterium-tritium (D/T) has only 3% muon cycling coefficient of suggested heterogeneous solid forced H/D/T fusion system. It is shown that with very little tritium concentration (c(t) = 0.005) the obtained muon cycling rate and coefficient axe similar to 120 mus(-1) and 165 respectively.
H. Euteneuer, J. Friedrich, and N. Voegler, "What can be learnt about nuclear polarization from a consistency analysis of e/sup -/ cross sections and muonic X-rays for /sup 208/Pb and the isotone pair /sup 209/Bi//sup 208/Pb?," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 280, no. 2, pp. 165--70, 1977.
Abstract: A joint analysis of recent electron scattering cross sections and muonic atom X-ray energies is performed for /sup 208/Pb and the isotone pair /sup 209/Bi//sup 208/Pb. From the compatibility of the experimental data one can learn about the nuclear polarisation correction. However, one finds this information not to be as accurate as other authors claimed when one takes into consideration the ambiguities in the treatment of the corrections of the higher levels. (26 References).
H. Euteneuer, J. Friedrich, and N. Voegler, "The charge-distribution differences of /sup 209/Bi, /sup 208,207,206,204/Pb and /sup 205,203/Tl investigated by elastic electron scattering and muonic X-ray data," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A298, no. 3, pp. 452--76, 1978.
Abstract: Elastic electron scattering cross sections and cross-section ratios have been measured for the stable Bi, Pb and Tl isotopes. The data are analysed with the Fourier-Bessel method and the charge-distribution differences of the isotonic and isotopic pairs are presented as well as the Fourier-Bessel coefficients of the seven single nuclei. To improve the accuracy of the results, muonic X-ray data are incorporated into the analysis. The measured Delta rho (r) are compared with the simple shell model, where the stretching due to the additional nucleons is taken into account, and with more sophisticated HF calculations. (41 References).
HJ. Evans, "Gamma-rays following muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A207, no. 2, pp. 379--400, 1973.
Abstract: The energy and intensity of gamma -rays following capture of muons by Si, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Y, Ag and Au were measured with a Ge(Li) detector. In most cases it was possible to identify the final nucleus from the energy of the gamma -ray observed. In general, this showed that one or more neutrons were emitted in the initial stages of de-excitation. In the case of capture by Fe and Ni the evidence pointed to a mode of de-excitation by the emission of a proton and a neutron and in Ti by gamma -rays alone. In these measurements it was possible to account for as much as 60% of the muons captured in Co, less in the other elements, and only 15% in Si. (45 References).
V. S. Evseev and VS. Roganov, "Determination of the ( mu /sup -/, nu 2n)-reaction probability for mu /sup -/-capture in sulphur and calcium," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1012--16, 1973.
Abstract: The absolute capture probability (per mu /sup -/-capture event) for the ( mu /sup -/, nu 2n) reaction in S/sup 32/ and Ca/sup 40/ is measured by the activation method. Comparing the obtained results with the predictions of different mu /sup -/-capture models and with other experimental data the authors conclude that the muon absorption by nuclear clusters (quasi-deuteron) cannot be the main source of the high-energy part of the nucleon spectra in the reaction. (10 References).
V. S. Evseev, T. N. Mamedov, V. S. Roganov, and MV. Frontas'eva, "Observation of 'slow' relaxation of spin of negative muons in oxides," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 249--52, 1978.
Abstract: Reports on the results of observation of the reduction in time of the asymmetry of the angular distribution of muon decay electrons in the mesic atoms of oxygen in oxides. (5 References).
V. S. Evseev, T. N. Mamedov, V. S. Roganov, and NI. Kholodov, "An explanation for the oscillations in the probability of negative muon capture by atoms based on the periodic oscillations of stopping power of matter," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 513--17, 1982.
Abstract: Summary data on the relative probability of negative muon capture by atoms and on the cross-sections of stopping of low-energy charged particles for element targets have been jointly analyzed. Oscillations in the probability of negative muon capture by atoms in different compounds can be explained on the basis of periodic oscillations of atomic stopping power. (20 References).
V. Evseyev, T. Kozlowski, V. Roganov, and J. Wojtkowska, "The neutron energy spectra from the ( mu /sup -/, nu n) reaction of /sup 32/S and /sup 40/Ca," Physics Letters B, vol. 28b, no. 8, pp. 553--4, 1969.
Abstract: A line structure in the enemy spectra of neutrons from mu /sup -/ capture in sulphur and calcium has been observed. These results are the first direct confirmation of the resonance mechanism of muon capture.
G. T. Ewan and others, "Neutrino astrophysics with the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 199--212, 1996.
A. Faessler, J. E. Galonska, and K. Goeke, "Do electron scattering and muonic X-ray data really require a central depression in the charge distribution of /sup 208/Pb?," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 250, no. 5, pp. 436--45, 1972.
Abstract: The charge distribution of /sup 208/Pb calculated in the Hartree-Fock (HF) approach using the density dependent nucleon-nucleon interaction of Ehlers and Moszkowski is tested by simultaneous comparison with experimental data from 502 MeV elastic electron scattering and muonic atoms. In both cases the agreement is very good and nearly as good as the best fits with a phenomenological charge distribution of Fermi type, if the effect of the polarization of the nucleus due to the presence of the muon is properly taken into account. In contradiction to the Fermi fits the HF distribution shows a hump at the center of the nucleus. (22 References).
A. Faessler, T. S. Kosmas, S. Kovalenko, and J. D. Vergados, "Exotic mu(-)-e(-) conversion in nuclei and R-parity violating supersymmetry," Nucl. Phys. B, vol. 587, pp. 25-44, 2000.
Abstract: The flavor violating mu(-) - e(-) conversion in nuclei is studied within the minimal supersymmetric standard model, We focus on the R-parity violating contributions at tree level including the trilinear and the bilinear terms in the superpotential as well as in the soft supersymmetry breaking sector. The nucleon and nuclear structure have consistently been taken into account in the expression of the mu(-) - e(-) conversion branching ratio constructed in this framework. We have found that the contribution of the strange quark sea of the nucleon is comparable with that of the valence quarks. From the available experimental data on mu(-) - e(-) conversion in Ti-48 and Pb-208 and the expected sensitivity of the MECO experiment for Al-27 we have extracted new stringent limits on the R-parity violating parameters. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
M. P. Faifman, L. I. Menshikov, L. I. Ponomarev, I. V. Puzynin, T. P. Puzynina, and TA. Strizh, "The energy levels of hydrogen isotopes mesic molecular complexes," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 79--85, 1986.
Abstract: A method to calculate isotope effects in diatomic molecules is developed. The energy levels of hydrogen isotopes and mesic molecular complexes which are used for calculation of dd mu and dt mu mesic molecule resonant formation rates are found. The obtained values agree with the experimental data within approximately 5.10/sup -4/ eV accuracy. (20 References).
M. P. Faifman, L. I. Men'shikov, and LI. Ponomarev, "Formation of dt mu mesic molecules at low temperatures," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 285--94, 1988.
Abstract: "The reasons for the unsatisfactory status of theoretical description of mesic molecular formation processes are analyzed. The scheme for the quantitative description of this phenomenon is suggested. From the analysis of the experimental data (T=23 K
MP. Faifman, "The resonant formation of dd mu and dt mu mesic molecules," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 247--59, 1988.
Abstract: The rates of dd mu and dt mu mesic molecules resonant formation at different densities and temperatures are calculated. The results are obtained taking account of the finite lifetime of the (Mdee)* mesic molecular complex (M=dd mu , dt mu ). The calculations at low density rates lambda /sub dd mu /(T) are in good agreement with the experimentally measured ones for a wide range of deuterium temperature. Various types of experiments on measurement of the rates lambda /sub dd mu / and lambda /sub dt mu / are discussed. The comparison between the calculated and experimental data enable one to estimate the accuracy of the theoretical values for the binding energy of dd mu and dt mu molecule loosely bound state. (38 References).
M. P. Faifman, L. I. Men'shikov, and TA. Strizh, "Calculation of the mesic molecular resonant formation rates," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 1--29, 1989.
Abstract: The detailed scheme of the calculation of dd mu and dt mu resonant formation rates is presented, which is based on the correct method of the evaluation of the widths of the quasistationary states of ((dt mu )dee)-like mesic molecular complexes. The effects of the identity of the particles involved in the formation reaction have been taken into account. The rates of the resonant formation of mesic molecular complexes ((dt mu )dee) and ((dt mu )tee) in highly excited states have been calculated with the method presented. (44 References).
MP. Faifman, "Nonresonant formation of hydrogen isotope mesic molecules," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 341--63, 1989.
Abstract: Nonresonant mesic molecule formation via monopole E0 and dipole E1-transitions with hydrogen molecule electron conversion is considered. The formation rates of the mesic molecules pp mu , pd mu , dd mu , dt mu , tt mu for all relevant rotational and vibrational states and over a wide range of mesic atom collision energies are calculated. In the calculations the adiabatic representation of the three-body problem is used. (50 References).
M. P. Faifman and LI. Ponomarev, "Resonant formation of dt mu mesic molecules in the triple H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ mixture," Physics Letters B, vol. 265, no. 3-4, pp. 201--6, 1991.
Abstract: The process of the formation of the resonant dt mu molecule t mu +HD to ((dt mu )pee) is considered and its rate lambda /sub dt mu -p/ is calculated as a function of the energy of the mesic atom t mu and the temperature of the H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ mixture. It is shown that at the energy E=0.2 eV and the temperature T=30 K the rate lambda /sub dt mu -p/ reaches the value 2*10/sup 10/ s/sup -1/. At T=900 K the resonant formation rate averaged over the maxwellian distribution on the energies of the t mu atom is lambda /sub dt mu -p/ approximately=2.3*10/sup 9/ s/sup -1/. The consequences of these results are discussed. (12 References).
M. P. Faifman, T. A. Strizh, EAG Armour, and MR. Harston, "Quadrupole corrections to matrix elements of transitions in resonant reactions of muonic molecule formation," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 179-89, 1996.
Abstract: The calculated resonant formation rates of the muonic molecules DD mu and DT mu are presented. The approach developed earlier for calculating the transition matrix elements in the dipole approximation has been extended to include the quadrupole terms in the multipole expansion of the interaction operator. The calculated dependence of the DT mu formation rates on the energies of the incident T mu muonic atoms shows that the effect of including the quadrupole correction is to reduce the magnitude of the peak rates by about 20-30% at the different temperatures, compared to those calculated in the dipole approximation. The dependence on temperature for the DD mu formation rates is obtained with the differences between the presented and previous calculations being less than 5%. (14 References).
M. P. Faifman and LI. Men'shikov, "Influence of ion-molecular reactions on mu -capture in hydrogen and on fusion in /sup 3/Hed mu muonic molecule," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 187--95, 1999.
Abstract: The de-excitation processes (J=1) to (J=0) in muonic molecular ions (pp mu )/sup +/ and (/sup 3/Hed mu )/sup +/ are studied. It is shown that the rate of such transitions substantially depends on the chain of ion-molecular reactions initiated by positively charged muonic ions. The probabilities of ortho-para transition in the (pp mu )/sup +/H/sub 2/ and (pp mu )/sup +/e complexes formed as a result of chemical reactions in the pure hydrogen were estimated. Taking into account the ion-molecular processes in D/sub 2/+He mixtures, the evaluation of the observed rate lambda /sub f/ of nuclear fusion in the /sup 3/Hed mu muonic molecules was performed. The expected yield of fusion reactions per muon at the mixture density phi =0.1 and concentration C/sub He/=0.05 was obtained to be equal to N/sub f/ approximately=3.10/sup -8/. (18 References).
M. P. Faifman and LI. Men'shikov, "Cascade processes in muonic hydrogen atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 61--70, 2001.
Abstract: The QCMC scheme created earlier for cascade calculations in heavy hadronic atoms of hydrogen isotopes has been modified and applied to the study of cascade processes in the mu p muonic hydrogen atoms. The distribution of mu p atoms over kinetic energies has been obtained and the yields of K-series X-rays per one stopped muon have been calculated. Comparison with experimental data indicated directly that for muonic and pionic atoms new types of non-radiative transitions are essential, while they are negligible for heavy (kaonic, antiprotonic, etc.) atoms. These processes have been considered and their probabilities have been estimated. (22 References).
S. Fajfer and P. Singer, "Constraints on heavy Z' couplings from Delta S=2 B/sup -/ to K/sup -/K/sup -/ pi /sup +/ decay," Physical Review D, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 017301/1-3, 2002.
Abstract: The heavy Z' boson with family nonuniversal couplings can introduce flavor changing effects. Constraints on nondiagonal Z' couplings coming from the mu -e conversion in a muonic atom, K/sup 0/-K/sup 0/ and B-B mixing, epsilon and epsilon '/ epsilon CP-violating coefficients have been already established. By using the OPAL upper bound of the branching ratio for the B/sup -/ to K/sup -/K/sup -/ pi /sup +/ decay, we indicate additional constraints on the Z' couplings. We comment also on the constraints of Z' couplings coming from the b to dds transition. The constraint obtained here from the upper bound of the B/sup -/ to K/sup -/K/sup -/ pi /sup +/ decay involves a different combination of couplings than those previously presented, but is much weaker. (16 References).
R. N. Faustov, A. P. Martynenko, and V. A. Saleev, "Proton polarizability correction to the hydrogen hyperfine splitting," nucl--ph Preprint, vol. 9811514, 1998.
R. N. Faustov and A. P. Martynenko, "Hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen," nucl--ph Preprint, vol. 9906315, 1999.
R. N. Faustov and A. P. Martynenko, "Proton polarizability and the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen," nucl--ph Preprint, vol. 9904362, 1999.
R. N. Faustov and AP. Marynenko, "Hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the spectra of hydrogenic atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 209-16, 2001.
Abstract: We consider the calculation of hadronic vacuum polarization effects in the hyperfine splitting and Lamb shift of muonic hydrogen atom. We use modern experimental data on the cross section of e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation into hadrons. It should be particularly emphasized, that hadronic vacuum polarization correction has been the subject of some experimental studies in the case of hyperfine structure of muonium and Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen. (13 References).
R. N. Faustov and AP. Martynenko, "Proton polarizability contribution to the hydrogen Lamb shift and hyperfine splitting," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 277-84, 2001.
Abstract: The contribution of the proton polarizability to the hydrogen hyperfine splitting and Lamb shift is evaluated on the basis of modern experimental and theoretical results on the structure functions of deep inelastic e-p scattering. The numerical value of the contribution to the muonic hydrogen (2P-2S) Lamb shift is equal to 16 mu eV. The relative order proton polarizability correction to hydrogen hyperfine splitting is 1.4 ppm. (25 References).
R. N. Faustov and A. P. Martynenko, "Pseudoscalar pole terms contributions to hadronic light-bylight corrections to the muonium hyperfine splitting," Phys. Lett. B, vol. 541, pp. 135-141, 2002.
Abstract: The contribution of pseudoscalar pole diagrams to the hadronic light-by-light corrections of order alpha(3)E(F) to the ground state hyperfine splitting in hydrogenic atom is calculated in the pseudoscalar pole terms approximation. The vector dominance model for the form factor of the transition of a pseudoscalar meson into two photons is used. With the account of new experimental data on the cross sections sigma(e(+)e(-) --> rho, omega --> pi(0)(eta)gamma) in the SND and CMD-2 experiments some other hadronic corrections to the muonium hyperfine splitting are calculated. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
R. N. Faustov and AP. Martynenko, "Nuclear structure corrections in the energy spectra of electronic and muonic deuterium," Physical Review A, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 52506--1--7, 2003.
Abstract: The one-loop nuclear structure corrections of order (Z alpha )/sup 5/ to the Lamb shift and hyperfine splitting of deuterium are calculated. The contribution of the deuteron structure effects to the isotope shifts (ep)-(ed) and ( mu p)-( mu d) in the interval 1S-2S is obtained on the basis of modern experimental data on the deuteron electromagnetic form factors. Comparison with similar contributions to the Lamb shift for electronic and muonic hydrogen shows that the relative contribution due to the nuclear structure increases on passing from hydrogen to deuterium. (30 References).
D. Favart, F. Brouillard, L. Grenacs, P. Igo-Kemenes, P. Lipnik, and PC. Macq, "Depolarization of negative muons in low-Z muonic atoms with nonzero nuclear spin," Physical Review Letters, vol. 25, no. 19, pp. 1348--50, 1970.
Abstract: The decay asymmetries resulting from the residual polarization of negative muons were measured in the components of the ground-state hyperfine doublet of /sup 6/Li, /sup 7/Li, /sup 9/Be, /sup 10/B, and /sup 11/B muonic atoms. The results show a characteristic consequence of the muon-nucleus magnetic dipole coupling during the muonic cascade.
HW. Fearing, "Theorem for the photon asymmetry in radiative muon capture," Physical Review Letters, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 79--82, 1975.
Abstract: The author finds a general result which shows some ways in which the standard theory of muon-capture may predict wrong values for alpha , the photon asymmetry parameter. (16 References).
HW. Fearing, "Relativistic calculation of radiative muon capture in hydrogen and /sup 3/He," Physical Review C, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 1951--8, 1980.
Abstract: In view of the fundamental importance of radiative muon capture, particularly in light nuclei, and of the somewhat confused theoretical situation, a new calculation of radiative muon capture on the proton and on /sup 3/He has been made. This calculation is based on the standard set of diagrams but, unlike previous calculations, has been performed without making nonrelativistic approximations. Results are given for the rate and photon spectrum for both /sup 1/H and /sup 3/He. A detailed comparison of this calculation is made with the approach developed by Hwang and Primakoff (1978) which is based on general constraints of conserved vector current, partially conserved axial vector current and gauge invariance and on a special linearity hypothesis to try to understand why the Hwang-Primakoff results differ markedly from all previous results. It is shown that this calculation, as well as other standard ones, satisfy the general constraints of Hwang and Primakoff and that the differences arise because of their linearity hypothesis and other approximations. These differences are examined in detail, and it is shown that the numerically most important one arises because the linearity hypothesis has been used in such a way that it leads to a Hwang-Primakoff amplitude which violates the Low soft photon theorem. (24 References).
H. W. Fearing and GE. Walker, "Radiative muon capture in a relativistic mean field theory: Fermi gas model," Physical Review C, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 2349--55, 1989.
Abstract: The authors examine radiative muon capture in a nuclear medium using mean field theory and a relativistic Fermi gas model for the nucleus to obtain the single nucleon states. The aim is to explore, in a simple model, effects of the medium which are characterized primarily by a nucleon effective mass m*, as well as other relativistic effects. The relative rate, i.e., the photon spectrum divided by the nonradiative rate, and the photon asymmetry relative to the muon spin are calculated. The most important effect turns out to be the Fermi motion which reduces the relative rate by a factor of 2-3 in the experimentally accessible region, compared to the static case. The m* effect further reduces the result by 10-50%, depending on the photon energy. The relativistic nature of this calculation, unlike usual nonrelativistic calculations, allows these effects to be incorporated to all orders in 1/m. As a consequence some interesting effects can be studied in the small k region. They conclude that both relativistic kinematic and medium effects may be significant and thus that it is worthwhile investigating this reaction in more realistic relativistic nuclear models. (20 References).
H. W. Fearing and MS. Welsh, "Radiative muon capture in medium heavy nuclei in a relativistic mean field theory model," Physical Review C, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 2077--89, 1992.
Abstract: Radiative and ordinary muon capture are studied in medium heavy nuclei using a relativistic mean field theory approach. A relativistic Fermi gas model is used to describe the nucleus and the local density approximation, together with realistic density distributions, are used to relate the process in infinite nuclear matter to finite nuclei. A number of density dependent effects not considered in previous nonrelativistic calculations are considered, as, for example, the variation of the effective nucleon mass and of the Fermi momentum with the nuclear density. The photon spectrum and the total experimentally accessible radiative rate (i.e. the part of the spectrum with photon momentum k[right angle bracket]or=57 MeV) are calculated for a variety of nuclei, along with the ordinary muon capture rate. The aim is to understand the sensitivities to the various components and to assess the reliability of such models for extracting the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant g/sub P/ from the experimental data. The authors find that the rates are quite dependent on the various inputs, which suggests that it will be difficult to extract g/sub P/ and casts some doubt on the validity of previous similar calculations. Some interesting qualitative features emerge from a comparison with recent data, however. The absolute rates are too high, which is consistent with other calculations. However, the model does reproduce rather well the Z dependence of both relative and absolute radiative rates without requiring any quenching of g/sub P/ in heavy nuclei. Furthermore the model gives an enhancement in the spectrum near the end point as compared to the uniform density model. Such an enhancement seems to be suggested by the data. (28 References).
H. W. Fearing, R. Lewis, N. Mobed, and S. Scherer, "Muon capture by a proton in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory," Physical Review D, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1783--91, 1997.
Abstract: The matrix element for muon capture by a proton is calculated to O(p/sup 3/) within heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory using the new O(p/sup 3/) Lagrangian of Ecker and Mojzis. External nucleon fields are renormalized using the appropriate definition of the wave function renormalization factor Z/sub N/. Our expression for Z/sub N/ differs somewhat from that found in the existing literature, but is the one which is consistent with the Lagrangian we use and the one which ensures, within our approach, the nonrenormalization of the vector coupling as required by the conserved vector current. Expressions for the standard muon capture form factors are derived and compared to experimental data and we determine three of the coefficients of the Ecker Mojzis Lagrangian, namely, b/sub 7/, b/sub 19/, and b/sub 23/. (24 References).
H. W. Fearing, R. Lewis, N. Mobed, and S. Scherer, "Radiative and non radiative muon capture on the proton in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 631, no. , pp. 735-9, 1998.
Abstract: We have evaluated the amplitude for muon capture by a proton, mu +p to n+ nu ,to O(p/sup 3/) within the context of heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory (HBChPT) using the new O(p/sup 3/) Lagrangian of Ecker and Mojzis (E and M). We obtain expressions for the standard muon capture form factors and determine three of the coefficients of the E and M Lagrangian, namely, b/sub 7/, b/sub 19/, and b/sub 23/. We describe progress on the next step, a calculation of the radiative muon capture process, mu +p to n+ nu + gamma . (15 References).
H. W. Fearing, T. R. Hemmert, R. Lewis, and C. Unkmeir, "Radiative pion capture by a nucleon," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 6205, pp. art. no.-054006, 2000.
Abstract: The differential cross sections for pi (-)p-->gamman and pi (+)n-->gammap are computed up to O(p(3)) in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory (HBChPT). The expressions at O(p) and O(p(2)) have no free parameters. There are three unknown parameters at O(p(3)), low energy constants of the HBChPT Lagrangian, which are determined by fitting to experimental data. Two acceptable fits are obtained, which can be separated by comparing with earlier dispersion relation calculations of the inverse process. Expressions for the multipoles, with emphasis on the p-wave multipoles, are obtained and evaluated at threshold. Generally the results obtained from the best of the two fits are in good agreement with the dispersion relation predictions.
H. W. Fearing, T. R. Hemmert, R. Lewis, and C. Unkmeir, "Charged radiative pion capture on the nucleon in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory," Nucl. Phys. A, vol. 684, pp. 377C-379C, 2001.
VN. Fedorov, "Raising the precision in measuring the fine-structure constant in an atomic beam experiment," Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 61--3, 1976.
Abstract: The precision of measurement of the fine structure constant affects electromagnetic units measurement standards. Recent experiments have determined values with an error not exceeding 3.9*10/sup -6/. By experimenting with beams of metastable atoms it is suggested that the error in determining the fine structure constant can be reduced to 1*10/sup -6/. (7 References).
X. Fei, "Electric charges of positive and negative muons," Physical Review A, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 1467--9, 1994.
Abstract: Electric charges carried by positive and negative muons in units of an electric charge, e/sub mu +//e=1+or-1*10/sup -7/ and e/sub mu -//e=-1+or-2*10/sup -5/, are derived from the theoretical and experimental values of the ground-state hyperfine-structure intervals Delta nu in muonium and muonic helium atoms as tests of electric-charge quantization for muons. These results also provide a test of CPT symmetry for positive and negative muon charges, with an accuracy of two parts in 10/sup 5/. Further improvements can be made from more precise theoretical and experimental values for Delta nu in muonium and muonic helium atoms with the approach described in this paper. (18 References).
X. Fei, "Magnetic moment of the negative muon," Physical Review A, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 1470--2, 1994.
Abstract: The most accurate value of the negative-muon magnetic moment, mu ( mu /sup -/))=3.183 345(10) mu /sub p/, is obtained by combining the negative-muon mass from X-ray transitions in muonic atoms and the reanalyzed negative-muon g factor with the proton magnetic moment in Bohr magnetons. The fractional uncertainty of 3.1*10/sup -6/ is 15 times more accurate than any previous direct measurement. The obtained ratio of the magnetic moments of the positive muon and the negative muon, mu ( mu /sup +/)/ mu ( mu /sup -/)=1.000 000 2(31), provides a test of CPT invariance at the level of 3 ppm. The negative-muon g factor g( mu /sup -/) and the magnetic moment anomaly a( mu /sup -/) derived for a test of CPT theorem are obtained from an approach now made possible using the new value of the negative-muon magnetic moment. To substantially improve the verification of the CPT theorem for the muon g factor, a much more precise value for mu ( mu /sup -/)/ mu /sub p/ is needed to determine the anomalous g factor a( mu /sup -/) for the new Brookhaven National Laboratory muon g-2 experiment. (20 References).
G. Feinberg and MY. Chen, "Hyperfine effects in parity-violating muonic-atom decays," Physical Review D, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 3789--95, 1974.
Abstract: Considers how hyperfine interactions affect the parity-violating correlations in the decay 25/sub 1/2/ to 15/sub 1/2/+1 photon of muonic atoms. Shows that the parity-violating muon-proton Hamiltonian contains a term proportional to the nuclear spin. Demonstrates how the measurements of the parity-violating correlations in light nuclei can be used to determine both parity-violating coupling constants. (8 References).
G. Feinberg and MY. Chen, "2S/sub 1/2/ to 1S/sub 1/2/+one-photon decay of muonic atoms and parity-violating neutral-current interactions," Physical Review D, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 190--203, 1974.
Abstract: Calculates photon distributions and decay ratios for 2S/sub 1/2/ to 1S/sub 1/2/+1 photon. Discusses competition between this and other muonic-atom decay modes (like 2S/sub 1/2/ to 1S/sub 1/2/+2 photons, or 2S/sub 1/2/ to 2P/sub 1/2/). Considers the possible measurability of such transitions, and what information the measurements could yield on parity-violating muon-nucleon interactions. (22 References).
G. Feinberg, "Neutral current phenomena," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 468-87, 1975.
Abstract: A 'neutral current interaction' is defined in which a neutrino makes a transition to a neutrino at some space-time point, a hadron makes a transition to some hadron system of equal charge at a nearby space-time point, and some neutral weak boson is exchanged between the two points. The author considers three groups of questions concerning neutral currents involving (1) neutrinos, (2) charged leptons and (3) hadrons. Actual and proposed experiments are discussed, the latter including low-energy neutrino scattering, electron or muon scattering from nuclei, transitions in muonic or electronic atoms, and energy level shifts in ordinary and muonic atoms. (46 References).
Ji Feng, P. W. Percival, J-C Brodovitch, B. Addison-Jones, and S. Wlodek, "Level crossing resonance due to chlorine nuclei in a free radical," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 87, no. 1-4, pp. 853--8, 1994.
Abstract: Muonium adds to allyl chloride, CH/sub 2/=CHCH/sub 2/Cl, to form two radicals: MuCH/sub 2/CHCH/sub 2/Cl (main product) and .CH/sub 2/CHMuCH/sub 2/Cl (minor product). Both radicals were fully characterized by mu SR and mu LCR. In the main product, the LCR lines due to the /sup 35/Cl and /sup 37/Cl nuclei were observed. Also, the temperature dependence of various hyperfine coupling constants (HFC) indicates that both Mu and Cl eclipse the unpaired electron p/sub z/-orbital in the minimum energy conformation. For the fragment -CH/sub 2/Cl, the presence of Mu in the beta '-position is found to affect significantly the HFC of Cl in the beta -position; an internal rotational barrier of 12 kJ mol/sup -1/ was estimated using a simple V/sub 2/ torsional potential. (7 References).
E. Fermi and E. Teller, "The capture of negative mesotrons in matter," Physical Review, vol. 72, pp. 399--408, 1947.
L. M. P. Fernandes, J. A. M. Lopes, J. M. F. dos Santos, and C. A. N. Conde, "Application of large-area avalanche photodiodes to energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis," X--Ray Spectrometry, vol. 30, pp. 164--169, 2001.
G. Ferrante, Cascio L. Lo, and M. Zarcone, "Correlated wave functions for three-body Coulombic systems. Asymmetric mesonic molecular ions and heliumlike atoms," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 36B, no. 2, pp. 141-55, 1976.
Abstract: The previously reported (see Phys. Rev. A., vol.14, p.558 (1976)) general correlated wave function for three-particle Coulombic systems is used to construct compact and accurate wave functions for the asymmetric mesonic molecular ions p mu d, p mu t and d mu t, and for helium and heliumlike positive ions Li/sup +/ and Be/sup ++/. With these wave functions the following ground-state energy values have been obtained: -2.903406 AU for He, -7.278210 AU for Li/sup +/, -13.654953 AU for Be/sup ++/, -0.510483 mesonic AU for p mu d, -0.517284 mesonic AU for p mu t and -0.536451 mesonic AU for d mu t. All the wave function parameters are tabulated together with a number of useful expectation values. (17 References).
G. Ferrante, R. Geracitano, and Cascio L. Lo, "Correlated wave functions for three-body systems with Coulomb interaction. Mesonic molecular ions," Physical Review A, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 558--64, 1976.
Abstract: A general correlated wave function expansion has been proposed for three-body systems with Coulomb interactions. The terms of this expansion are analysed for the different configurations H/sup -/, e/sup -/e/sup +/e/sup -/, p mu p, d mu d, t mu t and p mu d, by computing various expectation values. For a two-centre, rather than a one-centre, system, the dominant terms in the expansion contain powers of the interparticle distances for particles of the same charge sign. Accurate variational ground-state energies for the mesonic molecular ions are given by two-term wave functions; tables of other parameters, such as the muon-nucleus overlap, are included. The results for the asymmetric p mu d are slightly less accurate than the other data. (29 References).
R. Ferreira--Marques, "Measurement of the K--line intensity ratios in muonic hydrogen between 0.25 and 150 torr gas pressure", 1982.
G. A. Fesenko, V. L. Shablov, and VA. Shakirov, "Calculations of mu He/sup +/ level populations in the deceleration processes in D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ mixture," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 439--42, 1988.
Abstract: The authors present calculations of mu He/sup +/ level population in the deceleration process in the mixture and the muon-stripping probability in different versions where collision processes are taken into account. A kinetic equations numerical solution programme enables one to take account of different numbers of the levels of the mesic atom under arbitrary initial conditions. Account was taken of the following transitions caused by collisions with D/sub 2/ and T/sub 2/-molecules: ionization and mu -transfer, excitation and deexcitation Auger effect as well as radiative transitions in the alpha -mesic atom. (8 References).
G. Fesenko and VL. Shablov, "Energy spectra of neutrons and muons produced in the dt mu molecule synthesis reaction," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 183--93, 1989.
Abstract: Energy spectra of neutrons, muons, and helions in the synthesis reaction of dd mu and dt mu molecules are calculated using the explicit expression for the decay vertex function obtained on the basis of the formal resonance theory. (12 References).
G. A. Fesenko, F. I. Karmanov, and VL. Shablov, "Muon and helium angle correlation function, for the dt mu and dd mu molecules synthesis reaction," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 419--24, 1989.
Abstract: Muon and helium angular correlation functions for the synthesis reaction of dd mu and dt mu molecules are calculated including the domain of the system final state space which corresponds to the convey effect. It is shown that the probability of this effect in the case of dt mu molecules is negligible in comparison with the muon sticking probability. (18 References).
G. A. Fesenko and GYa. Korenman, "Primary distribution of muonic hydrogen atoms on the quantum states and kinetic energy," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 495--7, 1991.
Abstract: The authors calculate the primary distributions on the quantum numbers n, l and on the kinetic energy epsilon of muonic hydrogen isotope atoms formed by the dissociation of the highly excited (aa mu )/sup +/ ions after muon capture by hydrogen molecules. These distributions are quite different from those of the muon capture by atomic hydrogen. (6 References).
G. A. Fesenko and GYa. Korenman, "New results in the theory of muonic atom formation in molecular hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 91-6, 1996.
Abstract: Muonic atom formation in molecular hydrogen proceeds in two stages. In the first stage, the mu-molecular complex (ab mu e)* is formed due to Coulomb capture of a muon by a hydrogen molecule (abee), and, in the second stage, the decay of the complex leads to exotic-atom formation. We consider various channels for the decay of the complex. The main competition channels are direct dissociation and Auger decay. The primary distribution of muonic atoms over quantum states and kinetic energy has been obtained taking into account the competition of the decay channels. (5 References).
J. G. Fetkovich, T. H. Fields, G. B. Yodh, and M. Derrick, "Formation of µ--mesonic molecules in H--D mixtures," Physical Review Letters, vol. 4, pp. 570--572, 1960.
J. G. Fetkovich, B. R. Riley, and I-T. Wang, "The atomic cascade of negative particles in liquid helium," Physics Letters B, vol. 35B, no. 2, pp. 178--80, 1971.
Abstract: The measured atomic cascade times of pi /sup -/ K/sup -/ and Sigma /sup -/ in helium are compared with several models of the cascade process. The authors conclude that the most likely explanation of the results is that some mesons are trapped in metastable atomic orbits from which they decay. (13 References).
T. H. Fields, G. B. Yodh, M. Derrick, and J. G. Fetkovich, "Cascade time of $\pi^-$ in the liquid hydrogen," Physical Review Letters, vol. 5, pp. 69--70, 1960.
T. Fields, "Bubble chamber measurements of cascade times in mesic atoms," Nuclear Physics B-Proceedings Supplements, vol. 36, no. , pp. 523-6, 1993.
Abstract: This paper describes the pioneering role of the bubble chamber in measuring interesting atomic physics quantities such as the cascade time in mesic hydrogen and helium atoms. (21 References).
V. V. Filchenko, A. E. Drebushko, and AI. Rudenko, "New methods for analyzing multiple processes in muon catalyzed fusion," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 395, no. 2, pp. 237--43, 1997.
Abstract: A package of calculation programs is written to create and analyze the main physical distributions related to the muon catalyzed fusion reactions in the D/T mixture. It involves the simulation of both the muon catalysis processes and registration systems with FADC. Special attention is paid to the absolute calibration problem. It follows from our observation that, in principle, it is not necessary to make special calibration measurements. The programs are intended for use in the large international project TRITON. (6 References).
V. V. Filchenkov, L. N. Somov, and VG. Zinov, "Successively detected events of the multiple muon catalysis," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: Summary form only given. Kinetics of the multiple muon catalysis of nuclear synthesis reactions is considered. Expressions are obtained for the yields and time distributions of events of mu-catalysed reactions successively detected with an efficiency epsilon [left angle bracket]1. General methods of finding such expressions are considered and results for the process of mu-catalysed synthesis of t+t in tritium and of d+t in the D/sub 2/+T2 mixture are presented. These results can be used in the case of the p+d to /sup 3/He+ gamma reaction in the H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ mixture and of the p+t to /sup 4/He+ gamma reaction in the H/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ mixture. A possibility to extract characteristics of the mu-catalysed process from the experimental data analysis without preliminary measuring the detection efficiency is discussed. (1 Reference).
V. V. Filchenkov, A. D. Konin, and AI. Rudenko, "The parameters of the full absorption neutron spectrometer," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A294, no. 3, pp. 504--8, 1990.
Abstract: The methods of obtaining the parameters of the full absorption neutron spectrometer constructed in JINR (V.P. Dzhelepov et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A269 (1988), 634) (full scintillator volume V=24 l) and used in experiments studying the muon catalysis process are considered. These parameters have been obtained from the analysis of pulse-height distributions measured with gamma -sources of different energies and with neutrons selected from the /sup 238/Pu-Be spectrum using the TOF method. A value of sigma /sub FWHM/=0.09(1+1)/ square root E/sub e/(MeV) has been obtained for the pulse-height resolution. It is two times better than that obtained for a detector (G. Dietze and H. Klein, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 193 (1982), 549) of smaller size. The threshold energy for n- gamma separation E/sub gamma //sup thr/ approximately=50 keV, which corresponds to the best results obtained with small detectors. (14 References).
V. V. Filchenkov and L. Marczis, "The possibilities of the experimental investigations of the spin effects in the dd mu molecule formation at the deuterium pressure 1.5 kbar: first results," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 499--504, 1991.
Abstract: Using the data obtained in the runs on the measurement of the temperature dependence of the dd mu molecule formation rate, the possibilities of detecting the transitions between the hyperfine states of d mu atoms in deuterium of high density (liquid and gaseous at a pressure of 1.5 kbar) have been analysed. The optical methods have been found for handling the experimental data. Preliminary results on the above transition rate and on the dd mu molecule formation rate from the upper spin state of the d mu atom have been obtained. (21 References).
VV. Filchenkov, "Novel approach to the determination of muon sticking to helium in the mu CF reactions," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 409--13, 1992.
Abstract: It is shown that measurements of the multiplicity of the mu CF events in a definite time interval make it possible to distinguish fusion events interrupted because of muon sticking to the helium nucleus from those which are stopped due to muon decay. (9 References).
VV. Filchenkov, "Kinetics of the mu CF process in deuterium at the lowest temperatures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 37-45, 1996.
Abstract: Kinetics of the mu CF process in deuterium is considered with taking into account the d mu -atom thermalization stage. The Monte Carlo calculated fusion neutron time spectra are compared with those measured in the Dubna experiment at temperatures T=5 K and T=20 K. Conclusions on the d mu -atom thermalization cross section are made. (13 References).
V. V. Filchenkov, A. E. Drebushko, and A. I. Rudenko, "New methods for analyzing multiple processes in muon catalyzed fusion," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 395, pp. 237-243, 1997.
Abstract: A package of calculation programs is written to create and analyze the main physical distributions related to the muon catalyzed fusion reactions in the D/T mixture. It involves the simulation of both the muon catalysis processes and registration systems with FADC. Special attention is paid to the absolute calibration problem. It follows from our observation that, in principle, it is not necessary to make special calibration measurements. The programs are intended for use in the large international project TRITON.
VV. Filchenkov, "Transition processes in the novel method of the muon catalysis investigation," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 110, no. 3-4, pp. 259--70, 1997.
Abstract: The problem of modifying the interpretation of the results to be obtained with the novel method of muon catalysis investigation to take the fast transition processes into account is first considered. The results of exploring the process kinetics are compared with the ones found from the analysis of the appropriate Monte Carlo distributions. The calculation programs simulate both the kinetics and the registration system of the experiment which is now performed in the frame of the large international project TRITON. The main conclusion is that the multiplicity distribution of the fusion neutrons is {"}invariant{"} under any assumptions of the fast transition stage. (15 References).
V. V. Filchenkov and NN. Grafov, "Effective muon losses in the muon catalyzed fusion cycle in a double D/T mixture at high temperature and density," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 241--4, 2001.
Abstract: The effective muon losses w measured in the last experiment of the JINR group with D/T mixture are analyzed. They are considered as a function of the tritium concentration C/sub t/ taken for different temperatures. The obtained results indicate different muon transfer rates from deuterium and tritium to impurities with Z [right angle bracket] 1( lambda /sub dZ/ and lambda /sub tZ/) and show that the ratio lambda /sub tZ// lambda /sub dZ/ increases with temperature. (7 References).
V. V. Filchenkov and SM. Sadetsky, "Neutron multiplicity distribution for the muon catalyzed fusion reactions," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 480, no. 2-3, pp. 771--5, 2002.
Abstract: A rigorous expression for the neutron multiplicity distribution in the muon catalyzed fusion reaction is obtained. Some problems of its use in the experimental data analysis are considered. (7 References).
V. V. Filchenkov, "Neutron detection method in the study of the muon catalysis process," Phys. Part. Nuclei, vol. 34, pp. 545-555, 2003.
Abstract: The review is devoted to an experimental method for muon catalysis investigation based on the detection of neutrons produced in the negative muon catalyzed fusion reaction. This method has a great advantage over others, because it allows measurements in a wide range of temperature and density of D/T or H/D/T mixtures, which is very important for the full knowledge of the investigated process. This paper is predominantly based on the investigations of the Dubna group, which achieved a high progress in the development of a method concerning both the detector parameters and the new means of analysis.
AV. Filinskii, "Use of the half-integer powers of perimetric coordinates in the variational calculations of three-particle Coulomb systems," Optika i Spektroskopiya, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 327--8, 1994.
Abstract: At present, variational methods provide the most accurate results in calculating three-particle systems with Coulomb interactions. These calculations are the most precise available at present. However, the success of the variational method is determined greatly by the choice of a probe function. Based on Fock's method, it was shown that the exact S-state wave function of a system of finite mass Coulomb particles must contain half-integer powers and logarithms of the hyperspherical radius (Adamov and Filinskii, 1984). Calculations of the ground-state levels of the three-particle Coulomb systems were performed for pp mu , pd mu , pt mu , dt mu , dd mu and tt mu mesomolecules. (7 References).
M. Filipowicz, "Investigation of time and energy evolution of muonic atoms in excited states in mixtures of hydrogen isotopes", 1997.
M. Filipowicz, W. Czaplinski, E. Gula, A. Kravtsov, A. Mikhailov, and N. Popov, "Energy distributions of excited muonic atoms in deuterium-tritium gas mixtures," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica D-Condensed Matter Atomic Molecular & Chemical Physics Fluids Plasmas Biophysics, vol. 20D, no. 2, pp. 155--74, 1998.
Abstract: Energy distributions of excited muonic atoms in deuterium-tritium gas mixtures are presented together with the primary energy distribution in the ground state. Results have been obtained using the existing theoretical data for collision induced and radiative transitions in excited muonic atom for the principal quantum number n [left angle bracket]or= 12. They indicate that Auger and radiative transitions may play an important role in the determination of these energy distributions. It was also shown that inclusion of muon transfer via decay of the metastable (dt mu ) molecule formed in the (t mu )/sub 2s/+D/sub 2/ collision significantly influences the population of d mu atoms in the ground state. (30 References).
H. J. Fink, B. Muller, and W. Greiner, "Parastatistics as an effective description of complex particles (nucleus-nucleus collisions and muonic atoms)," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 1119--31, 1977.
Abstract: Parastatistics with continuous order are proposed. The various parastatistics are used in scattering theory as an effective description accounting for the internal structure of composite particles (nuclei). Also investigated is the possibility that muons are (composite) para-particles. (21 References).
PJ Jr Fink, J. W. Schnick, and RH. Landau, "Microscopic calculation of K atomic and Lambda * hypernuclear carbon," Physical Review C, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 232--40, 1990.
Abstract: Recent KN interaction models are used to construct microscopic momentum-space optical potentials including complete Fermi averaging, three-body dynamics, nonlocalities, and the exclusion principle. Bound states are found with K orbits internal to and external to the nucleus ( Lambda * hypernuclei and kaonic atoms). (23 References).
G. Fiorentini and G. Torelli, "Muon transfer to heavy atom. A probe for the study of the µp$_2s$ system," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 36, pp. 317--329, 1976.
G. Fiorentini and G. Torelli, "Muon transfer to heavy atoms: a probe for the study of ( mu p)/sub 2S/ system," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 36A, no. 4, pp. 317-30, 1977.
Abstract: The transfer process of a negative muon from the ( mu p)/sub 1S/- and the ( mu p)/sub 2S/-state to a heavy atom (Z[right angle bracket]or approximately=10) is studied by using a semi-classical approximation; the electron shielding and the ( mu /sub p/) tunnelling through the atomic potential are considered. Estimates of the transfer cross-section are given. It is found that the transfer from the 2S-state is faster than from the 1S-state by a factor lambda /sub 2S// lambda /sub 1S/ approximately=90Z/sup -1/3/. It is suggested, therefore, that the transfer process can be a useful probe to study the ( mu p)/sub 2S/ atom. (7 References).
G. Fiorentini and O. Pitzurra, "On the formation of muonic hydrogen at low pressure," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 43A, no. 3, pp. 396-412, 1978.
Abstract: A discussion of the main parameters of muonic-hydrogen formation in low-pressure targets (10/sup -2/ Torr[left angle bracket]P[left angle bracket]10 Torr) is presented. Particularly the authors discuss, as a function of the pressure, the function of captured muons, the velocity distribution of the mu p atoms and the time evolution of the 2S population. (15 References).
G. Fiorentini, "Negative muons in matter: atomic and molecular aspects," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 374, no. , pp. 607c-17, 1982.
Abstract: Some of the atomic and molecular processes occurring in the study of negative muons in matter are considered. In particular, the formation of mesomolecules is discussed. The author also discusses the implications for the study of mesomolecule spectroscopy and for the possibility of producing energy by means of muon catalysed fusion. (22 References).
G. Fiorentini, "Molecular systems with muons or monopoles," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 416, no. , pp. 519-33, 1984.
Abstract: The author discusses recent developments in the field of exotic molecules. Particularly he concentrates on muonic molecules, three body systems consisting of two hydrogen nuclei and one negative muon, and systems which contain a magnetic monopole in addition to electrons and atomic nuclei. (46 References).
G. Fiorentini, "Research on muon catalysed fusion in USSR," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 234-43, 1984.
E. Fiorini, "Lepton nonconservation in nuclear physics," Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-24, 1972.
Abstract: This review covers lepton schemes and muon capture, experiments on the conservation of lepton number, evaluation of the limit of the lepton-nonconserving parameter and some consequences of lepton nonconservation in nuclear astrophysics and cosmology. (68 References).
G. Fiorucci and others, "CCDs as low-energy x-ray detectors. I. General description," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 292, pp. 141--146, 1990.
S. Fischer and G. Venzl, "On the dynamics of exothermic triatomic exchange reactions," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 1335--43, 1977.
Abstract: The population of vibrational energy states in triatomic exchange reactions is considered theoretically and analytic expressions derived. The latter are tested for light-heavy-heavy (LHH) reactions such as X+F/sub 2/ (X=Mu, H, D or T) for which exact quantum calculations are available. The product vibrational energy is shown to be linearly dependent on the attractive component of the interaction potential whereas for HHL, HLL and HLH reactions the dependence on the same potential parameter is weak. Contour maps showing the vibrational population inversion and the width of the vibrational distribution as a function of mass combinations are included. (21 References).
A. J. Fisher, "Theoretical studies of processes involving implanted muons," Curr. Opin. Solid State Mat. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 841-845, 1996.
Abstract: Recent advances in the theoretical study of implanted muons in solids include progress in quantitative modelling of the energetics of binding sites taken up by the muon after implantation. In the last two years, the range of materials that has been studied has grown from simple elemental crystals to complex molecular materials; path-integral methods have also been introduced to study the quantum-mechanical effects arising from the light mass of the muon.
V. V. Flambaum and I. B. Khriplovich, Soviet Physics--JETP, vol. 52, 1980.
V. V. Flambaum, I. B. Khriplovich, and O. P. Sushkov, Physics Letters B, vol. 146, 1984.
S. Fleck and J-M. Richard, "Small exotic molecules with bosonic constituents," Few-Body Systems, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 19--29, 1995.
Abstract: We study the stability and the properties of the ground state of neutral systems containing up to four positively charged bosons and their antiparticles. Examples are the di-pionium molecule ( pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/)/sup 2/, which is almost identical to the positronium molecule (e/sup +/e/sup -/)/sup 2/, the tri-pionium ( pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/)/sup 3/, and the quadri-pionium ( pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/)/sup 4/ molecules. We briefly compare our results on the energy to those on the large-N limit of ( pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/)/sup N/. We also show that the annihilation probability can be calculated accurately with simple wave functions when one uses the generalized Schwinger rule. (20 References).
M. Fleischmann and S. Pons, "Calorimetry of the Pd--D$_2$O system: from simplicity via complications to simplicity," Physics Letters A, vol. 176, pp. 118--129, 1993.
D. G. Fleming, D. M. Garner, J. H. Brewer, J. B. Warren, G. M. Marshall, G. Clark, A. E. Pifer, and T. Bowen, "The chemical reaction of muonium with Cl/sub 2/ in the gas phase," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 393--8, 1977.
Abstract: In an experiment using the MSR (muonium spin rotation) technique, the rate of the chemical reaction Mu+Cl/sub 2/ to MuCl+Cl has been measured in Ar moderator gas at approximately=1 atm and 22 degrees C, yielding a bimolecular rate constant k=(5.2+or-0.4)*10/sup 10/ l mole/sup -1/ s/sup -1/. This is 4.3 times faster than the room temperature rate constant for the analogous H atom reaction. (16 References).
D. G. Fleming, R. J. Mikula, and DM. Garner, "mu /sup +/ charge exchange and muonium formation in low-pressure gases," Physical Review A, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 2527--44, 1982.
Abstract: Using the basic muon-spin-rotation technique, the fractions of energetic positive muons thermalizing in diamagnetic environments (f/sub mu /) or as the paramagnetic muonium atom (f/sub Mu/) have been measured in low-pressure pure gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, H/sub 2/, N/sub 2/, NH/sub 3/, and CH/sub 4/) as well as in several gas mixtures (Ne-Xe, Ne-Ar, Ne-NH/sub 3/, and Ne-CH/sub 4/). In the pure gases, the muonium fractions f/sub Mu/ are generally found to be smaller than expected from analogous proton-charge-exchange studies, particularly in the molecular gases. This is probably due to hot-atom reactions of muonium following the charge-exchange regime. Comparisons with muonium formation in condensed matter as well as positronium formation in gases are also presented. In the gas mixtures, the addition of only a few hundred parts per million of a dopant gas (e.g. Xe) which is exothermic for muonium formation gives rise to an f/sub Mu/ characteristic of the pure dopant gas itself, demonstrating the importance of the neutralization process right down to thermal energies. In all cases, the experimental signal amplitudes are found to be strongly pressure dependent, which is interpreted in terms of the time spent by the muon as neutral muonium in the charge-exchange regime, t/sub n/[left angle bracket]0.2 ns. This time is generally shorter in the case of molecular gases than in rare gases. (50 References).
D. G. Fleming, R. F. Kiefl, D. M. Garner, M. Senba, A. C. Gonzalez, J. R. Kempton, D. J. Arsenau, K. Venkateswaran, P. W. Percival, J-C Brodovitch, S-K Leung, D. Yu, and SFJ. Cox, "Spin relaxation studies of the muonium substituted ethyl radical in the gas phase," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 65, no. 1-4, pp. 767--71, 1990.
Abstract: Draws attention to the power of mu SR and related measurements in providing an unusually complete characterisation of muonium substituted organic radicals in the gas phase. Spectroscopic information is available from muon spin rotation and muon level crossing resonance, giving all the nuclear hyperfine coupling constants, just as in the liquid phase. In addition, measurements of the relaxation time of the muon Zeeman energy become possible; these are potentially informative on the molecular collision dynamics. Demonstration results are presented in summary for the muonium substituted ethyl radical, CH/sub 2/CH/sub 2/Mu, in ethene gas. (7 References).
D. G. Fleming, J. J. Pan, M. Senba, D. J. Arseneau, R. F. Kiefl, M. Y. Shelley, SFJ Cox, P. W. Percival, and J-C. Brodovitch, "Spin relaxation of muonium-substituted ethyl radicals (MuCH/sub 2/CH/sub 2/) in the gas phase," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 105, no. 17, pp. 7517--35, 1996.
Abstract: The spin relaxation of the muonium-substituted ethyl radical (MuCH/sub 2/CH/sub 2/) and its deuterated analog (MuCD/sub 2/CD/sub 2/) has been studied in the gas phase in both transverse and longitudinal magnetic fields spanning the range ~0.5-35 kG, over a pressure range from ~1-16 arm at ambient temperature. The Mu/sup 13/CH/sub 2//sup 13/CH/sub 2/ radical has also been investigated, at 2.7 atm. For comparison, some data is also reported for the MuCH/sub 2/C(CH/sub 3/)/sub 2/ (Mu-t-butyl) radical at a pressure of 2.6 atm. This experiment establishes the importance of the mu SR technique in studying spin relaxation phenomena of polyatomic radicals in the gas phase, where equivalent ESR data is sparse or nonexistent. Both T/sub 1/ (longitudinal) and T/sub 2/ (transverse) mu SR relaxation rates are reported and interpreted with a phenomenological model. Relaxation results from fluctuating terms in the spin Hamiltonian, inducing transitions between the eigenstates assumed from an isotropic hyperfine interaction. Low-field relaxation is primarily due to the electron, via both the nuclear hyperfine (S.A.I) and the spin rotation interactions (S.J), communicated to the muon via the isotropic muon-electron hyperfine interaction. At the highest fields, direct spin flips of the muon become important, due to fluctuations in the anisotropic part of the muon-electron hyperfine interaction. In the intermediate field region a muon-electron {"}flip-flop{"} relaxation mechanism dominates, due partly to the anisotropic hyperfine interaction and partly to modulation of the isotropic muon-electron hyperfine coupling. In the case of the T/sub 2/ rates, electron relaxation mechanisms dominate over a much wider field range than for the T/sub 1/ rates, and inhomogeneous line broadening also contributes. The fluctuations that induce both the T/sub 1/ and T/sub 2/ relaxation rates are described by a single correlation time, tau /sub e/, inversely proportional to the pressure. An effective spin-reorientation cross section is deduced from this pressure dependence, sigma j~100+or-20 AA/sup 2/, for all isotopically substituted ethyl radicals. This is similar to the geometrical cross section, but about a factor of 4 larger than values of sigma /sub j/ found for similar-sized diamagnetic molecules by gas phase NMR, primarily reflecting the longer range of the electron-induced intermolecular potential. (81 References).
D. G. Fleming, D. J. Arseneau, J. Pan, M. Y. Shelley, M. Senba, and PW. Percival, "Hyperfine coupling constants of muonium-substituted cyclohexadienyl radicals in the gas phase: C/sub 6/H/sub 6/Mu, C/sub 6/D/sub 6/Mu, C/sub 6/F/sub 6/Mu," Applied Magnetic Resonance, vol. 13, no. 1-2, pp. 181--94, 1997.
Abstract: Muon spin rotation ( mu SR) and avoided level crossing resonance (ALCR) have been used to determine the hyperfine coupling constants (hfcs) of the muonium-substituted cyclohexadienyl radicals C/sub 6/H/sub 6/Mu, C/sub 6/D/sub 6/Mu and C/sub 6/F/sub 6/Mu in the gas phase, at pressures ~1 and 15 atm and temperatures in the range 40-80 degrees C. Equivalent studies of polyatomic free radicals in gases, by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, are generally not possible in this pressure range. The present gas phase results support the findings of earlier studies of cyclohexadienyl radicals in the condensed phase, by both mu SR and ESR. Minor but not insignificant (~1%) effects on the hfcs are observed, which can be qualitatively understood for such nonpolar media in terms of their differing polarizabilities. This is the first time that comparisons of this nature have been possible between different phases at the same temperatures. These mu SR/ALCR gas-phase results provide a valuable benchmark for computational studies on radicals, free from possible effects of solvent or matrix environments. (32 References).
D. G. Fleming, M. Shelley, D. J. Arseneau, M. Senba, J. J. Pan, S. R. Kreitzman, and E. Roduner, "Hfcs of the C/sub 6/H/sub 6/Mu radical in NaY zeolites," Physica B, vol. 289-290, no. , pp. 603-6, 2000.
Abstract: The hyperfine interactions of the MuC/sub 6/H/sub 6/ radical in NaY zeolites at low to moderate benzene loadings have been measured by both the FT- mu SR and ALC- mu SR techniques over a wide temperature range. From a preliminary interpretation of the data, the hyperfine coupling constants for the muon and proton of the - CHMu methylene group in two different orientations for the radical bound to the S/sub II/ cation site have been determined. At 322 K these values are: A/sub mu /(1)=606+or-2 MHz and A/sub p/(1)=108+or-2 MHz, for the muon on the opposite side of the ring from the cation; and A/sub mu /(2)=430+or-2 MHz and A/sub p/(2)=70+or-5 MHz, for the muon on the same side. These results as well as their trends with temperature demonstrate that the MuC/sub 6/H/sub 6/ radical adopts a non-planar equilibrium geometry due to the strong interaction of the pi electron density with the Na cation. (11 References).
G. Flik, J. N. Bradbury, D. W. Cooke, R. H. Heffner, M. Leon, M. A. Paciotti, M. E. Schillaci, K. Maier, H. Rempp, J. J. Reidy, C. Boekema, and H. Daniel, "Muon channeling in semiconductors: evidence for pionium formation," Physical Review Letters, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 563--6, 1986.
Abstract: Muon-channeling profiles resulting from the decay of positive pions implanted in high-purity Ge and GaAs single crystals with and without illumination have been measured. The change in profiles with illumination demonstrates that the pion decay site is sensitive to the concentration of excess charge carriers produced by photon absorption. This site change is explained in terms of different electronic states of the pion, i.e. bare pi /sup +/ and pionium. (11 References).
V. Florescu and RH. Pratt, "On the continuity in energy of the free-bound one-photon cross-sections," European Physical Journal D, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 105--11, 1998.
Abstract: For a charged particle in a central field of force we discuss the continuity in energy of the cross-sections for the related processes of ground state photoeffect and radiative capture. This continuity follows from general arguments, while for a Coulomb potential, where exact analytic expressions are available, the continuity can also be traced explicitly through the calculation. Our analysis allows us to identify an error in papers on radiative muon capture in the ground state which claim the existence of a discontinuity in the cross-section, occurring in hydrogen for muon energies in the neighbourhood of 2.8 keV. As a discontinuity in radiative capture would imply a discontinuity in atomic photoeffect, we note that in the latter case there are extensive experimental results in good qualitative agreement with the usual continuous result (Stobbe formula) for the cross-section. (26 References).
A. Flores-Riveros and J. F. Rivas-Silva, "Variational description of the 3-body Coulomb problem through a correlated Eckart-Gaussian wavefunction," Braz. J. Phys., vol. 29, pp. 529-540, 1999.
Abstract: The quantum mechanical problem posed by the internal motion of three particles subject to Coulomb interactions is variationally served by means of an Eckart-Gaussian (EG) ansatz that exhibits an exponential behavior with respect to the radial coordinates {r(1),r(2)} and a harmonic Gaussian-type dependence on the interparticle distance r(12), thereby providing explicit correlation. The proposed wavefunction is of the form (e(-alpha 1r1-beta 1r2) + e(-beta 2r1-alpha 2r2)) r(12)(iota) e(-gamma(r12-uD)2), through which ground state energies are calculated for a few two-electron atomsconsidering finite nuclear mass effects-and molecular ions corresponding to electronic and mesonic systems. The physical interpretation and advantages of the EG wavefunction are discussed in terms of the relative masses of the particles in the analyzed systems. A useful application of the variational method is presented where the underlying structure of the S- body wavefunction combines an atomic- and a molecular-like description of the system. The obtained energies agree with the exact results within 10(-4) - 10(-2) Hartrees.
V. I. Fomichev and AI. Mikhailov, "Effects of the H/sub 2/ molecular structure in the elastic scattering of mesic hydrogen on hydrogen," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 137--41, 1988.
Abstract: Cross sections for the elastic scattering of p mu and d mu atoms from H/sub 2/ molecules are calculated. It is shown that at low energies the molecular structure of H/sub 2/ changes the cross sections significantly. (11 References).
K. W. Ford and JG. Wills, "Muonic atoms and the radial shape of the nuclear charge distribution," Physical Review A, vol. 185, no. 4, pp. 1429--38, 1969.
Abstract: The authors find, for a rather broad set of two-, three-, and four-parameter charge-density functions, that a particular muonic- atom transition energy determines a particular moment of the nuclear charge density, (r/sup k/). The exponent k depends on the atomic number Z and on the quantum numbers of the pair of states in question, but it depends only very weakly on the mathematical form of the charge-density function. Consequently, an almost model- independent analysis of muonic-atom energies is possible. This analysis is facilitated by introduction of the equivalent radius R/sub k/, defined by R/sub k/=(/sup 1///sub 3/(k+3)(r/sup k/))/sup 1/k/. For Z=82, a range of moments from k=0.08 to k=4.80 is provided by available data. The 2p/sub 1/2/ to 1s/sub 1/2/ transition in lead, for example, measures the k=0.80 moment and determines R/sub 0.8/ equivalent to 7.013-1.49(E-5.788) F, where E is the transition energy in MeV. For this transition, as well as for several others, k is approximately a linear function of Z.
K. W. Ford and GA Jr. Rinker, "Analysis of muonic-atom X-rays in the lead isotopes," Physical Review C, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1206--21, 1973.
Abstract: The authors apply a radial-moment analysis to existing muonic-atom data for the nuclei /sup 208/Pb, /sup 207/Pb, /sup 206/Pb, and /sup 204/Pb, with emphasis on the directly measured isotope shifts and with special attention to charge-density functions of the forms that have been used to fit high-energy electron scattering data. The accuracy of the method is investigated and found to be sufficient for a detailed interpretation of the presently available data. When analyzed in terms of radial moments, the isotope shifts show clearly that the charge-density function must change significantly in shape (not merely in radial extent) in order to describe all of the isotopes. A like pair is formed by /sup 208/Pb-/sup 207/Pb, which differ only in radial scale. A similar pair appears to be formed by /sup 206/Pb-/sup 204/Pb. These last two isotopes have significantly less diffuse surfaces than /sup 208/Pb and /sup 207/Pb.
K. W. Ford and GA Jr. Rinker, "Comparison of muonic-atom and electronic X-ray isotope shifts in lead," Physical Review C, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 2444--7, 1974.
Abstract: The earlier discrepancies between the two observed shifts for pairs of Pb isotopes are mostly removed by recent data, but a significant discrepancy is shown to persist for /sup 208-206/Pb. Internal inconsistencies in the muonic data for /sup 208-206/Pb can be removed by a postulated resonance effect that shifts one of the 2p levels by 0.3 keV. (7 References).
B. M. Forster, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, J. H. Brewer, W. N. Hardy, T. M. Huber, K. R. Kendall, A. R. Kunselman, J. A. Macdonald, G. M. Marshall, G. R. Mason, A. Olin, M. Senba, and JB. Warren, "Production of muonic hydrogen atoms in vacuum," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium (WEIN-89), (P. Depommier, ed.), pp. 649--51, 1989.
Abstract: Muonic hydrogen isotopes ( mu /sup -/X;X p,d,t) are simple systems well suited for various studies of fundamental electroweak phenomena. In addition, an understanding of the interactions between muonic hydrogen isotopes and electronic hydrogen isotopes is essential for the pursuit of muon catalyzed fusion. The authors report, a successful method for producing mu /sup -/X atoms which drift into a vacuum region where they can be observed, free from continuing interactions with a target medium. (3 References).
B. M. Forster, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, J. H. Brewer, W. N. Hardy, T. M. Huber, K. R. Kendall, A. R. Kunselman, J. A. Macdonald, G. M. Marshall, G. R. Mason, A. Olin, M. Senba, and JB. Warren, "Production of slow muonic hydrogen isotopes in vacuum," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 65, no. 1-4, pp. 1007--13, 1990.
Abstract: Muonic hydrogen isotopes ( mu /sup -/p, mu /sup -/d, and mu /sup -/t) are simple quantum mechanical systems ideally suited for studies of numerous fundamental phenomena in electroweak and strong interactions as well as in applied areas such as muon chemistry or muon catalyzed fusion. Emission of muonic hydrogen isotopes into vacuum helps to overcome the limitations which are normally imposed on conventional investigations with gaseous and liquid targets. A proof of principle experiment for this new technique was performed at TRIUMF last year. Negative muons with 30 MeV/c momentum were stopped in a thin film of solid hydrogen and produced very low energy mu /sup -/d in vacuum. The distribution center of the normal velocity components of emitted mu /sup -d/ atoms was measured to be approximately=1 cm/ mu s. The yield of mu /sup -d/ in vacuum is an increasing function of H/sub 2/ film thickness delta up to a value of delta [right angle bracket]or approximately=1 mm. (6 References).
P. G. Fournier and B. Lassier-Govers, "Bound and quasi-bound levels of He mu /sup +/ and Ne mu /sup +/ molecular muonic ions," Journal de Physique, Letters, vol. 43, no. 13, pp. L483-91, 1982.
Abstract: Bound and quasi-bound state of mesic molecular ions have been calculated in the framework of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. The energy level, potential humps, and lifetimes with respect to predissociation of He mu /sup +/ and Ne mu /sup +/ quasi-bound states are determined. Diabatic and non adiabatic corrections are estimated and discussed. (36 References).
P. G. Fournier and Roy J. Le, "Level energies and infrared radiative lifetimes of the muonic molecule He mu /sup +/," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 110, no. 5, pp. 487--90, 1984.
Abstract: Energies and radiative lifetimes are calculated for all bound and quasibound levels of the positive muon molecular ion He mu /sup +/, together with the tunneling predissociation lifetimes of its quasibound levels. The radiative lifetimes obtained are much longer than the positive muon decay lifetime, so spontaneous ('infrared') emission will not be a useful diagnostic for the presence of He mu /sup +/ or the analogous molecular ions formed by the heavier inert gas atoms. (17 References).
J. Fox, W. C. Lam, P. D. Barnes, R. A. Eisenstein, J. Miller, R. Sutton, M. Eckhause, J. Kane, B. L. Roberts, R. E. Welsh, R. P. Redwine, R. E. Segel, D. A. Jenkins, R. J. Powers, and R. Kunselman, "Environmental studies of medium and heavy K/sup -/ atoms," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics, (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), 1973.
Abstract: Recent studies on medium and heavy K/sup -/ atoms performed at Brookhaven and Argonne National laboratories have extended the range and number of elements in which strong interaction level widths, shifts and yields have been measured. Measurements for the elements U, Pb, Cu, Ni, Si, and Al are reported. Nuclear gamma rays have been seen in the X-ray spectra of some of these elements. (0 References).
F. C. Frank, "Hypothetical Alternative Energy Sources for the `Second Meson' Events," Nature, vol. 160, pp. 525--527, 1947.
T. Franosch and G. Soff, "The influence of the nuclear shape and of the muonic vacuum polarization on strongly bound electrons," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 219--22, 1991.
Abstract: The authors calculate the energy levels of K- and L-shell electrons in lead, uranium, fermium and in the super-heavy system Z=169 taking into account various nuclear charge distributions and the muonic vacuum polarization. (13 References).
K. Fransson, A. Nilsson, Raedt J. De, and L. Tauscher, "Precise energy determination of the first excited state in /sup 137/Cs for absolute energy calibration in muonic atoms," Nuclear Instruments & Methods, vol. 131, no. 3, pp. 511--15, 1975.
Abstract: The energy of the gamma -ray de-exciting the 5/2/sub 1//sup +/ level of /sup 137/Cs was determined with high accuracy in an isotope separator on-line experiment. The result is (455.490+or-0.003) keV as referred to the /sup 198/Au energy standard of (411.794+or-0) keV. Knowledge of this energy is important for the determination of muonic X-ray energies in Ba as a test of the validity of quantum electrodynamics. In addition, the 4/sub 1//sup +/ to 2/sub 1//sup +/ transition in /sup 138/Cs was determined to be (462.785+or-0.005) keV. (11 References).
J. Frazier and CW. Kim, "Muon capture and the hypothesis of partially conserved axial-vector current," Physical Review A, vol. 177, no. 5, pp. 2568-72, 1969.
Abstract: The results are presented of a new calculation of the muon-capture rates in hydrogen and /sup 3/He with special emphasis on the estimate of the induced pseudoscalar form factor F/sub p/. Two values of F/sub p/ based on the Nambu (1960) and the Gell-Mann-Levy (1960) versions of the PCAC hypothesis are given, and the corresponding capture rates are compared with experimental data.
J. Frazier, C. W. Kim, and M. Ram, "Simple relation between cross sections for neutrino scattering and total muon-capture rates by nuclei," Physical Review D, vol. 1, no. 11, pp. 3168--71, 1970.
Abstract: Using the closure approximation, the authors derive a simple relation between the total forward cross section for elastic scattering of neutrinos by nuclei and the corresponding total muon-capture rates. This relation is in good agreement with previous estimates of neutrino scattering cross sections, but still in disagreement with recent experimental data. (13 References).
A. J. Freeman, J. V. Mallow, J. P. Desclaux, and M. Weinert, "Theory of hyperfine anomalies in muonic atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 19, no. 1-4, pp. 865--72, 1984.
Abstract: Negative muon spin precession experiments by Yamazaki et al. (1984) have found giant hyperfine anomalies in muonic atoms ranging from a few percent up to 36%. In order to understand their results, the authors present Breit interaction calculations based on atomic self-consistent unrestricted Dirac-Fock solutions which explicitly include all electrons and the negative muon. The Breit interaction results (including the relativistic correction for the bound muon g-factor), vary from near zero for mu /sup -/O/N to -5% for mu /sup -/Pd/Rh; this latter is much larger than the calculated muonic or nuclear Bohr-Weisskopf anomalies and much smaller than the 36% measured value. For mu /sup -/Ni/Co they find a calculated range of results (depending on assumed electronic configurations) of -2.3 to -2.7% in excellent agreement with recent measurements of the Yamazaki group. This excellent agreement in mu /sup -/Ni/Co provides strong support for the earlier suggestions that the discrepancy in the case of mu /sup -/Pd/Rh is due to experimental factors. (9 References).
E. Freidman, A. Gal, and VB. Mandelzweig, "Can pions be strongly bound in nuclei?," Physical Review Letters, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 794--7, 1978.
Abstract: On the basis of new data on pionic atoms, it is argued that the criticality condition for the existence of strongly bound pi -nuclear states is likely to be met in most nuclei. Numerical solutions for /sup 27/Al, /sup 48/Ca, and /sup 209/Bi are reported, with the conclusion that the widths of such pi states are generally prohibitively large for their observability except, possibly, in heavy nuclei. (8 References).
JL. Friar, "Electron scattering and muon capture by C/sup 12/ and O/sup 16/ in a continuum model," Physical Review C, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 40--55, 1970.
Abstract: The giant resonance region of C/sup 12/ and O/sup 16/ is investigated using a continuum model, which is based on configuration mixing of negative-parity particle-hole states, with the particle in the continuum. Using this model T=1, J/sup pi /=1/sup -/, and 2/sup -/ electron- scattering spectra are calculated as well as the 0/sup -/, 1/sup -/, and 2/sup -/ nuclear-excitation spectra (or equivalently the neutrino spectra) in mu capture. The SU(4) relationship M/sub p//sup 2/=M/sub V//sup 2/= M/sub A//sup 2/ is tested and found to be satisfied in both nuclei to better than 10%. In addition, the relationship (M/sub V//sup 2/)=(M/sub V//sup 2/)/sub UD/ mod F/sub el/( nu /sub res//sup 2/) mod /sup 2/ is tested and found to hold to within 3%. Both of these results justify the previous work of Foldy and Walecka (1964) on calculations of total-muon-capture rates. The detailed behaviour of the electron scattering spectra is examined as a function of momentum transfer with emphasis on the magnetic contribution to the 1/sup -/ transverse electric spectra and the giant magnetic quadrupole resonances. The momentum dependence of integrated form factors for certain regions of the excitation spectra is also investigated. (17 References).
J. L. Friar and JW. Negele, "Elastic electron scattering, muonic X rays, and the charge distribution of /sup 208/Pb," Comments on Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 181--8, 1972.
Abstract: The known electromagnetic interactions between leptons and nuclei make scattering and bound state experiments with electrons and muons unique probes of the nuclear wavefunction and an essential tool in testing nuclear theory. It is asked how much information present experiments give concerning the nuclear charge density, subject to reasonable model assumptions, and whether any features of the charge distribution actually specified by the data are in conflict with present theory. (9 References).
J. L. Friar and JW. Negele, "Breit equation analysis of recoil corrections to muonic atom energy levels," Physics Letters B, vol. 46B, no. 1, pp. 5--7, 1973.
Abstract: Recoil corrections to the binding energy of mu -/sup 208/Pb are calculated using the Breit equation with the Breit interaction for a finite nuclear charge distribution. The results disagree with some previous calculations, although they agree with the results of Breit and Brown in the point charge limit. (21 References).
J. L. Friar and JW. Negele, "The determination of the charge distribution of /sup 208/Pb from elastic electron scattering and muonic X-rays," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics. vol. 1 (Extended Abstracts), (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), 1973.
Abstract: The authors concentrate on determining those features of the charge distribution which are strongly constrained by electron scattering and muonic X-ray data. Expressions relating the changes in differential cross-section for elastic electron scattering and muonic atom transition energies to changes in the a/sub N/'s can be obtained, and subsequently solved for the a/sub N/'s in terms of the available data by the least-squares method. The sigma rho (r) so determined can then be added to rho /sub 0/ to produce a new trial density and a subsequent (and smaller) sigma rho is produced. Iteration of this procedure produces rapid convergence to a final rho (r). The method also allows one to calculate an estimate for the 'error' in rho (r) produced by statistical fluctuations in the data and for correlations in the error in the density at different points. The method was applied to /sup 208/Pb assuming a simple Fermi distribution rho /sub 0/(r) as a starting point. (0 References).
J. L. Friar and JW. Negele, "The determination of the nuclear charge distribution of /sup 208/Pb from elastic electron scattering and muonic X-rays," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A212, no. 1, pp. 93--137, 1973.
Abstract: An iterative procedure is presented for determining a static nuclear charge distribution from experimental electron scattering cross sections and muonic atom X-ray transition energies. The errors and error correlations implied by the independent statistical errors in the experimental data are expressed in coordinate space, and kernels are derived which specify the linear constraints imposed on the charge density by the experimental data. Pseudo-experimental data for /sup 208/Pb, generated from a known charge distribution, are used to demonstrate the validity of the procedure. A detailed analysis of experimental data for /sup 208/Pb is presented, utilizing electron scattering data at five different energies and six muonic energy levels. The theoretical implications of this work concerning quantum density fluctuations and the possible existence of a central depression are discussed. (39 References).
JL. Friar, "Nuclear polarization corrections in mu -/sup 4/He atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1540--8, 1977.
Abstract: The dominant dipole part of the Coulomb excited nuclear polarization correction in mu -/sup 4/He atoms is studied by considering a number of approximations. After a discussion of the general formalism, the various approximations are evaluated. (39 References).
JL. Friar, "Approximate normalized wave functions for the finite-size Coulomb problem," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 292, no. 1, pp. 1--6, 1979.
Abstract: Using perturbation methods developed previously for the finite-size energy shift, the s-state wave functions for a bound lepton in the Coulomb field of a nucleus with an arbitrary charge distribution are developed through order (Z alpha )/sup 2/. This technique allows a determination of the finite-size contribution to the normalization of the wave function up to order (Z alpha )/sup 2/, both for small separations of the lepton and nucleus and for the lepton outside the nucleus. General features of the wave function are discussed, including the transition of the Dirac problem to the (singular) point charge limit. A practical application is developed using these results. (17 References).
JL. Friar, "Finite-size corrections to the energy levels of light muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 80B, no. 3, pp. 157--60, 1979.
Abstract: An analytic expression is developed in perturbation theory for the nuclear finite-size correction to the s-state energy levels of light muonic atoms. Using first-, second- and third-order perturbation theory, the finite-size corrections of order (Z alpha )/sup 4/, (Z alpha )/sup 5/, and (Z alpha )/sup 6/ are calculated analytically for an arbitrary charge distribution. Application is made to the case of the mu -/sup 4/He atom, where the error in our finite-size expression is shown to be less than 10 ppm. (19 References).
JL. Friar, "Nuclear finite-size effects in light muonic atoms," Annals of Physics, vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 151--96, 1979.
Abstract: The finite nuclear size corrections to the s-state energy levels of light muonic (or hydrogenic) atoms are calculated analytically through order (Z alpha )/sup 6/. In addition to the usual expression of order (Z alpha )/sup 4/, the (Z alpha )/sup 5/, (Z)/sup 6/ and (Z alpha )/sup 6/ log (Z alpha ) contributions have been determined. These corrections have been separated into terms of nonrelativistic and relativistic orders. The results have been checked by solving perturbatively the exact eigenvalue equations of the Schroedinger and Dirac problems of a particle orbiting in the Coulomb field of a uniform charge distribution of fixed radius. Application is made to the case of the mu -/sup 4/He atom. Finite-size contributions to the hydrogen Lamb shift and the relativistic recoil effect are briefly discussed. (54 References).
JL. Friar, "Feshbach-Villars perturbation theory for pionic atom problems," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 297, no. 2, pp. 147--52, 1980.
Abstract: Perturbation theory for the Klein-Gordon equation is developed through third order using the Feshbach-Villars formalism. The use of such a rearrangement of the original equation is necessitated by the incorporation of a vector interaction in a second-order wave equation. The effect of nuclear finite size on the energy levels of S-states is developed through order (Z alpha )/sup 6/ as an illustration. Finally, the differences between results for the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are discussed, as well as the physical origins of these differences. (14 References).
JL. Friar, "Hypervirial theorems and the Breit-type recoil correction for pionic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 2636--8, 1980.
Abstract: Hypervirial theorems are developed for the Klein-Gordon equation, which allow the Breit part of the pionic atom recoil correction (including the nuclear finite size) to be recast exactly into a form similar to the results for the Dirac equations. This form facilitates both numerical calculation and interpretation. (19 References).
J. L. Friar and EL. Tomusiak, "Relativistically corrected Schrodinger equation with Coulomb interaction," Physical Review C, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1537--9, 1984.
Abstract: A simple alternative derivation of the S-wave eigenvalues of the relativistically corrected Schrodinger equation with a Coulomb interaction is presented. It illustrates the utility of Laplace transform methods. The pionic atom problem is discussed. (17 References).
J. L. Friar, B. F. Gibson, H. C. Jean, and GL. Payne, "Nuclear transition rates in mu -catalyzed p-d fusion," Physical Review Letters, vol. 66, no. 14, pp. 1827--30, 1991.
Abstract: Nuclear transition rates in mu -catalyzed p-d fusion have been calculated using numerically converged /sup 3/He bound-state and p-d scattering wave functions for the first time. The transition rates for M1 radiative capture in both quartet and doublet initial states have been computed using a model of meson-exchange currents which reproduces the thermal n-d capture cross section, and are in excellent agreement with experiment. The muon internal-conversion rate is in very good agreement with a recent reanalysis of old bubble-chamber measurements. Furthermore, the nonvanishing quartet capture rate resolves the anomaly in the Wolfenstein-Gerstein effect. (23 References).
JL. Friar, "p-d capture reactions in muonic molecules," in Few-Body Systems Supplementum, pp. 304-13, 1991.
Abstract: Capture reactions for very low-energy n-d and p-d systems are calculated and compared with experiment, as are low-energy n-d and p-d scattering. The author finds excellent agreement for the n-d scattering lengths, but poor agreement for the p-d case, which he believes is a problem with the experimental extrapolation. The n-d radiative capture is sensitive to details of the meson-exchange currents, but reasonable models agree with the data. The latter models are in good agreement with experiment when extended to the p-d case. The large quartet capture rate resolves a long-standing anomaly. The E0 capture matrix element recently obtained from a reanalysis of internal conversion in muonic molecules is in excellent agreement with the given predictions. This matrix element is very clean theoretically and provides the best test of the calculations. (33 References).
J. L. Friar, M. Martorell, and D. W. L. Sprung, "Hadronic vacuum polarization and the Lamb shift," Physical Review A, vol. 59, pp. 4061--4063, 1999.
B. Fricke, "On vacuum polarisation in Muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 218, no. 5, pp. 495--508, 1969.
Abstract: The various approximations of vacuum polarisation potential and the higher order corrections up to alpha /sup 3/ are reviewed and quantitatively discussed. The quadrupole part of the vacuum polarisation is established. It leads straightforward to a small contribution of vacuum polarisation to nuclear polarisation. These effects are quantitatively investigated.
B. Fricke, "A phenomenological calculation of vacuum fluctuation in electronic and muonic atoms," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 293-6, 1971.
Abstract: Presents a simple phenomenological calculation of the effect of vacuum fluctuation, especially for uses in self-consistent calculations as well as for the study of this effect in superheavy elements.
B. Fricke, "Effect of nuclear motion on the energy eigenvalues in muonic atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 119--22, 1973.
Abstract: The effect of the nuclear motion on the energy eigenvalues in muonic atoms has been investigated. In addition to the usually used reduced-mass correction, the relativistic influences including the magnetic and retardation interaction between the nucleus and the muon for the inner orbitals of muonic atoms have been calculated. (13 References).
B. Fricke and JP. Desclaux, "Two-muonic atoms (/sup 208/Pb example)," Physics Letters B, vol. 51B, no. 4, pp. 317--19, 1974.
Abstract: X-ray transition energies for two-muonic atoms are calculated. The bases are relativistic self-consistent-field calculations including the corrections normally known in muonic atoms plus the vacuum polarization, magnetic interaction and retardation in the mu - mu -interaction, the specific mass correction and the configuration interaction. (12 References).
B. Fricke and VL. Telegdi, "Values for the electron screening in muonic atoms for all Z," Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung Section A-A Journal of Physical Sciences, vol. 30A, no. 10, pp. 1328--0, 1975.
Abstract: The electron screening correction in the X-ray transitions in muonic atoms is calculated within a relativistic SCF Hartree-Fock procedure for many transitions and all Z. (10 References).
G. Fricke, C. Gugler, Th Hennemann, J. Herberz, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, G. Mallot, C. Piller, M. Reutter, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and EB. Shera, "Nuclear structure and systematics of nuclear charge radii of isotopes and isotones at N=82 from muonic atoms," Sin Newsletter, vol. 20, no. , pp. NL31-2, 1988.
Abstract: The authors present results from a collaborative study involving Mainz, Fribourg and Los Alamos which uses muonic atom techniques to study charge radii in the light to medium heavy region. In particular, they study the influence of the neutron and proton shell structure on nuclear radii. (14 References).
G. Fricke, C. Gugler, T. Hennemann, J. Herberz, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, and EB. Shera, "Nuclear charge radii of all stable, even-a tin isotopes from muonic atoms," Psi Nuclear & Particle Physics Newsletter, no. , pp. 55-6, 1990.
Abstract: Although the nuclear charge radius has been one of the first nuclear quantities investigated, its detailed behaviour as a function of neutron or proton number is theoretically still not sufficiently understood. Hence, accurate experimental measurements, especially regarding changes of nuclear charge radii over different isotopes or isotones, are of considerable interest. (11 References).
G. Fricke, J. Herberz, T. Hennemann, G. Mallot, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, C. Piller, and R. Jacot-Guillarmod, "Behavior of the nuclear charge radii systematics in the s-d shell from muonic atom measurements," Physical Review C, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 80--9, 1992.
Abstract: The present work extends the systematics of nuclear charge radii obtained by the method of muonic atoms to nuclei with 8[left angle bracket]or=Z, N[left angle bracket]or=20. The accuracy of the measured muonic Lyman transition energies of generally [left angle bracket]or=10 eV leads to a precision in the model-independent nuclear charge radii differences of 2-3 am for the isotope shifts and 4-9 am for isotone shifts. Both isotope and isotone shifts within the s-d shell behave 'anomalously' with respect to the systematics of heavier nuclei. However, such behavior is predicted on theoretical grounds, if mixing in the s-d shells and the strong deformation of some of the nuclei in this region are considered. The authors compare charge radii from elastic electron scattering data with muonic atom rms radii and suggest that observed deviations are possibly due to incomplete dispersion corrections. (46 References).
G. Fricke, C. Bernhardt, K. Heilig, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, E. B. Shera, and Jager CW. De, "Nuclear ground state charge radii from electromagnetic interactions," Atomic Data & Nuclear Data Tables, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 177--285, 1995.
Abstract: The tables summarize experimental results from muonic atom transition energies, nuclear charge parameters from elastic electron scattering, and K X-ray isotope shifts in so far as they provide information on nuclear ground-state charge radii. Numerous experimental results for optical isotope shifts have been published elsewhere; for eight elements the relevant information is condensed ({"}projected{"}) here to one optical line per element. A model-independent analysis which combines data from all three experimental methods is applied to these elements and is presented as an illustration of the improved accuracy for the RMS radii and Barrett radii which result from this analysis. (116 References).
E. Friedman, "Pionic atoms and strongly bound states," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 404-17, 1979.
Abstract: Recent precision measurements of strong interaction level shifts and widths in pionic atoms serve as the basis for new sets of parameters for the zero energy pion-nucleus potential. Different versions of the non-local component are tried with limiting forms of the Lorentz-Lorenz effect and of the dispersive term. Very good fits to the data are obtained throughout the periodic table. Many nuclei are found to meet the criticality condition for the existence of strongly bound pionic states. Some properties of these states are discussed with emphasis on the sensitivity to the range of the p-wave interaction. (23 References).
E. Friedman and A. Gal, "Investigations of the pion-nucleus optical potential from pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A345, no. 2, pp. 457--70, 1980.
Abstract: The explicit dependence of the zero-energy pi /sup -/-nucleus optical potential on its various parameters, as well as its implicit dependence on neutron radii, is investigated for a selected set of particularly accurate level shift and width data. Among the various effects studied are some possible variations in the form of the Lorentz-Lorenz term, terms induced by the so-called angle-transformation, and the smearing of the pi 2N terms which allows for a finite range in the absorption process. The pionic atom data are equally well fitted by any of the several forms used for the optical potential, with the persistent failure to fit the recently reported widths of 3d levels in /sup 181/Ta, Re and /sup 269/Bi and the width of the 1s level in /sup 23/Na. (27 References).
E. Friedman, "Zero energy pion-nucleus potential from 1s states in pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 104B, no. 5, pp. 357--60, 1981.
Abstract: Results of recent precision measurements of strong interaction level shifts and widths of 1 s states in pionic atoms of /sup 10/,/sup 11/B, /sup 16,18/O and /sup 19/F are found to be in full agreement with predictions of an optical potential. The isovector component of the local potential is well determined. (14 References).
E. Friedman, H. J. Gils, and H. Rebel, "Comparison between radial sensitivity of different strongly interacting probes," Physical Review C, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 1551--61, 1982.
Abstract: Investigates the radial sensitivity of different strongly interacting probes to neutron density distributions in nuclei. The experiments considered are elastic scattering of 104 MeV alpha particles, 1 GeV protons, 130 meV pions, and also shifts and widths of pionic atom levels. The Fourier-Bessel method is used, thus avoiding any prior assumption on the neutron densities. To enable statistically meaningful comparisons between the different experiments, 'pseudodata' are used, which are based on the real data. Although the region of most sensitivity is near the surface and is similar for each case, the alpha particles probe better the extreme surface and the protons probe better the interior. Pion scattering appears to be inferior to the other two scattering experiments because of the gradient terms in the potential. Surprisingly, there are some indications that pi /sup +/ could be better than pi /sup -/ in determining neutron densities. Pionic atom data are sensitive mostly to the surface region. A critical discussion of error analysis is presented. (33 References).
E. Friedman and G. Soff, "Calculations of deeply bound pionic states in heavy and superheavy atoms," Journal of Physics G, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. L37-42, 1985.
Abstract: Binding energies and widths of pions bound in the 1s state of heavy and superheavy atoms are evaluated. The repulsive strong interaction lowers the Coulomb binding energy by up to 50%. The energy width of the strongest bound state investigated becomes comparable with the binding energy. No drastic consequence for pion propagation in nuclear matter is expected. (11 References).
E. Friedman, G. Kalbermann, and CJ. Batty, "Kemmer-Duffin-Petiau equation for pionic atoms and anomalous strong interaction effects," Physical Review C, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 2244--7, 1986.
Abstract: Fits to data on strong interaction level shifts and widths in pionic atoms, over the whole of the periodic table, are made with the Kemmer-Duffin-Petiau equation. Comparisons are made with the conventional Klein-Gordon equation and emphasis is placed on the problem of anomalously small shifts and widths. The Kemmer-Duffin-Petiau equation yields fits which are marginally better than those obtained with the Klein-Gordon equation. (18 References).
E. Friedman, A. Gal, G. Kalbermann, and CJ. Batty, "Strong-interaction finite-range effects in light pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 200, no. 3, pp. 251--4, 1988.
Abstract: A finite-range interaction model is introduced into the calculation of strong-interaction level-shifts and -widths in pionic atoms by modifying the Ericson-Ericson local optical potential. The resulting integro-differential equation is solved numerically in coordinate space for 1s and 2p levels in light N=Z nuclei. The authors show that genuine finite-range effects within the present model can be opposite to those found when nuclear densities are inflated to mock up a finite-range interaction. (10 References).
E. Friedman, "Scattering of low energy pions by /sup 12/C, /sup 40/Ca, /sup 58,60,64/Ni and the anomaly in pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 207, no. 4, pp. 381--4, 1988.
Abstract: Several cases of anomalously small level shifts and widths are known in pionic atoms. These lead to pion-nucleus potentials which are different from those describing all other 'normal' pionic atoms. Data on the elastic scattering of 19.5 MeV pi /sup +or-/ by /sup 12/C and /sup 40/Ca and 30 MeV pi /sup +or-/ by /sup 58,60,64/Ni is in very good agreement with predictions made with normal potentials and clearly rule-out potentials obtained from the 'anomalous' cases. (30 References).
E. Friedman, A. Goldring, R. R. Johnson, O. Meirav, D. Vetterli, P. Weber, and A. Altman, "Total reaction cross sections for 20-30 MeV pions and the anomaly of pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 257, no. 1-2, pp. 17--20, 1991.
Abstract: Total reaction cross sections of 20 MeV pi /sup -/ and 30 MeV pi /sup +/ and pi /sup -/ have been measured for carbon and nickel targets. The experimental results are in very good agreement with calculations based on commonly accepted pion-nucleus potentials but disagree with calculations based on potentials associated with the so-called pionic atom anomaly. (18 References).
E. Friedman, A. Gal, and CJ. Batty, "Density dependence in kaonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 308, no. 1-2, pp. 6--10, 1993.
Abstract: The authors study phenomenologically the density dependence of the K/sup -/ optical potential V/sub opt/(r) at zero kinetic energy by fitting it to a comprehensive set of atomic data across the periodic table. Two families of solutions offer improved fits over that for the standard t/sub eff/ rho (r) parameterization of V/sub opt/. One family contains solutions for V/sub opt/ with RMS radii larger than those of the matter density rho , as expected from finite-range folding corrections. The other family offers substantially improved fits to the data and gives rise to Re V/sub opt/ of a size smaller than that of rho . The new family contains solutions for which V/sub opt/ is attractive inside the nucleus and on its surface, becoming repulsive at large distances. The repulsion can be made to approximately agree with the low-density limit V/sub opt/ to t rho where t is the free-space KNt matrix. It is argued that this sign flip might be expected from the underlying nuclear propagation of the Lambda (1405). (15 References).
A. Frischknecht, W. Stehling, G. Strassner, P. Truol, J. C. Adler, C. Joseph, J. F. Loude, J. P. Perroud, M. T. Tran, W. Dahme, and H. Panke, "Experimental results on /sup 40/Ca( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu / gamma )/sup 40/K* and /sup 16/O( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu / gamma )/sup 16/N*," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B32, no. 3, pp. 270--3, 1982.
Abstract: Photon spectra from radiative muon capture in doubly closed shell nuclei /sup 16/O and /sup 40/Ca have been measured with a pair spectrometer. The /sup 40/Ca data agree with the most recent of three previous experiments. For /sup 16/O no other measurements exist. The comparison with theoretical calculations indicates that a careful treatment of the nuclear response function is required if g/sub P/ is to be determined from the data.
A. Frischknecht, M. Dobeli, W. Stehling, G. Strassner, P. Truol, J. C. Alder, C. Joseph, J. F. Loude, J. P. Perroud, D. Ruegger, M. T. Tran, and H. Panke, "Radiative muon absorption in oxygen," Physical Review C, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1996--2002, 1988.
Abstract: The photon spectrum from radiative absorption of negative muons in /sup 16/O has been measured with a high-resolution pair spectrometer. The integrated branching ratio for photons with energies greater than 57 MeV relative to the total muon absorption rate is (3.8+or-0.4)*10/sup -5/. The data are consistent with nuclear model calculations for a value of the induced pseudoscalar coupling in /sup 16/O of g/sub P//g/sub A/=13.5+or-1.5. (17 References).
P. Froelich, K. Szalewicz, H. J. Monkhorst, W. Kolos, and B. Jeziorski, "Some properties of three body resonances of dt mu related to muon-catalyzed fusion," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 259-73, 1988.
Abstract: The recently discovered resonant states in the dt mu molecule are investigated, with emphasis on the properties related to muon catalyzed fusion. For the lowest resonance of s-symmetry above the (d mu +t) threshold the authors have calculated the energy, lifetime, geometry, fusion rate, sticking fraction and collisional formation rate. The results are compared with the corresponding properties for the bound states. Estimation of muon cycling rates and the fusion yield have also been obtained for the situation corresponding to resonantly enhanced fusion in flight. (8 References).
P. Froelich and K. Szalewicz, "Three-body resonances of dt mu above d mu threshold," Physics Letters A, vol. 129, no. 5-6, pp. 321--5, 1988.
Abstract: The structure of the continuous spectrum of the muonic molecule dt mu is investigated in the context of the direct collisional mechanism for the dt mu formation. The existence of dt mu resonances above the d mu threshold is demonstrated, and indications of their importance for mesocatalytic fusion are given. Energies and lifetimes of two such resonances, one of s and one of p symmetry have been calculated. (19 References).
P. Froelich and K. Szalewicz, "Three-body resonances of dt mu above t mu threshold," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 345--50, 1988.
Abstract: The existence of dt mu resonances above the t mu threshold is demonstrated, and indications of their importance for mesocatalytic fusion are given. Energies and lifetimes of two such resonances, one of s and one of p symmetry, have been calculated. (11 References).
P. Froelich and G. Larson, "alpha mu stripping by ionization in dense deuterium/tritium mixture, and its implication for muon-catalyzed fusion," Theochem-Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 58, no. , pp. 189-200, 1989.
Abstract: Collisional stripping of the alpha mu ion while passing through a condensed deuterium/tritium (D-T) mixture is of importance in the reaction chain of cold muon-catalyzed fusion. This process determines the reactivation rate of muons which are bound to alpha particles resulting from the d-t fusion process. Stripping via ionization is analyzed with particular emphasis on the dependence on the density of the surrounding medium. The non-linear density dependence of the muon reactivation rate may come either from the kinematic competition between collisional and radiative excitation/de-excitation processes, or from the density dependence of the cross-sections themselves. The macroscopic influence of the medium (and its density) on the microscopic ionization cross-sections is negligible. (24 References).
P. Froelich, A. Flores-Riveros, and SA. Alexander, "Fusion rates from resonant states of td mu," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 2330--6, 1992.
Abstract: The structure of the continuous spectrum of the muonic molecular ion td mu has been investigated. The authors have calculated the energies, lifetimes, geometries, and fusion rates of several resonances having angular momentum J=0 in the neighborhood of the (t mu )/sub 2s/ threshold. The significance of these states for muon-catalyzed fusion under high-temperature conditions is discussed. (25 References).
P. Froelich, "Muon catalysed fusion. Chemical confinement of nuclei within the muonic molecule dt mu," Advances in Physics, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 405--508, 1992.
Abstract: Negative muons may be used as a catalyst to fuse hydrogen nuclei into helium. The necessary confinement of nuclei is obtained on a microscopic scale by chemical bonding within 'exotic' muonic molecules such as dt mu , without the extreme physical conditions required for macroscopic plasma confinement in tokamaks and laser reactors. Fusion energy released by muon catalysis exceeds the rest-mass energy of participating muons, which triggered questions about suitability of this process for energy production. The author reviews the theoretical studies of the microscopic events constituting the fusion chain. The aim of these studies is to optimize the fusion yield by understanding its dependence on the macroscopic conditions such as temperature, fuel density and/or composition. Apart from the energy production aspects, the field of muon catalysed fusion ( mu CF) is also an example of interdisciplinary basic research combining exotic chemistry with atomic, nuclear, and particle physics. (301 References).
P. Froelich and A. Flores-Riveros, "Effects of intramolecular dynamics on nuclear fusion rates and sticking from resonant states of the molecular ion dt mu," Physical Review Letters, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 1595--8, 1993.
Abstract: Several resonances of s symmetry in the continuum of the muonic molecule dt mu that cluster below the (t mu )/sub 2s/+d threshold have been analyzed. It has been found that the fusion rates for some of these states are comparable with their Coulomb decay rates, and that the associated sticking probability is approximately 1 order of magnitude lower than that of the ground state. This feature indicates that muon-catalyzed fusion might proceed more efficiently if it were occurring from the resonant states formed from the excited (n=2) states of muonic atoms. (15 References).
P. Froelich and A. Flores-Riveros, "Nuclear fusion and sticking from resonant states of dt mu," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 225--39, 1993.
Abstract: Fusion rates and sticking fractions for s-symmetry resonant states that cluster below the (t mu )/sub 2s/+d threshold in the molecular continuum of dt mu are analyzed. The fusion rates for some of these states are found to be comparable to their particle decay rates. The associated sticking probabilities appear to be approximately one order of magnitude lower than that of the ground state. This feature is interpreted as a result of quantum interference effects arising from the nonadiabatic character of the metastable states and indicates that the muon catalyzed fusion might proceed more efficiently if it were to occur from molecular resonant states. (20 References).
P. Froelich, A. Flores-Riveros, J. Wallenius, and K. Szalewicz, "Fusion in flight from the molecular continuum of dt mu," Physics Letters A, vol. 189, no. 4, pp. 307--15, 1994.
Abstract: Fusion reaction rates for the muonic molecular system dt mu are calculated in the scattering continuum above the first break-up threshold (t mu )/sub 1s/+d, and for a few of the resonant states there embedded. In order to analyze the fusion in flight reaction (t mu )+d, the molecular wave function is obtained within (a) semiclassical, (b) adiabatic, and (c) nonadiabatic descriptions, in the energy range 0.002-10 keV. The semiclassical rates are higher than the corresponding adiabatic fusion rates, but converge towards the latter for high collision energies. In the nonadiabatic treatment, the qualitatively new structure has been obtained. The fusion rate shows an oscillatory behaviour, associated with the presence of a series of virtual states and variations of the overbarrier transmission in the t mu +d potential scattering. Furthermore, the nonadiabatic fusion rates are substantially enhanced at resonant energies near the t mu /sub 2s/ threshold. (21 References).
P. Froelich and J. Wallenius, "Resonance sidepath in muon catalyzed fusion," Physical Review Letters, vol. 75, no. 11, pp. 2108--11, 1995.
Abstract: We have investigated a previously unconsidered sidepath in muon catalyzed fusion. We have found that high formation rates of metastable dt mu * molecules in t mu (2s)-D/sub 2/ collisions and their subsequent decay into t mu (1s) or d mu (1s) atoms open a return path for the muon from tritium to deuterium. This process can be considered as muon transfer from t mu (2s) to d mu (1s) via three-body resonances of dt mu *. This enlarges the d mu (1s) population and quenches the muon cycling rate, in agreement with experimental findings. (12 References).
A. M. Frolov and VD. Efros, "Accurate solution method in the three-body problem and binding energies of mesic molecules," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 449-52, 1984.
Abstract: An effective method for very accurately solving three-body atomic and molecular problems is proposed. The existence of weakly bound dd mu /sup */ and dt mu /sup */ systems with L=1 is established rigorously. The binding energies of these mesic molecules are calculated with an accuracy sufficient for mu catalysis. The binding energies of other mu molecules of hydrogen isotopes are also calculated. (8 References).
A. M. Frolov and VD. Efros, "An accurate method in the Coulomb three-body problem and muonic-molecule excited states," Journal of Physics B, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. L265-70, 1985.
Abstract: "The best variational energies epsilon obtained to date for the weakly-bound states of muonic molecules dd mu * (L=1) and dt mu * (L=1) are calculated. A value of epsilon (dd mu *
A. M. Frolov and VD. Efros, "The binding energy of the weakly bound dd mu system," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 828--9, 1985.
Abstract: The authors calculate the binding energy of the weakly bound dd mu system. (8 References).
AM. Frolov, "Stepwise optimization and global chaos of nonlinear parameters in exact calculations of few-particle systems," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 589--94, 1986.
Abstract: The problem of exact variational calculations of few-particle systems in the exponential basis of the relative coordinates using nonlinear parameters is studied. The techniques of stepwise optimization and global chaos of nonlinear parameters are used to calculate the S and P states of homonuclear muonic molecules with an error of no more than +0.001 eV. The global-chaos technique also has proved to be successful in the case of the nuclear systems /sup 3/H and /sup 3/He. (8 References).
AM. Frolov, "Variational expansion for D states (L=2) of a three-body system," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1367--9, 1986.
Abstract: Very accurate calculations of the energies and wave functions of bound S states (L=0) and P states (L=1) with any accuracy are carried out with the use of variational expansions. However, attempts to make highly accurate calculations using any variational expansion of bound D states of a three body system have proved unsuccessful. A newly developed approach has been developed allowing highly accurate calculations of bound D states in dd mu , dt mu and tt mu muonic molecules and of isotopic shifts in 3D states of the He atom. For D states even in Coulomb systems, the variational calculation of quasistationary states becomes possible. (9 References).
AM. Frolov, "Variational expansions for the three-body Coulomb problem," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 1959--77, 1987.
Abstract: High-accuracy determinations of the bound states of three-particle Coulomb systems (atoms, ions, and mesic molecules) are considered. An effective method is presented for deriving the matrix elements when the variational exponential expansion with L[right angle bracket]or=2 is employed. An algorithm for the solution of the eigenvalue problem is described, and the choice of nonlinear parameters in the expansion is discussed. Although the proposed method is capable of yielding high accuracy, it is noted that the rate of convergence may be significantly slower in certain cases. (47 References).
A. M. Frolov, VH Jr Smith, and DM. Bishop, "Bound P states (L=1) and D states (L=2) of three-body muonic molecular ions," Physical Review A, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 1686--92, 1994.
Abstract: The results of highly accurate calculations are presented for all nine of the known bound P states (L=1) and D states (L=2) of the six three-body muonic molecular ions (mesomolecules): pp mu , pd mu , Pt mu , dd mu , dt mu , and tt mu . The mass shift (mass gradient) was determined for each ion for the lowest P and D states and for the first {"}vibrationally{"} excited P states. The threshold mass ratios lambda /sub t/=m/sub Y//m/sub X/ for the lowest bound P and D states in symmetric systems such as X/sup +/X/sup +/Y/sup -/ were determined, with improved accuracy, to be lambda /sub t/(P)=0.23734 and lambda /sub t/(D)=0.0891. (27 References).
A. M. Frolov and VH Jr. Smith, "The properties of the helium-muonic atoms in the electron excited states and four-body helium-muonic ions," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 29, no. 23, pp. 5969--80, 1996.
Abstract: The properties of muonic ( mu /sup -/) helium (/sup 3/He, /sup 4/He and /sup varies as /He) atoms in the electron excited S states (L=0) are considered. In particular, the hyperfine splittings have been calculated for the 1s/sub mu /2s/sub c/ excited states in the /sup 3/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ and /sup 4/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ atoms. The bound state spectra in the related four-body /sup 3/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/e/sup -/ and /sup 4/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/e/sup -/ ions are discussed for the first time. It follows from the estimated properties that all such systems have the two-shell (muon-electron) cluster structure. The properties of such systems can be found with good accuracy from the general theory of bound state spectra in the many-shell quasi-atoms (quasi-ions), i.e. without extensive numerical calculations. (26 References).
A. M. Frolov and VH Jr. Smith, "Nuclear reaction rates in four-body muon molecules," Physical Review A, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 2435--7, 1997.
Abstract: The basic properties of the ground states in the four-body muon molecules pp mu mu , pd mu mu , pt mu mu , dd mu mu , dt mu mu and tt mu mu are calculated. It is found that the nuclear reaction rates (R/sub f/) in such four-body molecules are significantly larger than for the corresponding three-body ions with the same nuclei: pp mu , pd mu , pt mu , dd mu and tt mu . In particular, for the dt mu mu system R/sub f/(dt) approximately=3*10/sup 13/-6*10/sup 13/ sec/sup -1/, which is 540 times greater than the respective R/sub dt/(dt mu ) value. (13 References).
A. M. Frolov and VH Jr. Smith, "Positronium hydrides and the Ps/sub 2/ molecule: bound-state properties, positron annihilation rates, and hyperfine structure," Physical Review A, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 2662--73, 1997.
Abstract: The bound-state spectra of the positronium hydrides /sup infinity /HPs, TPs, DPs, /sup 1/HPs, and MuPs are considered. The properties of the bound ground S states (L=0) in these systems and the Ps/sub 2/ molecule have been determined by extensive variational calculations. The hyperfine structure of these states is also investigated. The positron annihilation rates have been evaluated for the positronium hydrides, the Ps/sub 2/ molecule, and the Ps ion and compared. The positron annihilation rates Gamma /sub ny/ (where n[right angle bracket]or=2) in the positronium hydrides are significantly closer to those in the Ps ion (the three-body system) than in the Ps/sub 2/ molecule. (44 References).
AM. Frolov, "Bound-state properties of negatively charged hydrogenlike ions," Physical Review A, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 4479--83, 1998.
Abstract: The results of high-precision, variational, bound-state calculations for the ground state in the negatively charged hydrogenlike ions /sup infinity /H/sup -/, T/sup -/, D/sup -/, /sup 1/H/sup -/, and Mu/sup -/ are presented. The mass dependence for various properties is studied. The results are formulated in the form of relatively simple analytical expressions. The probabilities of finding the final He atom in its ground and low-lying excited states (after the nuclear beta /sup -/ decay in the T/sup -/ ion) have been determined numerically. It is shown that the total ionization probability has a very large value ( approximately=30%). A possible explanation may include the spin conversion between the beta /sup -/ particle and remaining /sup 3/He atom. This means that the final /sup 3/He atom can be found not only in its singlet states, but also in the triplet states. (17 References).
AM. Frolov, "Bound-state calculations of Coulomb three-body systems," Physical Review A, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 4270--80, 1999.
Abstract: Various geometrical and energetical properties in the symmetric muonic molecular ions pp mu ,dd mu ,tt mu , molecular ions ppe,dde,tte, and exotic system mu mu e ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup +/e/sup -/) are determined with high accuracy by using the two-stage strategy proposed by Frolov Phys. Rev. A 57, 2436 (1998). The significant difference between bound-state spectra in muonic molecular ions pp mu ,dd mu ,tt mu and molecular ions ppe,dde,tte ions is explained by using the general theory of bound-state spectra in Coulomb three-body systems, which is closely related with the general theory of compact operators. In particular, the principal classification of the bound-state spectra in such systems can be made in the same manner as for compact operators. For instance, the discrete spectrum of a Coulomb three-body system may have the Hilbert-Schmidt, nuclear or finite-dimensional structure. Moreover, this structure can be changed by varying some of the physical parameters (e.g., masses or charges) of the system. The developed theory is applied to the case of symmetric Coulomb three-body systems with unit charges. (25 References).
AM. Frolov, "High-precision, variational, bound-state calculations in Coulomb three-body systems," Physical Review E, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 8740-5, 2000.
Abstract: The present study contains high-precision variational results for a number of bound states in various Coulomb three-body systems. In particular, we discuss the bound-state properties for the 2/sup 3/S state of the /sup infinity /He atom, the bound S(L=0) and P(L=1) states in symmetric muonic molecular ions, and ground states in the /sup 3/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ and /sup 4/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ atoms. The accuracy achieved for the total energies in these systems is significantly higher than known from the previous works. These results have been obtained by using a package of FORTRAN programs and a pretranslator written by D.H. Bailey from NASA D.H. Bailey, ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 21, 379 (1995). This multiprecision FORTRAN package can completely eliminate all problems related to numerical instabilities at large dimensions, which are crucial for high-precision, bound-state calculations in few-body systems. In fact, the multiprecision FORTRAN programs open another avenue in the study of bound states in few-body systems. (0 References).
AM. Frolov, "Properties and hyperfine structure of helium-muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 022509/1-7, 2000.
Abstract: Basic geometrical and dynamical properties of the /sup 3/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ and /sup 4/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ helium-muonic atoms are determined from high-precision, variational calculations. Only the bound ground states with L=0 are discussed. The estimated hyperfine splitting between /sup 1/2/S and /sup 3/2/S states in the /sup 3/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ atom is Delta nu =4166.389 MHz. The analogous result for the hyperfine splitting between /sup 0/S and /sup 1/S states in the /sup 4/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ atom is Delta nu =4464.555 MHz. Both obtained figures agree very well with the known experimental values. The evaluated hyperfine splitting for the /sup 6/Li/sup 3+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ ion is approximately=29311.4 MHz and for the /sup 7/Li/sup 3+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ ion is approximately=36790.8 MHz. (23 References).
AM. Frolov, "Bound-state properties and muon sticking probabilities for the S(L = 0)-states in non-symmetric muonic molecular ions," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 34, no. 19, pp. 3813--28, 2001.
Abstract: The bound-state properties of the non-symmetric muonic molecular ions pd mu , pt mu and dt mu in S(L = 0)-states are determined to a high accuracy. The corresponding variational wavefunctions have been constructed by using the two-stage strategy proposed previously (Frolov, 1998). The two- and three-particle delta functions and cusp values have also been determined for these systems quite accurately. The new multiprecision FORTRAN package developed by Bailey from NASA (1995) has been used extensively to perform our present calculations. The muon sticking probabilities are determined numerically for each of these muonic molecular ions in their S(L = 0)-states. The obtained values of the total sticking probabilities equal 99.800% (pd mu ), 98.812% (pt mu ), 0.893% (dt mu , ground state) and 0.893% (dt mu , excited state), respectively. The best variational results for all known 22 bound states in the muonic molecular ions are also presented. (26 References).
A. M. Frolov and VH. Smith, "Generalization of the exponential variational ansatz in relative coordinates for bound state calculations in four-body systems," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 1187--96, 2001.
Abstract: A generalization of the exponential variational expansion in relative coordinates to four-body systems is presented. It is shown that all required matrix elements can be expressed as derivatives upon the nonlinear parameters of the so-called auxiliary or basic four-body (six-dimensional) integral. If such an integral can be computed analytically, then it is possible to use the proposed variational approach for highly accurate variational calculations for various four-body systems with arbitrary particle masses without adiabatic or similar approximations. For instance, this approach can be used for highly accurate, bound state, variational calculations of the positronium molecule Ps/sub 2/, four-body muonic molecules, H/sub 2/, D/sub 2/, and DT molecules and many other systems. In fact, the present work opens a new avenue in the study of four-body systems. (25 References).
AM. Frolov, "Multibox strategy for constructing highly accurate bound-state wave functions for three-body systems," Physical Review E, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 036704/1-6, 2001.
Abstract: Variational, multibox approach is proposed to construct extremely accurate, bound-state wave functions for arbitrary three-body systems. The high efficiency of our present approach is based on an optimal choice of nonlinear parameters in the exponential basis functions. The proposed method is very flexible, since the final wave function can also include a large number of separately optimized cluster fragments. The wave functions obtained are very compact and highly accurate. Such wave functions can be used to compute various bound state properties for different three-body systems. The proposed approach has been successfully tested on a large number of actual systems. It is shown that the present approach can be used to solve various three-body problems with, in principle, arbitrary precision. In particular, the long-standing problem of highly accurate determination of the weakly bound (1,1) states in the dd mu and dt mu muonic molecular ions has finally been solved. The determined binding energies are -1.974 988 088 0+or-5*10/sup -10/ eV and -0.660 338 74+or-1*10/sup -8/ eV, respectively. (23 References).
AM. Frolov, "Muon sticking, probabilities for the symmetric muonic molecular ions dd mu and tt mu," Physics Letters A, vol. 291, no. 4-5, pp. 274--80, 2001.
Abstract: Muon sticking probabilities are determined for the nuclear fusion in the symmetric muonic molecular ions dd mu and tt mu . In particular, the muon sticking probabilities have been computed for the two reaction channels in the (d, d)-reaction. The total probability of the (/sup 3/He mu )/sup +/ ion formation (in the neutron channel) is approximately=14.0423%, while analogous probabilities for the t mu and p mu atoms are approximately=1.6870% and approximately=0.0014%, respectively (in the proton channel). The final state probability for the (/sup 4/He mu )/sup +/ ion formation in the (t, t; /sup 4/He, 2n) -reaction in the tt mu ion is bounded between approximately=4% and approximately=7%. It is shown that comparison between computed and measured probabilities can improve our present understanding of the (t, t)-nuclear reaction. (13 References).
A. M. Frolov, "Calculations of the 1s(mu)2s(e)-electron-excited S(L=0) states in helium-muonic atoms," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 65, pp. art. no.-024701, 2002.
Abstract: The bound-state energies and other properties are determined to high accuracy for the ground and first electron-excited S(L = 0) states in the He-3(2+) mu(-)e(-) and He-4(2+) mu(-)e(-) helium-muonic atoms. Such highly accurate calculations are performed with the use of an advanced, recently developed, multibox variational approach. In particular the hyperfine splitting has been calculated for the 1s(mu)2s(e)-electronexcited states in both helium-muonic atoms. The corresponding hyperfine splittings for these states are approximate to520.786 MHz (He-3(2+) mu(-)e(-)) and approximate to558.055 MHz (He- 4(2+) mu(-)e(-)). The analogous splittings for the ground states are Deltanu(He-3(2+) mu(-)e(-)) approximate to4166.393 MHz and Deltanu((4)He(2+)mu(-)e(-)) approximate to4464.555 MHz, respectively.
AM. Frolov, "Calculations of the 1s/sub mu /2s/sub e/-electron-excited S(L=0) states in helium-muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 024701/1-4, 2002.
Abstract: The bound-state energies and other properties are determined to high accuracy for the ground and first electron-excited S(L=0) states in the /sup 3/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ and /sup 4/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/ helium-muonic atoms. Such highly accurate calculations are performed with the use of an advanced, recently developed, multibox variational approach. In particular the hyperfine splitting has been calculated for the 1s/sub mu /2s/sub e/-electron-excited states in both helium-muonic atoms. The corresponding hyperfine splittings for these states are approximately=520.786 MHz (/sup 3/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/) and approximately=558.055 MHz (/sup 4/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/). The analogous splittings for the ground states are Delta nu (/sup 3/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/) approximately=4166.393 MHz and Delta nu (/sup 4/He/sup 2+/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/) approximately=4464.555 MHz, respectively. (16 References).
A. M. Frolov, "Photodetachment of the Ps(-) ion by high-energy photons: Model potential approach," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 66, pp. art. no.-032712, 2002.
Abstract: Photodetachment of the Ps(-) (e(-)e(+)e(-)) ion by high-energy photons ((h) over bar omegaapproximate tom(e)c(2)) is considered. Our present approach is essentially based on the analytical solution of the first-order perturbation equation with the Dirac-type Hamiltonian. The main goal is to produce the universal formulas for the photodetachment cross sections which can be used for photons with arbitrarily high energies. Also, we wanted to study the angular distribution of the emitted photoelectrons and consider correlations between the incident photon and emitted photoelectron. The obtained formulas for the photodetachment cross sections can also be used to describe relativistic photodetachment of arbitrary fewbody systems with unit charges. In particular, it can be applied to the H- ion and to the muonic molecules.
AM. Frolov, "Photodetachment of the Ps/sup -/ ion by high-energy photons: model potential approach," Physical Review A, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 32712--1--8, 2002.
Abstract: Photodetachment of the Ps/sup -/ (e/sup -/e/sup +/e/sup -/) ion by high-energy photons (h(cross) omega approximately=m/sub e/c/sup 2/) is considered. Our present approach is essentially based on the analytical solution of the first-order perturbation equation with the Dirac-type Hamiltonian. The main goal is to produce the universal formulas for the photodetachment cross sections which can be used for photons with arbitrarily high energies. Also, we wanted to study the angular distribution of the emitted photoelectrons and consider correlations between the incident photon and emitted photoelectron. The obtained formulas for the photodetachment cross sections can also be used to describe relativistic photodetachment of arbitrary few-body systems with unit charges. In particular, it can be applied to the H/sup -/ ion and to the muonic molecules. (21 References).
W. D. Fromm, Dz Gansorig, T. Krogulski, H-G Ortlepp, S. M. Polikanov, B. M. Sabirov, U. Schmidt, R. Arlt, R. Engfer, and H. Scheuwly, "Energy shifts of electronic X-rays in heavy muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 55B, no. 4, pp. 377--9, 1975.
Abstract: Energy shifts of the electronic K X-rays of heavy muonic atoms have been observed. Natural metallic targets of Ta, Ir, Pb, Th and U were used. The shifts amounts to a few hundreds eV. This effect may give rise to a better understanding of muon cascade dynamics. (8 References).
W. D. Fromm, H-G Ortlepp, S. M. Polikanov, U. Schmidt, G. N. Zorin, R. Arlt, and G. Musoil, "Possible evidence for shape isomeric gamma -decay in mu /sup -/ atoms of /sup 238/U," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A278, no. 3, pp. 387--401, 1977.
Abstract: A search for the gamma -decay of the shape isomer in muonic /sup 238/U excited by radiationless transitions has been performed. Seven delayed transitions in the energy region of 700 to 3200 keV have been observed with a large Ge(Li) detector. Two transitions with E/sub gamma /=2215 and 3131 keV have been attributed to the decay of the shape isomeric state into levels in the first well. The isomeric shift of the second minimum E/sub II/ approximately=600 keV in the presence of the muon and the decrease of the lifetime of the shape isomer to tau =12+or-2 ns give arguments in favour of the connection of shape isomerism with large quadrupole deformation. (34 References).
C. A. Fry, G. A. Beer, G. R. Mason, R. M. Pearce, P. R. Poffenberger, C. I. Sayre, A. Olin, and JA. MacDonald, "Pionic X-rays from /sup 12,13/C," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A375, no. 3, pp. 325--33, 1982.
Abstract: "The energies and widths of pionic 2p-1s and 3d-2p X-rays have been measured in /sup 12,13/C. Values obtained are /sup 12/C: 2p-1s E=93.221(55) keV
MG. Fuda, "Lee model and mesic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 2701--9, 1982.
Abstract: "An extension of the Lee model in quantum field theory is presented which has some of the features of mesic atoms. The model has three fermions V, N/sub 1/, and N/sub 2/, and two bosons theta /sub 1/ and theta /sub 2/, which interact according to V to or from N/sub alpha /+ theta /sub alpha /
A. Fujii, R. Leonardi, and M. Rosa-Clot, "An interpretation of neutron asymmetry in polarized muon capture," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 171-3, 1970.
Abstract: Gives a theoretical interpretation of recent experimental observations of sign inversion in the neutron asymmetry parameter in polarized muon capture by /sup 40/Ca.
H. Fujii, Y. Mimura, K. Sasaki, and T. Sasaki, "Muonium hyperfine structure and the decay mu /sup +/ to e/sup +/+ nu + nu /sub mu / in models with dilepton gauge bosons," Physical Review D, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 559--62, 1994.
Abstract: We examine the muonium ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/)-antimuonium ( mu /sup -/e/sup +/)system inthe models which accommodate the dilepton gauge bosons, and study their contributions to the ground state hyperfine splitting in {"}muonium.{"} We also consider the exotic muon decay mu /sup +/ to e/sup +/+ nu /sub e/ + nu /sub mu /, mediated by the dilepton gauge boson, and obtain a lower bound (M( chi /sup +or-/)/g/sub 31/)[right angle bracket]550 GeV at a 90% confidence level for the singly-charged dilepton mass using the unitarity relation of the Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix, for the three-family case. (22 References).
DH. Fujimoto, "alpha /sup 2/(Z alpha )/sup 2/ vacuum polarization correction in muonic atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 341--4, 1975.
Abstract: The apparent failure of QED in a strong Coulomb field has been considered theoretically by Chen (1975) and Wilets and Rinker (1975). Strikingly different results were obtained for the energy discrepancy for muonic atoms of heavy nuclei when the two photon vacuum polarization corrections of order alpha /sup 2/ are included. To help resolve the disagreement on the size of the alpha /sup 2/(Z alpha )/sup 2/ effect in Pb muonic atoms, the author presents a third calculation based on conventional Feynman parametric integral techniques. The results show the correction is negligible and are in agreement with the Wilets and Rinker estimate. (10 References).
J. I. Fujita and A. Fujii, "Neutron asymmetry in polarized nuclear muon capture," Physical Review A, vol. 185, no. 4, pp. 1475--84, 1969.
Abstract: A general theoretical framework for neutron emissions due to nuclear muon capture is given in terms of relativistic and nonrelativistic kinematics, which can be applied to the cases where the energies of the final nuclear states belong to the continuous spectrum as well as the discrete one. The consequences of chiral invariance and conserved-vector-current (CVC) theory are taken into account in the formulation. The formulas obtained are compared with conventional ones. In particular, the pioneering work due to Primakoff is re-examined from this general framework. The difference between the CVC theory with the impulse approximation and the nuclear CVC theory is discussed. In the limit of small momentum of the emitted neutrino, the present formalism is related to the conventional beta -decay formalism. The effect of nuclear collective motions on neutron asymmetry is discussed without assuming any detailed nuclear models.
T. Fujita and A. Arima, "On a new relation between magnetic hyperfine structure constants for the 1s/sup 1///sub 2/ and 2p/sup 1///sub 2/ muonic orbits," Physics Letters B, vol. 49B, no. 2, pp. 143--6, 1974.
Abstract: A new useful relation between magnetic h.f.s. constants for the 1s/sup 1///sub 2/ and 2p/sup 1///sub 2/ muonic orbits is derived by using the fact that a radial integral for the 1s/sup 1///sub 2/ orbit is similar to that for the 2p/sup 1///sub 2/ orbit inside nuclei, which is numerically confirmed. (6 References).
T. Fujita and A. Arima, "Magnetic hyperfine structure of muonic and electronic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A254, no. 2, pp. 513--41, 1975.
Abstract: The magnetic hyperfine structure of atoms is studied. A new compact expression is introduced for the magnetic hyperfine anomaly. A theoretical foundation is given for an empirical formula discovered by Moskowitz and Lombardi. The effects of core polarization and mesonic exchange currents are discussed. There are two kinds of core polarization, Delta l=0 and Delta l=2. The latter is shown to be important to explain certain isotope shifts, though it is smaller than the former Delta l=0 effect. (27 References).
T. Fujita and A. Arima, "The second order electric dipole and quadrupole effects on the 2p/sub 1/2/ hyperfine structure constant in muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A267, no. 3, pp. 461--71, 1976.
Abstract: Investigates second order electric dipole (E1), electric quadrupole (E2) and E2-M1 interference effects on the 2p/sub 1/2/ hyperfine structure constant in muonic atoms. It is found that static and dynamic E2 contributions give rise to splitting in some nuclei which is almost comparable with the magnetic h.f.s. splitting, whereas the E1 contribution which comes from a deexcitation mechanism is not so large as compared with E2 contributions. The E2-M1 interference effect is found to be small, but not negligible for some cases. (8 References).
T. Fujita and K. Kubodera, "Energetic neutrons from muon capture by a heavy nucleus," Physics Letters B, vol. 149B, no. 6, pp. 451--4, 1984.
Abstract: The spectrum of energetic neutrons observed in a recent experiment on mu /sup -/+/sup 165/H/sub 0/ to n+X+ nu /sub mu / is discussed using a simple model. It is found that the neutron spectrum can be reproduced reasonably well in terms of the nuclear Fermi motion deduced from other sources of information such as high-energy heavy-ion collisions. (12 References).
M. Fujita, S. Hirenzaki, and K. Kume, "Pionic atom formation in halo nuclei by (d,He-3) reactions," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 67, pp. art. no.-034605, 2003.
Abstract: We investigate the formation cross sections of the deeply bound pionic atoms on halo nuclei theoretically. We consider oneneutron pickup (d,He-3) reaction for the pionic atom formation and find that the formation rate is significantly increased by the existence of the halo neutron with long tail of the wave function. This enhancement is expected to increase the experimental feasibility for the formation of the deeply bound pionic states on beta-unstable nuclei.
M. C. Fujiwara, "Solid hydrogen target thickness", 1994.
M. C. Fujiwara, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, J. L. Douglas, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, G. M. Marshall, C. J. Martoff, G. R. Mason, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, and J. Zmeskal, "Characterization of solid hydrogen targets," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 641-6, 1996.
Abstract: In experiments using the TRIUMF solid hydrogen target system, the knowledge of the target thickness and uniformity is often essential in order to extract physical parameters from the data. We have characterized the thickness and uniformity of frozen targets using the energy loss of alpha particles. An accuracy of approximately=5% was achieved, a limit imposed by the uncertainty in the stopping powers. The details of the method are described, and the thickness calibration of the target is presented. (11 References).
M. C. Fujiwara, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, E. Gete, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, N. P. Kherani, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, C. J. Martoff, G. R. Mason, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, T. J. Stocki, and J. Zmeskal, "Measuring sticking and stripping in muon-catalyzed dt fusion with multilayer thin films," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 613-21, 1996.
Abstract: We propose a direct measurement of muon sticking to alpha particles in muon-catalyzed dt fusion at a high density. Exploiting the features of a multilayer thin-film target developed at TRIUMF, the sticking is determined directly by detection of charged fusion products. Experimental separation of initial sticking and stripping may become possible for the first time. Monte Carlo simulations, as well as preliminary results of test measurements are described. (26 References).
M. C. Fujiwara, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, J. L. Douglas, T. M. Huber, R. JacotGuillarmod, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, G. M. Marshall, G. R. Mason, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, and J. Zmeskal, "Characterization of solidified gas thin film targets via alpha particle energy loss," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 395, pp. 159-168, 1997.
Abstract: A method is reported for measuring the thickness and uniformity of thin films of solidified gas targets, The energy of cc particles traversing the film is measured and the energy loss is converted to thickness using the range. The uniformity is determined by measuring the thickness at different positions with an array of sources. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to study the film deposition mechanism. Thickness calibrations for a TRIUMF solid hydrogen target system are presented.
M. C. Fujiwara, J. M. Bailey, and GA. Beer, "Emission of muonic tritium into vacuum: an atomic beam for muon experiments," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 106, no. 1-4, pp. 257--64, 1997.
Abstract: The emission of muonic tritium atoms from a thin film of hydrogen isotopes into vacuum was observed. The time and position of the muon decays were measured by tracking the decay electron trajectory. The observations are useful both for testing the theoretical cross sections for muonic atomic interactions, and producing an atomic beam of slow mu /sub approximately=/t with a controllable energy. (20 References).
M. C. Fujiwara, A. Adamczak, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, M. P. Faifman, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, C. J. Martoff, G. R. Mason, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, J. Wozniak, and J. Zmeskal, "Time-of-flight spectroscopy of muonic tritium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 151--7, 1999.
Abstract: Emission of muonic tritium from a solid hydrogen layer has been studied via imaging of the muon-decay electrons and the time-of-flight distributions have been compared with detailed Monte Carlo calculations. Results are consistent at the 10% level with the theoretical prediction of a Ramsauer-Townsend minimum cross-section energy. (15 References).
M. C. Fujiwara, "Time--of--flight studies of muon catalyzed fusion with a muonic tritium beam", 1999.
M. C. Fujiwara, A. Adamczak, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, M. P. Faifman, T. M. Huber, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, C. J. Martoff, G. R. Mason, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, J. Wozniak, and J. Zmeskal, "Resonant formation of d mu t molecules in deuterium: an atomic beam measurement of muon catalyzed dt fusion," Physical Review Letters, vol. 85, no. 8, pp. 1642--5, 2000.
Abstract: Resonant formation of d mu t molecules in collisions of muonic tritium ( mu t) on D/sub 2/ was investigated using a beam of mu t atoms, demonstrating a new direct approach in muon catalyzed fusion studies. Strong epithermal resonances in d mu t formation were directly revealed for the first time. From the time-of-flight analysis of 2036+or-116 dt fusion events, a formation rate consistent with 0.73+or-(0.16)/sub meas/+or-(009)/sub model/ times the theoretical prediction was obtained. For the largest peak at a resonance energy of 0.423+or-0.037 eV, this corresponds to a rate of (7.1+or-1.8)*10/sup 9/ s/sup -1/, more than an order of magnitude larger than those at low energies. (26 References).
M. C. Fujiwara, A. Adamczak, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, M. P. Faifman, T. M. Huber, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshal, G. R. Mason, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, J. Wozniak, and J. Zmeskal, "Resonant scattering of muonic hydrogen atoms and dynamics of the muonic molecular complex," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 245--8, 2001.
Abstract: Resonant scattering of muonic hydrogen atoms via back decay of the molecular complex, a key process in the understanding of epithermal muonic molecular formation, is analyzed. The limitations of the effective rate approximation are discussed and the importance of the explicit treatment of the back decay is stressed. An expression of the energy distribution for the back-decayed atoms is given. (13 References).
H. Fukuda, T. Ishihara, and S. Hara, "Hyperradial adiabatic treatment of d mu +t collisions at low energies," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 145--9, 1990.
Abstract: Using the hyperradial adiabatic expansion method d mu +t collisions at thermal energies are studied in a two-state approximation. Analytic expressions for the lowest two hyperradial adiabatic potentials and their nonadiabatic correction terms are derived to order 1/R/sup 4/ for large values of hyperradius R. (18 References).
H. Fukuda and T. Ishihara, "Distorted atomic-orbital expansion for slow ion-atom collisions," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 5531--8, 1992.
Abstract: The distorted atomic-orbital method, proposed by Kobayashi, Ishihara, and Toshima (Muon Catalyzed Fusion 2, 191 (1988)), is applied to low-energy ion-atomic collisions. This method is free from the difficulty of spurious couplings. The basic idea of the method is discussed in detail. An iterative method for the numerical calculation is developed and, as an example, a quantum-mechanical calculation of He/sup 2+/+H collisions for incident energy E/sub i/[left angle bracket]or=200 eV is carried out. The calculated cross section connects naturally to those obtained from a corresponding semiclassical calculation for E/sub i/[right angle bracket]or=200 eV (T.G. Winter and G.J. Hatton, Phys. Rev. A 21793 (1980)). (6 References).
T. Fukuda, "Nuclear physics with S=-2," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 267--274, 1996.
M. Fukui, K. Koshigiri, T. Sato, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "The average polarization of /sup 12/B in the muon capture reaction," Physics Letters B, vol. 132B, no. 4-6, pp. 255--6, 1983.
Abstract: The authors studied the new experimental data on the average polarization of the recoil /sup 12/B in the muon capture on /sup 12/C measured by the Tokyo group. They obtained g/sub P//g/sub A/=9.6/sub -2.7//sup +2.4/ with their formalism of muon capture including exchange current effects, contributions from excited states of the daughter nucleus and nuclear finite size, and using the 0p-shell wave function of Hauge and Maripuu and the Sussex interaction for the core polarization. The same value of g/sub P//g/sub A/ is obtained with the Cohen-Kurath wave function. (11 References).
M. Fukui, K. Koshigiri, T. Sato, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Nuclear polarization of /sup 12/B in muon capture reaction," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 827--39, 1983.
Abstract: The average and longitudinal polarizations of the recoil /sup 12/B are studied in detail in the reaction, /sup 12/C+ mu /sup -/ to /sup 12/B+ nu /sub mu /. The contributions from excited states are properly taken into account. They cannot be neglected even with the low branching ratios for the excited states obtained in the recent experimental data. The effects of core polarization and exchange currents are considerably large. The core polarization enhances the average polarization, while the exchange currents reduce it. Contrary to this, both effects reduce the partial muon capture rate for the ground state of /sup 12/B. The latest experimental data on the ratio of the average polarization, to the longitudinal polarization gives the coupling constant ratio, g/sub P//g/sub A/=9.1+or-1.8, with the 0p-shell wave function of Hauge and Maripuu and the Sussex interaction for the core polarization. Practically the same value of g/sub P//g/sub A/ is obtained with the Cohen-Kurath type wave function. (27 References).
M. Fukui, K. Koshigiri, T. Sato, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Polarizations of /sup 12/B in muon capture reaction and induced pseudoscalar weak interaction," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 55, no. , pp. 1036-7, 1986.
Abstract: The authors investigate the induced pseudoscalar form factor by studying the second order effects on the nuclear polarizations of /sup 12/B. They study the second order core polarization effect on the one-body current matrix elements, and the first order core polarization effect on the exchange current matrix elements (cross term), both of which are regarded as the second order effects. (8 References).
M. Fukui, K. Koshigiri, T. Sato, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Polarizations of /sup 12/B in muon capture reaction with higher order configuration mixing," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 343--57, 1987.
Abstract: Polarizations of /sup 12/B produced by the polarized muon capture /sup 12/C( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu /)/sup 12/B are studied theoretically to determine the g/sub P//g/sub A/ ratio. Effects of the first-order core polarization on the exchange currents and those of the first- and second-order core polarization on the impulse operators are taken into account in the second-order perturbation. The intermediate states with 2 h(cross) omega excitations are treated correctly, while contributions of higher excited states are examined in the limit of the j-j coupling. Contributions of the second-order terms changes the nuclear polarization by a few percent. This gives g/sub P//g/sub A/ slightly larger by about 0.4 than the value deduced with only the first-order correction. The authors have obtained g/sub P//g/sub A/=9.5+or-1.7 or 8.5+or-1.9 from the experimental data on P/sub AV//P/sub L/ of /sup 12/B, together with two different experimental data on the branching ratios of muon leading to the excited states. (35 References).
K. Fukushima and F. Iseki, "Formation rate of muonic molecules in an alloy of deuterium and tritium," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 225--9, 1987.
Abstract: For the purpose of investigating the influence of the target interaction on the muonic molecule formation, the authors examine the case in a mixture of deuterium and tritium of a metallic phase. As a mechanism of the muonic molecule formation in the alloy, one may enumerate multi-phonon, plasmon and electron-hole pair excitations, which play the role of absorbers of the energy released as a muonic molecule forms. Density dependence of the formation rate which exceeds the linearity in the dilute gas case is obtained. (16 References).
K. Fukushima and F. Iseki, "Formation rate of muonic molecules in an alloy of deuterium and tritium," Physical Review B-Condensed Matter, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 3028--36, 1988.
Abstract: For the purpose of understanding how the interaction between target molecules affects the resonant formation mechanism of muonic molecules and, as a result, how the density dependence of the formation rate deviates from the linearity observed in a dilute gas of targets, the authors examine a rather exotic problem of the muonic-molecule formation in a metallic phase of a mixture of deuterium and tritium. As the mechanism in the alloy one can enumerate multiphonon, plasmon, and electron-hole pair excitations, each of which plays a role of an absorber of the energy released as a weakly bound muonic molecule forms. The calculated normalized formation rate for the multiphonon excitation process takes values of the order of 10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ at r/sub x/=1.2 bohrs and much larger ones with increasing density of the alloy. The rates for the pair excitation is nearly 10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/, almost independently of the density. These values should be compared with (0.3-0.5)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ predicted for a dilute mixture of deuterium and tritium on the basis of the screened-dipole-interaction mechanism. On the other hand, the plasmon excitation process turns out to contribute little to the rate. (21 References).
Y. Fukushima, M. Yahiro, and M. Kamimura, "Nuclear polarization in d mu and t mu atoms and in the dt mu molecule," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 6894--902, 1992.
Abstract: Deuteron polarization in a d mu atom and triton polarization in a t mu atom were investigated on the basis of a three- (four-) body model of the d- mu (t- mu ) system. Virtual excitation of the deuteron and triton is treated within the second-order perturbation theory. The nuclear polarization energy is obtained as -9.9 meV for the d mu atom and -1.1 meV for the t mu atom. The authors examined the validity of the adiabatic approximation and the dipole approximation which were employed in the literature calculation of the deuteron polarization; the approximations were found to be rather poor. Deuteron and triton polarization potentials were derived and were found to deviate much, in the internal region, from the r/sup -4/-type potential, which is given by the adiabatic and dipole approximations. With the use of these potentials, correction to epsilon /sub 11/ due to the nuclear polarization in the dt mu molecule at the J=v=1 state was calculated to be -1.7 meV, which should significantly affect the resonant formation of the state, a key to the muon catalyzed d-t fusion. (17 References).
K. Fukushima, "Muonic-molecule formation in a high-density D-T system: application to a solid phase," Physical Review A, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 4130--41, 1993.
Abstract: We discuss the resonant formation mechanism of muonic molecular ions in a high-density D-T system, putting emphasis on a condensed-matter effect. After generally formulating the problem, we apply the formulation to a solid phase of an admixture of D/sub 2/, DT, and T/sub 2/. The spectral intensity distribution of a whole system proves to be essential in understanding the above-mentioned effect. Namely the numerically calculated distribution exhibits the presence not only of a Lorentzian peak centered at a conventional, slightly shifted resonance energy but also of a broad peak lying over an energy domain that extends from the resonance energy with a scope comparable to the bandwidth of the elementary excitation spectra of the solid. The profile of the spectral distribution suggests the possibility that the condensed matter should take part in the quasiresonant reaction as an absorber of excess energy in the initial state. In fact, the formation rate at low temperatures turns out to be enhanced dramatically in the presence of subthreshold resonance levels, as compared with Vesman's mechanism (Sov. Phys. JETP Lett. 5, 91 (1967)),i.e., molecular formation in a free space. The numerical calculation of formation rates is carried out for a target system involving ortho-, para-D/sub 2/, or their thermal admixture. (23 References).
K. Fukushima, "The mechanism and rate of dt mu formation in solid hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 161--9, 1993.
Abstract: The partial spectral distribution function I/sub Ki/,/sub Kf/ ( xi , in ; T) for muonic molecule formation turns out to play an important role in understanding the effect of interactions with surrounding spectator molecules. The authors formulate and numerically calculate it for a solid hydrogen. First of all, in addition to a conventional Lorentzian peak centered at a resonance energy in /sub Ki/,/sub Kf/, there appears another very broad peak in the spectral distribution, which extends from the resonance energy to energies higher by the Debye energy h(cross)w/sub D/ of the solid. It is shown that the latter corresponds to the spectral distribution of phonon excitations caused by a sudden dt mu formation. Secondly, a strong intensity borrowing from the Lorentzian peak to the broad one occurs. Thanks to this fact, a large formation rate is yielded for subthreshold transitions. The comparison with Vesman's spectral distribution function, namely, of a dt mu formation for an isolated D/sub 2/, is made. (5 References).
L. P. Fulcher and JM. Eisenberg, "Radiative pion absorption in nuclei and soft-pion theorems," Nuclear Physics B, vol. b18, no. 1, pp. 271--300, 1970.
Abstract: The analogy between radiative pion absorption and muon capture is contained in a soft-pion theorem which states that the matrix elements of radiative pion absorption are those of the axial-vector current involved in muon capture. This soft-pion theorem is derived, and two methods of calculating radiative absorption rates, for pions bound in the 1S atomic orbital, from the corresponding muon capture rates are presented. The first method treats the nucleus as an elementary particle and uses electron scattering data in order to account for the vector part of the muon capture process; the second method uses nuclear photo-excitation information in order to account for the vector part of this process. Corrections to the soft-pion theorem are considered. In particular, the nuclear Fermi gas model is employed in order to estimate the corrections due to the rescattering of the pion are considered. They reduce the radiative pion absorption rate by approximately 60% in /sup 12/C. (53 References).
L. P. Fulcher and NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Coulomb corrections to the induced pseudoscalar term in nuclear muon capture," Physics Letters B, vol. 47B, no. 2, pp. 115--18, 1973.
Abstract: Coulomb corrections to the induced pseudoscalar term, which appears in impulse approximation treatment of nuclear muon capture, are calculated. It is found that it is important to include the effect of finite nuclear size in order to obtain a reliable result. These corrections are found to be too small to account for the difference between the PCAC value for this term and the values necessary to understand recent muon capture experiments in /sup 16/O and /sup 40/Ca. (15 References).
L. P. Fulcher and NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Electromagnetic corrections to the induced pseudoscalar term in nuclear muon capture," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 28A, no. 4, pp. 487-509, 1975.
Abstract: The effects of the static nuclear magnetic field are shown to be very small. The authors calculate the effects of the nuclear Coulomb field by constructing the Green's function appropriate for pions moving in the Coulomb field of an extended nucleus and using realistic muon wave functions. Consideration of finite nuclear size is shown to be imperative in order to obtain accurate results. The Coulomb corrections are not large enough to play any significant role in understanding the discrepancy of the theory with the recent measurement of the photon spectrum following radiative muon capture in /sup 40/Ca of the rate of the reaction /sup 16/O( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu /)/sup 16/N(0/sup -/). Two approximate methods of obtaining the results are also presented. (22 References).
B. Furmann, D. Stefanska, A. Krzykowski, A. Jarosz, and A. Kajoch, "Isotope shift in titanium atom," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 289--94, 1996.
Abstract: Isotope shifts in ten optical transitions of Ti atom have been investigated by using laser induced fluorescence on a collimated atomic beam. From the isotope shifts data, using a combined analysis with muonic atom data, specific mass shifts and field shifts have been determined and corrected values of changes of the mean square nuclear charge radii have been obtained. (20 References).
H. O. U. Fynbo, "Doppler broadened gamma-lines from exotic nuclei," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, vol. 207, pp. 275-282, 2003.
Abstract: A method for calculating Doppler broadened peak shapes relevant for a number of different physical phenomena is presented. Peak shapes for different lifetimes and using different evaluations of the stopping power are given. A new example of the occurrence of Doppler broadened gamma-lines in the decay spectra of exotic atomic nuclei is presented and it is discussed how information may be obtained from an analysis of the line-shape. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
H. O. U. Fynbo, V. Egorov, V. Brudanin, A. Chirtchenko, J. Deutsch, V. Lebedev, C. Petitjean, K. Riisager, and S. Vassiliev, "The muon capture rate of Ca-48," Nucl. Phys. A, vol. 724, pp. 493-501, 2003.
Abstract: The muon nuclear capture rate on Ca-48 has been measured to be 1.214(8) x 10(6) s(-1) at the PSI, Switzerland. An isotopically enriched target was used, and the sensitivity increased further by tagging on known gamma-rays observed following the capture. Possible systematic errors in this procedure are discussed. The muon capture rate is compared to theoretical predictions and the isotopic variation of the capture rate is shown to deviate from the Primakoff estimate. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
E. Gabrielli, "Model-independent constraints on leptoquarks from rare mu and tau lepton processes," Physical Review D, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 055009/1-13, 2000.
Abstract: We perform a model-independent analysis so as to constrain the leptoquark (LQ) models from negative searches for mu to e gamma , mu to 3e decays (and analogous processes in the tau sector), and coherent mu -e conversion in nuclei. We considerably improve some constraints obtained by analyses known in the literature, analyses which we show have by far underestimated the LQ contributions to the mu to 3e. In particular we find that the coherent mu -e conversion in nuclei mediated by the photon-conversion mechanism and the mu to 3e decay are golden plates where the flavor-changing leptoquark couplings, involving the second and third quark generations, can be strongly constrained. This is due to the fact that these processes get the enhancements by large log(m/sub q//sup 2//m/sub LQ//sup 2/) terms which are induced by the so-called {"}photon-penguin{"} diagrams. These enhancements, which produce a mild Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani (GIM) suppression in the amplitudes, have not been taken into account in the previous analyses. We show that the mu to e gamma decay can set weaker constraints on the LQ models and this is because its amplitude is strongly GIM suppressed by the terms of order O(m/sub q//sup 2//m/sub LQ//sup 2/). We also present the results for the corresponding constraints in the tau sector. Finally, the prospects of the future muon experiments for the improvement of the present bounds are analyzed and discussed. (0 References).
NA. Gad, "Chemical collisions involving mu /sup +/ mesons," Chaos Solitons & Fractals, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 897--901, 2001.
Abstract: The phase shifts for the chemical reaction of mu /sup +/ mesons with Tritium molecular ions have been calculated using Hulthen-Kohen and Schwinger variational methods. Also the differential cross sections for different values of the wave number of the relative motion are computed. The obtained values are found to be comparable with the corresponding theoretical ones or that obtained by F. Ayoub and A. El-Shahawy Journal de chimie physique (1986) 83. They are, however, not far below the maximum values. (10 References).
NA. Gad, "Cross-sections of mu /sup +/ mesons collision with excited states of hydrogen molecules," Chaos Solitons & Fractals, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 2171--6, 2001.
Abstract: "For the chemical reaction of mu /sup +/ mesons with H/sub 2/ molecules to produce mu H molecule leaving H/sup +/, the differential cross-section has been calculated for excited states of H/sub 2/ and mu H molecules using the distorted wave method. It is found that the calculated cross-sections are comparable with theoretical maximum ones pi /K/sub alpha //sup 2/(2l+1)
AN. Gad, "Scattering of mu /sup +/ mesons with tritium molecular ions," Modelling, Simulation & Control A: General Physics (Matter & Waves), Electrical & Electronics Engineering, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 61-6, AMSE Press, France, 2001.
Abstract: The phase shifts for the chemical reaction of mu /sup +/ mesons wrath Tritium molecular ions have been calculated using Hulthen-Kohen and Schwinger variational methods. Also the differential cross sections for different values of the wave number of the relative motion are computed. The obtained values are found to be comparable with the corresponding theoretical ones or that obtained by Avoub (1986). They are however, not far below the maximum values. (7 References).
C. A. Gagliardi, G. T. Garvey, and JR. Wrobel, "Demonstration for the need for meson exchange currents in the beta decay of /sup 16/N(0/sup -/)," Physical Review Letters, vol. 48, no. 14, pp. 914--17, 1982.
Abstract: The /sup 16/N(0/sup -/, 120 keV) to /sup 16/O(0/sup +/, g.s.)+e/sup -/+ nu /sub e/ beta decay rate is remeasured. The present result, Lambda /sub beta /=0.41+or-0.06 sec/sup -1/, agrees with recent realistic calculations of this rate only when pion exchange currents are included in the axial-vector time component. The impulse approximation underestimates this rate by more than a factor of 3. This result may be combined with the muon capture rate for the inverse reaction to obtain g/sub P//g/sub A/=10+or-2.5. (22 References).
A. Gaigalas, D. McLoughlin, S. Raboy, C. C. Trail, E. Deci, R. Sutton, and RA. Carrigan, "/sup 165/Ho by muonic X-rays," Physical Review C, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 2219--25, 1977.
Abstract: Energies of K and L-transitions in muonic atoms of /sup 165/Ho were measured and the corresponding level energies are summarised together with corrections for nuclear small range of values of the three parameters of a modified Fermi charge distribution, the half radius, the surface thickness, and the intrinsic quadrupole moment Q/sub 0/. The Q/sub 0/ values are consistent with those from many different experiments but not with previous results of a five-parameter fit which used an alternative method for determining the effect of nuclear polarization. (24 References).
M. Gailitis and N. Sakss, "The form of the threshold phenomena for the excitation of mesic atoms by electrons," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 351--4, 1988.
Abstract: For the excitation of mesic atoms ( mu p) by electrons the threshold behaviour changes its type on the threshold when the mesic atom principal quantum number reaches N=9. For N[left angle bracket]9, the excitation cross sections start from zero on the threshold and increase with energy following a power law. If N[right angle bracket]or=9, the excitation cross sections take finite values immediately above the threshold while below the threshold there exist a resonance series distributed according to the geometrical progression law. (11 References).
R. Gajewski and SE. Jones, "A look at muon-catalyzed fusion research in the United States," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 93--102, 1988.
Abstract: Muon-catalyzed fusion research performed under the auspices of the Division of Advanced Energy Projects of the US Department of Energy is reviewed. The program structure and objectives are outlined, as are the technical contents of the several projects constituting the collaboration. (17 References).
R. Gajewski, "Nuclear fusion: hope or illusion?," Postepy Fizyki, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 85--95, 1991.
Abstract: Investigations on the problem of obtaining energy by nuclear fusion are reviewed in a rather popular way. Magnetic and inertial confinement fusion as well as muon-catalyzed and cold fusion are discussed. (0 References).
E. Gajzago, "Proton structural correction of the Lamb shift," Magyar Fizikai Folyoirat, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 339--89, 1974.
Abstract: Processes contributing towards the Lamb shift are briefly examined and the polarisabilities of mu /sup -/p and e/sup -/p are estimated with the use of a nonrelativistic model. The relativistic two particle problem is described by the Bethe-Salpeter equation. Chief experimental results on strongly inelastic ep scattering are summarized and their significance on the elastic and magnetic polarizabilities of the proton are related. The proton structural correction for the Lamb shift of the hydrogen atom is examined in terms of the Cottingham transformations and dispersion relations and the results are applied to the mu /sup -/p system. (22 References).
E. Gajzago, "Proton structure and the Lamb shift in hydrogen-like atoms," Acta Physica Slovaca, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 30--9, 1974.
Abstract: The present state of the Lamb shift in hydrogen and muonic atoms is briefly reviewed. Attention is paid particularly to the contributions due to the polarizability of the proton and to the structure of the proton as revealed by the recent experiments concerning the deep inelastic electron-proton scattering. (6 References).
A. Gal, J. Franklin, R. N. Sen, and C. Weil, "Tests for angular momentum nonconservation in weak interactions of hadrons," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 7a, no. 3, pp. 497-510, 1972.
Abstract: Certain tests for possible angular momentum nonconservation in the weak interactions of strange particles are analysed for feasibility. Available evidence from correlation between Lambda - Sigma /sup 0/ polarizations in the process Sigma /sup 0/ to Lambda + gamma , and pp annihilation at rest into neutral kaons, does not indicate angular momentum nonconservation. Further evidence should be obtainable from line shapes of X-rays from K-mesic atoms, regeneration of K/sub s/ from K/sub l/ (or its absence) due to magnetic fields, and gamma -rays from excited hypernuclei. (23 References).
A. Gal, B. K. Jennings, and E. Friedman, "Does the relativistic impulse approximation produce sufficient s-wave repulsion for pionic atoms?," Physics Letters B, vol. 281, no. 1-2, pp. 11--15, 1992.
Abstract: Ambiguities due to off-shell extrapolation of the pi N T-matrix in the application of the relativistic impulse approximation to low-energy pion-nucleus interactions are demonstrated. The extent to which the 'missing' s-wave repulsion for pionic atoms is produced by such application is shown to be strongly model dependent by performing a large scale fit to pionic atom data. (12 References).
A. Gal, "Strong interactions in hadronic atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 213--226, 1996.
R. M. Galimzyanov, A. L. Zubarev, and MM. Musakhanov, "Calculation of the level shift for the deuteron pionic atom," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 1297--9, 1981.
Abstract: The ground state of the deuteron pionic atom is investigated using equations obtained by means of reformulation of the strong channel-coupling method using the Schwinger variational principle. The pi d scattering length and the level shift in the deuteron pionic atom are calculated. It is found from the calculations that the error in the Deser formula (1954) amounts to 9%. (9 References).
A. Galindo, "On the elementary particle approach to muon capture," Nuclear Physics B, vol. b14, no. 1, pp. 37--51, 1969.
Abstract: A new formulation of the theory of muon capture, when all intervening particles are treated as elementary particles, is presented. Using the covariant spin formalism invariant form factors are introduced. The hyperfine effects are taken into consideration and the formula for the asymmetry parameter is given. The theory is applied to several cases. (15 References).
A. Galindo and P. Pascual, "Hyperfine effects in muon capture by P/sup 31/," Anales de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Fisica y Quimica, Serie a (Fisica), vol. 65, no. 1-2, pp. 9-18, 1969.
Abstract: A theoretical value of Gamma /sub mu / is obtained using the shell-model and the Nilsson model. The results obtained were checked using the Kim-Primakoff method (abstr. A1097 of 1966) which consists in treating the initial and final nuclei as elementary particles.. The three methods used are in reasonable agreement as far as the theoretical value of Gamma /sub mu / is concerned, but discrepancies between shell- model with configuration mixing and Nilsson's model arise when hyperfine capture rates are computed. The Nilsson model explains the energy levels and the beta -transition rate satisfactorily.
A. Galindo, P. Pascual, and R. Pascual, "On the n-emission in mu /sup -/ capture with Fermi model," Anales de Fisica, vol. 68, no. 10-12, pp. 275--9, 1972.
Abstract: The authors calculate the asymmetry parameter, in muon capture processes, as a function of the emitted neutron energy. The Fermi gas model is used and all relativistic terms are considered. (8 References).
P-D. Gall, "Structures of weak currents," Fortschritte der Physik-Progress of Physics, vol. 35, no. 2-3, pp. 115--276, 1987.
Abstract: Weak interaction phenomena have been known for a long time. Already 1934 Fermi proposed a first theoretical model for describing weak interaction processes by an effective Lagrangian which is the product of two weak currents. This is known as four-Fermion interaction theory. Since that time, a great amount of experimental and theoretical knowledge on weak interactions at low energy has been derived from the study of nuclear beta -decay, muon-capture, muon-decay and the semi-leptonic decays of low-mass mesons and baryons. (451 References).
J. L. Gallant, D. J. Yaraskavitch, and NC. Bray, "Preparation of targets for measuring g-factors of isomeric states and for fission studies of muonic /sup 235/U and /sup 238/U," Nuclear Instruments & Methods, vol. 167, no. 1, pp. 55--9, 1979.
Abstract: Techniques are described for the preparation of suitable targets for the measurement of: (1) g-factors of isomeric states with lifetimes in the range 1 ns to 1 ms, and (2) muonic lifetimes in uranium. For the g-factor measurements gaseous, metallic and other solid targets are required. The targets must be small in order to fit in the narrow gap of the magnet needed to produce the necessary high magnetic fields. For the fission studies, large flat aluminium foils on which UF/sub 4/ has been evaporated on both sides to a total thickness of 1 mg/cm/sup 2/ are required to study lifetimes of muonic /sup 235/U and /sup 238/U. The parallel plate avalanche counter consists of twenty such foils, 70 mm in diameter, interleaved with forty aluminized mylar discs. Surface uniformity is important. (9 References).
J. E. Galonska, K. Goeke, and A. Faessler, "Nuclear monopole polarization in muonic /sup 208/Pb," Physics Letters B, vol. 45B, no. 5, pp. 414--16, 1973.
Abstract: Nuclear polarization effects due to the presence of a muon in an atomic orbit are described in a self-consistent way. Within this framework the monopole part of the polarization energy is calculated by solving Hartree-Fock equations for the combined muon-nucleus system. The nuclear part is described by using the density dependent forces of both Skyrme and Moszkowski. The muon is assumed for the present to be in the 1s and 2s state, respectively, and is treated relativistically. The monopole part of the energy gain turns out to be -0.943+or-0.070 keV for the 1s-muon and -0.169+or-0.070 keV for the 2s-muon. The rms-charge-radii are decreasing by 0.20% and 0.036%, respectively. (10 References).
Y. K. Gambhir and R. Parthasarathy, "Total muon capture rates in neon," Physical Review C, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1637--41, 1980.
Abstract: Reports here the results of the calculation of total muon capture rates ( Lambda /sub mu c/) in Ne isotopes using Hartree-Fock wave functions. These wave functions are generated from (a) a phenomenological set of interaction matrix elements and (b) a microscopic set derived from the Reid soft core potential. Satisfactory agreement with the experiment both for the spectra of and the Lambda /sub mu c/ in /sup 20/Ne is obtained. The trend of the variation of Lambda /sub mu c/ in Ne isotopes as predicted by the empirical formulas is explained by incorporating the oblate admixture in the ground states of /sup 22/Ne and /sup 24/Ne. (27 References).
Y. K. Gambhir, P. Venkatramaiah, Rao P. Raghavendra, and R. Parthasarathy, "Microscopic description of total muon capture rates for even isotopes of Ti, Cr and Fe," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 33--46, 1981.
Abstract: Presents results of microscopic calculations of total muon capture rates ( Lambda /sub mu c/) for even isotopes of Ti, Cr and Fe. The ground-state wavefunctions for these nuclei required in the calculation of Lambda /sub mu c/ are generated from the respective prolate and oblate Hartree-Fock (HF) solutions. The HF calculations in the 2p-1f space are performed with a /sup 40/Ca inert core and using the Tabakin (1964) interaction matrix elements (ME) with appropriate core polarisation corrections. The calculated Lambda /sub mu c/ are found to be similar for all four interactions. The dependence of Lambda /sub mu c/ with respect to the variation of the oscillator size parameter and the average neutrino momentum is studied. The calculated Lambda /sub mu c/ for /sup 48/Ti, /sup 50,52,54,56/Cr and /sup 56/Fe compare well with the corresponding experimental results and are consistently better compared with earlier theoretical results. (39 References).
N. S. Ganchuk, A. N. Golubkov, D. A. Kreknin, L. I. Ponomarev, A. A. Selezenev, and AA. Yukhimchuk, "Calculation of equilibrium composition and establishing time in a mixture of three hydrogen isotopes," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 357--60, 1999.
Abstract: A mathematical model describing the kinetics of establishing equilibrium is developed. Equilibrium concentrations of isotopic molecules for gas mixtures used in muon catalyzed fusion research are calculated. (11 References).
E. M. Gandyl' and AL. Zubarev, "Calculation of the coefficient of muon sticking to helium," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 679--81, 1988.
Abstract: The wave functions obtained by solution of the Faddeev-Hahn equations and by the variational method are used for calculation of the coefficient of muon sticking to helium in the approximation of sudden perturbations. The obtained value of the sticking coefficient is compared with the experimental estimates and with the results of other authors. (20 References).
E. M. Gandyl, R. A. Sultanov, and AL. Zubarev, "Muon-to-helium sticking coefficient," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 459--62, 1988.
Abstract: A coefficient of muon-to-helium sticking omega /sub s/ is an important characteristic of the mu -catalysis: mu /sup -/+d+t to mu /sup -/+/sup 4/He+n+17.6 MeV since it defines an upper bound on the number of reactions per muon. Its value has been estimated theoretically to be 1%. However, experimental investigations provide a noticeably lower estimate. The authors discuss possible reasons for the discrepancy. (18 References).
YuP Gangrsky, K. P. Marinova, and SG. Zemlyanoi, "J dependences of the isotope shifts in Ti I 3d/sup 2/4s/sup 2/ a /sup 3/P and 3d/sup 3/4p y /sup 3/D/sup 0/ terms," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 957--64, 1995.
Abstract: Atomic beam laser spectroscopy was used to measure the isotope shifts (IS) and hyperfine structures of all stable titanium isotopes in eight Ti I spectral lines. Six of the lines investigated cover all allowed transitions between the lower /sup 3/d/sup 2/4s/sup 2/a /sup 3/P and the upper /sup 3/d/sup 3/4p y /sup 3/D/sup 0/ terms; two of them are between the 3d/sup 2/4s/sup 2/ a /sup 3/P/sub 1.2/ and 3d/sup 2/4s4p z /sup 3/P/sub 2//sup 0/ levels. J-dependences of the IS in the a /sup 3/P and y /sup 3/D/sup 0/ terms were established. The contributions of the field and mass shifts to the J-dependence were separated using model-independent data on muonic atom IS and electronic scattering experiments. Evidence for mass shift domination of the J-dependence was provided. (15 References).
D. Ganzorig, T. Korgulski, V. D. Kuznetsov, S. M. Polikanov, P. G. Hansen, T. Johansson, B. Jonson, J. Konijn, G. Tibell, and L. Westgaard, "Fission of muonic /sup 232/Th and /sup 238/U," Physics Letters B, vol. 77B, no. 3, pp. 257--61, 1978.
Abstract: Muon-induced prompt fission of /sup 232/Th and /sup 238/U, interpreted usually as being caused by muonic radiationless transitions, was observed in delayed coincidence with the decay electrons from muons bound to fission fragments. The measured lifetime indicates that the muon is captured preferentially by the heavy fragments. Muon conversion from highly excited fission fragments was also observed. (11 References).
Dz Ganzorig, T. Krogulski, V. D. Kuznetsov, S. M. Polikanov, P. G. Hansen, T. Johansson, B. Jonson, J. Konijn, G. Tibell, and L. Westgaard, "Themuon capture rate in /sup 222/Th and /sup 238/U studied in the fission mode," Physics Letters B, vol. 78B, no. 1, pp. 41--3, 1978.
Abstract: The muon lifetime has been measured in the fission mode for muons captured in natural thorium and uranium. The results obtained are the following: tau /sub mu /(/sup 232/Th)=77.3+or-0.3 ns and tau /sub mu /(/sup 238/U)=(77.1+or-0.2) ns. The results agree within the errors with values previously reported for the fission mode. (14 References).
J. D. Garcia, N. H. Kwong, and JS. Cohen, "Time-dependent quantal treatment of muon-hydrogen collisions," Physical Review A, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 4068--73, 1987.
Abstract: The interaction of free muons with hydrogen atoms is discussed within the framework of time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory. Both the muon and the electron are treated quantum mechanically. The incident muon energies considered are 2.7 and 0.27 eV, and the authors discuss the results for fixed muon wave-packet widths in this paper. At the lower energy, the packet widths of 1.5 AA, the probability for muon capture is high (0.7), and the probability distribution as a function of principal quantum number peaks at n=14 approximately=(m/sub mu //m/sub e/)/sup 1/2/, i.e., at the radius corresponding to the electron's initial ground-state radius. At the higher energy, there is a sharp drop in the capture probability. The time development in this case is qualitatively similar to that for elastic scattering of the same muon wave function from the 'frozen' ground-state hydrogen-atom potential. Radial probability distributions, principal quantum number distributions, probability density contours, etc., are examined and discussed, as are total cross sections and comparisons with other theoretical results. (10 References).
C. Garcia-Recio, E. Oset, and LL. Salcedo, "s-wave optical potential in pionic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 194--214, 1988.
Abstract: The authors present a new formal approach for the calculation of the s-wave optical potential for pionic atoms which makes extensive use of the Lindhard function, its analytical properties, and its useful low density limit. The conventional parameters b/sub 0/ and B/sub 0/ are calculated and compared to results from empirical fits to pionic atom data. They show that the virtual excitation of ph- Delta h components by the pion is the main source of the real part of B/sub 0/. Higher order effects from the polarization of the pion lead to some enhancement of ImB/sub 0/, providing values which are compatible with the empirical data. The real part of the potential suffers from larger uncertainties due to the off-shell extrapolation of the pi N scattering amplitude. (64 References).
C. Garcia-Recio, L. L. Salcedo, and E. Oset, "Calculation of the first-order s-wave optical potential in pionic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 595--607, 1989.
Abstract: A microscopic calculation of the first-order s-wave optical potential in pionic atoms which allows the inclusion of the off-shell dependence in momentum of the s-wave pi N amplitude is carried out. Binding effects are also properly taken into account. The results obtained, together with those of the second-order optical potential, are in disagreement with phenomenological optical potentials. The results of the paper suggest the need of new and precise experiments on pi N scattering at low energies and other experiments which can provide precise values of the pi N scattering lengths. (21 References).
C. Garcia-Recio, M. J. Lopez, J. Navarro, and F. Roig, "Pionic distortion for radiative pion capture studies," Physics Letters B, vol. 222, no. 3-4, pp. 329--32, 1989.
Abstract: The effects of the nuclear interaction on the pion atomic wavefunction are considered by means of a distortion factor. The definition and the calculation of this factor for inclusive capture processes is the subject of this work. The sensitivity to the optical potential and nuclear density parametrization is considered. Systematic results for 1s, 2p and 3d levels are given for A[left angle bracket]or=40 nuclei, and a fit in terms of ZA/sup 1/3/ is also given. (14 References).
C. Garcia-Recio, J. Nieves, and E. Oset, "Neutron distributions from pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A547, no. 3, pp. 473--87, 1992.
Abstract: The radii of neutron distributions in nuclei are extracted from experimental shifts and widths of pionic atoms. A best fit to pionic-atom data is carried out by varying simultaneously the neutron radii and the parameters of a pion-nucleus optical potential. The authors have used three different potentials: one of them theoretical plus a small phenomenological part, another one semiphenomenological, with the linear terms in the density obtained from experimental pi N amplitudes and the quadratic terms fitted to the pionic-atom data, and a third one purely phenomenological, obtained from a direct fit to pionic-atom data. The radii obtained with all of them are remarkably close and also close to the Hartree-Fock values. The combined statistical and systematic errors of the neutron mean-root-square radii are smaller than 0.2 fm for light and medium nuclei and smaller than 0.1 fm for heavy nuclei. (17 References).
C. Garcia-Recio, J. Nieves, and E. Oset, "Theoretical approach to pionic atoms and low energy pion-nucleus scattering," in International Workshop on Pions in Nuclei, (E. Oset, Vacas MJ Vicente, and Recio CG. Garcia, eds.), pp. 320-9, 1992.
Abstract: An optical potential for pionic atoms and pion-nucleus scattering up to T/sub pi /=50 MeV is obtained from a microscopic many-body calculation. This allows for an identification of each term in the imaginary part of the optical potential with different reaction mechanisms. A semiphenomenological optical potential with six free real parameters and with the same structure as the theoretical one is also proposed to better fit the empirical data. It is found that the difference between both potentials is small. For pionic atoms this potential gives a /sub chi //sup 2/ per data of 1.9. The physical interpretation of each term in the semiphenomenological potential allows one to separate the contribution of the different reaction channels to the pi -nucleus cross section. (18 References).
H. Garcilazo, "The contribution of reflections to the Lorentz-Lorenz effect," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A345, no. 2, pp. 516--32, 1980.
Abstract: Uses the static limit and delta isobar dominance to calculate the contribution to the optical potential of pionic atoms of those terms in which a pion or a rho-meson are exchanged any number of times between two nucleons, which constitute the rho /sup 2/ term of the Lorentz-Lorenz effect. By suppressing the spin and isospin degrees of freedom the author includes fully the spin and isospin variables, the Lorentz-Lorenz parameter delta is obtained in numerical form. The results show that delta cannot be larger than one and more likely is close to zero. (20 References).
C. J. Gardner, A. Badertscher, W. Beer, P. R. Bolton, P. O. Egan, M. Gladisch, M. Greene, V. W. Hughes, D. C. Lu, F. G. Mariam, P. A. Souder, H. Orth, J. Vetter, and Putlitz G. zu, "Precise measurement of the hyperfine-structure interval and Zeeman effect in the muonic helium atom," Physical Review Letters, vol. 48, no. 17, pp. 168--71, 1982.
Abstract: Measurements of the hyperfine Zeeman transitions ( Delta M/sub mu /=+or-1, Delta M/sub J/=0) in the ground state of the muonic helium atom (/sup 4/He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/) at magnetic fields of 11.5 and 13.6 kG have yielded values for the HFS interval, Delta nu =4465.004(29) MHz (6.5 ppm), and for the negative-muon magnetic moment, mu /sub mu -// mu /sub p/=3.18328(15) (47 ppm). The theoretical value for Delta nu , including relativistic, radiative, and recoil contributions, agrees with the authors' measured value but is much less precise because of inadequate knowledge of the Schrodinger wave function. (22 References).
B. C. Garrett, D. G. Truhlar, and CF. Melius, "Quenching of the resonance state of potassium by muonium," Physical Review A, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 2853--6, 1981.
Abstract: Cross sections are calculated for the process K(4/sup 2/P)+Mu to K(4/sup 2/S)+Mu at impact energies from 4 meV to 0.5 eV. The deexcitation probability in a Mu collision is greater than that in an H collision at the same relative translational energy and impact parameter by over four orders of magnitude. (8 References).
B. Gartner, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, A. Fischer, P. Kammel, R. King, G. Kminek, B. Lauss, J. Marton, W. Prymas, E. Steininger, J. Zmeskal, C. Petitjean, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, E. Jeannet, F. J. Hartmann, A. Kosak, M. Muehlbauer, Egidy T. von, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, Y-A Thalmann, S. Tresch, and A. Werthmueller, "Experimental investigation of the muon transfer reaction from deuterium to helium isotopes," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 249-55, 1996.
Abstract: Muon transfer from the ground state of muonic deuterium to a helium atom proceeds mainly via the formation of a muonic molecule in an excited state. A large number of decay X rays ( approximately=6.8 keV) from these (D mu He)* molecules were observed for the /sup 4/He as well as for the /sup 3/He case. The time distributions of these X rays allow the determination of the ground state transfer rate. The simultaneous employment of Ge/Si-detectors and CCDs for the same target conditions allows the determination of the branching ratio of radiative to nonradiative decay for the first time. (23 References).
B. Gartner and others, "Muon transfer in mixtures of light atoms: experimental investigation via detection of muonic x rays," in Particles and Nuclei, (C. E. Carlson and J. J. Domingo, eds.), (Singapore), pp. 570--572, 1997.
B. Gartner, "Experimentelle Bestimmung der Myontransferrate aus dem Grundzustand von Deuterium zu Helium", 1998.
B. Gartner, P. Ackerbauer, M. Augsburger, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, Egidy T. von, F. J. Hartmann, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, E. Jeannet, P. Kammel, R. C. King, A. Kosak, B. Lauss, J. Marton, M. Muhlbauer, F. Mulhauser, C. Petitjean, C. Piller, W. Prymas, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, W. Schott, Y. A. Thalmann, S. Tresch, A. Werthmuller, and J. Zmeskal, "Muon transfer from ground state deuterium to helium nuclei and its temperature dependence," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 103--8, 1999.
Abstract: The energy and time distributions of the decay X-rays of excited, metastable, molecular (d mu He)*-resonances were measured. The comparison of the observed energy spectra with calculated ones suggests that decay from the rotational state J=1 dominates at the investigated conditions. The muon transfer rates from ground state deuterium to the helium isotopes /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He at low temperatures were determined from the time distributions of these spectra. Additionally, the temperature dependence of the muon transfer rate was clearly established in deuterium//sup 4/He mixtures. (12 References).
B. Gartner, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, P. Kammel, R. King, B. Lauss, J. Marton, W. Prymas, J. Zmeskal, C. Petitjean, M. Augsburger, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, Egidy T. von, F. J. Hartmann, A. Kosak, M. Muhlbauer, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, Y-A Thalmann, S. Tresch, and A. Werthmuller, "Ground-state muon transfer from deuterium to /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He," Physical Review A, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 012501/1-11, 2000.
Abstract: We have observed the deexcitation X-ray spectra of the exotic molecules (d mu /sup 4/He)* and (d mu /sup 3/He)* with good statistics and low background. From the time distributions of these X-rays, we have directly determined the muon transfer rates from ground-state muonic deuterium atoms to helium nuclei. The obtained transfer rates in gaseous mixtures at ~30 K are lambda /sub d3He/=(1.856+or-0.077)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ to /sup 3/He, and lambda /sub d4He/=(10.50+or-0.21)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ to /sup 4/He. In liquid mixtures, we measured the muon transfer rates lambda /sub d3He/=(2.77+or-0.73)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ and lambda /sub d4He/=(14.2+or-1.4)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/. These transfer rates have to be multiplied with the target density and the atomic helium concentration to obtain the {"}effective transfer rates{"} for a specific target composition. The expected isotopic effect between mixtures containing /sup 3/He and mixtures containing /sup 4/He, as well as with respect to the hydrogen-helium case, is clearly confirmed. A density effect was observed for both isotopic compositions. We investigated the widths and the energies of the intensity maxima of the observed energy spectra of the molecular X-rays. From the comparison of the measured energy spectra with calculated ones, we conclude that decay from the rotational state J=1 of the muonic molecule dominates over decay from J=0 at the investigated experimental conditions. (48 References).
E. A. Garusov, S. D. Grachev, and YuV. Petrov, "Heat removal system for synthesizer of muon-catalyzed fusion reactor," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 583--91, 1988.
Abstract: The DT mixture cooling system for the synthesizer of a muon-catalyzed fusion reactor is considered. The design of main cooling system components (gas return channel, heat exchanger) are optimized. The optimal cooling system parameters necessary for keeping the desired level of the DT mixture temperature (400-600 K) during the power production (60-70 MW) are found: DT mixture mass flow rate is G/sub DT/=22 kg/s, system pumping power is N/sup P/=1.5-2.0 MW, cooling system gas volume is V/sub Sigma /=110-120 1. The requirements are formulated for the gas pump parameters. (18 References).
YuK Gavrilov, Zi Khvan Kim, V. Kozhokaru, T. Krogulski, V. D. Kuznetsov, Kh-G Ortlepp, and SM. Polikanov, "Probability of fission of /sup 232/Th induced by mu /sup -/ mesons," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 241--5, 1976.
Abstract: The probability of fission of the /sup 233/Th nucleus induced by muon is measured. The fission yield was measured at the simultaneous detection of gamma rays from the 5g-4f transition in the muonic atom /sup 232/Th. A reasonable agreement with the result measured by means of the ionization chamber was obtained, while the data are in evident contradiction with those obtained by means of nuclear emulsion. (9 References).
C. Donche Gay, "Détermination de l'efficacité de reconstruction des $\Lambda$ dans les réactions à courant chargé des neutrinos de l'expérience NOMAD", 1997.
C. Donche Gay, "Study of Xe gas detector properties", 2000.
C. Donche Gay, "Study of Xe gas detector with Microstrip Plates as photosensor", 2000.
D. A. Geeson, MCR Symons, E. Roduner, H. Fischer, and SFJ. Cox, "Evidence for a triple-bond muonium adduct," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 116, no. 2-3, pp. 186--91, 1985.
Abstract: The isotopically substituted phenyl-vinyl radicals, PhC/sup ./=CHMu and PhC.=CDMu have been identified in a mu SR study of liquid phenyl acetylene and phenyl-d/sub 1/-acetylene. Formal addition of muonium at the triple bond is thereby established. The point of addition is determined to be the terminal carbon atom. The hyperfine coupling constants of the muon and beta -proton show isotope effects comparable with those in cyclohexadienyl radicals. The structural information is consistent with that obtained from ESR studies of the radical PhC/sup ./=CH/sub 2/. Three other radicals are also observed; these minor products are tentatively assigned as three of the four possible ring adducts, MuH(C/sub 6//sup ./H/sub 4/)C identical to CH. (16 References).
H. Geissel, H. Gilg, A. Gillitzer, R. S. Hayano, S. Hirenzaki, K. Itahashi, M. Iwasaki, P. Kienle, M. Munch, G. Munzenberg, W. Schott, K. Suzuki, D. Tomono, H. Weick, T. Yamazaki, and T. Yoneyama, "Deeply bound 1s and 2p pionic states in /sup 205/Pb and effective pion mass in nuclear matter," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 1019-23, 2002.
Abstract: Recently we have succeeded in observing the 1s and 2p bound pionic states in /sup 205/Pb nucleus as well separated peaks in the excitation spectrum of the /sup 206/Pb(d,/sup 3/He) reaction. The observed spectrum agreed quite well with the theoretical prediction where the formation cross section was calculated for the deeply bound pionic states [S. Hirenzaki and H. Toki, (1997)]. These states are accommodated in proximity to the nuclear surface as halo states in a potential provided by the attractive Coulomb and the repulsive core. The binding energies and the widths were precisely determined, and the values were used to deduce the unknown s-wave part of the pi -nucleus interaction and to translate it to the effective pion mass in nuclear matter. (16 References).
PM. Gensini, "Meson-nucleus scattering lengths and sigma-terms. II. The K/sup -/-nucleus system," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 60A, no. 4, pp. 234-46, 1980.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.60, no.4, p.221-33 (1980). A formula for K/sup -/-nucleus scattering lengths is derived by Fubini-Furlan (1968) from current algebra and PCAC. From a fit to kaonic atom and scattering data the author estimates Sigma /sub 0/(KN) approximately=(512+or-101) MeV and Sigma /sub 1/(KN)[left angle bracket]or=78 MeV, consistent with very small nonstrange 'current' quark masses. (48 References).
PM. Gensini, "Meson-nucleus scattering lengths and sigma-terms. I. The pi /sup -/-nucleus system," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 60A, no. 4, pp. 221-33, 1980.
Abstract: A 'universal' linear formula for pi /sup -/-nucleus scattering lengths is derived a la Fubini and Furlan (1968) from current algebra and PCAC. From its fit to data from pionic-atom, 2p-1s X-ray energy shifts the author obtains the estimate (56.9+or-6.0) MeV on the pi N sigma-term and checks the smallness of the nonstrange, average 'current' quark mass. (51 References).
PM. Gensini, "Mesic atoms and the sigma-terms," in Low and Intermediate Energy Kaon-Nucleon Physics. Proceedings of a Workshop, (E. Ferrari and G. Violini, eds.), pp. 339--62, 1981.
Abstract: The author shows that exotic atoms are not for nuclear physicists only and shows that they do yield information on meson-nucleon interactions at an energy just below the elastic threshold, where current algebra sum rules can be fruitfully put at work. Also, information on the other facets of the problem comes to the point where the effects of broken chiral symmetry start to emerge from the remaining errors. (85 References).
PM. Gensini, "Kaonic atom level shifts and K/sup -/-nucleus scattering lengths," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 38, no. 18, pp. 620-4, 1983.
Abstract: A brief account is given of the systematic differences between pi -nuclear and K-nuclear systems, and of their consequences for the derivation of their scattering lengths from mesic atom data. The scattering lengths for negative kaons on light nuclei are then derived, keeping track of these systematic effects as far as possible, even if in approximate way. (16 References).
PM. Gensini, "K/sup -/-nucleus scattering lengths from light kaonic atoms," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 78A, no. 4, pp. 471-84, 1983.
Abstract: The author derives K/sup -/-nucleus scattering lengths from the energy shifts and natural line widths of L/sub alpha / and M/sub alpha / transitions in light kaonic atoms from /sup 4/He to /sup 35/Cl. The author underlines the systematic uncertainties deriving from the unknown ranges of kaon-nucleon elementary forces, and therefore the author adopts a much simplified computational procedure in which such uncertainties can be quickly estimated, without having to resort each time to an ab initio recalculation. The author puts special emphasis as well on the radical difference between the K/sup -/-nucleus and the pi /sup -/-nucleus systems, insofar as one has to include in the first case hadronic C-odd exchanges, besides the C-even ones common to both, leading therefore to radically different inner Coulomb corrections, which, for instance, can no longer be approximated for kaonic atoms by a purely real effective potential. (37 References).
PM. Gensini, "pi /sup -/-nucleus scattering lengths from light pionic atoms," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 38, no. 14, pp. 469-74, 1983.
Abstract: S-wave pi /sup -/-nucleus scattering lengths are derived from K/sub alpha /-line data in pi -mesonic atoms for nuclides of mass numbers 2 through 24, solving the Klein-Gordon bound-state equation in a simple approximation. (30 References).
J-F Germond and RJ. Lombard, "On the imaginary part of the S-wave pion-nucleus optical potential," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A526, no. 3-4, pp. 722--32, 1991.
Abstract: The contribution of pion absorption to the imaginary part of the S-wave pion-nucleus optical potential is calculated with Slater determinantal antisymmetrized nuclear wave functions, taking fully into account the spin and isospin degrees of freedom. The potential obtained has an explicit dependence on the proton and neutron nuclear densities whose coefficients are directly related to the two-nucleon absorption coupling constants. The values of these coefficients extracted from mesic atoms data are in good agreement with those deduced from exclusive pion absorption experiments in /sup 3/He, but larger than the predictions of the pion rescattering model. (18 References).
S. S. Gershtein, Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 34, 1958.
S. S. Gershtein, "Ranges of mu--mesic atoms in hydrogen chambers," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 36, pp. 1309--1311, 1959.
S. S. Gershtein, "On the probability of meson capture in different meso--atomic levels," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 39, pp. 1170--1172, 1960.
S. S. Gershtein and V. D. Krivchenkov, "Electron terms in the field of two different coulomb center," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 40, pp. 1491--1502, 1961.
S. S. Gershtein, "Transitions between hyperfine levels in mesic deuterium atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 40, pp. 698--707, 1961.
S. S. Gershtein, "Transfer of negative mesons from hydrogen to nuclei of other elements," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 43, pp. 706--719, 1962.
S. S. Gershtein, V. I. Petrukhin, L. I. Ponomarev, and YuD. Prokoshkin, "Mesoatomic processes and model of large mesic molecules," Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, vol. 97, no. , pp. 3--36, 1969.
Abstract: The authors note that the observed connection between the chemical properties of matter and the processes of meson absorption in nuclei makes it possible to use these processes for the investigation of the chemical structure of substances. In this review they report systematically the results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the absorption of negative mesons in matter.
S. S. Gershtein, V. I. Petrukhin, L. I. Ponomarev, and YaD. Prokoshkin, "Mesoatomic processes and model of large mesic molecules," Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 3--36, 1969.
Abstract: This review considers the successive stages of the process of absorption of mesons by matter, analyses recent experimental results, describes and considers critically the model of large mesic molecules and reports new experimental data relevant to this model. The processes of the capture of mesons from mesic hydrogen atoms by nuclei of other elements are also discussed. (49 References).
S. S. Gershtein and L. I. Ponomarev, "$\mu^-$ Meson Catalysis of Nuclear Fusion in a Mixture of Deuterium and Tritium," Physics Letters B, vol. 72, pp. 80--82, 1977.
S. S. Gershtein, Yu. V. Petrov, L. I. Ponomarev, L. N. Somov, and M. P. Faifman, "Kinetics of muon catalysis processes in a mixture of deuterium and tritium," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 78, pp. 2099--2111, 1980.
S. S. Gershtein, YuV Petrov, L. I. Ponomarev, N. P. Popov, L. P. Presnyakov, and LN. Somov, "Probability for stripping of mu /sup -/-mesons on slowing down of ( mu He)/sup +/ mesic atoms in matter," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 1690--9, 1981.
Abstract: The probabilities for stripping of mu /sup -/-mesons on slowing down of ( mu He)/sup +/ mesic atoms in H/sub 2/, C, Al and Au are calculated. The mesic atoms are produced during mu -catalysis of nuclear fusion reactions in the dt mu , tt mu and dd mu mesic molecules. With account of mu /sup -/ stripping the effective mu /sup -/-meson pick-up coefficients, omega , in He/sup ++/ are omega /sub s/=0.85*10/sup -2/, 0.05[left angle bracket]or= omega /sub t/[left angle bracket]or=0.18 and omega /sub d/=7.8*10/sup -2/ for reactions (1a), (1b) and (1B) respectively. (32 References).
S. S. Gershtein and L. I. Ponomarev, "Forty years later: Comment on the A.D.S report," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, pp. 241--246, 1989.
S. S. Gershtein, YuV Petrov, and LI. Ponomarev, "Muon catalysis and nuclear breeding," Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, vol. 160, no. 8, pp. 3--46, 1990.
Abstract: The current state of research on muon catalysis is presented. Means of possibly using this phenomenon for the production of nuclear energy and neutrons are discussed, as is the role of muon catalysis in a number of other alternative methods of nuclear breeding. Basic unsolved problems of muon catalysis and its use for solving various problems in nuclear and atomic physics, quantum electrodynamics, computational physics, etc., are analyzed. An extensive bibliography is provided of basic work carried out since the discovery of the phenomenon of muon catalysis. (343 References).
S. S. Gershtein, "Muon transfer processes. Old and new problems," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 169--186, 1993.
S. S. Gershtein and VV. Gusev, "Probability of predissociation of mesic molecules H mu He," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 185--94, 1993.
Abstract: The probability of predissociation of the H mu He mesomolecules has been calculated for different hydrogen and helium isotopes. It is shown, that for p mu He molecules the predissociation is the main channel for mesomolecular decay, while for t mu He mesomolecules the main channel is a radiative decay. The KEK data on the relative smallness of the yield of gamma -quanta from the radiative decay of mesomolecules d mu /sup 3/He as compared with d mu /sup 4/He can be explained if one takes into consideration the mesomolecular predissociation channel and the difference in their production rate. (17 References).
SS. Gershtein, "A mechanism of unexpected temperature dependence of muonic catalysis in solid deuterium," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 73, no. 11, pp. 664--6, 2001.
Abstract: It is shown that, at sufficiently low temperatures, the elastic scattering of d mu mesic atoms (as well as slow neutrons) in solid deuterium proceeds on the whole crystal lattice without energy loss, whereas inelastic scattering with excitation of phonons is weak. For this reason, the resonant formation of d mu mesic molecules in solid deuterium occurs before the thermalization of d mu mesic atoms, which explains the observed temperature independence of the dd mu -molecule formation rate and muonic catalysis. (23 References).
S. S. Gershtein, "Special issue: International RIKEN Conference on Muon Catalyzed Fusion and Related Exotic Atoms (MuCF01), Shimoda, Japan, 22-26 April 2001 - Concluding remarks," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 138, pp. 527-528, 2001.
S. S. Gershtein and AV. Luchinsky, "Ortho-para conversion in the muonic molecule pp mu," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 107--13, 2002.
Abstract: The ortho-para conversion due to the interaction between the nuclear magnetic moments and the atomic electron is considered in the muonic molecule (pp mu )e produced in the ortho state. It is shown that the rate of this transition is w approximately=0.466 s/sup -1/, which is much less than the rate of the transition induced by the mixing of states having opposite parities with respect to the inversion of the muon coordinates. (17 References).
S. S. Gerstein and LP. Ponomarev, "mu /sup -/ meson catalysis of nuclear fusion in a mixture of deuterium and tritium," Physics Letters B, vol. 72B, no. 1, pp. 80--2, 1977.
Abstract: Due to the existence of a weakly bound state of the muonic molecule dt mu , one mu /sup -/ meson in a mixture of deuterium and tritium can catalyze approximately 10/sup 2/ of the fusion reactions dt mu to /sup 3/He+n+ mu /sup -/+17.6 MeV and release approximately 2 GeV of energy. (18 References).
S. S. Gerstein, YuV Petrov, L. I. Ponomarev, L. N. Somov, and MP. Faifman, "Kinetics of muon catalysis in a deuterium-tritium mixture," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 2099--111, 1980.
Abstract: Simple analytical expressions are obtained which describe muon catalysis processes in a molecular deuterium-tritium mixture. The conditions are found in which maximum efficiency of muon catalysis is attained. The various types of experiments required for measurement of the main characteristics of the process are discussed. (13 References).
SS. Gerstein, "mu -atomic and mu -molecular processes in hydrogen isotope mixtures and muon catalyzed fusion," in Exotic Atoms in Condensed Matter. Proceedings of the Erice Workshop, (G. Benedek and H. Schneuwly, eds.), pp. 113--27, 1992.
Abstract: Considers various mu -atomic and mu -molecular processes in hydrogen and its isotopes and muon catalyzed fusion. These include: muonic atom formation; hyperfine structure; muon transitions; resonant molecule formation and nuclear fusion. (17 References).
A. Ghasemi-zad and MR. Eskandari, "The energy balance study in a meso-catalytic hybrid reactor with spin polarization and its comparison with an un-polarized system," Nuclear Science Journal, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 153--63, 1997.
Abstract: It seems that the utilization of a Meso-Catalytic Hybrid Reactor, MCHR, concept is a way for achieving to the positive energy balance for muon catalyzed fusion process. In this paper, we have considered in addition to the role of fusion neutrons in fission production and fissile nuclei breeding in the blanket, the electro-nuclear neutrons and their effects in fission production and fissile nuclei breeding are taken into account. The energy gain of this system and the number of nuclear power plants which their fuel can be supplied by this system are studied for different amounts of the number of fusion events per muon, X/sub c/. It is shown that even for X/sub c/=1, this system has acceptable energy gain. Also, the role of spin polarization of deuterium and tritium nuclides in energy gain are considered. The calculations have shown that for X/sub c/=150, the energy gain is increased 15 percent in comparison with un-polarized MCHR. Finally the current of muon and pions and also fusion rate required for P MW electric power generation are calculated. It is shown that the amount of tritium required for a muon catalyzed hybrid fusion system for 1000 MW electricity power generation is about 70 gr/y. While for muon catalyzed fusion system, mu CF, is 140 kg/y, which it shows a considerable reduction in tritium requirement. The calculations have shown that the fusion rate and also the amount of tritium requirement for same power generation in both polarized and un-polarized muon catalyzed hybrid reactors are almost same. (13 References).
Ryang Shin Ghi and J. Rafelski, "Pion production for MuCF," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A287, no. 3, pp. 565--9, 1990.
Abstract: The authors suggest a novel scheme for energy efficient, copious negative pion production: a stored proton beam collides with a thin metallic target producing primary pi /sup -/ and other shower particles. These high energetic secondaries produce further pi /sup -/ in external secondary targets. Estimations on energy cost per primary negative pion production for this scheme are given for proton beams and various targets. The secondary particle distributions according to momentum and angle are obtained with Monte Carlo simulation. The secondary neutron, proton and pi /sup +/ efficiencies to produce negative pions are given. They find that a pi /sup -/ may be produced at a cost of 2.7 GeV in beam kinetic energy at P/sub p/ approximately=4.8 GeV/c using Be targets. (9 References).
A. Di Giacomo, "A sensitive test of quantum electrodynamics. The 2S--2P energy difference of muonic hydrogen," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 11, pp. 411--427, 1969.
M. M. Giannini and MI. Krivoruchenko, "The Omega /sup -/ exotic atom," Physics Letters B, vol. 291, no. 3, pp. 329--35, 1992.
Abstract: The energy levels of the Omega /sup -/ exotic atom formed by the Omega /sup -/ hyperon and a heavy nucleus are computed with accuracy ( nu /c)/sup 2/ and with account taken of the Uehling vacuum polarization potential. The possibility of precise measurements of the mass, magnetic, and quadrupole moments of the Omega /sup -/ hyperon by observing the X-ray transitions of the Omega /sup -/ hyperon captured to the atomic orbits is discussed. (35 References).
W. R. Gibbs, W. B. Kaufmann, and J-P. Dedonder, "The pion-nucleus resonance and nuclear translucence," Physics Letters B, vol. 231, no. 1-2, pp. 6--10, 1989.
Abstract: The authors point out that the apparent transparency recently seen in several low-energy pion interactions with nuclei can be related to pion-nucleus bound states. This feature arises from a pion-nucleus resonance: the positive energy analog of such a bound state. Experiments for the further investigation of this phenomenon are discussed. (21 References).
M. Giffon, A. Goncalves, PAM Guichon, J. Julien, L. Roussel, and C. Samour, "mu /sup -/ partial capture rates in /sup 10/B, /sup 12/C and /sup 14/N," Physical Review C, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 241--59, 1981.
Abstract: Using the short pulses of a linac, a measurement has been performed of partial mu /sup -/-capture rates in /sup 10/B, /sup 12/C, and /sup 14/N leading, respectively, to the bound excited states of /sup 10/Be, /sup 12/B, and /sup 14/C. These rates are deduced from the intensities of the observed de-excitation nuclear gamma rays. A theoretical discussion is given based upon 1p-shell models and mesonic exchange currents. (42 References).
A. I. Gilev, S. A. Ivanovskii, V. G. Zinov, A. I. Rudenko, and AV. Selikov, "Circuit for event sampling in muon-catalysis experiments," Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 73--8, 1991.
Abstract: A circuit for event sampling in experiments on muon catalysis of fusion reactions in a mixture of hydrogen isotopes is described. It consists of a unit for detecting muon stops in the target and generation of a recording interval (a 10- mu sec gate signal), which includes a guard system for blocking of free beam particles, and a unit for generation of desired-event markers. The units are implemented as CAMAC modules of double width. (13 References).
H. J. Gils and E. Friedman, "Combined analysis of pionic atoms and elastic scattering of alpha particles," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 85--93, 1985.
Abstract: A combined analysis of strong-interaction level shifts and widths in pionic atoms and of elastic scattering of alpha particles has been performed for the isotopes /sup 40,42,44,48/Ca in terms of neutron density distributions. Although the nature of the two types of data is widely different, a reasonable coupling between the two problems is observed with the former providing constraints on the latter leading to a reduction of errors in the neutron density distribution and its various integral moments. (21 References).
I. F. Ginzburg, U. D. Jentschura, S. G. Karshenboim, F. Krauss, V. G. Serbo, and G. Soff, "Production of bound mu(+)mu(-) systems in relativistic heavy ion collisions," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 58, pp. 3565-3573, 1998.
Abstract: Dimuonium (the bound system of two muons, the mu(+)mu(-)-atom system) has not been observed yet. In this paper we discuss the electromagnetic production of dimuonium at RHIC and LHC in relativistic heavy ion collisions. The production of parastates is analyzed in the equivalent photon approximation. For the treatment of orthostates, we develop a three-photon formalism. We determine the production rates at RHIC and LHC with an accuracy of a few percent and discuss problems related to the observation of dimuonium. [S0556-2813(98)02611-9].
M. Gladisch, "New results on muonium and muonic helium," in Atomic Physics 8. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference, (I. Lindgren, A. Rosen, and S. Svanberg, eds.), pp. 197--211, 1982.
Abstract: The muon (negative or positive) is a member of the lepton family. Like the electron it interacts only weakly or electromagnetically and acts as a point-like particle in all experiments carried out so far. Therefore the muon is a high precision probe for electromagnetic and weak interactions. No finite size effects or hadronic interactions cloud the theoretical description. The muon behaves like a heavy electron. The muon-electron interaction is an ideal test of the point-like behavior of the two particles. Any deviation between the theoretical calculation and the measurement would be a sign for new types of interactions. A problem which is of high interest in the light of the gauge theories is the difference between muon and electron. Is there only the difference in mass or are there other differences? What are the conservation laws, how well are they fulfilled, why do they exist? To answer these questions and to test quantum electrodynamics and weak interaction theories, three different types of experiments were carried out: (1) high energy collisions (e/sup +/e/sup -/, mu /sup +/e/sup -/, mu /sup -/e/sup -/,...), (2) decay experiments (neutrinoless muon decay,...), (3) bound state experiments (muonium, muonic helium, muonic atoms,...). The paper describes experiments on muonium and neutral muonic helium. (37 References).
M. Gmitro and AA. Ovchinnikova, "Current divergences, pion photoproduction and radiative muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A356, no. 2, pp. 323--44, 1981.
Abstract: A method of coupling equations based on the usual assumptions about current divergences is suggested, and the radiative muon capture (RMC) elementary amplitude is derived. As usual, non-radiative weak form factors and the pion photoproduction amplitude are required as input information. The limit m/sub pi / to 0 usual in the current algebra consideration is shown to be helpful in disentangling the structure of the amplitude. The description by Hwang and Primakoff (1978) of the RMC is found to be inconsistent with the contemporary models of the photoproduction process. Examples of the photon spectra from the p( mu /sup -/, gamma nu )n and /sup 3/He( mu /sup -/, gamma nu )/sup 3/H reactions are calculated. (23 References).
M. Gmitro, S. S. Kamalov, T. V. Moskalenko, and RA. Eramzhyan, "Radiative muon capture on nuclei. Microscopic calculation for /sup 16/O and /sup 40/Ca," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B31, no. 5, pp. 499--510, 1981.
Abstract: Radiative muon capture rates of stopped muons, spectra, circular polarisation and asymmetries of emitted gamma -quanta in /sup 16/O and /sup 40/Ca are analysed using the shell-model nuclear wave functions. Calculated characteristics show considerable sensitivity to the value of induced pseudoscalar coupling constant. Where possible the authors compare the theoretical results with preliminary experimental data. (11 References).
M. Gmitro, "Radiative muon capture," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B32, no. 2, pp. 168--75, 1982.
Abstract: Theoretical aspects of the radiative muon capture reaction are reviewed. Elementary RMC amplitude consistent with the current conservation conditions and gauge invariance is derived. Problems of the nuclear structure calculations for RMC on light nuclei are discussed and several suggestions for the further work put forward. (24 References).
M. Gmitro and AA. Ovchinnikova, "Elementary-particle treatment of the radiative muon capture in /sup 12/C," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A399, no. 2, pp. 503--14, 1983.
Abstract: The authors consider radiative muon capture to a definite nuclear final state. The example chosen is the /sup 12/C(O/sup +/T=0)( mu /sup -/, gamma nu )/sup 12/B(1/sup +/T=1) transition. The elementary particle treatment adopted discloses several aspects of the reaction mechanisms, which remain hidden in the usual impulse approximation calculations. In particular, one sees a considerable enhancement of the capture rate when the q/sup 2/ dependence of the weak form factors F/sub A/(q/sup 2/) and F/sub P/(q/sup 2/) is taken into account. The branching ratio of the radiative capture in the region sensitive to the possibly non-zero mass m/sub nu mu / of the muon-neutrino is estimated to be approximately 1.36*10/sup -10/. (26 References).
M. Gmitro, A. A. Ovchinnikova, and TV. Tetereva, "Continuity-equation constraint in the two-vertex nuclear processes: radiative muon capture on /sup 16/O and /sup 40/Ca," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A453, no. 4, pp. 685--706, 1986.
Abstract: A modified form of the impulse-approximation effective hamiltonian of the nuclear radiative muon capture (RMC) is developed. In the derivation the authors have used the electromagnetic current-continuity equation; the procedure is actually an extension for the nonzero momentum transfer of the Siegert theorem. Radiative capture rates and spectra of the emitted photons for RMC and /sup 16/O and /sup 40/Ca are analysed by using the nuclear shell-model wave functions for the calculation of the partial RMC transition rates. The spectra obtained are strongly reduced in comparison with the standard impulse-approximation calculations and agree with the phenomenological results. The main contradiction of recent RMC theoretical works has been resolved in this way. (30 References).
M. Gmitro and AA. Ovchinnikova, "Continuity-equation constraint for electron scattering and radiative muon capture," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B36, no. 3, pp. 390--4, 1986.
Abstract: General features of the electromagnetic interaction in nuclei are invoked to improve the impulse-approximation description of the medium-energy radiative nuclear processes. (15 References).
M. Gmitro, J. Kvasil, and J. Rizek, "Continuity-equation constraint and the non-uniqueness of the vector potential decompositions," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium, (HV. Klapdor, ed.), pp. 52--4, 1986.
Abstract: The use of the continuity-equation constraint (CEC) has proven highly useful in calculations of the deuteron photodisintegration, electric-type form factors in (e,e') scattering, and even more complicated radiative muon capture. As an extension of the Siegert hypothesis, the nuclear impulse-approximation transition operator is via the continuity equation and by-parts integration, transcribed in a form which mainly depends on the nuclear charge density for which the omitted meson exchange corrections are of the order (v/c)/sup 2/. The terms which depend on the nuclear current MEC of order v/c go as small corrections at low momentum transfers. To perform the above program technically, one needs a decomposition of the electromagnetic vector potential of the form A= epsilon /sub gamma /exp(ikq)= B+ Del s. To provide a basis for more quantitative studies of the CEC effects, Rizek (1986) suggested a class of decompositions of the vector potential which depend on one real parameter. The authors put forward an example of the CEC calculation of the E2 form factor, with such decompositions. (12 References).
M. Gmitro, S. S. Kamalov, and AA. Ovchinnikova, "Radiative capture of polarised muons on /sup 16/O and /sup 40/Ca," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A468, no. 3-4, pp. 404--8, 1987.
Abstract: The coefficient of asymmetry Gamma /sub gamma /(k) of the photon angular distribution (with respect to the muon spin) and photon circular polarization P/sub gamma /(k) have been calculated for the radiative muon capture (RMC) on /sup 16/O and /sup 40/Ca and compared with the data. Nuclear states are treated in a microscopic model; the RMC characteristics are obtained by summing the contributions of individual partial transitions rather than by using the closure approximation. (10 References).
M. Gmitro and P. Truol, "Radiative muon capture and the weak pseudoscalar coupling in nuclei," Advances in nuclear physics, (J. W. Negele and E. Vogt, eds.), vol. 18, no. , pp. 241--314, 1987.
Abstract: The authors present theoretical and experimental studies of radiative muon capture and a comparison of the results obtained in each case. They discuss the induced pseudoscalar coupling, meson exchange effects, elementary amplitudes, impulse approximation calculations, and measurements of the photon spectrum and photon-muon spin angular correlation. (135 References).
M. Gmitro, S. S. Kamalov, A. A. Ovchinnikova, and F. Simkovic, "Radiative muon capture on /sup 12/C," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium (WEIN-89), (P. Depommier, ed.), pp. 633--5, 1989.
Abstract: Rates of radiative muon capture on /sup 12/C have been calculated with the shell-model wave functions of the /sup 12/B final states. Their comparison with the experimental data suggests an upward renormalization of the induced pseudoscalar weak coupling constant, g/sub p//g/sub A/ approximately=16. (10 References).
M. Gmitro, S. S. Kamalov, F. Simkovic, and AA. Ovchinnikova, "Ordinary and radiative muon capture on /sup 12/C," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A507, no. 3-4, pp. 707--14, 1990.
Abstract: Rates of the ordinary and radiative muon capture on /sup 12/C have been calculated with shell-model wave functions (0 h(cross) omega and 1 h(cross) omega ) of the nuclear initial and final states. Comparison with the experimental data suggests an upward renormalisation of the induced pseudoscalar weak coupling constant, g/sub P//g/sub A/ approximately=16. (21 References).
M. Gmitro, O. Richter, H. R. Kissener, and AA. Ovchinnikova, "Ordinary and radiative muon capture on /sup 14/N," Physical Review C, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 1448--53, 1991.
Abstract: Detailed shell-model analysis of the A=14 isovector /sup 14/N/sub g.s./ to /sup 14/C* response has been performed. It allows the authors to suggest the /sup 14/N nucleus as a prospective target for the inclusive radiative muon capture experiment. Capture rates and photon spectra for several values of the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant g/sub p/ are given. (39 References).
A. T. Goble and CWP. Palmer, "Isotope shift and hyperfine structure in low-lying levels of molybdenum," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 2181--97, 1985.
Abstract: Isotope shifts and hyperfine structure in four transitions of Mo have been measured with a pressure-scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer. The isotope shifts have been combined with all other known isotope shifts in transitions connecting the 4d/sup 5/5s/sup 7/S and /sup 5/S and 4d/sup 4/5s/sup 2/ /sup 5/D levels with the 4d/sup 5/5p /sup 5/P and /sup 7/P levels in a multidimensional King plot. Values of delta (r/sup 2/) from muonic-atom isotope shifts are used to separate mass and field shifts, giving improved values of delta (r/sup 2/) for the isotope pairs, A, A'. (20 References).
A. D. Gocheva, V. V. Gusev, V. S. Melezhik, L. I. Ponomarev, I. V. Puzynin, T. P. Puzynina, L. N. Somov, and SI. Vinitsky, "High accuracy energy-level calculations of the rotational-vibrational weakly bound states of dd mu and dt mu mesic molecules," Physics Letters B, vol. 153B, no. 6, pp. 349--52, 1985.
Abstract: Calculations are performed of the nonrelativistic energies E/sub JV/ of rotational-vibrational weakly bound states J= nu =1 of dd mu and dt mu mesic molecules: E/sub 11/(dd mu )=-1.956 eV and E/sub 11/(dt mu )=-0.656 eV with an accuracy of 0.001 eV. With the relativistic effects and nuclear finite size corrections taken into account the result is: E/sub 11/(dd mu )=-1.946 eV and E/sub 11/(dt mu )=-0.634 eV. (22 References).
G. L. Godfrey and CE. Wiegand, "K/sup -/ decay hydride bonds, and z-dependence in kaonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 56b, no. 3, pp. 255--7, 1975.
Abstract: The observed low values and striking variations in kaonic X-ray intensities were found to be not due to k/sup -/ decay. Measurements on h/sub 2/o and ch show greatly reduced X-ray intensities apparently due to the presence of the hydride bonds. A simple cascade calculation with an initial distribution in n=30 that is statistical out to various l/sub max/ gave agreement with our absolute X-ray intensities. A correlation between l/sub max/ and atomic spacing is suggested. (16 References).
G. L. Godfrey, G. K. Lum, and CE. Wiegand, "Observation of dynamic E2 mixing via kaonic X-ray intensities," Physics Letters B, vol. 61b, no. 1, pp. 45--6, 1976.
Abstract: "A nuclear resonance effect has been observed between a kaonic atom and a nuclear transition in /sup 98/Mo. The measurement gave /sup 98/Mo(n=6 to 5)//sup 92/Mo(n=6 to 5)=0.16+or-0.16 instead of the no-mixing value of 1. Dynamic E2 mixing caused kaons to be strongly absorbed from the /sup 98/Mo atomic state n=6
K. Goke and H. Marschall, "Single particle excitation in muonic atoms with deformed nuclei," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 218, no. 3, pp. 308--18, 1969.
Abstract: The effect of nuclear rotations and single particle excitations on the X-ray spectrum of deformed heavy mu -mesic atoms is discussed. The effect calculated for /sup 153/Eu is found negligible and strongly dependent on the quantum numbers of nuclear single particle states. A test nucleus is considered with appropriate chosen nuclear states to make predictions on other nuclei. (24 References).
V. I. Gol'danskii, A. A. Dzhuraev, V. S. Evseev, YuV Obukhov, V. S. Roganov, M. V. Frontas'eva, and NI. Kholodov, "Atomic capture of negative mesons in hydrogenous compounds," Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 211, no. 1-3, pp. 316-18, 1973.
Abstract: Experimental data for mu /sup -/ meson capture probabilities in organic and hydrogeneous compounds have been analysed in an attempt to provide distribution rules for molecular groups and atoms. The Fermi-Teller Z-law, which suggests capture by atoms dependent on atomic number, is shown to be inadequate and a simpler model is proposed. (13 References).
VI. Gol'danskii, "The interplay of nuclear and chemical physics," Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, vol. 118, no. 2, pp. 325--38, 1976.
Abstract: The author shows how the ideas of physics and chemistry have influenced each other. Examples such as the 'periodic table of elementary particles' and the 'atomic and molecular models are hadrons' indicate that it is not only the more basic subjects influencing the less basic. Interfaces between biochemistry, physics and chemistry are emphasised. (0 References).
V. I. Gol'danskii and FI. Dalidchik, "Mesonic-atom resonances and pion-nucleus scattering," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 696--700, 1989.
Abstract: In low-energy pion-nucleus scattering the authors predict mesonic-atom resonances, whose observation can provide information on the nuclei with isospin T[right angle bracket]A/2 ( pi /sup -/-neutron complexes) and on the mesonic atoms of the neutron-deficient isotopes. Using the method of strong coupling they derive formulas which describe the resonance features of elastic ( pi /sup -/, pi /sup -/) and inelastic ( pi /sup +/, pi /sup 0/) scattering. Estimates of the principal parameters of mesonic resonances are given. (17 References).
MR. Goldman, "Order alpha corrections to muon capture in hydrogen," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B49, no. , pp. 621-32, 1972.
Abstract: The authors consider the order alpha corrections to muon capture arising from two sources: (a) small components of the spinors of the muon and proton and (b) quantum electrodynamic effects. The first is shown to give no effect, while the second gives a correction factor of +( alpha / pi ) (2.95) to the decay rate. (18 References).
V. V. Goldman, "Short--range correlations in quantum crystals and motional renormalization of anisotropic interactions in solid hydrogen as a function of density," Physical Review B, vol. 20, pp. 4478--4481, 1979.
W. Goldstein, "Comments on two tests of partial conservation of axial vector current in /sup 3/He," Physical Review C, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 901--6, 1980.
Abstract: Another look is taken at the transition amplitude for radiative muon capture. The author concludes that the standard, or diagrammatic, amplitude first given by Opat (1964) for hydrogen is a good approximation to the systematic expansion of Adler and Dothan (1966), and use it to calculate the angle-integrated photon spectrum in /sup 3/He mu /sup -/ to /sup 3/H gamma nu . The result is in fair agreement with Beder (1976) and Fearing. Also, the 'soft-pion' prediction for /sup 3/He pi /sup -/ to /sup 3/H gamma is compared with experimental data. (35 References).
O. E. Gorchakov, A. V. Kuptsov, and LL. Nemenov, "Estimation of pi - mu atom beam intensities at high energy accelerators," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 1201--3, 1978.
Abstract: The intensities and energy spectra of pi - mu atoms produced in the process K/sub L//sup 0/ to A/sub pi mu /+ nu have been calculated for cyclic accelerators by the Monte Carlo method, the proton energies being 10, 30, 70, 400 and 1000 GeV in the range of channel angles from 0 degrees to 15 degrees . (5 References).
O. E. Gorchakov, A. V. Kuptsov, L. L. Nemenov, and DY. Riabkov, "Production rates for pi /sup +/K/sup -/,pK/sup -/, and p pi /sup -/ atoms in inclusive processes," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 1936--40, 2000.
Abstract: The yields of pi /sup +/K/sup -/,pK/sup -/, and p pi /sup -/ atoms in the reaction p+Al to atom+X at energies of 24,70,450 GeV and emission angles of theta /sub lab/=1 degrees -6 degrees are calculated from inclusive-production cross sections for p, pi /sup +/, pi /sup -/, and K/sup -/. Estimates of these hadronic-atom yields for a Ta target are also given. The inclusive-production cross sections for p, pi /sup +/, pi /sup -/, and K/sup -/ are obtained within the Lund model of string fragmentation. The accuracy of the calculations is estimated by comparing single particle yields calculated by the Lund model and experimental yields of particles in proton-nucleus interactions. (24 References).
V. N. Gorelkin and VP. Smilga, "Theory of precession of mu /sup -/-meson polarization vector in mu nucleonic atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 1201--10, 1974.
Abstract: Precession of a mu /sup -/-meson spin in a magnetic field perpendicular to the initial polarization is considered. The mu nucleonic atom formed after mu /sup -/-meson capture in the K orbit and possessing a charge Z-1 may have an electron shell with a total moment j. The cases j=/sup 1///sub 2/ and j=/sup 3///sub 2/ are analyzed in detail. It is pointed out that three spin precession stopping points may be observed. Investigation of these precession stopping points may be of great interest, in particular, as a possible precision method for investigation of hyperfine structure. It is suggested that analysis of mu /sup -/-meson spin precession may be employed for investigation of the hyperfine structure of acceptor impurity levels. The nature of the precession pattern expected and the possibilities of the method are analyzed. (31 References).
VN. Gorelkin, "Influence of s electrons in external shell on rate of conversion transition between states of hyperfine structure in 'nucleus' of mu-nucleon atom," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 367--74, 1977.
Abstract: An external magnetic field changes the rate of conversion Auger transition between states of hyperfine structure of a mesoatom with ejection of an electron from the external paramagnetic s shell of the mu-nucleon atom. The effect may be used to measure the difference of rates of mu /sup -/-meson K capture from states with different mesoatom total spin I=i+or-1/2, that is determined by the Gamow-Teller and Fermi couplings of the weak interaction. (17 References).
V. N. Gorelkin and LP. Kotova, "Theory of the behavior of the spin polarization of negative muon stopped in solid targets with nonvanishing nuclear spins," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 1677--89, 1981.
Abstract: Capture of a mu /sup -/-meson by a solid body atom with a nuclear charge Z leads to the formation of a mu -nucleon atom or ion with a mesic atom 'nucleus' possessing a charge Z-1. The effect of the electron shell of the impurity and of the conductivity electrons on the behavior of the mu /sup -/-meson spin polarization is considered by taking into account the hyperfine structure of the mesic atom 'nucleus', a conversion Auger transition being possible between the components of the structure. General formulas are derived for the spin polarization of the muon. Some examples of possible applications of mu /sup -/-mesons in solid state physics investigations are considered. (29 References).
V. N. Gorelkin and LP. Kotova, "On the probability of changing the Auger transition rates between the hyperfine states of a mesic atom in matter," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 59, no. 1-4, pp. 137--40, 1990.
Abstract: Possibilities of using negative muons are discussed: (i) for understanding the behaviour of wave functions of outer electron shells in the vicinity of a nucleus and (ii) for investigation of the exchange effects in solid state physics. It is noticed that the effective lifetime of mu bound in light atoms (nuclear spin i not=O) depends on the state of the outer electron shell. This fact can be used for measurement of kaon capture rates from different components of hyperfine structure of a mesic atom and for estimation of the weak interaction constant. (7 References).
V. N. Gorelkin, V. R. Soloviev, and YuP. Dobretsov, "Kinetic processes of muonic atom and ion formation in rare gases (spur model)," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 169-74, 1996.
Abstract: The possibility of /sub mu /F/sup -/ formation due to electron attachment to a Xe/sub mu /F molecule in mu SR-experiments with a gaseous Ne/Xe mixture is considered. This model explains the results of experiments in Ar and Ne with and without an external electric field. (11 References).
V. N. Gorelkin and D. V. Rubtsov, "Electric field influence on spin polarization vector behaviour of the negative muon in silicon," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 105, pp. 315-320, 1997.
Abstract: When a negatively charged muon is captured by a silicon atom, the atom is transformed into a solitary acceptor center similar to an Al atom. An external electric field influences the formation process of the neutral acceptor center (A.C.). It is shown in this article that the behaviour of the muon polarization vector changes appreciably in electric fields with intensities E greater than or similar to 10 V/cm. We estimate the muon spin relaxation rate Lambda(mu) in the so-called ''dirty limit''; for example, interaction between an internal electric field from charged impurities and a nonzero dipole moment of the A.C. is taken into account. A phonon mechanism is proposed to explain the temperature dependence of Lambda(mu). We also estimate the value of the paramagnetic shift of the muon spin precession frequency delta omega/omega(0) which is also temperature dependent.
V. N. Gorelkin, V. R. Soloviev, A. M. Konchakov, and YuP. Dobretsov, "The influence of electric field on processes at muon track's end in noble gases," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 105, no. 1-4, pp. 265--70, 1997.
Abstract: It is theoretically shown that in rare gases at P[left angle bracket]100 atm the external electric fields of the order of 100 V/cm could significantly change the value of electron density in the region of mu /sup -/ or mu /sup +/ stopping point and affect the muonic atoms formation in plasma-chemical reactions. The kinetic model of processes which might explain the results of mu SR-experiments for mu /sup -/ in Ne and Ar both with and without external electric field is proposed. (13 References).
V. N. Gorelkin, V. R. Soloviev, A. M. Konchakov, and AS. Baturin, "Muonium and muonium-like systems formation in spur model," Physica B, vol. 289-290, no. , pp. 409-13, 2000.
Abstract: Track electron kinetics is shown to be important for the correct understanding of mu SR experiments. The quasi-neutrality restoring time for the region of muon or meso-ion location is investigated theoretically and numerically in different models relating to positive and negative muons. Simple approximate formulae for numerical results are presented. This time is found to be much less than the muon's lifetime for light gases and Ne at a liquid phase pressure. The foregoing makes it possible that meso-ion and electron interaction leads to the formation of Mu or muonium-like systems. (14 References).
Y. V. Gorelkinskii and N. N. Nevinnyi, "EPR of interstitial hydrogen in silicon: Uniaxial stress experiments," Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Solid State Mater. Adv. Technol., vol. 36, pp. 133-137, 1996.
Abstract: This paper deals with an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study of the Si-AA9 EPR center, which has been previously identified as arising from a [111] bond-centered (BC) interstitial hydrogen in the neutral charge state (H-0) and is a hydrogenic analog of the anomalous state of muonium (Mu*) in silicon. Hydrogen was implanted into a high purity silicon sample by means of a cyclotron at 80 K. A uniaxial stress of similar to 2000 kg cm(-2) was applied to the [110] axis of the sample in the dark in the temperature range from 170 K to 77 K, and the stress was then removed. It was found that a preferential alignment of the defect had been frozen in at 77 K for both the H+ and H-0 states. Thermally activated recovery for alignment of the H+ in the BC position reveals an activation energy for reorientation of (0.43+/-0.02) eV with a pre-exponential factor of 1/tau=2.3x10(12) s(-1). For equilibrium alignment of the H+ in the BC position (at 140 K) the component of the piezospectroscopic B tensor was also determined to be B approximate to-2 eV. The fact that uniaxial stress (in the dark) produces alignment of the nonparamagnetic state of the AA9 center is the first experimental evidence that H+ is indeed situated in the BC position on the [111] axis, while a negative sign of the B tensor is direct confirmation that nearest to hydrogen, silicon atoms are outwardly relaxed.
G. Gorini and G. Torelli, "On the lifetime of the 2S metastable level in muonic hydrogen," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 13, no. 14, pp. 517-21, 1975.
Abstract: Knowledge of the disappearance rate of the 2S metastable level in muonic hydrogen Lambda /sub 2s//sup mu / is needed for the planning of any experiment based on the ( mu H)/sub 2S/ system; in fact if the disappearance rate is very high, let us say 10/sup 10/S/sup -1/ in normal conditions, the experiment on the ( mu H)/sub 2S/ system becomes very difficult; on the other hand the interest on this subject has increased in the last years for the inherent interest of such a metastable system and for the possibility of testing, via the 2S-system, QED or neutral currents in nuclear weak interactions. (6 References).
T. P. Gorringe, J. Bauer, B. L. Johnson, M. A. Kovash, R. Porter, P. Gumplinger, M. D. Hasinoff, D. F. Measday, B. Moftah, D. S. Armstrong, and DH. Wright, "Measurement of the hyperfine transition rates in mu /sup -/F, Na, Al, P, and Cl, and the hyperfine dependence of mu /sup -/ capture," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials & Atoms, vol. B79, no. 1-4, pp. 303--5, 1993.
Abstract: The hyperfine dependence of exclusive muon capture in nuclei, mu /sup -/(Z,A) to ( nu /sub mu /(Z-1,A)*), is sensitive to the coupling constants of the proton's weak interaction, and can be measured through the capture time dependence induced by hyperfine transitions between the hyperfine states of the muonic atom. The authors report measurements of the hyperfine transition rates in mu /sup -/F, Na, and Cl, and a preliminary measurement of the capture hyperfine dependence on /sup 23/Na. (9 References).
T. P. Gorringe, B. L. Johnson, J. Bauer, M. A. Kovash, R. Porter, P. Gumplinger, M. D. Hasinoff, D. F. Measday, B. A. Moftah, D. S. Armstrong, and DH. Wright, "Measurement of hyperfine transition rates in muonic /sup 19/F, /sup 23/Na, /sup 31/P, and /sup nat/Cl," Physics Letters B, vol. 309, no. 3-4, pp. 241--5, 1993.
Abstract: From the time dependence of the ( mu /sup -/, n nu ) reaction the authors have determined the hyperfine transition rates for the muonic atoms of /sup 19/F, /sup 23/Na and /sup nat/Cl, obtaining Lambda /sub h/=4.9+or-1.2 mu s/sup -1/, 8.4+or-1.9 mu s/sup -1/, and 6.5+or-0.9 mu s/sup -1/, respectively. Further, from the branching ratios of the ( mu /sup -/, nu ) reaction on muonic /sup 31/P they have inferred a hyperfine transition rate that is much faster than the muon disappearance rate, Lambda /sub h/[right angle bracket][right angle bracket] Lambda /sub D/. These results are in reasonable agreement with the rates calculated for Auger emission, and qualitatively confirm the correction to the muonic atom's hyperfine splitting due to the distribution of magnetism in the nucleus. The /sup 31/P result, however, disagrees with an earlier suggestion of the inhibition of Auger emission. (14 References).
T. P. Gorringe, B. L. Johnson, D. S. Armstrong, J. Bauer, M. A. Kovash, M. D. Hasinoff, D. F. Measday, B. A. Moftah, R. Porter, and DH. Wright, "Hyperfine effect in mu /sup -/ capture on /sup 23/Na and g/sub p//g/sub a/," Physical Review Letters, vol. 72, no. 22, pp. 3472--5, 1994.
Abstract: We report measurements of the rates and hyperfine (HF) dependences of mu /sup -/ capture on /sup 23/Na, and the HF transition rate in Na metal. The measured capture rates are in general agreement with the predictions of the 1s-0d shell model. The measured HF dependences of the 1017 and 1823 keV gamma rays from /sup 23/Ne yield g/sub p//g/sub a/=7.6+or-/sub 2.5//sup 2.1/ and g/sub p//g/sub a/[left angle bracket]or=7.1(1 sigma )/sub 1/ consistent with partial conservation of axial-vector current, but in disagreement with claims of an enhancement of g/sub p//g/sub a/ in light nuclei. The measured HF transition rate Lambda /sub h/=15.5+or-1.1 mu s/sup -1/ is in agreement with the theory of Auger emission but twice the rate previously obtained in NaF (a approximately 3 sigma effect). (26 References).
T. P. Gorringe, D. S. Armstrong, C. Q. Chen, E. Christy, B. C. Doyle, P. Gumplinger, H. W. Fearing, M. D. Hasinoff, M. A. Kovash, and D. H. Wright, "Isotope dependence of radiative muon capture on the Ni-58,Ni60,Ni-62 isotopes," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 58, pp. 1767-1776, 1998.
Abstract: We report measurements of the photon rates and energy spectra from inclusive radiative muon capture on three nickel isotopes using a photon pair spectrometer at the TRIUMF cyclotron. The Values of R-gamma, the partial branching ratios of radiative muon capture for photon energies >57 MeV, for Ni-58.60,Ni-62 were found to be (in units of 10(-5)) 1.48 +/- 0.08, 1.39 +/- 0.09, and 1.05 +/- 0.06, assuming a Fermi-gas photon spectral shape. The results reveal a significant isotope effect in the nickel branching ratios and a simple empirical scaling of the present nickel and earlier nuclear R-gamma data with neutron excess. Furthermore, the observed atomic mass and neutron excess dependence of the entire nuclear R-y data set is well reproduced by a relativistic Fermi-gas calculation. The ability of the model to reproduce the Variation of the R-gamma data using the Goldberger-Treiman formula for g(P) suggests there is no compelling reason to invoke a more exotic A-dependent renormalization of g(P).
T. Gorringe, "The radiative muon capture program at TRIUMF," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 3309--11, 1998.
Abstract: We describe recent measurements of radiative muon capture on hydrogen, /sup 3/He and /sup 58,60,62/Ni using the RMC pair spectrometer at the TRIUMF cyclotron laboratory. Our determinations of the induced pseudoscalar coupling of the nucleon's weak current are discussed. (5 References).
T. P. Gorringe, D. S. Armstrong, S. Arole, M. Boleman, E. Gete, V. Kuzmin, B. A. Moftah, R. Sedlar, T. J. Stocki, and T. Teterevas, "Measurement of partial muon capture rates in 1s-0d shell nuclei," Physical Review C, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 055501/1-15, 1999.
Abstract: We report yields for 38 gamma -ray lines and 29 ( mu /sup -/, nu ) transitions following negative muon capture on /sup 24/Mg, /sup 28/Si, /sup 31/P, and /sup 32/S. Our results substantially increase the world data set for partial ( mu /sup -/, nu ) transitions on 1s-0d shell nuclei. They also resolve a number of inconsistencies between previously published gamma -ray yields and accepted gamma -decay branching ratios. We compare the measured capture rates for the allowed Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions (supplemented with earlier /sup 23/Na data) with a shell model calculation using the full 1s-0d space and universal SD interaction. We find a {"}best fit{"} value of the effective weak axial coupling of g/sub a/=-0.91/sub -0.17//sup +0.15/, fair agreement for the per-target summed GT capture rates, but poor agreement for the individual GT capture rates. By replacing the shell model sigma tau /sup +or-/ matrix element values with experimentally determined sigma tau /sup +or-/ matrix element values, improved predictions for the individual GT capture rates are obtained. Last, we comment on recent determinations of the weak coupling g/sub p/ via muon capture on 1s-0d shell nuclei. (53 References).
V. G. Gorshkov, V. F. Ezhov, M. G. Kozlov, and A. I. Mikhailov, Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 48, 1988.
V. G. Gorshkov and LN. Labzovskii, "Linear Stark effect in atoms and mesic atoms in the presence of weak neutral currents," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 19-22, 1975.
Abstract: The linear Stark effect, which causes the splitting of levels with different quantum numbers due to the proportionality of d approximately J where d is the dipole moment and J is the total moment of the atom, is investigated for the excited 2s/sub 1/2/ level of a H atom and isoelectronic ions. The splitting of Stark levels according to the sign of the total moment is observed in the presence of weak neutral currents and the magnitude of the splitting generated thus is calculated. (3 References).
V. G. Gorshkov, A. I. Mikhailov, and AN. Moskalev, "Parity nonconservation in radiationless transitions in mu -mesic atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 1507--16, 1975.
Abstract: Radiationless transitions in mu -mesic atoms involving the expulsion of shell electrons (Auger transitions) and the formation of electron-positron pairs are considered. It is shown that the weak interaction of neutral currents results in an asymmetry of electron and positron emission with respect to the initial muon polarization. The asymmetry coefficient in Auger transitions is 10/sup -5/-10/sup -6/. The asymmetry coefficient during pair production can be increased by carrying out the measurements in the region of small total pair momenta.
K. Gotow, "Search for muon-electron conversion with a time projection chamber," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 244-53, 1984.
Abstract: "A time projection chamber has been constructed at TRIUMF and is being used to search for a muon nonconserving process, mu /sup -/+(A,Z) to e/sup -/+(A,Z), a coherent conversion of a negative muon in a muonic atom. This experiment is designed to probe the process with a sensitivity of a few times 10/sup -/1/sup 2/ in the branching ratio. The experiment has been in progress with Ti(A equivalent to 48
D. Gotta, D. F. Anagnostopoulos, M. Augsburger, G. Borchert, C. Castelli, D. Chatellard, J. P. Egger, P. El-Khoury, H. Gorke, P. Hauser, P. Indelicato, K. Kirch, S. Lenz, N. Nelms, K. Rashid, T. Siems, and L. M. Simons, "Balmer alpha transitions in antiprotonic hydrogen and deuterium," Nucl. Phys. A, vol. 660, pp. 283-321, 1999.
Abstract: The strong-interaction shifts epsilon and broadenings Gamma of the 2p levels in antiprotonic hydrogen and deuterium have been measured for the first time with a crystal spectrometer. In hydrogen, the 2 P-3(0) hyperfine state could be resolved from the three close-lying states 2 P-3(2), 2 P-1(1), and 2 P-3(1). The hadronic shift was determined to be epsilon(2 3P0) = + 139 +/- 28 meV (attractive). The value found for Gamma(2 3P0) = 120 +/- 25 meV is much larger than the spin-averaged 2p-level broadening <(Gamma)over bar>(bal)(2p) as determined from earlier experiments measuring the intensity balance. The average shift of the three unresolved states is consistent with zero and a mean broadening of <(Gamma)over bar>(2(3P2, 1P1, 3P1)) = 38 +/- 9 meV was measured. In deuterium, the spinaveraged hadronic shift and broadening were found to be <(epsilon)over bar>(2p) = -243 +/- 26 meV (repulsive) and <(Gamma)over bar>(2p) = 489 +/- 30 meV. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
D. Gotta and ohers, "Balmer $\alpha$ transitions in antiprotonic hydrogen and deuterium," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 660, pp. 283--321, 1999.
D. Gotta, "Protonium x--ray spectroscopy," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, pp. 35--43, 1999.
PFA Goudsmit, H. J. Leisi, and E. Matsinos, "Pionic atoms, the relativistic mean-field theory and the pion-nucleus scattering lengths," Physics Letters B, vol. 271, no. 3-4, pp. 290--4, 1991.
Abstract: Analysing pionic-atom data of isoscalar nuclei within the relativistic mean-field (RMF) theory, the authors determine the pseudoscalar pi NN mixing parameter x=0.24+or-0.06 (syst.) and the strength of the nuclear scalar meson field for pions, S/sub pi /=-34+or-14 (syst.) MeV. They show that these values are compatible with the elementary pi -N interaction. Their RMF model provides a solution to the long standing problem of the s-wave repulsion. (21 References).
PFA Goudsmit, H. J. Leisi, and E. Matsinos, "Pionic atoms, the relativistic mean-field theory and the pion-nucleon scattering lengths," in Few-Body Systems Supplementum, pp. 416-22, 1991.
Abstract: The pseudoscalar pi NN mixing parameter x=0.24+or-0.06 and the strength of the scalar meson field for pions S/sub pi /=-34+or-14 MeV have been determined from pionic atoms. A model for the low-energy pi -nucleon interaction is proposed and scattering lengths (volumes) calculated. (16 References).
PFA. Goudsmit, "Pionic hydrogen and the low energy pi N-interaction," in Few-Body Systems Supplementum, pp. 309-16, 1994.
Abstract: A description is given of a direct determination of the pi N s-wave scattering lengths from a measurement of the 1s-level shift and width in pionic hydrogen. The relation with a recently proposed simple dynamical model for the low-energy pi N-interaction is discussed. (10 References).
B. Goulard, J. Joseph, and F. Ledoyen, "Isospin splitting of the giant dipole resonance and muon capture," Physical Review Letters, vol. 27, no. 18, pp. 1238--41, 1971.
Abstract: The correspondence between the upper fragment of the split electromagnetic giant dipole resonance and the parent dipole mode excited by muon capture is investigated for nuclei with a neutron excess. Results already found for light (N=Z) nuclei are extended to heavier (N[right angle bracket]Z) nuclei, suggesting new types of experiments to demonstrate the isospin origin of this splitting.
B. Goulard and J. Joseph, "Muon nuclear absorption," Physics Letters B, vol. 45B, no. 1, pp. 27--9, 1973.
Abstract: It is pointed out that it is possible to make systematic use of the various methods and concepts set up in nuclear reaction theory in order to investigate muon absorption by a nucleus. An improved factorization method is given for illustration. (10 References).
B. Goulard and H. Primakoff, "Nuclear muon-capture sum rules and mean nuclear excitation energies," Physical Review C, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 2034--44, 1974.
Abstract: Non-energy-weighted and energy-weighted sum rules are derived using a closure approximation and comparison with experiment for A=2Z nuclei shows that the mean nuclear excitation energy is slowly varying with A and Z. A combined sum rule is derived whose parameters, which depend on isoscalar, isovector and isotensor ground state matrix elements are fitted to experimental muon capture rates on nuclei from /sub 8/O to /sub 92/U. (16 References).
B. Goulard and H. Primakoff, "Relation between the energy-weighted sum rules for nuclear photoabsorption and nuclear muon capture," Physical Review C, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 1894--8, 1975.
Abstract: The derivation of the relation between the energy-weighted sum rules for nuclear photoabsorption and muon capture in nuclei with Z=A-Z is presented. The Foldy-Walecka expression for the total muon capture rate is obtained. The approximations used and the results deduced are discussed briefly. (6 References).
B. Goulard, B. Lorazo, H. Primakoff, and JD. Vergados, "Beta decays and related processes in the A=14 nuclei," Physical Review C, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1999--2009, 1977.
Abstract: Rates for the decays, /sup 14/C to /sup 14/N+e/sup -/+ nu /sub e/ and /sup 14/O to /sup 14/N+e/sup +/+ nu /sub e/, and the rate Gamma ( mu /sup -/+/sup 14/N to nu /sub mu /+/sup 14/C g.s.) are analysed using an 'elementary particle' treatment including possible second class axial weak currents. With the use of data on the inelastic excitation and decay of /sup 14/N*(2.31 MeV), limits of 50(95)[left angle bracket]or= Gamma ( mu /sup -/)[left angle bracket]or=70(210) sec/sup -1/ are deduced for the statistical average (F=/sup 1///sub 2/ hyperfine state) capture rates. A 'microscopic' treatment of the matrix elements is then made with the current decomposed into a nucleons-only-impulse-approximation contribution and a meson exchange contribution. It is concluded that destructive interference between these contributions may be responsible for the anomalously small beta -decay and muon capture rates. (21 References).
B. Goulard, B. Lorazo, and H. Primakoff, "Muon capture by the deuteron with outgoing neutrinos of very small momentum," Physical Review C, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1237--43, 1982.
Abstract: Large mesonic exchange current corrections are obtained in the calculation of the rate of muon capture by the deuteron with outgoing neutrinos of very small momentum. Detailed results are given for m/sub v/=0. No difference sufficiently large to be observed with present techniques is predicted for m/sub v/[left angle bracket]or=2.5 MeV/c/sup 2/. (20 References).
B. Goulard, T. Pochet, G. Cory-Goulard, and D. Hennequin, "Continuum calculations," in Few-Body Systems Supplementum, pp. 296-306, 1986.
Abstract: The authors present an approach to the calculation of transition amplitudes from bound state to the continuum for three-nucleon nuclei. The formalism for transitions induced by electron scattering is carried out and some numerical results about the tritium muon capture are shown. (13 References).
J. Govaerts, "Symmetry tests of the electroweak interaction from muon capture on /sup 3/He," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 402, no. 2-3, pp. 303--10, 1998.
Abstract: Precision measurements in muon capture on /sup 3/He to the triton channel provide for interesting tests of the charged electroweak interaction, whether within the Standard Model or beyond it. Based on the statistical capture rate and the triton asymmetry, both the object of recent and on-going experiments using polarised /sup 3/He targets, examples of such tests are presented, and shown to lead to stringent complementary constraints for which further dedicated experimental as well as theoretical efforts are required. (28 References).
J. Govaerts, "Symmetry tests within the standard model and beyond from nuclear muon capture," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 25--34, 1999.
Abstract: Precision measurements in nuclear muon capture on the proton and /sup 3/He allow for tests of the standard model for the strong and electroweak interactions, complementary to those achieved in high energy experiments. The present situation and future prospects are reviewed, emphasizing where renewed efforts could prove to be rewarding in exploring ever further beyond the confines of the standard model. (24 References).
J. Govaerts and J-L. Lucio-Martinez, "Nuclear muon capture on the proton and /sup 3/He within the standard model and beyond," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A678, no. 1-2, pp. 110--46, 2000.
Abstract: Nuclear muon capture on the proton and /sup 3/He is considered both within and beyond the standard model in terms as general as is possible. Explicit and precise analytic expressions for all possible observables are given, assuming only a Dirac neutrino in the limit of vanishing mass. These results allow both for precision tests of the standard model and new physics, as well as for the assessment of the potential physics reach of experiments designed to measure specific observables. Using these expressions, stringent constraints can already be inferred from a recent precision measurement of the statistical capture rate on /sup 3/He. Likewise, similar constraints should follow the completion of a precision measurement in progress of the singlet capture rate on the proton. (53 References).
N. N. Grafov, V. G. Grebinnik, D. L. Demin, V. P. Dzhelepov, V. G. Zinov, S. V. Medved, V. I. Pryanichnikov, and VA. Utkin, "A liquid tritium target for muon-catalyzed fusion," Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, vol. 1, no. , pp. 21-7, 1999.
Abstract: An experimental setup comprising a thermostat with a liquid-helium-cooled 30-cm/sup 3/ liquid tritium target (LTT) is described. The LTT setup was designed and constructed for systematic investigations of muon-catalyzed fusion (MCF) processes in a liquid hydrogen isotope (H-D-T) mixture. The LTT is maintained at a temperature of 22 K controlled to within an accuracy of 0.1 K. The target is sufficiently compact (outer diameter 40 mm) to provide for the detection of MCF products (neutrons due to dt-fusion, electrons from muon decay) in the 4 pi geometry. The LTT design satisfies very stringent requirements to ensure safe operation with tritium activities as high as 10 kCi. The setup is provided with two stages of protection against any possible path for the accidental tritium leak into the atmosphere. (8 References).
N. Grama, "Negative mu meson internal conversion from Pu 239 radiationless fission fragments," Revue Roumaine de Physique, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 701--2, 1969.
Abstract: The authors calculated the mu /sup -/ meson internal conversion coefficient from Pu/sub 239/ radiationless fission fragments. The average conversion coefficient beta /sub 1//sup (el)/ is obtained by averaging over the fission fragment mass distribution. The coefficient is calculated for the excitation energy between 3 and 15 MeV.
YuV Grats and YuG. Pavlenko, "Radiational capture of a mu /sup +/ meson by an electron in an electromagnetic field," Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Fizika Astronomiya, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 77-80, 1973.
Abstract: It is shown that the forced mu /sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation process takes place with preferential absorption of energy from the electromagnetic field. The angular dependence of absorbed energy is investigated, for nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic mu /sup +/e/sup -/ pairs. (6 References).
R. D. Graves, B. A. Lamers, A. Nagl, H. Uberall, V. Devanathan, and PR. Subramanian, "Helm model interpretation of /sup 16/O form factors: application to pion photoproduction and muon capture," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 48--62, 1980.
Abstract: The available experimental data for the form factors of the T=1 levels in /sup 16/O, obtained from electron scattering at low (Darmstadt), medium (Tokoku), and high momentum transfer (Stanford), are interpreted by the generalized Helm model. This phenomenological model reduces the form factor description of each level to the listing of a few physical parameters, i.e., the radius and smearing width of the transition densities of charge (current) and magnetization, and their corresponding strength constants. Its parameters having been determined by the form factor fits, the model may then be used to predict the results of other medium energy processes; this is done for the photoproduction of charged pions and for muon capture in /sup 16/O. (75 References).
V. G. Grebinnik, I. I. Gurevich, V. A. Zhukov, I. G. Ivanter, A. P. Manych, B. A. Nikol'skii, V. I. Selivanov, and VA. Suetin, "Search for muonium atoms in aluminium, copper, zinc and carbon," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 11-14, 1976.
Abstract: Reports the experimental results for the temperature dependence of the mu /sup +/-mesons in Al, Cu, Zn and C, at T=4 to 90K. From the data it follows that the frequency omega of the superfine splitting of the muonium atom ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/) in these substances is omega /sub 0/[left angle bracket]10/sup -4/ ( omega /sub 0/)/sub vac/, where ( omega /sub 0/)/sub vac/ is the frequency of the superfine splitting of muonic in vacuum. Such a small value of omega /sub 0/ in the substances investigated may be interpreted as absence of orbitally-coupled paramagnetic ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/) state.
V. G. Grebinnik, V. N. Duginov, V. A. Zhukov, B. F. Kirillov, A. B. Lazarev, A. V. Pirogov, V. G. Storchak, and SN. Shilov, "Excited state of muonium atom in condensed nitrogen," Fizika Nizkikh Temperatur, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 122--4, 1991.
Abstract: To determine the state of the short-lifetime muonium in condensed nitrogen, the dependence of the initial phase of the muon precession is measured as a function of the perpendicular magnetic field. Muonium in nitrogen is found to be in the excited state. (6 References).
D. P. Grechukhin and AA. Soldatov, "Effects impeding the observation of weak neutral interaction between muons and nuclei in light mesic atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 390--404, 1977.
Abstract: The intensity of the satellite lines of the 2s/sup 1///sub 2/ to 1s/sup 1///sub 2/ radiative transition in a mesic atom due to configurational interaction between the meson and shell electrons of the mesic atom is estimated. The intensity of these satellite lines is shown to be about six orders of magnitude greater than the intensity of the emission in the 2s/sup 1///sub 2/ to 1s/sup 1///sub 2/ meson transition. The necessity of discriminating the satellite lines in the experiments by observing parity nonconservation requires that the energy resolution of the quantum detector Delta h(cross) omega /h(cross) omega [left angle bracket]or=10/sup -4/. Configurational interaction between the meson and conductivity band electrons in metals precludes the usage of a metal target for stopping the mesons in the experiment.
D. P. Grechukhin and AA. Soldatov, "Polarization mechanism of parity nonconservation and the weak neutral interaction effect in heavy mu mesic atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 31--42, 1977.
Abstract: Nonconservation of parity of 3d orbit meson states is estimated for mesic atoms with odd nuclei in the z=56 to 60 and z approximately 83 ranges in which the terms of the hyperfine structure orbits 3p/sup 3///sub 2/ and 3d/sup 5///sub 2/ and also 3p/sup 1///sub 2/ and 3d/sup 5///sub 2/ intersect respectively. The angular distribution coefficient alpha in w( theta )=1+ alpha cos theta for quanta emitted by a polarized mesic atom in the 3d to 1s transition is determined. Weak neutral interaction between muons and nuclei and the coulomb mechanism of transfer of parity nonconservation of nuclear states to mesic atom states in the meson nonradiative transition chain are considered. Under optimal conditions of intersection of 3d/sup 5///sub 2/ and 3p/sup 3///sub 2/ mesic atom terms, which occur in the z=56-60 range, the coefficient alpha approximately equals the amplitude of parity nonconservation of nuclear states beta (I/sub v/E/sub v/) at E/sub v/ approximately=h(cross) omega (3d to 1s) and E/sub v/ approximately=h(cross) omega (3d to 2p). (22 References).
D. P. Grechukhin and AA. Soldatov, "Configurational mixing in the muonic atom shell and the feasibility of observing neutral weak muon-nuclear interaction effects," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 2165--78, 1979.
Abstract: The intensities of the series of discrete satellite lines h(cross) omega /sub k/ shifted with respect to the line h(cross) Omega /sub 0/ of the transition from the mixed mod 2s1/2) state to the mod 1s1/2) orbit which carries information on weak neutral interaction are estimated for muonic atoms in the 6[left angle bracket]or=Z[left angle bracket]or=17 range. The dependence of strongly and weakly shifted satellite lines on the nature of filling of the electron orbits is determined by a numerical calculation for a number of selected configurations of the muonic atom electron shell. Values are obtained for the probabilities of possible competing decay channels for the mod 2s1/2) state which determines the relative intensity of the h(cross) Omega /sub 0/ line per muon capture into the state mod 2s1/2) state. It should be possible to observe effects caused by the weak neutral interaction between the muon and nucleus in muonic atoms mu Ne and mu Na providing such experimental conditions are found in which only the K orbit of the muonic atom electron shell is populated. (13 References).
D. P. Grechukhin and AA. Soldatov, "Concurrence between the decay channels of the 2s/sup 1///sub 2/ level of the mesoatom and a possibility to observe effects of neutral currents," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 1003--18, 1980.
Abstract: For mesoatoms in the region 6[left angle bracket]or=Z[left angle bracket]or=17, intensities are calculated for the satellite lines, shifted from the line h(cross) omega /sub 0/, due to the (2s-1s) meson transition, that provides information on the weak neutral muon-nucleus interaction, by a quantity delta h(cross) omega , equal to the energy of dipole transition in the electron shell of the mesoatom. Dependences of the intensities of weakly and strongly shifted groups of the satellites on the shell occupation are elucidated. Probabilities of the conversion E0(2s to 1s) and E1(2s to 2p) meson transitions are obtained. An empirical method is indicated for a search of such a situation, when the electron capture to the L shell does not yet happen during the time of approximately 10/sup -10/. Decay processes are investigated in some detail for the 2s/sup 1///sub 2/ state of the mesoatom ( mu Na), which, beside ( mu Ne), may be considered as a suitable system for observation of the neutral current effects, because in these mesoatoms the summary intensity of the non-discriminated group of the weakly shifted satellites for all the shell configurations does not already too exceed the intensity of the informative line h(cross) omega /sub 0/ while the parity nonconservation effect is not yet small. (13 References).
D. P. Grechukhin and SV. Romanov, "Estimate of the contribution of the polarization mechanism of parity nonconservation in the effect of mixing of 2s and 2p muon orbits in light muonic atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 48--59, 1984.
Abstract: For the muonic atoms mu /sup 19/F/sub 9/, mu /sup 21/Ne/sub 10/, mu /sup 23/Na/sub 11/, and mu /sup 20/Ne/sub 10/ the authors have estimated the effect of parity nonconservation of muonic states of the 2s orbit. They have considered the effect of weak neutral interaction of the muon and the nucleus (the Weinberg-Salam model) and a polarization mechanism of parity nonconservation. They conclude that it is possible in principle to determine experimentally the constants of the weak neutral interaction of the muon and nucleon in the muonic atoms mentioned. A crystal of sodium fluoride is proposed as a target. (33 References).
D. P. Grechukhin, S. V. Romanov, and AA. Soldatov, "The possibility of experimental determination of the Weinberg angle in the conversion channel of the mu /sup -/ muonic-atom 2s to 1s transition," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 1105--21, 1985.
Abstract: The authors discuss the question of the accuracy with which it is possible to measure the parameter of the standard model of the electroweak interaction sin/sup 2/ theta /sub W/, where theta /sub W/ is the Weinberg angle, in an experiment on observation of the P-odd anisotropy alpha /sub e/, due to mixing of the muon-atom states mod 2s) and mod 2p) by the weak neutral interaction of the muon and the nucleus, of the angular distribution w( theta )=1+ alpha /sub e/cos theta of the conversion electrons of the 2s to 1s muonic transition in light mu /sup -/ muonic atoms. For isolated muonic atoms of the region mu He- mu Sc they have estimated the intensities of the various accompanying background processes which hinder the theoretical interpretation of the value of alpha /sub e/. According to the estimates, at the present time the muonic atoms which are most promising for determination of sin/sup 2/ theta /sub W/ with an accuracy scale of a few percent are mu /sup 6/Li, mu /sup 7/Li, and mu /sup 9/Be. (23 References).
D. P. Grechukhin, S. V. Romanov, and AA. Soldatov, "Rate of formation of symmetric mu He/sup +/ (2s/sup 1///sub 2/) He/sub 4/ and mu He/sup +/ (2s/sup 1///sub 2/) He/sub 6/ complexes in pure helium," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 91, no. 5, pp. 1598--604, 1986.
Abstract: The hypothesis that symmetric complexes mu He/sup +/ (2s/sup 1///sub 2/) He/sub n/ form in an atmosphere of pure helium is discussed in connection with the study of the possibility of devising experiments to observe P-odd effects in the gamma transitions of a muon, 2s/sup 1///sub 2/ to 1s/sup 1///sub 2/, as a result of a weak neutral interaction between the muon and nucleus. The rate of the conversion transition 2s/sup 1///sub 2/ to 1s/sup 1///sub 2/ of a muon in an electron shell of the complexes is estimated for n=4 (a tetrahedron) and n=6 (an octahedron) in the relativistic version of the X alpha -PB method. The rate of this process is shown to be tens of times as large as the value reported by experimentalists for the total rate of the decay of mu He/sup +/ (2s/sup 1///sub 2/) in an atmosphere of pure hydrogen at pressures P=7-50 atm. On the other hand, it agrees with the results of independent measurements at P=6 atm. (32 References).
D. P. Grechukhin, S. V. Romanov, and AA. Soldatov, "Spatial parity nonconservation effect in the conversion channel of the 2s to 1s transition of the mu /sup -/ muonic atom," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 375--84, 1986.
Abstract: The authors discuss the feasibility of experimental determination of the Weinberg angle through the determination of the P-odd anisotropy alpha /sub e/, induced by the weak neutral muon-nucleus interaction, in the angular distribution omega ( theta )=1+ alpha /sub e/ cos theta of the electrons emitted in the conversion of the 2s to 1s muon transition in the electron shell of the mu /sup -/ muonic atom. Realistic calculations of the probabilities for conversion in Ns electron orbits (N=1, 2, 3, and 4) and the electronic enhancement factors Phi for the P-odd effect are carried out for a number of electronic configurations of muonic atoms in the region 2[left angle bracket]or=Z[left angle bracket]or=21 (where Z is the nuclear charge) within the framework of the relativistic variant of the Hartree-Fock-Slater method (with Latter's correction). The factors Phi are found to depend weakly on the electronic configuration of the muonic atom and the quantum number N, and this significantly simplifies the problem of theoretical interpretation of the observed value of alpha /sub e/. (25 References).
A. M. Green and M. Rho, "Muon capture and the ground state wavefunction of /sup 16/O," Research Institute of Theoretical Physics Preprint Series. Theoretical Physics, vol. 2, no. , pp. 1-13, 1969.
Abstract: The presence of two-particle two-hole correlations in the ground state of /sup 16/O brings theory into better agreement with the experimental values for the rates of the four transitions mu /sup -/+/sup 16/O(g.s.) to nu /sub mu /+/sup 16/N(0/sup -/, 1/sup -/, 2/sup -/, 3/sup -/ bound). (20 References).
A. M. Green and A. Kallio, "Muon capture and the ground state of /sup 16/O," in Proceedings of the international conference on properties of nuclear states, 1969.
Abstract: Abstract only given, as follows: The effect of two-particle-two-hole configurations in /sup 16/N wave function upon mu -capture rate in /sup 16/O is evaluated allowing a mixture of the deformed state in /sup 16/O ground-state wave function.
A. M. Green and M. Rho, "Muon-capture and the ground-state wave function of /sup 16/O," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A130, no. 1, pp. 112--18, 1969.
Abstract: It is shown that the presence of two-particle-two-hole correlations in the ground state of /sup 16/O brings theory into better agreement with the experimental values for the rates of the four transitions mu /sup -/+/sup 16/O(g.s.) to nu /sub mu /+/sup 16/N(0/sup -/,1/sup -/,2/sup -/, 3/sup -/ bound).
A. M. Green, T. K. Dahlblom, A. Kallio, and M. Rho, "Muon-capture in /sup 16/O-renormalization of the one-body operator," Physics Letters B, vol. 31B, no. 4, pp. 189--91, 1970.
Abstract: A calculation of muon-capture rates in /sup 16/O is made with a consistent treatment of operator renormalization, with results in good agreement with the experiments.
AM. Green, "Mesonic few-nucleon phenomena," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A353, no. 1-2, pp. 113c-26c, 1981.
Abstract: Reviews mesonic few-nucleon phenomena including NN to NN pi theories, pion scattering and production, dibaryon resonances, pionic atoms and stopped pi /sup -/ reactions in A=3,4 nuclei. (48 References).
PT. Greenland, "The semiclassical treatment of slow muonic collisions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 99--108, 1993.
Abstract: This paper exposes some of the problems which occur when muons replace electrons in heavy ion collisions. It focusses on the coupling between the heavy particle and muonic motion in the semiclassical treatment of the collision and shows how an energy conserving classical path can be defined. An example, which shows some of the effects of this path, is discussed. (14 References).
L. Grenacs, "Polarization experiments in the Godfrey-cycle," in Exotic Atoms '79. Fundamental Interactions and Structure of Matter. Proceedings of the Second Course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms, (K. Crowe, J. Duclos, G. Fiorentini, and G. Torelli, eds.), pp. 45-55, 1980.
Abstract: From the 'new' experiments performed in the A=12 mass multiplet, viz. i) beta-decay asymmetry of aligned /sup 12/B//sup 12/N mirror nuclei and ii) the average and longitudinal polarizations of /sup 12/B (g.s.) produced by mu -capture in /sup 12/C, the authors learned about the nature of weak interactions: (a) there are no second class axial-vector currents, (b) the weak magnetism is now verified in mu -capture, and (c) the helicity of the 'muonic' neutrino is measured with good precision ( approximately=10%) (the result agrees with the standard V-A scheme). (11 References).
C. Greub, D. Wyler, S. J. Brodsky, and CT. Munger, "Atomic alchemy: weak decays of muonic and pionic atoms into other atoms," Physical Review D, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 4028--37, 1995.
Abstract: The rates of weak transitions between electromagnetic bound states, for example, ( pi /sup +/e/sup -/) to ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/) nu /sub mu /, and the exclusive weak decay of a muonic atom into an electronic atom, (Z mu /sup -/) to (Ze/sup -/) nu /sub mu / nu /sub e/, are calculated. For Z=80, relativistic effects are shown to increase the latter rate by a factor of 50 compared to the results of a nonrelativistic calculation. It is argued that the conditions for producing the muonic decay in neon gas (Z=10), where the branching ratio for the decay per captured muon is 1.7*10/sup -9/, can be realised using cyclotron traps, though the prospect for a practical experiment seems remote. In lead the same ratio would be approximately approximately 1*10/sup -6/. In addition to providing detailed information on the high momentum tail of the wave functions in atomic physics, these decays of QED bound states provide a simple toy model for investigating kinematically analogous situations in exclusive heavy hadronic decays in quantum chromodynamics, such as B to K* gamma or B to pi e nu . (16 References).
G. M. Griffiths and others, Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 41, 1963.
J. E. Griffith, P. K. Haff, and TA. Tombrello, "Energy levels of highly excited muonic atoms," Annals of Physics, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 1--16, 1974.
Abstract: Energy levels of muonic atom states with high principal quantum number are examined. A Thomas-Fermi type treatment is used in all but the lightest atoms to take account of the effects of electron shielding. Transition energies of the muon are compared to electron binding energies, and implications for muon lifetimes are discussed. The splitting of angular momentum substates is explicitly studied; transitions with no change in principal quantum number are unlikely to be important. Effective charges for the muon are computed. The possibility of an absorptive component of the muon potential is raised. (22 References).
G. A. Grin and R. Kunselman, "Solid-state effects in pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 31B, no. 3, pp. 116--18, 1970.
Abstract: Solid-state or chemical effects on the line intensities of pionic atom X-ray spectra have been measured for several compounds and mixtures. A possible explanation of the deviations from the Z law is discussed. (10 References).
D. E. Groom, N. V. Mokhov, and S. I. Striganov, "Muon stopping power and range tables 10 MeV-100 TeV," Atom. Data Nucl. Data Tables, vol. 78, pp. 183-356, 2001.
Abstract: The mean stopping power for high-energy muons in matter can be described by (-dE/dx) = a(E) + b(E)E, where a(E) is the electronic stopping power and b(E) is the energy-scaled contribution from radiative processes-bremsstrahlung, pair production, and photonuclear interactions. a(E) and b(E) are both slowly varying functions of the muon energy E where radiative effects are important. Tables of these stopping power contributions and continuous-slowing-down-approximation ranges (which neglect multiple scattering and range straggling) are given for a selection of elements, compounds, mixtures, and biological materials for incident kinetic energies in the range of 10 MeV to 100 TeV. Tables of the contributions to b(E) are given for the same materials.
H. Grosse, H. Narnhofer, and W. Thirring, "Accurate determination of the scattering length of electrons on mu /sup -/p atoms," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 12, no. 5, pp. L189-92, 1979.
Abstract: Upper and lower bounds on the scattering length of electrons on mu /sup -/p atoms, which differ by 7.9*10/sup -15/ cm, are obtained. The scattering length turns out to be rather small, being -0.7*10/sup -13/ cm. (9 References).
H. Grosse, A. Pflug, and A. Martin, "Applications to particle and atomic physics of a 'theorem' on the order of energy levels," Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Sciences Serie II Mecanique Physique Chimie Sciences de L'Univers Sciences de la Terre, vol. 299, no. 1, pp. 5--8, 1984.
Abstract: The sign of the Laplacian of the potential, in the Schrodinger equation, indicates in which way the Coulomb degeneracy is lifted. Three applications of this property are proposed. The first one concerns the order of levels in heavy quark systems, the second the effects of the finite size of nuclei in mesic atoms, and the third the filling of atomic shells and the order of levels in alkaline atoms. (10 References).
H. Grotch and E. Kazes, "Leptonic pair production in the 2S-1S decay of mesic atoms," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 579--83, 1975.
Abstract: The transition rate for leptonic pair production in the decay of 2S state of high-Z mesic atoms is estimated. The electromagnetic decay to e/sup +/e/sup -/ is much smaller than the M1 decay for high Z and is about 2% of the 2E1 decay. The decay into neutrino-antineutrino pairs, which could occur if neutral currents exist, is completely negligible in comparison to other decay processes. (12 References).
K. Grün and others, "Cross sections for the d+d fusion reactions," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5/6, pp. 505--508, 1990/91.
E. Guancial and DL. Lin, "Capture rate for the reaction /sup 3/He+ mu /sup -/ to /sup 3/H+ upsilon," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 538--52, 1970.
Abstract: The capture rate for the process /sup 3/He+ mu /sup -/ to /sup 3/H+ upsilon is calculated following the usual approach involving an effective Hamiltonian. The trinucleon wave function that are used is a solution to the three-body wave equation with separable two-body potentials including the tensor forces. It is a linear combination of the /sup 2/S symmetric states, the mixed-symmetry /sup 2/S state and the three mixed-symmetry /sup 4/D states. The calculated capture rate agrees in general with existing work. The ratio of the induced pseudoscalar and axial vector coupling constants, m/sub mu /F/sub p//F/sub A/, that is deduced from this calculation is somewhat smaller than that predicted by the Goldberger-Treiman relation. It is pointed out that since the contribution of the D-state apparently decreases the capture rate and consequently the pseudoscalar coupling constant, it is reasonable to expect that a wave function with a smaller D-state admixture will yield results consistent with both the radiative-muon-capture results and the Goldberger-Treiman prediction. A preliminary calculation and brief discussion of this possibility is also given. (31 References).
C. Guaraldo and others, "The DEAR case," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 253--261, 1999.
R. Guardiola and P. Pascual, "Hyperfine effects in radiative muon capture," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 1304--13, 1970.
Abstract: A general theory of partial radiative muon capture is presented, including the hyperfine effects. Use is made of the impulse approximation, neglecting the nucleon velocity-dependent terms. (16 References).
J. Guffin, G. Nixon, D. II Javorsek, S. Colafrancesco, and E. Fischbach, "Astrophysical detection of heavy-particle-induced spectral shifts in muonic iron," Physical Review D, vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 123508--1--5, 2002.
Abstract: By significantly increasing the nuclear mass, a strongly interacting massive particle (SIMP) bound to an iron nucleus would cause a characteristic change in the spectrum of muonic iron. At temperatures high enough that such atoms are completely stripped of electrons, the effect is directly observable as a 0.2% shift in the energies of high angular momentum states. This phenomenon provides a new test for the existence of SIMPs, which have been proposed as dark matter candidates, and as candidates for the lightest supersymmetric particle. (32 References).
P. Guichon, M. Giffon, J. Joseph, R. Laverriere, and C. Samour, "Exchange current corrections for partial capture rates of muons in nuclei," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 285, no. 2, pp. 183--9, 1978.
Abstract: A calculation is made of exchange current correction for partial capture rates of muons in /sup 12/C, /sup 16/O, /sup 32/S and /sup 40/Ca nuclei. One-pion exchange is taken into account. Adler-Dothan's results are used to obtain the weak pion production amplitude. The nuclear states are described in the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. It is found that the corrections are very erratic and state dependent. A large effect is found for the 0/sup +/ to 0/sup -/ transitions due to the size of the time part of the axial exchange current. (31 References).
PAM Guichon, M. Giffon, and C. Samour, "Possible evidence for mesonic exchange correction in /sup 16/N(0/sup -/) to or from /sup 16/O(0/sup +/) beta -decay and mu -capture reactions," Physics Letters B, vol. 74B, no. 1-2, pp. 15--17, 1978.
Abstract: It is shown that a particularly large mesonic exchange effect is to be expected for the two inverse processes muon-capture and beta -decay concerning the transitions between the /sup 16/O(0/sup +/) ground state and the /sup 16/N(O/sup -/) excited state. It arises from a strong correction to the time part of the axial weak current. It is found that presently available experimental data can be qualitatively consistent with this picture. (11 References).
P. Guichon, B. Bihoreau, M. Giffon, A. Goncalves, J. Julien, L. Roussel, and C. Samour, "mu /sup -/ partial capture rates in /sup 16/O," Physical Review C, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 987--97, 1979.
Abstract: Using the short pulses of a linac a measurement has been performed of partial mu /sup -/-capture rates in /sup 16/O leading to the 0/sup -/ and 1/sup -/ bound excited states of /sup 16/N. The experimental 0/sup +/ to 0/sup -/ transition rate supports the assumption of a large mesonic exchange effect in the time part of the weak axial current. (38 References).
PAM Guichon and CA. Samour, "Nuclear wave functions and mesonic exchange currents in the weak transition /sup 16/O(0/sup +/) to or from /sup 16/N(0/sup -/)," Physics Letters B, vol. 82B, no. 1, pp. 28--30, 1979.
Abstract: The authors show that any deviation from the closed-core hypothesis for /sup 16/O(0/sup +/, g.s.) may strongly affect the theoretical ratio of the transition probabilities for the two inverse processes: /sup 16/O(0/sup +/, g.s.) to /sup 16/N(0/sup -/, 120 keV) (muon-capture) and /sup 16/N(0/sup -/, 120 keV) to /sup 16/O(0/sup +/, g.s.) (beta-decay). As a consequence, the possible evidence for exchange currents in this transition must be reexamined. Preliminary calculations do not exclude a still large meson exchange effect. (9 References).
M. Guidetti, G. Puddu, and P. Quarati, "The use of muonic atoms in the study of valence nucleons," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 54A, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 1979.
Abstract: From the analysis of the X-rays emitted by the muons in the atomic electromagnetic cascade, like, e.g., the following: 5g/sub 7/2/ to 4f/sub 7/2/ to 3d/sub 5/2/ to 2p/sub 5/2/ to 1s/sub 7/2/, it is possible to obtain information on the radial parameters of the valence nucleon of a closed shell plus one external particle nuclei. In fact, in this case, the nuclear-polarizability energy shift, which is the most important correction to the muonic energy levels can be evaluated with high accuracy, using deformed Zamick wave functions and HO wave functions with different parameters for the core and the valence particle. (16 References).
M. Guidetti and P. Quarati, "Siegert-theorem breaking in light muonic atoms," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 30, no. 17, pp. 533-8, 1981.
Abstract: Discusses the possibility of testing the effect of Siegert theorem breaking in X-ray emission from muonic /sup 17/O. To this end a discussion is given of enhancement produced by a smaller valence orbit, together with normal and exchange MEC contributions to the HOSM sum rule sigma /sub -2/. Equations are derived for calculating the wavelength shift, which could verify the presence of non-Siegert terms. (27 References).
M. Guidetti and P. Quarati, "HOSM parameters from E1 nuclear polarizability corrections in muonic atoms," in Workshop on Medium Energy Interactions in Nuclear Physics, pp. 279--85, 1982.
Abstract: The nuclear polarizability mu -energy level shifts are calculated for some light nuclei. The comparison with experiment could give HOSM parameters for the core and for the valence nucleons. (13 References).
M. Guidetti, P. F. Nali, and P. Quarati, "Energy shifts in muonic lithium and beryllium," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 75A, no. 2, pp. 191-204, 1983.
Abstract: Polarizability and nuclear-finite-size effects in the energy level shifts of muonic lithium and beryllium are calculated in the framework of the study of the charge distribution in light nuclei. A method is indicated to evaluate valence nucleon HO parameters. Since experiments have not yet achieved the precision required for light nuclei, the method can only be applied to muonic atoms with Z[right angle bracket]10. (22 References).
M. Guidetti, G. Mezzorani, and P. Quarati, "Nuclear-polarization shifts in muonic zirconium," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 40, no. 15, pp. 471-5, 1984.
Abstract: E1 NP shifts of the muonic levels 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s of mu /sup -/-/sup 90/Zr are calculated, by assuming for the nucleus a HOSM plus monopole-monopole correlation description. Comparison of calculated shifts to the experimental results is shown and discussed; two remarks are outlined. (15 References).
A. Gula, A. Adamczak, and M. Bubak, "Back decay of muonic molecular resonances and the measured value of d mu d-formation rate in muon-catalyzed fusion in deuterium," Physics Letters A, vol. 109A, no. 5, pp. 224--7, 1985.
Abstract: It is shown that the experimental values of d mu d-formation rate obtained without taking into account the decay of the mu -molecular resonance compound ((d mu d)/sup +/dee)* back to the formation channel d mu +D/sub 2/ are underestimated. The correction depends on the rate of this resonance back decay and assumptions about the rates of processes leading to fusion in d mu d. An experimental investigation aimed at determination of these parameters is suggested. (18 References).
A. Gula, M. Bubak, and J. Niwicki, "Cycle-by-cycle kinetic formulae for muon-catalyzed fusion in deuterium-derivation and comparison with experimental data," Atomkernenergie Kerntechnik, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 205--9, 1985.
Abstract: Kinetic formulae describing the cycle-by-cycle evolution in time of muon-catalyzed fusion in deuterium are derived using the procedure based on inspection of the kinetic graph. The dependence of the obtained time distributions of fusion events on the values of the physical parameters is discussed. The calculated curves are confronted with the first experimental data on the time distributions of the separate cycles. The high value of the dd mu formation rate reported recently is supported as are the more recent estimates of the hyperfine transition rate. The comparison shows that the cycle-by-cycle analysis of the muon-catalyzed fusion chain can be a rich source of information about the processes involved. (30 References).
A. Gula, "General framework for the description of kinetics of muon catalyzed synthesis of hydrogen isotopes," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. B16, no. 6, pp. 589--606, 1985.
Abstract: A general framework is proposed for description of the cycle-by-cycle evolution in time of the processes forming the muon-catalysis chain leading to nuclear synthesis in mixtures of hydrogen isotopes. In the approximation of constant transition rates, practically any mu -atomic and mu -molecular processes can be taken into account and treated strictly. Energy-dependent rates can be also dealt with in an approximate manner. Formulae in which the experimental detection efficiency is taken into account are also presented. (24 References).
A. Gula, P. Warszynski, and E. Gula, "Constraints on muon-catalyzed fusion parameters from (d+d) mu data at low temperatures," Physics Letters B, vol. 179, no. 3, pp. 183--6, 1986.
Abstract: It is argued that the experimental investigation of dd mu fusion in deuterium targets at temperatures T[left angle bracket]or approximately=40K provides a unique opportunity of obtaining unambiguous constraints on important muon-catalized fusion parameters. The data at T approximately=34K are analyzed with inclusion of resonance back decay and hyperfine transitions. The total rate of resonant dd mu formation, as opposed to the observed one, is estimated directly from the data. The nonresonant rate is simultaneously isolated yielding a value higher than predicted. An upper limit on the ratio of back decay to fusion plus deexcitation is obtained and discussed. (23 References).
A. Gula, M. Bubak, and E. Gula, "Deadtime effects in the time distributions of muon-catalyzed fusion events," Atomkernenergie Kerntechnik, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 100--4, 1986.
Abstract: Kinetic formulae describing the experimentally observed time distributions of nuclear fusion reactions catalyzed by negative muons in mixtures of hydrogen isotopes are derived for a general situation where both detection efficiency and deadtime reduce the number of the registered events. The formulae are a generalization of the kinetic expressions obtained earlier with inclusion of the detection efficiency for zero deadtime. The modification introduction by deadtime is illustrated by the initial cycles of (d+d) mu fusion, for which a comparison with the experimental data is also presented. (26 References).
A. Gula, P. Warszynski, and E. Gula, "Kinetics of muon-catalyzed fusion in deuterium at temperatures in the region of the liquid deuterium temperature," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 231--6, 1987.
Abstract: Kinetics of muon-catalyzed fusion in deuterium at temperatures near the liquid deuterium temperature is considered with inclusion of the hyperfine structure of d mu and dd mu back-decay, and the main deexcitation modes of the mu -molecular resonance. The possibilities of obtaining the muon-catalyzed fusion parameters from the data at low temperatures are discussed. (16 References).
A. Gula, A. Kravtsov, A. Mikhailov, Z. Oziewicz, and N. Popov, "Excited muonic atoms in mixtures of hydrogen isotopes," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 217--21, 1989.
Abstract: The rates of deexcitation of muonic hydrogen atoms and the rates of muon transfer from the excited states to other nuclei are calculated. The calculations are performed in the quasiclassical approach in the complex plane of the internuclear distance. The rates of muon transfer to helium are determined both with and without inclusion of electron screening and compared with the experimental values for the transfer from protium to /sup 4/He. It is also shown that, in accordance with earlier results, the rates of Coulomb deexcitation for n[left angle bracket]or approximately=5 are significantly smaller than those of Auger and radiative transitions. (19 References).
A. Gu{\l}a, A. Kravtsov, and N. Popov, "Kinetics of the excited mesic hydrogen in the mixture of hydrogen isotopes," in Proceedings of the Int. Symposium on Muon Catalyzed Fusion µCF--89, (J. D. Davies, ed.), (England), pp. 54--55, 1990.
A. Gula, Z. Oziewicz, and N. Popov, "Muon-catalyzed fusion," Postepy Fizyki, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 319--47, 1990.
Abstract: The phenomenon of muon-catalyzed fusion of hydrogen isotopes is described. Theoretical and experimental results are presented and problems remaining to be solved are described. The possibility of using muon-catalyzed fusion in energy production is briefly discussed. (78 References).
Zs Gulacsi, M. Gulacsi, and V. Tosa, "Muon capture and its spin relaxation in some quinqued magnetic materials (SiC)," in Electronic and Atomic Collisions. XV ICPEAC Brighton '87. Abstracts of Contributed Papers. Fifteenth International Conference, (J. Geddes, H. B. Gilbody, A. E. Kingston, C. J. Latimer, and HRJ. Walters, eds.), 1987.
Abstract: Measurements in Cu-1% Mn spin glasses (randomly quinqued magnetic materials) reveal a spin relaxation function G/sub z/(t) measured in a longitudinal external magnetic field H/sub L/=640 Oe, which has not been explained satisfactorily, despite the fact that several different theories have been used. This is intriguing because the longitudinal spin relaxation function of mu /sup +/ can be directly obtained by the time differential measurement of the forward-backward decay positrons emitted from mu /sup +/ stopped in the specimen. This probably is given by the overestimated value for the IMFD function in the limit of low fields. In order to obtain a proper G/sub z/(t) function the authors consider a hopping motion of the muon in the sample which is described by the so called strong collision approximation for the Markovian process. (3 References).
G. R. Gulkanyan, V. G. Kakoyan, and Yu. M. Shabelski, "comparison of calculated negative pion yield from extended carbon target with experimental data," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, pp. 81--86, 1992.
C. Gunther, E. B. Shera, M. V. Hoehn, H. D. Wohlfahrt, R. J. Powers, Y. Tanaka, and AR. Kunselman, "Muonic X-ray study of /sup 199/Hg and /sup 200/Hg," Physical Review C, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 816--30, 1983.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray spectra have been measured for /sup 199/Hg and /sup 200/Hg. From the data the authors have determined model-independent charge radii and isomer shifts of certain excited nuclear states and have inferred spectroscopic quadrupole moments of excited states for both isotopes. The quadrupole moment of the lowest 5/2/sup -/ state in /sup 199/Hg is found to be positive, in agreement with previous muonic-atom but in disagreement with a recent Mossbauer study. B(E2) values of low-lying excited states have been determined for /sup 199/Hg. An E1 muonic-nuclear resonance has been discovered in /sup 200/Hg. (41 References).
M. P. Gur'ev, A. S. Denisov, A. V. Zhelamkov, Y. M. Ivanov, P. M. Levchenko, V. D. Malakhov, A. A. Petrunin, Y. P. Platonov, A. G. Sergeev, A. I. Smirnov, V. M. Suvorov, and OL. Fedin, "First measurement of the X-ray emission of Sigma /sup -/ atoms by means of a crystal-diffraction spectrometer," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 389--93, 1993.
Abstract: The intensity and energy of the 5g-4f transition of the Sigma /sup -/-/sup 12/C atom have been measured by a crystal-diffraction spectrometer with a Cauchois layout at the proton synchrotron of the Institute of High-Energy Physics. The mass of the Sigma /sup -/ hyperon was found to be 1197.417+or-0.040 MeV/c/sup 2/. This figure is in excellent agreement with the value found from studies of hyperon decays, while it is slightly at odds with a BNL experiment on heavy Sigma /sup - /atoms. There is a promising outlook for studying Sigma /sup -/ atoms by the crystal-diffraction method, in which a target is bombarded by a beam of high-energy protons. (12 References).
M. P. Gur'ev, A. S. Denisov, A. V. Zhelamkov, YuM Ivanov, L. P. Lapina, P. M. Levchenko, A. A. Petrunin, YuP Platonov, A. G. Sergeev, A. I. Smirnov, V. M. Suvorov, and OL. Fedin, "Possible production of highly excited pi /sup -/-Ne atoms in collisions of 70-GeV protons with Mg nuclei," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 69--72, 1993.
Abstract: The possible production of pi /sup +/ atoms in the decay of hadron resonances is discussed. This mechanism should lead to a filling of states with l not=0. It might be observed through the detection of characteristic X radiation. An attempt has been made to measure the intensity of the 3d-2p line of the pi /sup +/-Ne atom emitted by a Mg target in a 70-GeV proton beam. A crystal-diffraction spectrometer for measuring the X-ray emission of hadronic atoms was used. A peak at a level approximately=2.4 errors was observed; the corresponding cross section is approximately=0.5 mb. This value is interpreted as an experimental upper limit on the magnitude of the effect. (9 References).
I. I. Gurevich, E. A. Meleshko, I. A. Muratova, B. A. Nikol'skii, V. S. Roganov, V. I. Selivanov, and BV. Sokolov, "Relaxation of mu /sup +/-meson spin in substances with saturated bonds," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 436--8, 1971.
Abstract: The authors have investigated the depolarization of the mu /sup +/ meson in saturated hydrocarbons (hexane, heptane, octane) and in methyl alcohol (substances with saturated bonds). The dependences of residual polarization on the transverse magnetic field and on temperature are observed. (4 References).
I. I. Gurevich, I. G. Ivanter, E. A. Meleshko, B. A. Nikolskii, V. S. Roganov, V. I. Selivanov, V. P. Smilga, B. V. Sokolov, and VD. Shestakov, "Two-frequency precession of muonium in magnetic field," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 471--84, 1971.
Abstract: A new phenomenon, two-frequency precession of mu /sup +/-meson muonium in a transverse magnetic field is predicted and studied experimentally. Two-frequency precession is employed for determining the magnitude of hyperfine splitting of free muonium atoms in ice, germanium and quartz. Cessation of mu /sup +/-meson precession in a strong magnetic field is studied theoretically. The effect of incoherent interactions between muonium and the medium on precession of the mu /sup +/-meson spin in muonium atoms is considered.
I. I. Gurevich, B. A. Nikol'skii, and VI. Selivanov, "Two-particle precession of muonium in strong magnetic fields," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 640--3, 1972.
Abstract: The change of the polarization P(t) of the mu /sup +/ meson of muonium in a transverse magnetic field B (perpendicular to the mu /sup +/-meson spin) is considered. In the present article several peculiarities of P(t) in strong transverse magnetic fields are pointed out. These peculiarities can be used to determine the frequency omega /sub 0/ of the hyperfine splitting of the muonium atom in matter. (2 References).
I. I. Gurevich, A. I. Klimov, V. N. Maiorov, E. A. Meleshko, B. A. Nikol'skii, and VI. Selivanov, "Exact determination of the hyperfine splitting frequency of muonium in quartz," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 56--60, 1979.
Abstract: nu /sub o/(SiO/sub 2/)=4438+or-8 MHz was obtained for the hyperfine splitting frequency of impurity muons in quartz. This is not significantly different from the vacuum value nu /sub o/(0)=4463 MHz. The experiments were conducted in a 400 Oe external magnetic field, using apparatus with a 0.32 ns time resolution. (8 References).
C. L. Gurin and LI. Men'shikov, "Mesic molecules formation in solid deuterium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 147--9, 1999.
Abstract: An explanation is suggested for the fast dd mu formation rate observed in solid deuterium. (8 References).
A. V. Gur'yanov and TK. Rebane, "Energies of three-particle systems with Coulomb interactions," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 1698--701, 1982.
Abstract: The nonrelativistic energy of a symmetric Coulomb system with particle charges z/sub 1/=z/sub 2/=+or-1 and z/sub 3/=-or+1 and masses m/sub 1/=m/sub 2/=m and m/sub 3/ is expressed in the form E=m beta epsilon ( beta ), where beta =m/sub 3//(2m+m/sub 3/). An approximate formula for the function epsilon ( beta ), which makes it possible to calculate the energies of the systems for all possible values of the masses m and m/sub 3/, is derived. The results of such calculations agree well with previous precise calculations of the energies of symmetric mesic molecules and predict the energies of many diverse Coulomb systems whose energies have not previously been calculated. (13 References).
A. V. Gur'yanov and TK. Rebane, "Calculation of energies of light muonic complexes," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 386--92, 1985.
Abstract: The convexity relation for energies of quantum-mechanical systems in combination with the Born-Oppenheimer expansion is used for calculation of the ground and first excited rotational states of charged muonic complexes of the form (MeH)/sup +/ (with J=0, 1, and 2) and neutral muonic complexes of the form (MeeH) (with J=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Here e denotes an electron, M is a muonic molecular ion consisting of two hydrogen nuclei (proton, deuteron, or triton) and a negative muon, and H is the nucleus of one of the three hydrogen isotopes. The calculations are performed for all eighteen muonic complexes and their positive ions. The accuracy of the predictions of energy levels is approximately 0.02 cm/sup -1/ in the case of charged muonic complexes and approximately 0.2 cm/sup -1/ in the case of neutral muonic complexes. (15 References).
V. V. Gusev, A. A. Kvitsinsky, V. E. Markushin, and LI. Ponomarev, "Calculation of the probabilities of the muon sticking to helium in the muon catalyzed fusion dt mu to mu He+n in the adiabatic hyperspherical approach," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 155--68, 1989.
Abstract: The sticking probabilities for the fusion reaction from the ground state of the dt mu mesic molecule have been calculated with the wave functions obtained in the adiabatic hyperspherical representation in the Coulomb three-body problem. The rapid convergence of the results to those previously obtained by other methods (Monte Carlo, adiabatic representation, variational) with increasing number of basis functions is demonstrated. (25 References).
V. V. Gusev, A. A. Kvitsinsky, V. E. Markushin, and LI. Ponomarev, "Calculation of the probabilities of the muon sticking to helium in the muon catalyzed fusion dt mu to mu He+n in the Coulomb hyperspherical basis for the three body problem," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 508, no. , pp. 35c-40, 1990.
Abstract: The probabilities of muon sticking to helium in muon catalyzed fusion are important characteristics of the mu CF cycle. Theoretical investigations of the reaction mechanism show that the sticking probabilities contain valuable information about the structure of the mesic molecule wave function at small distances. The wave functions obtained with different methods have been previously used for calculations of the sticking probabilities, the most advanced results being in rather good agreement with each other. The sticking problem is thus a good test of the efficiency and precision of the computation algorithms. The authors present results obtained with the mesic molecule wave functions calculated in the Coulomb hyperspherical basis for the three body problem. (11 References).
V. V. Gusev, L. I. Ponomarev, and EA. Solov'ev, "The new methods of description of mesic atom collisions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 53--8, 1993.
Abstract: Two new methods are presented: (1) the adiabatic hyperspherical approach (AHSA) as applied to description of the low energy (S-wave) scattering of the mesic atoms in the ground states and (2) adiabatic complex plane method (ACPM) as applied to the description of the hydrogen isotope mesic atom scattering in the excited states. (9 References).
V. V. Gusev, V. P. Popov, and VN. Pomerantsev, "Total and transport elastic cross-sections for excited muonic and pionic hydrogen atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 141--6, 1999.
Abstract: Total and transport cross-sections for the elastic collisions between excited (a mu )/sub n/ or (a pi )/sub n/ atom (a=p, d, t) and hydrogen atom are calculated in the energy range 0.01 eV[left angle bracket]or=E[left angle bracket]or=30 eV and the principal quantum number values n=2-10 using the quantum mechanical approach developed earlier. The theory predicts a strong isotope effect and nontrivial dependence on the negative particle mass, especially for energy E[left angle bracket]or=0.4 eV. (7 References).
E. D. Gutlyanskii and VE. Khartsiev, "Theorems of the Hellman-Feynman type for stationary nonadiabatic systems," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 472--7, 1976.
Abstract: Three theorems for many-particle nonadiabatic systems are proved which establish the qualitative features of the dependence of the binding energy of the system on a parameter involved in the kinetic energy operator of the Hamiltonian. The first theorem sets up the relation between the first and second derivatives of the binding energy with respect to the parameter. The second theorem imposes a restriction on the magnitude of the first derivative. The third theorem defines the upper and lower limits of the binding energy of the system for a prescribed value of the parameter on basis of the binding energy for other values of the parameter. The theorems can be employed to obtain rigorous estimates of the binding energy and dissociation energy of nonadiabatic systems on the basis of data available for comparable systems. As an example the lower limit of the dissociation energy of the muonium molecule is estimated. (14 References).
M. Gyulassy, "Nuclear size effects on vacuum polarization in muonic Pb," Physical Review Letters, vol. 32, no. 24, pp. 1393--6, 1974.
Abstract: The authors calculate numerically the transition energy of the 5g-4f transition in muonic Pb in order to examine the effects of finite nuclear size on the vacuum polarisation charge density. An energy shift of 6 eV is reported for the transition. The assumption that the finite nuclear size is felt only by the j=/sup 1///sub 2/ electrons in the VP density leads to an error of less than 0.5 eV in the calculated value. (8 References).
M. Gyulassy, "Higher order vacuum polarization for finite radius nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A244, no. 3, pp. 497--525, 1975.
Abstract: The calculation of higher order, vacuum polarization charge density induced by high-Z nuclei of finite extent is discussed here. The Wichmann-Kroll formalism relating the vacuum polarization charge density to the Green function of the Dirac equation is reviewed with attention drawn to modifications necessary for very large-Z systems (Z[right angle bracket]137) encountered in heavy ion collisions. This paper is concerned with the construction of the radial Green functions for the Dirac equation in the field of finite radius nuclei and on the numerical calculation of the higher order vacuum polarization density from those Green functions. Specific calculations are made for muonic Pb and superheavy electronic atoms. (27 References).
F. Hachenberg, J. Hufner, and HJ. Pirner, "S-wave pion absorption by nuclei," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 270-1, 1976.
Abstract: Reports a calculation of the imaginary part of the optical potential for pionic atoms, based on the inclusion of the rescattering mechanism in a field theoretical model. (2 References).
J. Hadermann, "Neutron emission following muon capture in heavy nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 55B, no. 2, pp. 141--3, 1975.
Abstract: The energy distribution of neutrons following muon capture in heavy nuclei is investigated. It is shown that the experimental high energy tail (E[right angle bracket]10 MeV) of the neutron distribution can be explained by a direct emission process. (15 References).
J. Hadermann and K. Junker, "Emission of neutrons following muon capture in heavy nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A271, no. 2, pp. 401--11, 1976.
Abstract: The energy and multiplicity distribution of neutrons following muon capture in heavy nuclei is investigated. High energy neutrons (E[right angle bracket]10 MeV) are shown to be emitted directly by the fundamental capture process. (29 References).
J. Hadermann and K. Junker, "Muon induced fission," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A256, no. 3, pp. 521--32, 1976.
Abstract: Fission probabilities following muon capture are calculated for nuclei in the actinide region. The capture process is described in a simple model and cross sections of photon as well as neutron reactions are considered. The energy dependence of both is taken into account. A comparison with experimental data is made. (39 References).
J. Hadermann, "Fission and electron decay of muonic /sup 238/U," Physics Letters B, vol. 67B, no. 1, pp. 35--8, 1977.
Abstract: The difference between electronic and fission lifetime of /sup 238/U is reconsidered. A possible difference could yield information rather on the muon's rate after prompt fission events than on the population of an isomeric state at the end of the muonic Coulomb cascade. (12 References).
P. K. Haff and JM. Eisenberg, "Dynamic nuclear effects in pionic and kaonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 33B, no. 2, pp. 133--6, 1970.
Abstract: Corrections have been calculated to adsorption widths in pionic and kaonic atoms due to the admixture of excited nuclear states. Effects as large as 12% and 27% are indicated for pionic and kaonic atoms, respectively. (16 References).
P. K. Haff, P. Vogel, and A. Winther, "Capture of negative muons in atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 10, no. 14, pp. 1430--2, 1974.
Abstract: The effect of the collisions experienced by a muon moving through an atom may be described by introducing a frictional force in the classical equations of motion. In the region of the electronic K shell, the Auger transitions should be treated quantum-mechanically. This calculation of the energy spectrum of the captured muons and the angular momentum distributions of muons at the electronic K orbit includes the interrelation between the stopping power of the electron gas and capture. There is a close resemblance between the P(L) distribution of angular momentum and the statistical 2L+1 distribution. (7 References).
P. K. Haff and TA. Tombrello, "Negative muon capture in very light atoms," Annals of Physics, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 178--92, 1974.
Abstract: The transition rates for unbound muons to be captured into atomic bound states are calculated as functions of (1) incident muon center-of-mass energy, (2) muon principal quantum number N, and (3) muon (final) angular momentum l, for the hydrogen, helium and lithium atoms. These rates reflect differences in electron binding energies. At muon energies of several hundred electron volts, lithium K-shell electrons are more likely to be ejected than the L-shell electron, while this behaviour is reversed for energies [left angle bracket]or approximately=10eV. However, in each case when the capture rate is folded with a muon stopping power function, the result is that more than half of the unbound muons are absorbed above 75eV. Implications for experiments which look at muon transfer processes are noted. (18 References).
PK. Haff, "Low energy muonic hydrogen reactions with heavy atoms," Physics Letters A, vol. 62A, no. 5, pp. 301--2, 1977.
Abstract: Average s-wave cross-sections appropriate for liquid hydrogen temperatures are calculated with the aid of an incoming wave boundary condition for the muon transfer process mu /sup -/p+Z to ( mu /sup -/Z)*+p on heavy atoms. The surface-correlated nature of the heavy atom X-rays is emphasized. (8 References).
P. K. Haff, E. Rodrigo, and TA. Tombrello, "Muon transfer in gas targets," Annals of Physics, vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 363--79, 1977.
Abstract: The transfer of a negative muon from a proton to a heavy atom Q, mu /sup -/p+Q to p+ mu /sup -/Q, is treated in terms of a classical description of the mu p trajectory. The author discusses the muon transfer rate itself, the subsequent population of states in the atom Q, and the effects of electron screening. The polarizability of the mu p atom emerges as a crucial factor in the transfer process. (22 References).
P. K. Haff and P. Vogel, "Transport properties of negative muons in matter," Physical Review A, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1336--7, 1977.
Abstract: An expression is written for the number of muons captured by species 1 in a target composed of two different species. The steady-state energy spectra of muons in the target and the capture cross section of element 1 have been previously calculated in a classical model (Vogel et al. (1975)). The ratio of captures between the two species is determined using this model and compared with an alternative formula proposed by Daniel (1975). Several experiments on binary alloys or gas mixtures are suggested which allow a distinction between the two models. (6 References).
M. I. Haftel and VB. Mandelzweig, "Correlation-function hyperspherical harmonic calculations of the pp mu , dd mu , and tt mu molecular ions," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 2339--43, 1990.
Abstract: The direct solution of the Schrodinger equation for the ground state of the pp mu , dd mu , and tt mu molecular ions is obtained with the help of the correlation-function hyperspherical harmonic method. Given the proper correlation function, chosen from physical considerations, the method generates wave functions, accurate in the whole range of interparticle distances, which leads in turn to precise estimates of the expectation values of the Hamiltonian and of different functions of interparticle distances. The results are compared with those obtained in other precision calculations. (27 References).
M. I. Haftel and VB. Mandelzweig, "Graphical studies of three-body wave functions obtained with the correlation-function hyperspherical-harmonic method," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 142--8, 1992.
Abstract: Graphical representations of three-particle wave functions obtained by direct solution of the Schrodinger equation with the correlation-function hyperspherical-harmonic (CFHH) method are obtained and analyzed for ground and excited states of the helium atom and for the ground state of the mu dd mesomolecular ion. The inclusion of adequate singular and cluster-correlation behavior is shown to be of crucial importance for a proper description of the wave function. In the CFHH method the wave function is a product of a correlation function and of a smooth factor expanded into hyperspherical-harmonic (HH) functions. While the HH expansion by itself is not able to reproduce a correct form of the wave function, the inclusion of the correlations results in its proper description even for low values of the maximal global momenta K/sub m/. (16 References).
M. Haftel, R. Krivec, and VB. Mandelzweig, "Power series solution of coupled differential equations in one variable," Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 123, no. 1, pp. 149--61, 1996.
Abstract: A precise method for solving systems of coupled ordinary differential equations of second order in one variable is presented. The method consists mostly of algebraic manipulations and is very efficient on vector computers. The method is applied to the solution of the three-body Schrodinger equation. Besides giving, in contrast to variational methods, uniformly precise expectation values of operators including the Hamiltonian, the method allows one to study the analytic structure of the wave function. Applications to the He atom, the muonic helium atom, and the mu dt molecular ion are presented. No extended precision intermediate calculations are required. (21 References).
A. Haga, Y. Horikawa, and Y. Tanaka, "Nuclear polarization in muonic /sup 208/Pb," Physical Review A, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 34501--1--4, 2002.
Abstract: We calculate nuclear-polarization energy shifts in muonic /sup 208/Pb. We employ a relativistic field-theoretical calculation and evaluate the ladder, cross, and seagull terms of the two-photon exchange diagrams in both the Feynman and Coulomb gauges. Gauge independence is very well satisfied with the calculated nuclear-polarization energies. Using these results, we analyze fine-structure splitting energies of muonic /sup 208/Pb because of the presence of the persisting discrepancies between experiment and calculation. The present nuclear-polarization energies explain about half of the anomaly in the Delta 2p fine-structure splitting energy, and only one-fourth of the anomaly in the Delta 3p fine-structure splitting energy. (18 References).
E. W. Hagley and F .M. Pipkin, "Separated oscillatory field measurement of hydrogen 2S$_1/2$--2P$_3/2$ fine structure interval," Physical Review Letters, vol. 72, pp. 1172--1175, 1994.
B. Hahn and T. Marti, "Anomalous muon capture and lepton number conservation," in Exotic Atoms '79. Fundamental Interactions and Structure of Matter. Proceedings of the Second Course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms, (K. Crowe, J. Duclos, G. Fiorentini, and G. Torelli, eds.), pp. 23-38, 1979.
Abstract: Describes three lepton conservation schemes namely additive law, Konopinski Mahmoud law and multiplicative law. These schemes have been proposed to explain the absence of processes like mu to e gamma , mu +3e, mu /sup +/ to e/sup +/ nu u nu /sub e/ and of the neutrinoless muon capture process on nuclei mu /sup -/A to e/sup -/ and the possible observation of mu /sup -/A to A'e/sup +/ and K/sup +/ to mu /sup +/e/sup +/ pi /sup -/. A resume of quark mixing and lepton mixing is also included. Experiments and theoretical models on mu -e-conversion processes are reviewed. (30 References).
A. A. Hahn, J. P. Miller, R. J. Powers, A. Zehnder, A. M. Rushton, R. E. Welsh, A. R. Kunselman, P. Roberson, and HK. Walter, "An experimental study of muonic X-ray transitions in mercury isotopes," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A314, no. 2-3, pp. 361--86, 1979.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray spectra have been measured for /sup 198-202,204/Hg. These data have been interpreted in terms of a two parameter Fermi distribution for the charge density. The authors have inferred the spectroscopic quadrupole moments (Q/sub s/) of some of the 2/sup +/ nuclear states. For /sup 199/Hg they have determined the spectroscopic quadrupole moments of the first two excited states and the B(E2) connecting these states to the ground state. For /sup 201/Hg the ground state quadrupole moment has been obtained as well as several other E2 moments but the interpretation of the data has been hampered by a possible incomplete knowledge of the nuclear scheme of this nucleus. The muonic isotope shifts have been measured and interpreted in terms of delta R/sub k/ and are compared to electronic X-ray and optical isotope shift measurements. (41 References).
Q. Haider and LC. Liu, "Formation of an eta-mesic nucleus," Physics Letters B, vol. 172, no. 2, pp. 257--60, 1986.
Abstract: The possibility of the formation of eta -nucleus bound states is examined. It is found that with an attractive eta N interaction, as determined from an isobar model analysis of pi N to eta N cross sections, bound states can exist for nuclei with mass number A[right angle bracket]or=12. These bound systems constitute a new category of nuclei, which is termed the eta -mesic nuclei. Analyses of such bound systems will yield information on eta -nucleon interactions in nuclei. (14 References).
Q. Haider and LC. Lie, "Nuclear bound states of the eta /sup 0/ meson and pion double-charge-exchange reactions," Physical Review C, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 1636--9, 1987.
Abstract: The authors predict a narrow resonance structure ( Gamma approximately=10 MeV) in the excitation function of ( pi /sup +/, pi /sup -/) double-charge-exchange reactions at a pion kinetic energy of approximately 419 MeV. This structure is due to the interference between the usual pi /sup +/ to pi /sup 0/ to pi /sup -/ double-charge-exchange amplitudes, which have a smooth energy dependent, and a resonant pi /sup +/ to eta /sup 0/ to pi /sup -/ high-energy double-charge-exchange amplitude associated with the formation of a strongly bound eta -nucleus system. The latter process leads to a novel feature of the pion-nucleus interaction, the mesonic compound nucleus resonance. (9 References).
Q. Haider and LC. Liu, "Dependence of calculated binding energies and widths of eta -mesic nuclei on treatment of subthreshold eta -nucleon interaction," Physical Review C, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 45208--1--10, 2002.
Abstract: We demonstrate that the binding energies epsilon /sub eta / and widths Gamma /sub eta / of eta -mesic nuclei depend strongly on the subthreshold eta -nucleon interaction. This strong dependence is made evident from comparing three different eta -nucleus optical potentials: (1) a microscopic optical potential taking into account the full effects of the off-shell eta N interaction; (2) a factorization approximation to the microscopic optical potential where a downward energy shift parameter is introduced to approximate the subthreshold eta N interaction; and (3) an optical potential using the on-shell eta N scattering length as the interaction input. Our analysis indicates that the in-medium eta N interaction for bound-state formation is about 30 MeV below the free-space eta N threshold, which causes a substantial reduction of the attractive force between the eta and nucleon with respect to that implied by the scattering length. Consequently, the scattering-length approach overpredicts the epsilon /sub eta / and caution must be exercised when these latter predictions are used as guide in searching for eta -nucleus bound states. We also show that final-state-interaction analysis cannot provide an unequivocal determination of the existence of the eta -nucleus bound state. More direct measurements are, therefore, necessary. (46 References).
G. M. Hale, M. C. Struensee, R. T. Pack, and JS. Cohen, "Boundary-value approach to nuclear effects in muon-catalyzed d-t fusion," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 344-54, 1988.
Abstract: The use of boundary-matching techniques, as contained in R-matrix theory, to describe multichannel nuclear reactions is discussed. After giving a brief summary of the application of such techniques to the nuclear reactions in the /sup 5/He system, the authors discuss a simple extension of the description to include muons, which was used to calculate nuclear effects on the L=0 eigenvalues of the dt mu molecule in various adiabatic approximations. Next, the form of the outgoing n alpha mu wavefunction is discussed, resulting in a new formulation of the amplitudes used to calculate the alpha - mu sticking fraction. Possible methods of solving these amplitudes using the boundary-value approach are suggested, and some deficiencies of the 'standard' expression for the sticking amplitudes are pointed out. (11 References).
GM. Hale, "Nuclear physics of the muon catalyzed d+d reactions," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 227--32, 1990.
Abstract: A Coulomb-corrected, charge-independent R-matrix calculation of the four-nucleon reactions accounts for the surprisingly large branching ratio, as well as for the absolute fusion rate measured for the muon catalyzed d+d reactions. Reaction constants are given for both S-wave and P-wave transitions that would result in the sort of temperature dependence for the branching ratio that has recently been observed. (6 References).
G. M. Hale and TL. Talley, "Deuteron-induced fusion in various environments," Fusion Technology, vol. 26, no. 4T, pp. 442-50, 1993.
Abstract: The theory of deuteron-induced fusion is be discussed, first in free space, then in muonic molecules where the Coulomb repulsion is highly screened. It is shown how a consistent description of the d+t reactions can be obtained in these environments using R-matrix theory. We compare fusion rates obtained from time-dependent scattering theory with those implied by the partial widths of the resonance associated with muon-catalyzed d-t fusion. Finally, some speculative comments are made about how the d+d reactions might proceed in other media, such as metallic lattices. The unusual properties of states associated with {"}shadow{"} poles might account for some of the strange results seen in cold fusion experiments. We emphasize that the same methods can, and should, be used to describe this situation as well as the other two well-established phenomena. (9 References).
G. M. Hale, M. B. Chadwick, J. S. Cohen, and C-Y. Hu, "R-matrix methods for studying nuclear effects in mu CF," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 213--24, 1993.
Abstract: Properties of R-matrix theory that are useful for studying muon-catalyzed fusion reactions are reviewed, and applications to the dt mu system are discussed, using both 'improved adiabatic' and nonadiabatic (variational) wave functions. The authors give complex eigenvalues and alpha - mu sticking fractions for the (L, upsilon )=(0, 0) and (0, 1) states of dt mu using variational Hamiltonian matrix elements that have been properly symmetrized by means of the Block operator. Expressions for the fusion rate and alpha - mu sticking fraction are developed from a time-dependent theory that uses the complex-energy states corresponding to the poles of the system S-matrix. These are shown to reduce with the appropriate approximations to the expressions and values commonly used. Additional nuclear effects on these quantities can easily be studied within the framework developed, but they are not expected to be large. (10 References).
N. Hall, "High hopes for cold fusion," New Scientist, vol. 106, no. 1453, pp. 38--40, 1985.
Abstract: In the search for fusion power, physicists have been trying to control plasmas in the laboratory. But recent experiments and advances in theory suggest that cold chemistry rather than hot physics may be the route to fusion. This method relies on muons-subatomic particles very similar to electrons but 207 times as heavy. Negative muons can catalyse fusion at ordinary temperatures. The muon forms part of an intermediate state, which can overcome the electrical repulsion more easily, while remaining unchanged at the end of the reaction. It is a true catalyst. The basic idea of muon-catalysed fusion has been around for more than 30 years, but recent advances both in experiment and theory have brought it into contention as a serious alternative to high-temperature thermonuclear fusion. (0 References).
I. Halpern and EM. Henley, "Dynamic effects in nuclear probing by muons," Comments on Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 82--7, 1969.
Abstract: The high accuracy obtainable in the observation of muonic X-ray spectra means that the state changes induced in the nucleus by the presence of the muon cannot be ignored. The authors explain the significance of such dynamic effects on the understanding of charge distributions and the changes in these distributions in nuclei.
AM. Halpern, "Orbital-angular-momentum decomposition of the three-body coupling scheme: muonic molecules and the hydrogen molecular ion," Physical Review A, vol. 186, no. 1, pp. 14--25, 1969.
Abstract: In obtaining the wave functions of three-body Coulomb systems in which two heavy equally charged, and one light oppositely charged, particles are involved, one can use a type of Born-Oppenheimer coupling scheme, to obtain nonadiabatic effects. In this paper the coupled differential equations of such a scheme are decomposed in terms of the total orbital angular momentum and parity of the states, and reduce these equations to one-dimensional ones in a form suitable for calculation.
M. Halpert and DA. Owen, "Bethe-Salpeter equation for spin-0-spin- 1/2 and spin-0-spin-0 bound states: perturbation theory and applications," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 51--64, 1994.
Abstract: Consideration is given to a recently introduced formalism of the Bethe-Salpeter equation for bound systems whose constituents are either (i) a spinless and a spin- 1/2 particle or (ii) where both particles are spinless. In this formalism the positive and negative energy states of the scalar particles are treated symmetrically in a two-component representation while the fermions are treated as usual. For these systems, this two-component representation leads to an unambiguous interpretation of the non-relativistic limit of the Bethe-Salpeter equation as well as providing a wave equation for the corresponding relativistic two-body quantum mechanics problem. To find the appropriate interaction kernel, the Lagrangian corresponding to this representation is found and for the weak coupling case, such as quantum electrodynamics, it is used in developing the perturbation theory. As an illustration of the perturbation theory, it is verified that the expected lowest-order energy shifts for the 2S/sub 1/2/, 2P/sub 1/2/ and 2P/sub 3/2/ states for a spin-0-spin- 1/2 system are obtained. The relevance of these developments to the energy levels of kaonic hydrogen and similar systems is discussed. (9 References).
Y. Hamahata, E. Hiyama, and M. Kamimura, "Non-adiabatic four-body calculation of double-muonic hydrogen molecules," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 187--90, 2001.
Abstract: We predicted the level structure of double muonic hydrogen molecules on the basis of the non-adiabatic four-body calculation. We employed the coupled-rearrangement-channel variational method with the Jacobian-coordinate Gaussian-basis functions taking the strong mu - mu correlation into account. (5 References).
L. Hambro and NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Effects of nonstatistical hyperfine populations in muon capture by polarized nuclei," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 53-9, 1975.
Abstract: The nonstatistical populations of the hyperfine (HF) levels in muonic atoms brought about by the polarization of the nuclear targets and their influence on the nuclear muon capture probability are considered. The nuclear-capture rates from the upper and lower HF states of the 1s atomic orbit can be markedly different. The usefulness of muon capture by polarized nuclei to probe qualitatively, and possible quantitatively, the difference between the hyperfine capture rates is demonstrated. The best targets to exploit this effect are those for which the hyperfine conversion rate is small in comparison to muon disappearance rate, and which can be polarized maximally to a degree reliably determinable. (18 References).
L. Hambro and NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Repolarization of muons in muonic atoms with polarized nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 68B, no. 2, pp. 143--6, 1977.
Abstract: The equation of motion for the density matrix of spin 1/2 and spin 1 particles with contact interaction is solved. Time-averaging shows that 44% (30%) of the nuclear (muonic) polarization is transferred to the muons (nuclei). Generalizations to higher nuclear spins are given. (12 References).
E. Hammel, "Relativistic corrections of three-nucleon wave functions and muon capture in /sup 3/He," Physical Review C, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 2258--9, 1980.
Abstract: Wave functions calculated with separable potentials in standard nonrelativistic and covariant Faddeev equations were used to estimate relativistic corrections of the overall muon-capture rate in /sup 3/He. They seem to cancel other relativistic corrections obtained from considering small Dirac wave function components in the effective Hamiltonian for the weak interaction. (5 References).
L. Hand, D. T. Miller, and R. Wilson, "Electric and magnetic form factors of the nucleon," Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 35, pp. 335--349, 1963.
P. Hanggi, R. D. Viollier, U. Raff, and K. Alder, "Muon decay in orbit," Physics Letters B, vol. 51B, no. 2, pp. 119--22, 1974.
Abstract: The decay spectrum of a muon bound in the 1s/sub 1/2/ state of an atom is calculated using V-A theory. Accurate muon and electron wave functions including finite nuclear size effects and vacuum polarization are used for the evaluation of the electron emission spectra of various elements. The formalism to perform the angular integration of the matrix elements is developed for the V-A weak interaction. (10 References).
K. Hanke, "Muon capture and acceleration without phase rotation and cooling," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 472, no. 3, pp. 582--4, 2001.
Abstract: Phase rotation and cooling of the muons are challenging components of the front-end of neutrino factories and muon colliders. A scheme was therefore proposed which does not include these two components. In this paper, the beam dynamics of such a simplified front-end is discussed. It is shown that the muon yield within the acceptance of the subsequent machine is not competitive to the one of a scheme with phase rotation and cooling. (3 References).
T. W. Hänsch and others, "Investigation of the $\mu p$(2s) metastability," PSI Annual Report, vol. Annexe I, 1997.
H. Hanscheid, P. David, J. Konijn, T. Krogulski, Laat CTAM de, T. Mayer-Kuckuk, C. Petijean, S. M. Polikanov, H. W. Reist, F. Risse, Ch Rosel, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, W. Schrieder, A. K. Sinha, and A. Taal, "Muon capture rates in /sup 233/U, /sup 234/U, /sup 235/U, /sup 236/U, /sup 238/U, and /sup 237/Np," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atomic Nuclei), vol. 335, no. 1, pp. 1--8, 1990.
Abstract: The time spectra for muon induced fission of /sup 233/U, /sup 234/U, /sup 235/U, /sup 236/U, /sup 238/U, and /sup 237/Np were measured simultaneously, detecting both fragments in coincidence in a fast multi parallel plate avalanche detector. The observed mean lifetimes tau are 68.9+or-0.3 ns, 70.6+or-0.2 ns, 72.2+or-0.2 ns, 74.3+or-0.3 ns, 77.0+or-0.4 ns, and 69.8+or-0.2 ns for the above isotopes, respectively. No second time component, tentatively ascribed to a possible fission isomer, was observed. The deduced total capture rates are compared with theoretical predictions. (38 References).
H. Hanscheid, P. David, H. Folger, J. Konijn, Laat CTAM de, C. Petitjean, H. W. Reist, F. Risse, Ch Rosel, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, W. Shrieder, L. M. Simons, and A. Taal, "Nuclear excitation and prompt fission in muonic /sup 238/U," Zeitschrift fur Physik A-Hadrons & Nuclei, vol. 342, no. 1, pp. 111--20, 1992.
Abstract: A study of muonic /sup 238/U has been performed in a combined ( mu /sup -/, gamma f) and ( mu /sup -/, gamma gamma ) coincidence experiment to investigate the role of nonradiative transitions and their fission probabilities. An augmentation of the outer fission barrier of Delta E/sub b/=(0.6+or-0.1) MeV due to the presence of the muon is deduced. A significant contribution to the prompt fission yield not only results from the (2p to 1s) and (3d to 1s) nonradiative transitions, but also from other radiationless transitions. Specifically, the measured fission probabilities of the transitions (2p to 1s), (3d to 1s), and (3p to 1s) are (1.5+or-0.4)%, (5.7+or-1.7)%, and (5.3+or-1.9)% respectively. (43 References).
S. Hara, T. Ishihara, and N. Toshima, "Variational calculations for muonic molecules," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 3293--4, 1986.
Abstract: Adopting the spheroidal variables to describe the muon coordinates, variational calculations are carried out for the ground and the excited states of the homo-nuclear muonic hydrogen molecule ion (pp mu )/sup +/ and its isotopes with total angular momentum J=0 and 1. The best binding energies among those so far reported are obtained for several states. (11 References).
S. Hara, T. Ishihara, and N. Toshima, "Bound states of muonic molecules," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 277--82, 1987.
Abstract: Binding energies for the ground and the first excited states of the muonic hydrogen molecular ion (pp mu )/sup +/ and its isotopes with total angular momentum J=0 and 1 are calculated by the variational method in th prolate spheroidal coordinate system. The best values among those so far reported are obtained for several states. (16 References).
S. Hara, H. Fukuda, T. Ishihara, and AV. Matveenko, "Hyper-radial adiabatic expansion for a muonic molecule dt mu," Physics Letters A, vol. 130, no. 1, pp. 22--5, 1988.
Abstract: By using the hyper-radius, adiabatic potential energy curves with correct asymptotic energies are obtained for the Coulomb three-body problem. The bound state energies of the muonic molecules dt mu with total angular momentum J=0 calculated adopting the three lowest adiabatic potential energy curves are -318.72 and -34.36 eV for vibrational quantum numbers v=0 and 1, respectively. (11 References).
S. Hara and T. Ishihara, "Bound and resonant states of muonic molecules below the n=2 level of muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 4232--6, 1989.
Abstract: The authors calculate, by a variational procedure, the bound-state energies of the even-parity muonic molecules with total angular momentum J=1 and the energies of the (dd mu )/sup +/ and (dt mu )/sup +/ resonant states below the n=2 energy level of muonic atoms. They have found 11 resonant states with J=0 and 12 with J=1 for (dd mu )/sup +/ and nine states with J=0 and 10 with J=1 for (dt mu )/sup +/. Some of the resonant energies, relative to the n=2 level of the muonic atoms, are less than the dissociation energy of D/sub 2/ and therefore these states may play some role in muon-catalyzed fusion. (11 References).
S. Hara and T. Ishihara, "X-ray spectrum due to the deexcitation of a muonic molecule p alpha mu," Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 5633--6, 1989.
Abstract: The X-ray spectrum due to the deexcitation of a muonic molecule p alpha mu with total angular momentum J=1 composed of /sup 4/He, /sup 1/H (and its isotopes), and a muon is investigated. There is a small second peak in the spectrum of p alpha mu . The lifetime of the muonic molecules is three times longer than that determined by a previous calculation. (8 References).
H. Harada, H. Takahashi, A. L. Aronson, T. Kase, K. Konashi, and N. Sasao, "Incineration of radioactive fission products and transuranics by muon-catalyzed fusion," Fusion Technology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 161--7, 1993.
Abstract: A system of nuclear transmutation is presented in which fission products and transuranics (TRU) are incinerated using 14-MeV neutrons produced by muon-catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) and a subcritical core composed of fission products and TRU. The 14-MeV neutrons produced by mu CF are used to transmute /sup 90/Sr (fission product) the the (n,2n) reaction. The outcoming neutrons from the /sup 90/Sr cell transmute TRU through fission reactions and /sup 99/Tc through (n, gamma ) reactions. This fission energy is converted into electric energy to supply a 4 GeV-25 mA deuteron beam power, which is used to produce mu /sup -/ mesons. The authors also evaluate the production of tritium that is consumed as a fuel for mu CF. The feasibility of the system was analyzed by the MCNP Monte Carlo neutron transport code. The results show that this system can be subcritical and can transmute fission products and TRU with an incineration half-life of approximately 1 yr and that the deuteron beam energy and tritium fuel required to operate the system can be supplied within the system cycle itself. (16 References).
RD. Harcourt, "Bohr orbit theory revisited. III. The helium muonic atom," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 20, no. 7, pp. L197-200, 1987.
Abstract: For pt.II. see Int. J. Quant. Chem., vol.31, no.3, P.445 (1987). Bohr orbit theory is used to calculate energies for the 1S, 2P, 3D, 4F and 5G states of the helium muonic atom, when the muon is excited. These energies are close to those which have been calculated variationally by Huang (1977). (8 References).
C. K. Hargrove, E. P. Hincks, G. R. Mason, R. J. McKee, D. Kessler, and S. Ricci, "Neutron emission from nuclear excitation by radiationless transitions in mu -atomic Bi/sup 209/," Physical Review Letters, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 215--17, 1969.
Abstract: Neutron emission by radiationless mu -atomic transitions in Bi/sup 209/ has been observed. The analysis of the neutron time-of-flight spectrum shows that this process takes place in muon transitions from the n=3 or higher states to the ground state of the muonic atom while the nucleus is left either in the ground state or in an excited state, possibly one belonging to a particle-hole multiplet of Bi/sup 208/. The process investigated here occurs in 7+or-2% of all muon stops in bismuth. (21 References).
C. K. Hargrove, R. J. McKee, A. G. Smith, D. Kessler, H. Mes, A. C. Thompson, H. L. Anderson, and MS. Dixit, "Precision test of the theory of muonic atoms," Physics in Canada, vol. 27, no. 4, 1971.
Abstract: The authors have measured X-rays in the energy region 140 keV to 450 keV with a precision of better than 20 eV for a number of elements from Ca to Pb. Such measurements constitute a critical test of our understanding of the theory of these hydrogen like atoms, namely, the Dirac equation together with the applicable atomic and quantum-electrodynamic correlations. The authors chose transitions where nuclear and electron screening effects are small compared to the radiative corrections. The principal correction to the Dirac energy is from e/sup +/-e/sup -/ vacuum polarization. A preliminary analysis indicated that their results can be understood if the theoretical vacuum polarization effects are over estimated by (3+or-.3)%.
C. K. Hargrove, E. P. Hincks, R. J. McKee, H. Mes, A. L. Carter, M. S. Dixit, D. Kessler, J. S. Wadden, H. L. Anderson, and A. Zehnder, "Further muonic atom tests of vacuum polarisation," Physical Review Letters, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 307--9, 1977.
Abstract: The authors report on the transition energies in muonic atoms of Ca, Ba, Sn, Tl, and Pb in the energy range 150 to 450 keV. The agreement between theory and experiment is better than 0.2% with regard to high order vacuum polarisation corrections. (17 References).
D. Harley, B. Muller, and J. Rafelski, "MuCF with Z>1 nuclei," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 239-44, 1988.
Abstract: The authors investigate the molecular processes involved in the muon catalysis of hydrogen isotope fusion with light nuclei Z[right angle bracket]1. They examine in some detail the expected fusion rates in (HZ mu ) molecules, and find the fusion rates to be significantly higher than previous estimates. (11 References).
D. Harley, B. Muller, and J. Rafelski, "Muon catalysed fusion of nuclei with Z>1," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 281--94, 1990.
Abstract: The authors investigate the processes involved in muon catalysis of hydrogen isotopes with light nuclei Z[right angle bracket]1, with the objective of identifying systems in which at least one fusion per muon is possible. They systematically explore all nuclear systems and identify those having the potential to lead to fast fusion rates despite the high Coulomb barrier. They consider in some detail the tunnelling through this barrier as well as the internal conversion of the muon. Furthermore they establish, in qualitative terms, the necessary conditions for muomolecular rates in collisions of muonic atoms of hydrogen isotopes with small concentrations of light elements. (14 References).
D. Harley and J. Rafelski, "Nonresonant fusion reactions in the t mu +d system," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 249--57, 1990.
Abstract: The authors reexamine the general belief that the (dt mu )/sub 11/ state is the dominant mechanism by which fusion occurs. The existence of a parallel, low-sticking direct reaction channel would explain a number of the experimental discrepancies that have been found with the present theoretical model of the dt mu cycle. In fact, a calculation shows that a rather novel direct reaction channel, of sufficient strength to explain several of the experimental anomalies, should indeed exist. (18 References).
D. Harley, B. Muller, and J. Rafelski, "Time independent description of the t(d,n) alpha fusion reaction in the presence of a muon," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atomic Nuclei), vol. 336, no. 3, pp. 303--12, 1990.
Abstract: The authors describe the ( alpha n mu )-(dt mu ) continuum above and below the d+(t mu )/sub 1s/ threshold using the R-matrix formalism. The continuum is explicitly constructed in an adiabatic approximation, and the asymptotic phase shifts and amplitudes in all channels are obtained. The energy eigenstates are used to compute the fusion reaction cross section for in-flight d+(t mu ) fusion, and fusion reaction rates involving transitions from the d+(t mu )/sub 1s/ continuum to be below threshold continuum states. (18 References).
D. Harley, "Regeneration and stopping of ( alpha mu )/sup +/ in a degenerate plasma," Physical Review E, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 8981-3, 1992.
Abstract: The regeneration and stopping of ( alpha mu )/sup +/ following DT fusion is computed within the environment of a dense degenerate plasma. It is found that the final sticking fraction can be reduced to 10/sup -5/ of the final sticking fraction in molecular hydrogen. (15 References).
A. A. Harms and SG. Lie, "Q-value assessment of D-T- mu (muon catalyzed) fusion," Transactions of the American Nuclear Society, vol. 39, no. , 1981.
Abstract: The potential for the attainment of cold deuterium-tritium (D-T) fusion by muon catalysis has been a subject of research for more than three decades. Recent experimental results and the recognition that, in this context, secondary breeding energy gains by neutron catalysis are pertinent, suggests a strong motivation for its more extensive examination. (4 References).
AA. Harms, "Kinetics and energetics of muon-catalyzed fusion," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 142-51, 1984.
Abstract: The catalysis of light-ion fusion based on muonic effects suggests a number of interesting fuel cycle prospects. Among the particularly interesting cycles are the following: mu +(d+t to n+ alpha +17.6 MeV); mu +(d+/sup 3/He to alpha +p+18.3 MeV); mu +(p+/sup 11/B to 3 alpha +8.7 MeV). The associated energetics properties are determined by whether pulsed or equilibrium operational modes are employed. These differ in the associated kinetics characterization governed by the following dynamical equations: pulsed: Ni= Sigma /sub j/ lambda /sub ij/N/sub j/+ delta /sub D/(t) delta /sub i/; equilibrium: N/sub i/=S/sub i/+ Sigma /sub j/ lambda /sub ij/N/sub j/=0. Here N/sub i/ are the various muonic species and lambda /sub ij/ are the reaction rate parameters. The u-d-t equilibrium cycle yields a particularly simple energetics criterion given by M/ omega /sub alpha /E/sub mu /[right angle bracket]1/20 where omega /sub alpha / is the alpha sticking probability, E/sub mu / is the energy cost of muon production (MeV/muon) and M is the energy credit from the reaction products (MeV/event). (7 References).
AA. Harms, "Reaction cycle characterizations of muon-catalyzed fusion," Fusion Technology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 381-6, 1988.
Abstract: The muon-catalyzed deuterium-tritium fusion reaction network is examined for its energy-related reaction cycle characteristics. Several such characterizations are established and numerically assessed. An asymptotic upper bound energy multiplication as a function of temperature appears to exist, suggesting that, in the absence of an order of magnitude decrease in the product of alpha sticking probability times the average energy cost of muon production or significant density enhancement effects, the mu -d-t reactor will need to be designed as a fusion-fission hybrid or symbiont. (16 References).
A. A. Harms, G. Cripps, and B. Goel, "Energy gain of ICF- mu DT symbiosis," in Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems 1989, ICENES '89. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, (Mollendorff U. von and B. Goel, eds.), pp. 267--70, 1989.
Abstract: Computational investigations on the dynamics of muon catalyzed fusion of deuterium and deuterium/tritium mixtures under intense compressive conditions are here reported. Based on extrapolated reaction rate parameters and recently reported attainable densities, it appears that a significant fusion energy multiplication can be realized. Limits of this energy enhancement and its dependence on selected processes are discussed. (5 References).
M. R. Harston, D. S. Armstrong, D. F. Measday, S. Stanislaus, and P. Weber, "Transfer mechanisms for pionic hydrogen in organic liquids," Physical Review Letters, vol. 64, no. 16, pp. 1887--90, 1990.
Abstract: The transfer of negative pions in mixtures of bromodecane and carbon tetrachloride has been investigated by combined measurements of pi /sup 0,/s produced from nuclear capture on hydrogen and pionic X-rays following Coulomb capture on bromine and chlorine. A significant fraction of pion transfer occurs via an external-transfer process. The results represent the first direct observation of transfer in condensed matter. (16 References).
M. R. Harston and others, "Capture and transfer of stopped pions in alcohols," Physical Review A, vol. 44, pp. 103--110, 1991.
M. R. Harston, I. Shimamura, and M. Kamimura, "Energy shift in (dt mu )e due to the finite size of the muonic molecular ion (dt mu )/sup +/," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 635--40, 1992.
Abstract: The energy shift due to the presence of the extended (dt mu )/sub 11/ pseudonucleus (in its first excited state with one unit of angular momentum) in the quasihydrogenlike system (dt mu )/sub 11/e/sub 1s/ is estimated using perturbation theory up to second order with two choices of zeroth order electron wavefunctions. The energy shift is found to be 0.50 meV using pure Coulomb electron wavefunctions and 0.58 meV using electron wavefunctions calculated with a potential modified to take partial account of the finite size of (dt mu )/sub 11/. In both cases, the perturbation Hamiltonian is expanded in multipoles, retaining terms up to and including octupole terms. (18 References).
M. R. Harston, I. Shimamura, and M. Kamimura, "Energy shift in the ((dt mu )-d)ee molecule due to the finite size of the muonic molecular ion (dt mu )/sup +/," Physical Review A, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 94--100, 1992.
Abstract: The energy shift due to the presence of the extended (dt mu )/sub 11/ pseudonucleus (in its first excited state with one unit of angular momentum) in the quasi-hydrogen-like molecule ((dt mu )/sub 11/-d)ee is estimated using first-order perturbation theory. The quadrupole parts of the electron-(dt mu )/sub 11/ and deuteron-(dt mu )/sub 11/ interactions are found to give energy shifts of several meV. The result suggests that the normal practice of calculating the shift in ((dt mu )/sub 11/-d)ee by scaling the shift calculated for (dt mu )/sub 11/e may be in error. Calculations of the formation rate of ((dt mu )/sub 11/-d)ee, which plays an important role in muon-catalyzed fusion, require an accuracy of about 1 meV in the binding energy, and the present result indicates that a shift in this binding energy of several meV, due to the finite (dt mu )/sub 11/ size, cannot yet be excluded. (21 References).
MR. Harston, "Reinterpretation of pion-transfer probabilities in mixtures of H/sub 2/O and D/sub 2/O," Physical Review A, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 5332--4, 1994.
Abstract: A model of the capture and transfer of negative pions in mixtures of H/sub 2/O and D/sub 2/O is described. It is shown that the probability of pion transfer from hydrogen to deuterium that has been extracted from data on charge-exchange probabilities in several recent experiments should be reinterpreted as a combination of the hydrogen-to-deuterium and hydrogen-to-oxygen transfer probabilities. This explains a discrepancy between the results for the pion-transfer probabilities in mixtures of H/sub 2/O and D/sub 2/O and the transfer probabilities extracted from data on pion capture in mixtures of H/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/. (9 References).
M. R. Harston, S. Hara, Y. Kino, I. Shimamura, H. Sato, and M. Kamimura, "Effects of the finite size of the ion (dd mu )/sup +/ on the energy levels of the molecules (dd mu )e and (dd mu )dee," Physical Review A, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 2685--91, 1997.
Abstract: The energy shift due to the finite size of the pseudonucleus (dd mu )/sub 11//sup +/ in the molecules (dd mu )/sub 11/e and (dd mu )/sub 11/dee, the subscripts indicating the first excited state with total angular momentum of one unit, is of importance in the theoretical estimation of the rate of d-d fusion catalyzed by negative muons. The energy shift in the molecule (dd mu )/sub 11/e is calculated using perturbation theory up to second order. The finite-size shift is found to be 1.46 meV. This is significantly larger than the value of 0.7 meV for this energy shift calculated by Bakalov Muon Catalyzed Fusion 3, 321 (1988) by a method similar to the present method; recently found excellent agreement of theory with experimental results for the formation rate of the molecule (dd mu )/sub 11/dee was based on Bakalov's value with some modifications. The results of a direct calculation of the finite-size energy shifts in (dd mu )/sub 11/dee using first order perturbation theory are presented. The contribution from the quadrupole component of the (dd mu )/sub 11/ charge distribution, which is not taken into account in the conventional scaling procedure based on the finite-size energy shifts of (dd mu )/sub 11/e, is found to be of the order of 1 meV and to depend on the angular-momentum states of (dd mu )/sub 11/dee. Sources of uncertainty in the current theoretical estimates are also discussed. (25 References).
R. D. Hart, C. R. Cox, E. W. Dodson, M. Eckhause, J. R. Kane, M. S. Pandey, A. M. Ruchton, R. T. Siegel, and RE. Welsh, "Radiative muon capture in calcium," Physical Review Letters, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 399--402, 1977.
Abstract: To study the radiative muon capture rate in mu /sup -/p to n nu gamma the reaction mu /sup -40/Ca to /sup 40/K* nu Gamma is investigated using an 85 MeV/c 'backward' muon beam. The branching ratio for radiative to ordinary muon capture is determined and the photon asymmetry relative to the muon spin direction is measured. The results are compared with the theoretical predictions of Rood, Yano, and Yano (1974). (16 References).
F. J. Hartmann, in EM Cascade and Chemistry of Exotic Atoms, (L. M. Simons and others, eds.), (New York), 1990.
F. J. Hartmann, H. J. Pfeiffer, K. Springer, and H. Daniel, "The influence of the chemical bond and the admixture of hydrogen on the muonic X-ray cascades in iodine and niobium," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 271, no. 4, pp. 353--7, 1974.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray spectra have been measured for NH/sub 4/I and Nb(H). The results are compared with earlier experimental data on I and Nb, and with cascade calculations using various initial populations. While only minor differences between the I lines of NH/sub 4/I and elementary I were observed, big differences between the crossover lines of Nb(H) and Nb were found. In the cases of NH/sub 4/I, I, and Nb the experimental results could well be reproduced by the cascade computations. The mu distribution between N and I in the case of NH/sub 4/I was found to be 0.57+or-0.08, in agreement with recent calculation. (13 References).
F. J. Hartmann, Egidy T. Von, R. Bergmann, M. Kleber, H. J. Pleiffer, K. Springer, and H. Daniel, "Measurement of the muonic X-ray cascade in metallic iron," Physical Review Letters, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 331--4, 1976.
Abstract: Measurements of the muonic X-ray cascade were performed in the 3 to 1900 KeV energy range. The X-ray line intensities of the K, L, M, N and O series have been determined. The results of calculations based on a two-parameter description of the initial distribution limited to one n value (n=principal quantum number), are compared with experiment and it is seen that the intensities of most transitions with 14[left angle bracket]or=n[left angle bracket]or=20 are in good agreement. (13 References).
O. Hartmann, E. Karlsson, L. O. Norlin, T. O. Niinikoski, K. W. Kehr, D. Richter, J-M Welter, A. Yaouanc, and Hericy J. Le, "Studies of mu /sup +/ localization in Cu, Al, and Al alloys in the temperature interval 0.03-100K," Physical Review Letters, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 337--40, 1980.
Abstract: Muon spin-rotation studies on the purest available samples of Al and Cu and on AlMn/sub x/ (x=1300, 57, and 42 ppm) down to temperatures around 50 mK show that the muons are delocalized in pure Al but increasingly localized with increasing Mn content. The temperature variations are discussed in terms of strain localization and trapping in the vicinity of the impurities. For Cu, partial delocalization is observed below 2K, which is probably limited by elastic strains from remaining impurities. (22 References).
F. J. Hartmann and others, "Muonic coulomb capture ratios in fluorines and sulfides," Zeitschrift Für Physik A, vol. 308, pp. 103--105, 1982.
F. J. Hartmann, R. Bergmann, H. Daniel, H-J Pfeiffer, Egidy T. von, and W. Wilhelm, "Measurement of the muonic X-ray cascade in Mg, Al, In, Ho, and Au," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 305, no. 3, pp. 189--204, 1982.
Abstract: The muonic X-ray cascades in metallic targets of Mg, Al, In, Ho, and Au have been measured with Ge detectors. X-ray intensities from levels with principal quantum numbers up to n=15 were determined. Radiative Coulomb capture of muons to low lying levels was searched for but not found. The experimental intensities could be reproduced by cascade calculations starting at n=20 with properly chosen initial angular momentum distributions, either modified statistical or-in the case of Ho-linear. The electronic K refilling rates for Mg and Al were found to be roughly only one third of the refilling rates for a K hole in an ordinary atom. The full refilling rate, however, is adequate for the heavier elements. (70 References).
F. J. Hartmann, H. Bossy, H. Daniel, Egidy T. Von, W. Neumann, H. Plendl, W. Schott, P. Weissgerber, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, A. Scrinzi, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, C. Petitjean, J. Bistirlich, K. Crowe, M. Justice, and RH. Sherman, "Measurement of gamma rays and muonic X rays in muon-catalyzed fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 53--61, 1988.
Abstract: In an experiment at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research the 20-MeV gamma rays from muon-catalyzed pt fusion were observed for the first time. Liquid protium-tritium mixtures with one, five and forty percent tritium, respectively, were employed. Neutrons from tt fusion and gamma rays from pt fusion were detected to deduce the rates relevant for the pt fusion cycle: the molecular formation rate lambda /sub p mu t/=6.8 mu s/sup -1/ and the fusion rate lambda /sub fpt/=0.07 mu s/sup -1/ (preliminary values). A value different from that reported to mu CF-86 was obtained for the muonic He(K/sub alpha /) yield after dt fusion in liquid by evaluating an extended data set: the new value is Y(K/sub alpha /)=0.21(5)% at a tritium concentration c/sub t/=0.04%. (17 References).
F. J. Hartmann, P. Baumann, H. Daniel, S. Grunewald, R. Lipowsky, E. Moser, W. Neumann, H. S. Plendl, G. Schmidt, W. Schott, Egidy T. Von, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, M. Fuchs, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, H. Bossy, K. Crowe, R. H. Sherman, K. Lou, and C. Petitjean, "The observation of quantum radiation as a tool for investigations on muon catalyzed fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 277--87, 1990.
Abstract: The observation of gamma rays and muonic X rays serves as a tool to investigate special fusion processes, such as pd and pt fusion, but also the processes of sticking and reactivation after muon catalyzed fusion. Even the q/sub 1s/ problem can be tackled by observing X rays from muonic hydrogen. The status of experiment and theory is reviewed. (38 References).
F. J. Hartmann, H. Daniel, W. Neumann, G. Schmidt, and Egidy T. von, "Absolute pionic X-ray intensities in Mg and Fe," Zeitschrift fur Physik A-Hadrons & Nuclei, vol. 341, no. 1, pp. 101--5, 1991.
Abstract: Absolute pionic X-ray intensities have been measured for Mg and Fe. The accuracy achieved was 2% of the line intensity for the most prominent transitions. In the Balmer series of Mg and the Paschen series of Fe the crossover transitions were found to be even more attenuated than the transitions between circular states, as deduced, for example, by comparison with muonic atoms; no crossover transitions were observed in the Fe Balmer series. According to cascade calculations based on the experimental intensities more than half of the pions are absorbed in Fe already from levels with principal quantum number n[right angle bracket]17 by strong interaction. (19 References).
F. J. Hartmann, "The exotic--atom cascade," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 157--165, 1993.
F. J. Hartmann, P. Baumann, H. Daniel, Egidy T. von, S. Grunewald, R. Lipowsky, E. Moser, W. Schott, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Fuchs, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, H. Bossy, K. M. Crowe, R. H. Sherman, K. Lou, C. Petitjean, and VE. Markushin, "The PSI experiments on muon-catalyzed pt fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 259--69, 1993.
Abstract: The experiments on pt fusion performed at Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland, are described. Liquid triple mixtures of protium, deuterium and tritium with low concentrations on deuterium and tritium were used. Gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons and, for the first time, conversion muons, were measured. Preliminary results are: Rate for spin flip from the triplet to the singlet state of t mu (1s), lambda /sub 10/=(1.0+or-0.2)*10/sup 3/ mu s/sup -1/; rate for muon-catalyzed pt fusion from the (I=1) nuclear-spin state, lambda /sub pt//sup f/(I=1)=0.07+or-0.01 mu s/sup -1/; and the molecular formation rate, lambda /sub pt//sup m/=(7.5+or-1.3) mu s/sup -1/ (all normalized to liquid hydrogen density). (27 References).
F. J. Hartmann, D. Taqqu, and others, "Frictional cooling of low--energy muons and application to the measurement of the $\mu^-p$ kinetic--energy distribution," PSI Proposal, vol. R--94--04, 1994.
O. Hartmann, M. Ekstrom, S. W. Lidstrom, and E. Karlsson, "Trapping of positive muons in molybdenum," J. Alloy. Compd., vol. 231, pp. 252-254, 1995.
Abstract: Diffusion and trapping of positive muons in pure Mo and in Mo doped with Nb has been studied. The intrinsic muon jump rate is fast on the mu SR timescale, and is only indirectly observed through trapping and release from impurities. With the Nb doping it is found that two major types of trap appear, and that in both types of trap a large fraction of the muons is localized at the interstitial sites closest to the Nb atom.
F. J. Hartmann, H. Daniel, C. Maierl, M. Muhlbauer, W. Schott, P. Wojciechowski, P. Hauser, C. Petitjean, D. Taqqu, F. Kottmann, and V. E. Markushin, "Experiments with low-energy muons," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 102, pp. 623-632, 1996.
Abstract: Two experiments with low-energy muons are described: the determination of the stopping power of C, Si, Ti and Au for muons at energies down to 2 keV and the measurement of the diffusion times for P mu and d mu atoms in low-pressure (0.2512 hPa) hydrogen gas. A pronounced Parkas effect was found for muons at the Bragg peak (about 10 keV): the stopping power for mu(-) in C, e.g., is about 30% lower than that for mu(+). The mean kinetic energy of p mu atoms at the end of the cascade in 1 hPa hydrogen gas was determined to be (2.6+/-0.6) eV (preliminary value).
F. J. Hartmann and others, "Kinetic energy of muonic hydrogen atoms after muonic atom formation and cascade," PSI Annual Report, vol. Annexe I, 1996.
F. J. Hartmann, "The $\barp$--He atoms -- an antiproton trap," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 175--184, 1999.
O. Hashimoto, S. Nagamiya, A. K. Nagamine, and T. Yamazaki, "Total muon captures rates in actinide nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 62B, no. 2, pp. 233--6, 1976.
Abstract: Lifetimes of negative muons bound to /sup 232/Th, /sup 235/U /sup 238/U and /sup 239/Pu have been determined to be 80.4+or-2.0 ns (/sup 232/Th), 78+or-4 ns(/sup 235/U), 81.5+or-2.0 ns(/sup 238/U) and 77.5+or-2.0 ns(/sup 239/Pu) by observing decay electrons from muons. Systematics of total muon capture rates is discussed. They are also compared with the lifetimes determined by fission fragments in view of possible fission-isomer excitation by muons. (13 References).
O. Hashimoto, "$\Lambda$ hypernuclei and their deeply bound states," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 245--252, 1996.
M. D. Hasinoff, "Future plans at TRIUMF," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 277--287, 1993.
M. D. Hasinoff, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, M. Blecher, C. Q. Chen, P. Depommier, B. Doyle, Egidy T. von, T. P. Gorringe, R. S. Henderson, G. Jonkmans, A. J. Larabee, J. A. Macdonald, S. C. McDonald, M. Munro, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, D. G. Sample, W. Schott, A. Serna-Angel, G. N. Taylor, D. H. Wright, and NS. Zhang, "Radiative muon capture and renormalization of the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant in nuclei," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 312-32, 1993.
Abstract: Radiative muon capture (RMC), mu /sup -/Z to v/sub mu /(Z-1) gamma , is a weak semi-leptonic process which is particularly sensitive to the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant, g/sub p/, of the weak harmonic current. After a brief introduction and review of the general theoretical background relevant to RMC, the most recent data from TRIUMF and PSI are presented and compared to the latest theoretical calculations. The extracted g/sub p/ values are compared to the PCAC prediction for RMC on a free proton to determine whether or not there is any significant renormalization of g/sub p/ inside the nuclear medium. A progress report on the TRIUMF RMC experiment on hydrogen is also presented. (75 References).
M. D. Hasinoff, S. Ahmad, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, M. Blecher, C. Q. Chen, T. P. Gorringe, R. Henderson, J. A. MacDonald, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, D. G. Sample, A. Serna-Angel, G. N. Taylor, D. H. Wright, and NS. Zhang, "The radiative muon capture spectrometer at TRIUMF," in Pan XIII. Particles and Nuclei. 13th International Conference, (A. Pascolini, ed.), pp. 799-801, 1994.
Abstract: A large acceptance medium resolution pair spectrometer has been constructed at TRIUMF to measure radiative muon capture on hydrogen. The detector elements are arranged in concentric cylinders inside a uniform axial magnetic field (typically 0.24 T). The largest element is a four layer cylindrical drift chamber 90 cm long with an inner (outer) radius of 30.2 cm (58.0 cm). Some layers are wired axially but another is wired in STEREO at 7.5 degrees with respect to the axis in order to provide an axial coordinate for helical charged particle trajectories. Each of the 272 cells contains 6 instrumented anode sense wires with individual amplifiers and TDC readout. The sense wires are made of 20 mu m diameter gold-plated tungsten while the more numerous field shaping wires are made of 150, 178 and 300 mu m diameter gold-plated aluminum. The scintillation counter is also discussed. (2 References).
M. D. Hasinoff, S. Ahmad, and DS. Armstrong, "Radiative muon capture on hydrogen and the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, no. 1-4, pp. 181--8, 1996.
Abstract: The first observation of the elementary process mu /sup -/p to nu /sub mu /n gamma is reported. The muons were stopped in a purified liquid hydrogen target and captured mainly on the ortho p mu p molecule. The photons were converted to e/sup +/e/sup -/ pairs which were analyzed in a medium-resolution high-acceptance magnetic spectrometer. This reaction is particularly sensitive to the pseudoscalar coupling constant, g/sub p/, which was found to be: g/sub p/(q/sup 2/=-0.88m/sub mu //sup 2/)=(10.0+or-0.9+or-0.3).g/sub a/(0). This value of g/sub p/, determined from the photon energy spectrum using a perturbation theory calculation based on tree-level Feynman diagrams, is approximately=1.5 times the theoretical value, (6.70+or-0.18).g/sub a/(0). (12 References).
A. Hatef, Motlagh SN Hoseini, and H. Naid, "Kinetics of Muon Catalyzed Fusion in D/T/H mixture considering muon transfer from hydrogen isotopes to helium isotopes," International Journal of Modern Physics C-Physics & Computers, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 525--39, 2002.
Abstract: In this paper the kinetics of Muon Catalyzed Fusion ( mu CF) in H/D/T mixture, considering the muon transfer from hydrogen isotopes (p,d,t) to helium isotopes (/sup 3/He, /sup 4/He) in the range of temperatures of 300 K[left angle bracket]T[left angle bracket]1300 K at the density of Phi =1 LHD, is presented. Calculation of cycling rate in different branches of fusion such as dt mu , pt mu , pd mu , dd mu , tt mu and energy gain showed that in certain physical conditions, the H/D/T mixture is comparable to D/T one. Finally the results of this research are compared with the experimental results reported by other researchers; and good agreements were found. (22 References).
P. Hauser, Arb HP von, A. Biancchetti, H. Hofer, F. Kottmann, C. Luchinger, R. Schaeren, F. Studer, and J. Unternahrer, "Search for the 2S-2P energy difference in muonic /sup 4/He ions," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 2363--77, 1992.
Abstract: The authors searched for laser-induced 2S/sub 1/2/-2P/sub 3/2/ transitions in ( mu /sup -4/He)/sup +/ ions at low pressure (4.1 kPa), where they determined a 2S lifetime of 1.014+or-0.121 mu s from the simultaneously measured 2S to 1S two-photon transitions. In contrast to a similar experiment in He gas of 40 bar (4*10/sup 6/ Pa) reported by Carboni et al. (Nucl. Phys. A278, 381 (1977)), which was based on the questionable metastability of the 2S state at that pressure, they found no resonance effect at the wavelength lambda =811.7 nm. They can reject this wavelength with a confidence level of less than 2*10/sup -3/, and the interval 811.4[left angle bracket]or= lambda [left angle bracket]or=812.0 nm with a greater than 95% probability. (30 References).
P. Hauser, "Laser induced 3D $\to$ 3P and 4S $\to$ 4P transition in muonic hydrogen," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 67--76, 1993.
P. Hauser, F. Kottmann, C. Lüchinger, and R. Schaeren, "Slowing down of negative muons in gaseous H$_2$ and determination of the stopping power," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 235--241, 1993.
P. Hauser, F. Kottmann, Ch. Lüchinger, and R. Schaeren, "Laser spectroscopy in muonic helium and hydrogen," in LEMS'93, (M. Leon, ed.), (Los Alamos), 1994.
P. Hauser, "Laser spectroscopy in light muonic atoms," in Yamada Conference XL IV. Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei, (H. Ejiri, T. Kishimoto, and T. Sato, eds.), pp. 93--6, 1995.
Abstract: High precision measurements of transition energies in light muonic atoms are planned at PSI to determine QED vacuum polarization or the rms radius of the nucleus. The necessary precision can only be reached with laser spectroscopy which in turn requires high muon stop densities in low pressure targets. To approach this goal a ultra-low energy muon beam is being built at PSI. The status of the project and first experiments are presented. (17 References).
P. Hauser, "Laser spectroscopy in light muonic atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, no. 1-4, pp. 175--80, 1996.
Abstract: High-precision measurements of transition energies in light muonic atoms are planned at PSI to determine QED vacuum polarization or the RMS radius of the nucleus. The necessary precision can only be reached with laser spectroscopy which in turn requires high muon stop densities in low-pressure targets. To approach this goal an ultra-low-energy muon beam is being built at PSI. The status of the project and first experiments are presented. (18 References).
P. Hauser, K. Kirch, F. Kottmann, and LM. Simons, "Absolute X-ray yields of light muonic atoms," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 411, no. 2-3, pp. 389--95, 1998.
Abstract: "The intensity of muonic X-rays was measured in Ne, O/sub 2/, N/sub 2/, He, and H/sub 2/ gas at low densities for which external electron refilling can be neglected. Absolute yields were extracted and compared to results of cascade calculations. Knowledge of the yields of the circular (n+1
P. Hauser, K. Kirch, L. M. Simons, G. Borchet, D. Gotta, Th Siems, P. El-Khoury, P. Indelicato, M. Augsburger, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, and DF. Anagnostopoulos, "New precision measurement of the pionic deuterium s-wave strong interaction parameters," Physical Review C, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. R1869-72, 1998.
Abstract: The X-rays of the pionic deuterium 2p-1s transition were measured with a high resolution crystal spectrometer including a cyclotron trap (a magnetic device to increase the pion stopping density) and a CCD (charge-coupled device) detector system. The 1s strong interaction shift epsilon /sub 1s/ and total width Gamma /sub 1s/ were determined from the position and line shape of the X-ray peak. The (complex) pionic deuterium s-wave scattering length a/sub pi -d/ was deduced. Its real part was related to the pion-nucleon scattering lengths, and the isoscalar coupling constant for pi /sup -/ absorption was deduced from the imaginary part. (21 References).
P. Hauser, K. Kirch, F. Kottmann, and LM. Simons, "Absolute X-ray yields of light muonic atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 71--6, 1999.
Abstract: The intensities of X-rays from muonic atoms formed in low pressure Ne, O/sub 2/, N/sub 2/, He, and H/sub 2/ gas was measured. For the pressure chosen external electron refilling can be neglected. Absolute yields were extracted and compared to results of cascade calculations. Knowledge of the yields of the circular X-ray transitions allows an in situ efficiency calibration of X-ray detectors down to energies of 1.5 keV. (12 References).
O. Hausser and IS. Towner, "Hyperfine interaction studies in nuclear physics," in Hyperfine interactions of radioactive nuclei, no. (J. Christiansen, ed.), pp. 45-132, 1983.
Abstract: Hyperfine interaction studies have made, and continue to make, substantial contributions towards the understanding of nuclear structure. Following the overview, an elementary section is devoted to a discussion of the various quantities that describe the distributions of charge and magnetism in nuclei. As the sources of nuclear hyperfine fields the authors consider electronic and mesic atoms, and solid crystal lattices. Several topics which have had a significant impact on nuclear structure physics, and which appear promising for the near future, have then been selected for a more detailed description. A section on laser spectroscopy is linked to a discussion of the electromagnetic moments of unusual nuclear states, i.e. nuclei far off the stability line and superdeformed states in actinide nuclei. Measurements on high-spin states provide an improved understanding of the rotational alignment of particle spins in the direction of the collective angular momentum occurring under the stress of large rotational frequencies. Finally, the authors discuss how hyperfine interaction experiments may serve to probe hadronic currents and weak interactions. The evidence for mesonic exchange currents from magnetic moments of simple, nearly spherical nuclei is presented, and investigations of weak magnetism and of second-class currents in nuclear beta decay are shown to rely crucially on the methods of hyperfine interaction physics. (202 References).
O. Hausser, "Experiments with polarized /sup 3/He and muonic /sup 3/He: pion elastic scattering and muon capture," in Few-Body Systems Supplementum, pp. 69-82, 1995.
Abstract: Novel asymmetry measurements on the A=3 system using secondary beams of pions and muons have recently become feasible. Asymmetries A/sub y/ for pi /sup +/ elastic scattering have been measured for the first time across the P/sub 33/ resonance region. The asymmetries are large and change sign between 180 and 256 MeV. The data disagree in detail with calculations that use Faddeev wave-functions for /sup 3/He and first-order optical potentials. Inclusion of a Delta -neutron spin-spin interaction greatly improves the agreement with the data. Muonic /sup 3/He has been polarized on the time scale of the muon lifetime by direct spin exchange with optically pumped Rb vapor. Asymmetries for 1.9 MeV tritons from muon capture have been observed for the first time. With future improvements of the experiment the vector analyzing power for the tritons may provide an accurate and nearly model independent value for the induced pseudoscalar coupling g/sub p/ of the weak interaction. (26 References).
W. C. Haxton, E. M. Henley, and M. J. Musolf, "Nucleon and nuclear anapole moments," Physical Review Letters, vol. 63, 1989.
W. C. Haxton and C. Johnson, "Weak-interaction rates in /sup 16/O," Physical Review Letters, vol. 65, no. 11, pp. 1325--8, 1990.
Abstract: The authors describe a full nonspurious 4h(cross) omega shell-model calculation that successfully reproduces the low-lying spectrum of /sup 16/O, including the superdeformed 0/sup +/ (6.05 MeV) state, and discuss its connection with the coexistence model. This treatment provides a realistic microscopic framework for discussing various electroweak processes: E2 transitions in /sup 16/O, the role of exchange currents and the pseudoscalar coupling constant in the 0/sup +/ to or from 0/sup -/ beta -decay and mu -capture transition, and the evaluation of the Gamow-Teller inclusive response function. (13 References).
RS. Hayano, "Exotic halos-interplay of Sigma hypernuclei and exotic atoms," in Proceedings of the 18th INS International Symposium on Physics with High-Intensity Hadron Accelerators, (S. Kubono and T. Nomura, eds.), pp. 341-9, 1991.
Abstract: An exotic halo denotes a system which consists of a nuclear core and a fuzzy cloud of exotic particle surrounding the core. Three examples of exotic halos will be presented: Sigma /sup -/ hypernuclei, /sub Sigma //sup 4/He and deeply-bound pionic atoms. (8 References).
RS. Hayano, "Experimental searches for deeply bound pionic atoms," in International Workshop on Pions in Nuclei, (E. Oset, Vacas MJ Vicente, and Recio CG. Garcia, eds.), pp. 330-6, 1992.
Abstract: Efforts to search for deeply-bound pionic atoms are described. The author has so far carried out two experiments, /sup 208/Pb(n,p) at TRIUMF and /sup 208/Pb(d,2p) at Saturne. Both experiments have reached the sensitivity of the PWIA prediction, but no peaks have been found. (4 References).
R. S. Hayano and others, "Laser studies of the decay chain of metastable antiprotonic helium atoms," INS--rep Preprint 1029, 1994.
RS. Hayano, "Antiprotonic helium atoms: a historical account," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, no. 1-4, pp. 311--19, 1996.
Abstract: We have recently succeeded in the laser spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium atoms (i.e., an exotic three-body system consisting of an electron, an antiproton and a helium nucleus), and the rest of the symposium is devoted to its discussion. This article describes how professor Yamazaki has come to work on this charming exotic system. (25 References).
R. S. Hayano, S. Hirenzaki, and A. Gillitzer, "Formation of eta/omega-mesic nuclei using the recoilless (d,He3) reaction," Eur. Phys. J. A, vol. 6, pp. 99-105, 1999.
Abstract: We discuss the possibility to use the recoilless (d, He-3) reaction to produce bound states of eta and omega mesons in light nuclei. We calculate meson bound states in the nucleus using an optical potential and their formation cross sections with the Green function method: and show that it should be feasible to experimentally observe mesic nuclei in the excitation energy spectrum and to deduce the meson mass shift in nuclei. This method discussed here is complementary to the dilepton invariant-mass spectroscopy, commonly used to study in-medium vector meson masses.
RS. Hayano, "Do eta -mesic nuclei exist?," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A691, no. 1-2, pp. 367--73, 2001.
Abstract: In our recent experiment using the recoilless (d,/sup 3/He) reactions, we successfully observed deeply-bound states (1s and 2p) of pionic lead. The observed strong-interaction shifts and widths can set stringent constraints on the local-part of the pion-nucleus optical potential parameters, which in turn can be used to estimate the `effective pion mass' in the nucleus. Possibilities to extend this method of recoilless production of meson-nucleus bound states to study the in-medium behavior of other mesons, such as eta and omega are discussed. (20 References).
A. C. Hayes and IS. Towner, "Shell-model calculations of neutrino scattering from /sup 12/C," Physical Review C, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 044603/1-7, 2000.
Abstract: Neutrino reaction cross sections ( nu /sub mu /, mu /sup -/), ( nu /sub e/,e/sup -/) and mu -capture and photoabsorption rates on /sup 12/C are computed within a large-basis shell-model framework, which included excitations up to 4h(cross) omega . When ground-state correlations are included with an open p shell the predictions of the calculations are in reasonable agreement with most of the experimental results for these reactions. Woods-Saxon radial wave functions are used, with their asymptotic forms matched to the experimental separation energies for bound states, and matched to a binding energy of 0.01 MeV for unbound states. We obtain, for the neutrino-absorption inclusive cross sections (but excluding the /sup 12/N ground-state contribution) sigma =13.2*10/sup -40/ cm/sup 2/ for the ( nu /sub mu /, mu /sup -/) decay-in-flight flux in agreement with the LSND datum of (11.7+or-1.8)*10/sup -40/ cm/sup 2/ and sigma =4.1*10/sup -42/ cm/sup 2/ for the ( nu /sub e/,e/sup -/) decay-at-rest flux, less than the experimental result of (5.4+or-0.8)*10/sup -42/ cm/sup 2/. (27 References).
A. C. Hayes, P. Navratil, and JP. Vary, "Neutrino-/sup 12/C scattering in the ab initio shell model with a realistic three-body interaction," Physical Review Letters, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 012502/1-4, 2003.
Abstract: We investigate cross sections for neutrino-C/sup 12/ exclusive scattering and for muon capture on /sup 12/C using wave functions obtained in the ab initio no-core shell model. In our parameter-free calculations with basis spaces up to the 6h(cross) Omega we show that realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions, like, e.g., the CD-Bonn, underpredict the experimental cross sections by more than a factor of 2. By including a realistic three-body interaction, Tucson-Melbourne TM'(99), the cross sections are enhanced significantly and a much better agreement with experiment is achieved. At the same time, the TM'(99) interaction improves the calculated level ordering in C/sup 12/. The comparison between the CD-Bonn and the three-body calculations provides strong confirmation for the need to include a realistic three-body interaction to account for the spin-orbit strength in p-shell nuclei. (21 References).
S. E. Haywood, H. J. Monkhorst, and K. Szalewicz, "Variational sticking-fraction calculations for the ground state of the td mu molecular ion," Physical Review A, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 3393--8, 1988.
Abstract: The authors have used variational wave functions for the ground state of the td mu molecular ion to find the probability that after the t-d fusion the system will be in a state with the muon bound to the alpha particle. This probability, known as the sticking fraction, was found to be 0.8860*10/sup -2/. (13 References).
S. E. Haywood, H. J. Monkhorst, and K. Szalewicz, "Variational sticking-fraction calculations for the excited states of the td mu molecular ion," Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1634--8, 1989.
Abstract: "The authors have calculated variational wave functions for the excited states of the td mu molecule using a Coulombic Hamiltonian. These functions were used to find the probability, known as the sticking fraction, that after fusion the muon would remain bound to the alpha particle. The sticking fractions were found to be (0.888+or-0.002)*10/sup -2/ for the J=0
S. E. Haywood, H. J. Monkhorst, and SA. Alexander, "Sticking fractions of td mu and dd mu using random-tempered basis sets," Physical Review A, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 5847--52, 1991.
Abstract: The authors have calculated the bound-state sticking fractions of the td mu and dd mu molecular ions using basis sets of random-tempered Slater geminal functions. These values show that states with the same angular momentum procedure sticking fractions that are almost identical. In addition, they have investigated the effect of different particle masses on the sticking fraction and have computed the energy of the very weakly bound td mu (11) state to an accuracy of 1 mu eV. (22 References).
Ju He, Zhao-Xi Zhang, and Zuo-xiu. He, "On the 'direct channel diagram' of the production of the ( pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/)s S-state atoms," Physica Energiae Fortis et Physica Nuclearis, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 297--303, 1979.
Abstract: The authors work out the relativistic covariant B-S wave function for the ( pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/)s atoms. Some properties of the 'direct channel diagram' of the production the ( pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/)s atoms are discussed by calculating the cross-section of the process pi /sup +/+n to p+( pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/)s with the help of the relativistic covariant wave function and assuming the lowest term in the perturbation expansion series of the quantized composite field theory-the 'direct channel diagram' is dominant. Besides this calculation perhaps presents a rough estimate for the interesting process mu /sup +/+n to ( mu /sup +/ pi /sup -/)+p. (5 References).
M. Hebert, "Searching for muon to electron conversion below the 10/sup -16/ level," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A721, no. , pp. 461c-4c, 2003.
Abstract: The Muon to Electron COnversion or MECO experiment designed to search for muon to electron conversion, aims to achieve a sensitivity of about 2*10/sup -17/. To reach the sensitivity goal, a pulsed high flux muon beam produced when a proton beam is incident on a target in a graded solenoidal field, is utilized. The detector has ~900 keV electron energy resolution and is designed to minimize the background from the beam and maximize efficiency for signal electrons. (8 References).
B. Heisinger, M. Niedermayer, F. J. Hartmann, G. Korschinek, E. Nolte, G. Morteani, S. Neumaier, C. Petitjean, P. Kubik, A. Synal, and S. Ivy-Ochs, "In-situ production of radionuclides at great depths," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials & Atoms, vol. 123, no. 1-4, pp. 341--6, 1997.
Abstract: "The depth dependent in situ production of radionuclides has been measured and calculated taking into account spallation reactions, reactions with captured negative and fast muons and background reactions. The following probabilities f* of particle emission channels after mu /sup -/ capture have been measured: O( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu / alpha pxn)/sup 10/Be
B. Heisinger, D. Lal, AJT Jull, P. Kubik, S. Ivy-Ochs, K. Knie, and E. Nolte, "Production of selected cosmogenic radionuclides by muons: 2. Capture of negative muons," Earth & Planetary Science Letters, vol. 200, no. 3-4, pp. 357--69, 2002.
Abstract: For pt.1 see ibid., vol.200, no.3-4, p.345-55 (2002). We have determined the production yields for radionuclides in Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, SiO/sub 2/, S, Ar, K/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, CaCO/sub 3/, Fe, Ni and Cu targets, which were irradiated with slow negative muons at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen (Switzerland). The fluences of the stopped negative muons were determined by measuring the muonic X-rays. The concentrations of the long-lived and short-lived radionuclides were measured with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and gamma -spectroscopy, respectively. Special emphasis was put on the radionuclides /sup 10/Be, /sup 14/C and /sup 26/Al produced in quartz targets, /sup 26/Al in Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and S targets, /sup 36/Cl in K/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ and CaCO/sub 3/ targets, and /sup 53/Mn in Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ targets. These targets were selected because they are also the naturally occurring target minerals for cosmic ray interactions in typical rocks. We also present results of calculations for depth-dependent production rates of radionuclides produced after cosmic ray mu /sup -/ capture, as well as cosmic ray-induced production rates of geologically relevant radionuclides produced by the nucleonic component, by mu /sup -/ capture, by fast muons and by neutron capture. (51 References).
K. Helfrich, "Extended universal correlation diagrams for the quantum mechanical one--electron two--center problem," Zeitschrift Für Physik D, vol. 13, pp. 295--299, 1989.
L. Heller and WR. Gibbs, "pi /sup -/ capture on the deuteron as a dibaryon search," Physical Review C, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 1896--901, 1989.
Abstract: The authors consider radiative capture of a pi /sup -/ from an atomic orbital around deuterium into a bound NN pi system with two units of isospin. It is found that it is a feasible method to search for such hypothetical states. (15 References).
M. Heming, E. Roduner, B. D. Patterson, W. Odermatt, J. Schneider, H. Baumeler, H. Keller, and IM. Savic, "Detection of muonated free radicals through the effects of avoided level crossing. Theory and analysis of spectra," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 100--6, 1986.
Abstract: A treatment is developed for the analysis of mu SR spectra of muonium-substituted free radicals detected under conditions of avoided level crossing in high longitudinal magnetic fields. Approximate analytical results are compared with those of numerical calculations, and an experimental example is presented. (20 References).
R. Hempelmann, M. Soetratmo, O. Hartmann, and R. Waeppling, "Muon diffusion and trapping in proton conducting oxides," Solid State Ionics, vol. 107, no. 3-4, pp. 269--80, 1998.
Abstract: Trapping as a main feature of proton diffusion in proton conducting oxides was investigated by means of muon spin relaxation measurements, with the positive muon as tracer. In Sc-doped SrZrO/sub 3/, a system with representative physico-chemical properties and favourable nuclear magnetic moments, the muons are trapped at single Sc ions at a distance of 2.49 AA with a binding energy of 0.2 eV, in accordance with previous proton results. The muons form muoxide ions which are directed along the bisector of two oxygen-oxygen connection lines. The mu SR spectra could quantitatively be described in terms of a two-state model for the muon diffusion comprising random sequences of trapping events and free diffusion periods. (29 References).
R. S. Henderson, R. J. Dawson, M. D. Hasinoff, G. Azuelos, S. Ahmad, A. Serna-Angel, M. Blecher, T. P. Gorringe, B. C. Robertson, and DH. Wright, "A cylindrical drift chamber for radiative muon capture experiments at TRIUMF," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 1116-19, 1990.
Abstract: Radiative muon capture (RMC), mu Z to nu (Z-1) gamma , is a process which is particularly sensitive to the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant, g/sub p/, which is still very poorly determined experimentally. Due to the extremely small branching ratio ( approximately 6*10/sup -8/), the elementary reaction mu p to nu n gamma has never been measured. To date, efforts have been concentrated on nuclear RMC where the branching ratio is much larger, but the interpretation of these results is hindered by nuclear structure uncertainties. A measurement is being carried out at TRIUMF to determine the rate of RMC on hydrogen to a precision of 8%, leading to a determination of g/sub p/ with an error of 10%. The detection system is based on a large-volume cylindrical drift chamber, in an axial magnetic field, acting as an e/sup +/e/sup -/ pair spectrometer with a solid angle of approximately=2 pi . At a magnetic field of 2.7 kG, the acceptance of 70-MeV photons is about 0.8% for a 1.0-mm-thick Pb photon converter. Monte Carlo calculations indicate a photon energy resolution of [left angle bracket]or=9% FWHM at 60 MeV and [left angle bracket]or=13% at 129 MeV. A spectrometer resolution of 12% at 129 MeV has been measured to date. The design, construction, and performance of the cylindrical drift chamber are discussed. (7 References).
CGL Henderson, F. D. Brooks, and WA. Cilliers, "Techniques for measuring initial sticking in d-t fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 327--35, 1993.
Abstract: Monte Carlo simulations are used to compare experimental techniques for the direct measurement of the initial sticking coefficient omega /sub s//sup 0/ in muon-catalyzed d-t fusion. Three methods based on observing alpha-neutron coincidences from fusions in a low-density D/sub 2/-T/sub 2/ gas target are investigated. The experimental systems use either a surface barrier detector or a thin plastic scintillator to detect the alpha and alpha mu , and mylar windows or a thin coating of aluminium oxide to protect this detector from the tritium activity in the target. (6 References).
C. G. L. Henderson and others, "Simulation and emulation of direct measurements of $\omega _0$ in $dt$ µCF," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5/6, pp. 405--411, 1990/91.
Z. Henis, S. Eliezer, and VB. Mandelzweig, "Can the mu alpha stripping probability be enhanced by strong electromagnetic fields?," Physics Letters A, vol. 146, no. 4, pp. 222--5, 1990.
Abstract: The possibility to enhance the stripping probability of alpha mu by strong electromagnetic fields is investigated. The muon trapped at the helium atom ground state can be transferred to the 2P state of alpha mu by an X-ray laser with a photon resonant to the 2P-1S transition. Then the muon is transferred to the ground state of t mu or d mu and so it is released for another fusion cycle. The efficiency of the above scheme is calculated. (12 References).
Z. Henis and S. Eliezer, "Enhancement of the muon-catalyzed fusion cycle under laser irradiation," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 5820--4, 1990.
Abstract: It is suggested that the rate of the muon-catalyzed fusion cycle can be increased by powerful electromagnetic fields. The fraction of muons reaching the deuterium ground state Q/sub IS/ can be decreased (thus increasing the fusion cycle) by changing the route of the muon-deexcitation cascade under laser irradiation. The muon cascade is determined by a competition between radiative transitions, external Auger transitions, quenching of the muon levels, and transfer processes. The muon-transfer cross section from the 2S level of deuterium is larger by a factor of about 5 than the transfer cross section from the 2P level. Therefore the following two-step process is proposed in order to enhance the rate of the muon transfer (1): (a) a laser-induced transition between the levels 2P and 2S of the deuterium (b) muon transfer by collisions to the tritium 2S level. The results show that a 0.2-eV laser (the Lamb shift in deuterium) with an intensity of about 10/sup 9/ W/cm/sup 2/ can decrease the value of Q/sub 1S/ by a factor of 3. (17 References).
Z. Henis, S. Eliezer, D. Neuhauser, and M. Baer, "Quantum-mechanical treatment of muon-transfer process: a heavy-particle exchange approach," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 4791--9, 1990.
Abstract: In this work the muon transfer process A+ mu B to A mu +B is treated in a similar way to that used in chemical reactions. Two processes were considered: the exothermic reaction d+p mu to d mu +p and the thermoneutral reaction d+d mu to d mu +d, where the two deuterons are treated as distinguishable particles. Energy-dependence (0.5[left angle bracket]or=E[left angle bracket]or=10 eV) reaction probabilities and integral cross sections were calculated by solving the three-body Schrodinger equation using the mass-scaled Jacobi coordinates (R,r) and the orientation angle gamma . After the gamma eigenvalue problem is solved at fixed (R,r), the scattering matrix is calculated. It is shown that the contribution of closed vibrational states (so-called 'nonadiabatic' corrections) changes the behavior of the muon transfer cross section. (16 References).
Z. Henis and S. Eliezer, "Enhancement of the muon transfer process under laser irradiation," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 509--14, 1991.
Abstract: It is suggested that the fraction of muons reaching the deuterium ground state Q/sub 1S/ can be decreased by changing the route of the muon deexcitation cascade under laser irradiation. The results show that a 0.2 eV laser (the Lamb shift in deuterium) with an intensity of about 10/sup 9/ W/cm/sup 2/ can decrease the value of Q/sub 1S/ by a factor of three. (8 References).
Z. Henis and S. Eliezer, "Population inversion in a muon catalyzed fusion medium and the possibility of X-ray lasing," Physics Letters A, vol. 152, no. 9, pp. 472--6, 1991.
Abstract: It is suggested that a population inversion of the levels of d mu atoms occurs in a muon irradiated deuterium-tritium mixture. The measurements of the transition n=3 to n=2 (370 eV photons) can shed light on the Q/sub 1S/ (the ground state population of d mu atoms) problem. The possibility of creating an X-ray laser with photon energy of 370 eV during muon cascade is discussed. (13 References).
Z. Henis and S. Eliezer, "X-ray lasing during muon cascade," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 515--19, 1991.
Abstract: It is suggested that a population inversion of the levels of d mu atoms occurs in a muon irradiated deuterium-tritium mixture. The measurement of the transition n=3 to n=2 (370 eV photons) can shed light on the Q/sub 1S/ (the ground state population of d mu atoms) problem. The possibility of creating an X-ray laser with photon energy of 370 eV during the muon cascade is discussed. (10 References).
Z. Henis and S. Eliezer, "Semiclassical study of the muon transfer process between hydrogen isotopes in strong electromagnetic fields," Laser & Particle Beams, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 135--44, 1992.
Abstract: The possibility of enhancement of the muon transfer process between hydrogen isotopes in the field of an intense electromagnetic wave is discussed. The muon transfer cross section between the ground states of deuterium and tritium under laser irradiation is calculated from a semiclassical model. It is shown in this case that the muon transfer cross section is hardly affected, even at the very large laser intensities of the order of 10/sup 16/ W/cm/sup 2/. (25 References).
B. L. Henke, E. M. Gullikson, and J. C. Davis, "X-ray interactions: photoabsorption, scattering, transmissions, and reflections at E=50--30000 eV, Z=1--92," Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, vol. 54, pp. 181--342, 1993.
EM. Henley, "Parity violation at medium energies," in Proceedings of an International Symposium on Interaction Studies in Nuclei, (H. Jochim and B. Ziegler, eds.), pp. 471-86, 1975.
Abstract: Parity violation (PV) in the N-N system at higher energies, and PV in pionic and in muonic atoms are discussed. The last of these phenomena is of particular interest to determine whether neutral currents are parity violating. (13 References).
E. M. Henley, F. R. Krejs, and L. Wilets, "Nuclear polarization in muonic He ions," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A256, no. 3, pp. 349--61, 1976.
Abstract: A simple application of second-order perturbation theory is shown to provide an accurate method with which to evaluate nuclear polarization effects in light muonic atoms. The technique, in conjunction with oscillator nuclear wave functions, is used to evaluate the effect on the splitting of the 2P/sub 3/2/-2S/sub 1/2/ states of muonic /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He. Comparisons with recent experimental measurements in /sup 4/He and with other calculations are presented. A small discrepancy which could be accounted for by a slightly larger nuclear radius than the presently accepted value was found. (12 References).
EM. Henley, "Do the weak neutral currents cause parity non-conserving eN and mu N forces?," Comments on Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 79--87, 1977.
Abstract: The author reports on experiments leading to a possible detection of weak neutral currents between charged leptons and nucleons. Theory predicts this force to be parity non-conserving. These PNC effects are discussed with reference to e-N scattering, muonic atoms and ordinary electronic atoms. (17 References).
E. M. Henley, M. A. Alberg, and L. Wilets, "The K/sup -/ nucleon interaction and the K/sup -/ nucleus optical potential," Nukleonika, vol. 25, no. 3-4, pp. 567--76, 1980.
Abstract: An analysis of low energy K/sup -/-nucleon scattering is presented. The authors' work in developing K/sup -/ nucleus optical potentials is reviewed. (10 References).
M. Hennebach, "The new pionic hydrogen experiment at PSI," Progress in Particle & Nuclear Physics, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 363--5, 2003.
Abstract: A new high-precision determination of the strong-interaction shift ( epsilon /sub 1s/) and broadening ( Gamma /sub 1s/) of the ground state in pionic hydrogen ( pi H) has been started at PSI. This constitutes a direct measurement of the pi N scattering lengths a/sup +/ and a/sup -/ and is an important test of the methods of chiral perturbation theory. (9 References).
J. Herberz, G. Fricke, T. Hennemann, G. Mallot, M. Reuter, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and W. Reichart, "Nuclear charge radii of stable neon isotopes from muonic atoms," Sin Newsletter, vol. 19, no. , pp. 51-2, 1987.
Abstract: A systematic study of the nuclear charge radii and radii differences due to the addition of neutrons and protons has been performed by a collaboration of groups from Fribourg, Los Alamos and Mainz over a large region of the periodic table. In order to further test the analogy in the behaviour of nuclear charge radii between the magic neutron numbers N=8 and N=20, measurements with enriched ([right angle bracket]90%) stable neon isotopes /sup 20,21,22/Ne have been made at the SIN muon channels. (7 References).
D. Herold, M. Tomaselli, and L. Grunbaum, "Microscopic description of muonic bismuth," Physics Letters B, vol. 49B, no. 3, pp. 246--8, 1974.
Abstract: The resonance process in muonic bismuth has been calculated using a microscopic particle-core coupling model. The results are in good agreement with available experimental data. (11 References).
W.-D. Herold, "Untersuchung über die Eignung der Gasszintillation als Prozess zum nachweis schneller geladener Teilchen", 1982.
M. Hesse and D. Baye, "Lagrange-mesh calculations of excited states of three-body atoms and molecules," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1425--42, 2001.
Abstract: Energies of S and P bound states of the helium atom He, the hydrogen ion H/sup -/, the hydrogen molecular ion H/sub 2//sup +/ and the muonic molecule dt mu are calculated with the Lagrange-mesh numerical method. Interparticle distances and mass radii of these states are evaluated very simply with the Gauss quadrature approximation associated with the mesh. Except for weakly bound states, highly accurate values are obtained, which agree with or improve published results. (22 References).
G. Heusser and T. Kirsten, "Radioisotope production rates by muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A195, no. 2, pp. 369--78, 1972.
Abstract: Radioisotopes induced by muon capture in Fe, Ni, Co, Mg and Al were measured by low-level gamma -ray spectrometry. The intensity of the stopped negative muons was determined by the activity of the Ni target which corresponds to 80% of the captured muons. Yields derived from the radioisotope concentrations compare favorably with calculations following a model of Singer. Interference with neutron-induced yields is minor. The neutron flux measured by two (n,2n) reaction products can be accounted for by the capture process itself. The measured and calculated neutron multiplicities for Fe group nuclei range from 15-30%, 50-60%, 10-20% and 0.5-10% for 0, 1, 2 and 3 neutrons emitted per captured muon, respectively. (26 References).
W. Higemoto, K. Satoh, N. Nishida, K. Nishiyama, and K. Nagamine, "Microscopic studies of positive muon behavior in solid H-2 and D-2," Czech. J. Phys., vol. 46, pp. 531-532, 1996.
Abstract: {Using pulsed muon beam, we have investigated microscopic positive muon(mu(+)) behaviors in solid para-H-2(I=0
W. Higemoto, K. Satoh, N. Nishida, K. Nishiyama, and K. Nagamine, "Studies of the positive muon behavior in solid H-2 and D-2," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 106, pp. 39-44, 1997.
Abstract: Using a pulsed muon beam, we have investigated the microscopic mu(+) behavior in solid H-2 and D-2 down to 0.6 K by the mu(+)SR method. From the studies of mu(+) spin relaxation phenomena in solid para-H-2 and ortho-D-2, we have found that mu(+) forms three distinct microscopic states; H-2 mu(+) (D-2 mu(+)) (20 similar to 25%), muonium (15 similar to 20%) and mu(+) (similar to 60%). In H-2 mu(+), the mu(+) spin is depolarized in solid para-H-2 and a local magnetic field B-loc = 1 similar to 2 G is deduced from LF-mu(+)SR measurements. The magnitude of B-loc is inconsistent with the magnetic dipolar field (similar to 25 G) expected from the magnetic moments of two protons in the H-2 mu(+) molecule and suggests that the H-2 mu(+) molecule might be in the rotationally excited state. From LF-mu(+)SR measurements, muonium and mu(+) have been found to diffuse in solid o-D-2. The diffusion rate of muonium is two order of magnitude larger than that of mu(+).
W. Higemoto, K. Satoh, N. Nishida, K. Nishiyama, and K. Nagamine, "Microscopic behavior of positively charged particles in solid hydrogen by the muon spin rotation and relaxation method," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 60, pp. 6484-6494, 1999.
Abstract: We have investigated the microscopic behavior of the positive muon (mu(+)) in solid H-2 and D-2 down to 0.6 K using pulsedbeam muon spin rotation/relaxation (mu(+)SR) methods. By studying muon spin relaxation phenomena in solid para-H-2 and ortho-D-2, we found that the positive muon exists in three different states: H(2)mu(+) or D(2)mu(+) (20-25%), muonium (15- 20%), and "bare mu(+)" (diamagnetic mu(+), similar to 60%), In the H(2)mu(+) molecule in solid para-H-2, the muon spin is depolarized and the muon feels a local magnetic field B-loc of 1-2 G as deduced from longitudinal magnetic field mu(+)SR measurements. The magnitude of B-loc is inconsistent with the magnetic dipolar field (similar to 20 G) expected from the nuclear magnetic moments of the two protons in the H(2)mu(+) molecule. This fact suggests that the H(2)mu(+) molecule is in a rotationally excited state. In solid ortho-D-2, muonium and bare mu(+) diffuse with a characteristic time between jumps tau(c) of similar to 5 x 10(-8) sec for muonium and similar to 2 x 10(-6) sec for bare mu(+) at 6.8 K. The diffusion rate of muonium in ortho-D-2 is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the bare muon and independent of temperature below 10 K. [S0163-1829(99)00430-0].
M. Hild, K. Kaeser, G. Piller, and H. Schneuwly, "Capture of negative muons in chromium oxides," Journal of Physics B, vol. 18, pp. 2093--2104, 1985.
L. L. Hill and H. Uberall, "Spectra of neutrons emitted in muon capture," Journal de Physique I, vol. 33, no. 8-9, 1972.
Abstract: The authors present the results of a calculation of neutron spectra after muon capture in /sup 16/O and /sup 40/Ca, obtained with the help of a Brown-type particle-hole model for the giant resonance in the closed-subshell nuclei /sup 12/C, /sup 16/O, /sup 28/Si, /sup 32/S and /sup 40/Ca that was developed earlier; neutron spectra for /sup 28/Si and /sup 32/S were obtained also. The figures show a comparison with the experimental spectra (arbitrary units), with energy scales shifted slightly so as to improve the agreement. In /sup 16/O, the main features of the spectrum are provided by the 2/sup -/ spin-isospin (si) resonance decaying to the excited (ex) p 3/2 hole state of /sup 15/N, by the (1/sup -/si) ex decay, and the 1/sup -/ isospin (i) state decaying to the /sup 15/N ground state (p 1/2 hole). In /sup 40/Ca, only 1/sup -/ (si or i) decays to the /sup 39/K hole states play a role. (5 References).
L. L. Hill and H. Uberall, "Spectra of neutrons emitted after muon capture in /sup 16/O, /sup 28/Si, /sup 32/S and /sup 40/Ca," Nuclear Physics A, vol. a190, no. 2, pp. 341--61, 1972.
Abstract: On the basis of the particle-hole model for the closed-(sub)shell nuclei /sup 16/O, /sup 28/Si, /sup 32/S and /sup 40/Ca, a calculation is presented of the partial muon-capture rates to the T=1 states of the model (which mainly represent the giant resonance), as well as of the spectra of neutrons emitted in the decay of these states to the ground and excited states of the corresponding daughter nuclei. Improved positions and empirical total widths for the resonant states have been used as obtained from photonuclear and electron scattering studies of the levels. The theoretical total muon-capture rates are in good agreement with measured rates. The calculated neutron spectra are compared to recently measured spectra following muon capture in /sup 16/O, /sup 32/S and /sup 40/Ca. (47 References).
H. Hilscher, W-D Krebs, G. Sepp, and V. Soergel, "An experimental test of the analogy between radiative pion absorption and muon capture in /sup 12/C," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A158, no. 2, pp. 584--92, 1970.
Abstract: The yields of the analogous reactions mu /sup -//sub at/ /sub rest/+/sup 12/C to v+/sup 12/B/sub stable/ and pi /sup -//sub at/ /sub rest/+/sup 12/C to gamma +/sup 12/B/sub stable/ have been determined detecting the /sup 12/B activity produced in a plastic scintillator by stopping pi /sup -/ and mu /sup -/. Under certain assumptions about the strength of the pi /sup -/ absorption from the mesic 2P level and about the concentration of the particle-stable excited /sup 12/B states, the ratio of the 1S capture rates obtained is R= Lambda /sup pi //sub y// Lambda /sup mu /)(/sup 12/C to /sup 12/B/sub g.s./)=(1.99+or-0.53)*10/sup 12/. The theoretically expected value is R=(1.27+or-0.17)*10/sup 12/. (22 References).
E. P. Hincks, M. K. Sundaresan, and PJS. Watson, "Muon catalysis of hot fusion," Nature, vol. 269, no. 5629, pp. 584--5, 1977.
Abstract: Suggests that Tan's estimates of muon catalysis in connection with fusion in inertially confined pellets are unjustifiably optimistic with no possibility of achieving an energy gain. (6 References).
E. A. Hinds, "Sensitivity and the Role of Level Crossings in Measurements of Parity Nonconservation using Metastable Atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 44, 1980.
K. Hino and JH. Macek, "Strong induced-dipole-field oscillations of the dt mu system above the t mu (n=2) threshold," Physical Review Letters, vol. 77, no. 21, pp. 4310--13, 1996.
Abstract: Elastic, inelastic, and muon transfer processes of the dt mu system above the t mu (n=2) threshold are studied theoretically using the hyperspherical coordinate method. Strong oscillation structures in the cross sections for these processes due to strong, attractive dipole potentials in this system are found. In addition to the expected Gailitis-Damburg Stark mixing oscillations, unexpected oscillations due to diabatic couplings of channels lacking attractive dipole potentials with those that have them are evident. The two types of oscillations interfere to produce the structure that appears in the computed cross sections. (15 References).
K. Hino, A. Igarashi, and JH. Macek, "Criteria for the validity of the diabatic-by-sector expansion in the hyperspherical coordinate method," Physical Review A, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 1038--41, 1997.
Abstract: It is mathematically indicated that the widely used diabatic-by-sector recipe for solving coupled radial equations in the hyperspherical coordinate method causes nonnegligible errors and these are revealed especially for extremely low-energy scattering. The intrinsic defects due to this method are illustrated for both bound state and the scattering states of dt mu . The calculated results are also compared with those obtained by the adiabatic expansion method. (10 References).
A. Hintermann and NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Repolarization of atomic muons by polarized nuclei in an external magnetic field," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 8, no. 4-6, pp. 827--30, 1981.
Abstract: The spin dynamics of a spin 1/2 and a spin I particle interacting via hyperfine coupling and its relevance to repolarization of atomic muons by polarized nuclei has been discussed by Habro et al. (1977) and Mukhopadhyay et al. (1979). The main result of Mukhopadhyay et al. was the derivation of a closed set of differential equations for the four vector polarizations in the combined spin 1/2 spin I space. By straightforward integration the authors obtained the time dependence of these polarizations. The closed set of equations is due to the fact that the hyperfine coupling is a scalar interaction, which implies no coupling between tensor polarizations of different rank. (3 References).
S. Hirenzaki, T. Kajino, K-I Kubo, H. Toki, and I. Tanihata, "Pionic atoms of unstable nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 194, no. 1, pp. 20--4, 1987.
Abstract: High-energy heavy-ion collisions ( approximately GeV/N) open up a possibility to produce pionic atoms of unstable nuclei. The authors study the neutron number dependence of energy shifts and widths of pionic atoms in wide mass regions using standard pion-nucleus optical potentials. Two widely used optical potentials provide appreciably different results as the neutron number deviates from the ones of stable nuclei. (12 References).
S. Hirenzaki, H. Toki, and T. Yamazaki, "(d, /sup 3/He) reactions for the formation of deeply bound pionic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 2472--9, 1991.
Abstract: The authors have studied theoretically the proton pick-up (d,/sup 3/He) reactions leading to deeply bound pionic atoms. The forward scattering cross sections for an incident energy T/sub d/=600 MeV have been calculated using the effective number approach for the /sup 208/Pb target nucleus. It was found that the pionic 2p state has the maximum cross section among all calculated states. They conclude that (d, /sup 3/He) reactions produce pionic atoms in a detectable manner. (15 References).
S. Hirenzaki, H. Toki, and T. Yamazaki, "Formation of deeply bound pionic atoms," in International Workshop on Pions in Nuclei, (E. Oset, Vacas MJ Vicente, and Recio CG. Garcia, eds.), pp. 345-54, 1992.
Abstract: The authors investigate theoretically (n,d) and (d /sup 3/He) reactions leading to a deeply bound pionic atom with a neutron hole being left. They apply the effective number approach to calculate the pionic atom formation cross sections in which the eikonal approximation is used to take into account the distortion effects on the incident and outgoing particles. They evaluate the reaction cross sections on /sup 208/Pb and find that the (n,d) and (d, /sup 3/He) reaction cross sections are reasonably large and therefore it is worth trying experimentally. (14 References).
S. Hirenzaki, T. Hatsuda, K. Kume, T. Kunihiro, H. Nagahiro, Y. Okumura, E. Oset, A. Ramos, H. Toki, and Y. Umemoto, "Physics of mesic atoms and mesic nuclei -structure and formation," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A663-664, no. , pp. 553c-6c, 2000.
Abstract: We have studied the structure and formation of mesic atoms and mesic nuclei theoretically. The latest results on the deeply bound pionic atoms, the kaonic atoms and the sigma states are reported. (16 References).
S. Hirenzaki, H. Nagahiro, T. Hatsuda, and T. Kunihiro, "Formation of sigma mesic nuclei in (d,t) and (d,/sup 3/He) reactions," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A710, no. 1-2, pp. 131--44, 2002.
Abstract: We explore the possibility to observe an enhanced 2 pi correlation in the scalar-isoscalar (or) channel in nuclei by (d,t) and (d,/sup 3/He) reactions to obtain new information on the partial restoration of chiral symmetry in the nuclear medium. The sensitivity of the reaction spectra on the change of the chiral condensate in the nuclear medium is examined. (22 References).
S. Hirenzaki, "Chiral symmetry and meson-nucleus bound states," Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl., pp. 20-31, 2003.
Abstract: We summarize current research activities on the deeply bound picnic states, eta-mesic nuclei, and sigma-mesic nuclei, and their relation to the chiral dynamics in hadron physics.
S. Hirenzaki, "Formation of deeply bound pionic atoms in the (d,He-3) reaction," Nucl. Phys. A, vol. 721, pp. 839C-841C, 2003.
Abstract: In this short report, we summarize recent research activities on meson-nucleus bound systems using the (d,He-3) spectroscopies.
M. Hiro-Oka, "Inelastic electron scattering from C/sup 12/ and nuclear structure," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 689--95, 1970.
Abstract: Inelastic electron scattering from C/sup 12/ associated with excitation of the 15.1 MeV level is theoretically investigated. Agreement of the theory with experimental data is fairly good if the nuclear wave functions which give an excellent fit to the experimental data on the muon capture in C/sup 12/ and the beta decay of B/sup 12/ are adopted.
Toki. Hiroshi, "Structure and production of deeply bound pionic atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 223-31, 1991.
Abstract: The author studies the structure and production of deeply bound pionic atoms in heavy nuclei, which are found quasi-stable due to the repulsive pion-nucleus optical potential and the attractive Coulomb potential. The bound pion forms a pionic halo just outside of nucleus. The author discusses then the use of pion transfer reactions such as (n,p) and (d,/sup 2/He) to form these states. In addition, the author studies other processes such as (n,d) and (d,/sup 3/He) and the use of the inverse kinematics for formation of deeply bound pionic atoms. (14 References).
D. Hitlin, S. Bernow, S. Devons, I. Duerdoth, J. W. Kast, E. R. Macagno, J. Rainwater, C. S. Wu, and RC. Barrett, "Muonic atoms. I. Dynamic hyperfine structure in the spectra of deformed nuclei," Physical Review C, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1184--202, 1970.
Abstract: Precise measurements, using a stable high-resolution Ge(Li) spectrometer, have been made of the K(2p-1s) and L(3d-2p) muonic X-ray spectra for nine deformed even-even nuclei: /sup 150/Nd, /sup 152/Sm, /sup 162/Dy, /sup 164/Dy, /sup 168/Er, /sup 170/Er, /sup 182/W, /sup 184/W, and /sup 186/W. From these measurements, parameters describing the nuclear charge distribution have been determined. Nuclear-polarization corrections have been included in the analysis. The accuracy of the determination of the parameters of the nuclear charge distribution is limited by theoretical rather than experimental uncertainties. Isotope shifts have been determined and compared with optical and electronic X-ray results. (11 References).
E. Hiyama, M. Kamimura, T. Motoba, T. Yamada, and Y. Yamamoto, "Four-body calculation of H-4(Lambda) and He-4(Lambda) with realistic Lambda N interactions," Nucl. Phys. A, vol. 639, pp. 169C-172C, 1998.
E. Hiyama, M. Kamimura, Y. Hamahata, and Y. Kino, "Fusion rate in muonic molecule tt mu," Riken Review, vol. 1999, no. , pp. 34-5, 1999.
Abstract: The fusion rate of tt mu is calculated by solving the pure-Coulomb three-body problem of the tt mu system. The calculated fusion rates by using two types of optical potential are the same order of magnitude, but a few times larger than the observed value. (5 References).
E. Hiyama, "Four-body calculation of H-4(Lambda) and He-4(Lambda) with realistic YN and NN interactions," Nucl. Phys. A, vol. 670, pp. 273C-276C, 2000.
Abstract: We carried out four-body calculations of H-4(Lambda) and He4(Lambda) taking both the 3N + Lambda and 3N + Sigma channels explicitly with the use of realistic NN and YN interactions. The Sigma-channel component plays an important role in binding energies of the A = 4 hypernuclei though the admixture is approximately 1%. The Lambda N - Sigma N coupling is found to be of central-force type in the Nijmegen model D and of tenser- force type in the model F.
E. Hiyama, M. Kamimura, T. Motoba, T. Yamada, and Y. Yamamoto, "Three- and four-body structure of light hypernuclei," Nucl. Phys. A, vol. 684, pp. 227C-235C, 2001.
E. Hiyama, Y. Kino, and M. Kamimura, "Gaussian expansion method for few-body systems," Progress in Particle & Nuclear Physics, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 223--307, 2003.
Abstract: We review our method of calculation, Gaussian expansion method (GEM), for bound and scattering states of few-body systems. The method was proposed in 1988 and has been applied to a variety of few-body systems. The understanding on the structure and the mechanisms of reactions of those systems obtained from such applications is discussed together with some useful techniques for the calculations. A well-chosen set of Gaussian basis functions forms an approximate complete set in a finite coordinate space so that it can describe accurately short-range correlations and long-range asymptotic behavior as well as highly oscillatory character of wave functions in the bound and the scattering states of the systems. Examples of applications of GEM include i) the latest determination of antiproton mass by the analysis of laser spectroscopic data for antiprotonic helium atoms, ii) predictions and experimental verifications on the structure of hypernuclei and hyperon-nucleon interactions, iii) Coulomb three-body calculations of bound and resonant states of muonic molecules as well as muon transfer reactions in muon catalyzed fusion cycles, iv) a new treatment of CDCC (continuum-discretized coupled channels) method for three- and four-body breakup processes, and v) benchmark test calculations for three- and four-nucleon bound states using realistic interactions. (137 References).
V. Hnatowicz, "Spontaneous fission of heavy nuclei in isomeric state," Ceskoslovensky Casopis pro Fyziku, Sekce A, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 184-6, 1975.
Abstract: Outlines experiments investigating formation and basic characteristics (quantum characteristics, excitation energy) of isomeric levels in isotopes of elements from U (Z=92) to BK (Z=97) with half-life in the range of 10/sup -9/ to 10/sup -3/ s. Discusses hypothesis on abnormal high deformation of spontaneously fissioned isomers and utilization of this phenomenon in investigation of properties of nuclei with very high deformation. Further steps in investigating spontaneously fissioned isomers are expected from reactions of capture of negative mesons and formation of mesic atoms. (5 References).
ECY Ho, H. W. Fearing, and W. Schadow, "Radiative muon capture by /sup 3/He," Physical Review C, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 065501/1-17, 2002.
Abstract: The rate of the nuclear reaction /sup 3/He+ mu /sup -/ to /sup 3/H+ gamma + nu /sub mu / has been calculated using both the elementary particle model (EPM) approach and the impulse approximation (IA) approach. Using the EPM approach, the exclusive statistical radiative muon capture (RMC) rate for photon energy greater than 57 MeV is found to be 0.245 s/sup -1/ and the ordinary muon capture (OMC) rate is found to be 1503 s/sup -1/. The IA calculation exhibits a slight dependence on the type of trinucleon wave functions used. The difference between the IA and EPM calculation is larger for RMC than for OMC. To resolve the difference between the two approaches, a more detailed investigation including meson exchange corrections will be required. (31 References).
G. Hock and Z. Oziewicz, "Gamma neutrino correlation in muon capture in /sup 19/F," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. B4, no. 1, pp. 43--8, 1973.
Abstract: The ratio of the two amplitudes describing completely each of the transitions /sup 19/F(g.s., /sup 1///sub 2//sup +/)/sup mu / to /sup 19/O(/sup 1///sub 2//sup +/)/sub 1,2/ is studied. For the three transitions /sup 19/F(g.s., /sup 1///sub 2//sup +/)/sup mu / to /sup 19/O(/sup 3///sub 2//sup +/)/sub 1,2,3/ the gamma-neutrino directional correlation and circular polarization of nuclear gamma rays are calculated. All calculations were performed in shell model intermediate coupling with configuration mixing. (7 References).
M. V. Hoehn, E. B. Shera, Y. Yamazaki, and RM. Steffen, "Electromagnetic moments of even Os nuclei from muonic X-rays," Physical Review Letters, vol. 39, no. 21, pp. 1313--16, 1977.
Abstract: Precise experimental data on the electromagnetic moments of the lowest excited 2/sup +/ states of /sup 186,188,190,192/Os are presented. These are the results of muonic X-ray studies. The data vary systematically from predictions of the rotational model, and the vibrational model, and less so from those of the pairing plus quadrupole interaction model of Kumar (1969). (21 References).
M. V. Hoehn and EB. Shera, "Muonic resonance excitation of /sup 188/Os and /sup 172/Yb," Physical Review C, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1934--41, 1979.
Abstract: 'Anomalous' lines of significant intensity have been observed in the muonic spectra of /sup 188/Os and /sup 172/Yb. These anomalous lines are interpreted as 3d-2p muonic-nuclear resonances involving 1/sup -/ and 3/sup -/ nuclear states at about 2-MeV excitation energy. Electric multipole moments and isomer shifts of the resonant nuclear states have been determined. Such accidental resonances, which presumably occur in other heavy muonic atoms, can provide an opportunity to obtain otherwise unavailable nuclear structure information. (16 References).
M. V. Hoehn, E. B. Shera, and HD. Wohlfahrt, "Muonic isomer shift of the first excited 2/sup +/ state in /sup 204/Pb," Physical Review C, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 678--80, 1980.
Abstract: Evidence of the excitation of the 899-keV 2/sup +/ state in muonic /sup 204/Pb has been obtained. The isomer shift of the nuclear E2 ground-state transition is found to be -1.98+or-0.16 keV, a value that is in disagreement with interpretation of the first excited state as a volume-conserving one-phonon quadrupole vibration. (15 References).
M. V. Hoehn, E. B. Shera, H. D. Wohlfahrt, Y. Yamazaki, R. M. Steffen, and RK. Sheline, "Muonic X-ray study of the even Os nuclei," Physical Review C, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 1667--90, 1981.
Abstract: Precision measurements have been made of the muonic X-ray spectra of the transitional nuclei /sup 186,188,1900,192/Os. Equivalent Barrett radii and isotope shifts have been determined, as have isomer shifts of the first excited 2/sup +/ states. These results are compared with other experiments and with theoretical calculations. The systematics of isotope shifts in the deformed nuclei are also discussed. Generalized E2 moments of the charge distribution have been extracted in a nearly model-independent way and conventional electromagnetic moments have been deduced by assuming a specific transition charge density model. The latter are in good agreement with recent calculations of both the interacting boson approximation and the boson expansion theory. However, a serious discrepancy in the values of the quadrupole moments determined from the muonic and Coulomb excitation experiments is apparent. The model dependence of the muonic results (including the effect of a triaxial model charge distribution) is explored as a possible cause of the discrepancy; however, no effect large enough to explain the discrepancy is found. Furthermore, no feature of the muonic spectra was found which could be used to distinguish between a triaxial and an axially symmetric charge distribution. (68 References).
M. V. Hoehn, E. B. Shera, and RM. Steffen, "Muonic isomer shifts of the 803- and 2648-keV states in /sup 206/Pb," Physical Review C, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 2242--6, 1982.
Abstract: The decay of the 2648- and the 803-keV excited states in muonic /sup 206/Pb has been observed and the isomer shifts of these states have been measured. The isomer shift of the nuclear 2/sup +/ state at 803 keV is -1.45+or-0.31 keV; the isomer shift of the nuclear 3/sup -/ state at 2648 keV is +6.81+or-0.46 keV. The measured shifts in /sup 206/Pb are similar to those measured in /sup 208/Pb and support the suggestion that the corresponding states in those nuclei have similar origin. (20 References).
M. V. Hoehn and EB. Shera, "Energies of the muonic L and M transitions of the even-A Pb isotopes," Physical Review C, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 704--8, 1984.
Abstract: The energies of the muonic 4f to 3d and 3d to 2p transitions have been measured in the even-A lead isotopes, with several times the precision of any previous measurement. The isotope shifts and intradoublet energy differences are in excellent agreement with earlier work but the absolute energies generally differ by two or more standard deviations. The new results do not completely resolve the discrepancy between experimental and theoretical binding energies in muonic /sup 208/Pb. (18 References).
R. Hoffmann, G. Gaukler, G. Nolte, H. Schmidt--Böking, and R. Schuch, "Analysis of time--spectra from coincidence measurements with high stop--rates," Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 197, pp. 391--396, 1982.
B. Hoffmann, G. Baur, and J. Speth, "Effects of nuclear polarizability on isotope shifts in electronic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 315, no. 1, pp. 57--63, 1984.
Abstract: The isotope shift in electronic atoms is calculated in second order perturbation theory. The authors consider multipole orders lambda =0, 1 and 2 for Z=20-82 nuclei. To a good approximation it is directly proportional to the electron density at the nucleus. They study whether the polarization effect modifies the extraction of delta (r/sup 2/) values from isotope shifts measurements and find it to be small but not always negligible. Relative to the volume effect the polarizability is of the same order of magnitude for electronic as well as muonic atoms. (21 References).
Q. Ho-Kim, "Calculation of nuclear reactions in /sup 16/O in the random-phase approximation," Physical Review C, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1574--84, 1973.
Abstract: The RPA equations are written in a numerically calculable form containing matrix elements of two weakly energy-dependent effective interactions which describe particle-hole pair scattering and pair creation or annihilation. The transition operators describing nucleon scattering, photonuclear reactions and muon capture are obtained. The method is applied to these reactions proceeding through the 1/sup -/ states of /sup 16/O with single particle states defined in a local real Woods-Saxon well and a zero range residual interaction. The random-phase correlations hardly affect nucleon scattering but reduce the photonuclear and muon capture transition rates by about 8%. (31 References).
Q. Ho-Kim, J. P. Lavine, and HS. Picker, "Final-state interactions in muon capture by deuterons," Physical Review C, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1966--73, 1976.
Abstract: Effects of the /sup 1/S/sub 0/ n-n final state interaction are investigated by calculating capture rates and final neutron energy spectra. The on-shell behaviour is specified by parametrising the /sup 1/S/sub 0/ phase shift in a four-parameter Bargmann model, and the insensitivity of the results to their variation precludes the use of the reaction to determine the n-n scattering length. There is much more sensitivity to the off-shell behaviour, specified by performing short-range unitary transforms, which could be constrained by more accurate capture experiments. (25 References).
R. Holmes, D-H Kim, K. S. Kumar, P. A. Souder, D. Benton, G. D. Cates, N. Newbury, and C. Pillai, "Operation of the LAMPF stopped muon channel for small gas targets," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A303, no. 2, pp. 226--32, 1991.
Abstract: The authors describe the operation of the LAMPF stopped muon channel (SMC) in a mode that provides a small beam spot and a narrow momentum spread suitable for stopping negative muons in presently available optically pumped spin-exchange polarized gas targets. This technique is expected to be useful for the production of polarized muonic atoms. Monte Carlo studies of the channel are discussed, and they describe experimental results including measurements of the fraction of negative muon stops in a 6 cm/sup 3/ krypton target at 1 atm as a function of beam momentum. (20 References).
BR. Holstein, "Second-class currents and analog processes," Physical Review C, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 764--75, 1971.
Abstract: Semileptonic processes between members of a common isotopic multiplet provide a nearly model-independent test for currents with anomalous or 'second-class' G-parity properties. For such processes the implications of the presence of second-class currents are discussed for beta decay, muon capture, and elastic neutrino scattering.
BR. Holstein, "mu /sup -/ capture on C/sup 12/ and the tensor form factor," Physical Review D, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 2499--501, 1976.
Abstract: Recent measurements of the capture rate and recoil polarization for the reaction mu /sup -/+C/sup 12/ to B/sup 12/+ nu /sub mu / are compared with those expected from studies of the form factors for the decay B/sup 12/ to C/sup 12/+e/sup -/+ nu /sub e/. It is difficult to reconcile the substantial tensor form factor reported for this decay with the muon capture data unless the induced pseudoscalar term is significantly greater than that predicted by PCAC. A small value of the tensor form factor would restore consistency with PCAC for the capture rate but not for the polarization. (13 References).
BR. Holstein, "Resource letter WI-1: weak interactions," American Journal of Physics, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1033--9, 1977.
Abstract: Provides 134 references to the literature of weak interactions. The individual entries are indicated as elementary, intermediate or advanced; the most recent entries being for 1976. The most advanced theoretical sources are omitted, the entries consisting mainly of review and survey articles. Divisions are made under the following headings: nuclear beta decay, electron capture, muon capture semileptonic decays, nonleptonic processes, nuclear parity violation, CP violation, neutrino physics, parity violation in atoms and gauge theories. (134 References).
B. R. Holstein and CW. Kim, "Analysis of 0/sup -/ to or from 0/sup +/ beta decay and muon capture in the A=16 nuclei," Physical Review C, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1433--7, 1979.
Abstract: The muon capture mu /sup -/+/sup 16/O to /sup 16/N*(0/sup -/)+ nu /sub mu / and the beta decay /sup 16/N*(0/sup -/) to /sup 16/O+e/sup -/+ nu /sub e/ are analyzed in the elementary particle approach supplemented by some minimal dynamical assumptions. Predictions are found to be consistent with experiment without the need for substantial meson exchange contributions. (24 References).
BR. Holstein, "Limit on second class polar vector couplings in semileptonic weak interactions," Physical Review C, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 623--7, 1984.
Abstract: Although a great deal of experimental work has succeeded in limiting a possible second class axial coupling to about ten percent of the size of weak magnetism, published limits on the size of a possible second class polar vector current are one order of magnitude less sensitive. The author summarizes the present situation and demonstrates that muon capture provides the strictest present limit. (42 References).
BR. Holstein, "Possible weak interaction experiments with polarized /sup 3/He," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 154-64, 1985.
Abstract: Two classes of experiment which would be possible using a polarized /sup 3/He target are discussed-measurement of the induced scalar and pseudoscalar form factors in analog muon capture and of the asymmetry in the scattering of protons from polarized /sup 3/He. (40 References).
M. H. Holzscheiter, X. Feng, and R. A. Lewis, "Extraction of ultra--low--energy antiprotons form the PS200 catching trap for atomic physics experiments," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 377--384, 1996.
G. Holzwarth and M. Kleber, "Population of muonic /sup 3/He states following the mu -catalysed fusion p mu d to mu /sup 3/He," Physics Letters B, vol. 51B, no. 1, pp. 17--18, 1974.
Abstract: Recoil due to emission of the 5.5 MeV gamma -ray in the fusion reaction p mu d to mu /sup 3/He and dynamical corrections to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation lead to excited muonic states in the final mu /sup 3/He atom. The branching ratios for the lowest excitations are calculated. (5 References).
G. Holzwarth and HJ. Pfeiffer, "The muonic X-ray cascade in fluorine following the mu -transfer from hydrogen," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 272, no. 3, pp. 311--13, 1975.
Abstract: The X-ray cascade following the mu -transfer reaction mu p+F to p+ mu F is interpreted in terms of a pseudolevel crossing model which predicts the angular momentum distribution of the n=6 level essentially populated by the transfer. The resulting cascade agrees with recent experimental results. (5 References).
R. Holzwarth and others, "Optical frequency synthesizer for precision spectroscopy," Physical Review Letters, vol. 85, pp. 2264--2267, 2000.
W. Honecker, C. Dohmen, H. Haan, D. Junker, G. Otter, M. Starlinger, P. Wintz, J. Hofmann, W. Bertl, J. Egger, B. Krause, S. Eggli, R. Engfer, C. Findeisen, E. A. Hermes, T. Kozlowski, C. B. Niebuhr, H. S. Pruys, and der Schaaf A. van, "Improved limit on the branching ratio of mu to e conversion on lead," Physical Review Letters, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 200--3, 1996.
Abstract: The SINDRUM II spectrometer at Paul Scherrer Institute is used in a search for coherent mu to e conversion in muonic atoms. We report on a measurement on lead, which resulted in Gamma ( mu /sup -/Pb to e/sup -/Pb/sub g.s/)/ Gamma ( mu /sup -/Pb capture)[left angle bracket]4.6*10/sup -11/(90% C.L.). This upper limit improves on the previous value by an order of magnitude. Combined with the limit on titanium, it is interpreted in terms of phenomenological couplings between the lepton current and the isoscalar and isovector quark currents. (22 References).
A. Honig, N. Alexander, and S. Yucel, "Considerations for mu CF experiments with metastably spin-polarized D and T," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 199-213, 1988.
Abstract: Highly spin-polarized D and T can be expected to modify muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) processes in important ways. Under appropriate conditions, the polarized reservoir induces repolarization of the muon during each fusion cycle, resulting in repeated selective hyperfine state occupation. The dependence of mesomolecular capture rates, cascading rates and fusion rates on spin (hyperfine state) can lead to different branchings in the evolutionary kinetics and possibly to modified fusion outcomes. In order to carry out most experiments on spin-dependence or to utilize polarized fuels, it is necessary for the polarized material to be removed from its production environment and retain its high polarization for a time period matched to the duration of the experiment. The authors describe production of removable and transportable metastable highly spin-polarized D in HD and o-D/sub 2/, with polarization lifetime in the solid and liquid phase sufficient for application to mu CF experiments. For spin-polarized DT, HT, and ortho-T/sub 2/, the polarization procedure, size of sample and duration of polarization are all less favorable than for D, and they have not as yet been developed to the extent of HD and D/sub 2/. Nevertheless, several usage modes for DT, HT+HD, and D/sub 2/+ortho-T/sub 2/ appear feasible for mu CF, including both external usage variants and in-situ experiments with the sample remaining within the dilution refrigerator. The latter relaxes the metastability requirement on the polarized tritons, but restricts the sample triton content to less than 1 Ci because of heat load from the triton beta decay. The proposed investigations exploit a truly new parameter in the mu CF process, and in view of the current advanced state of development of metastably highly spin-polarized D, the time for these studies is opportune. (18 References).
Y. Horikawa, N. Yamanaka, and A. Ichimura, "Negative energy correction for nuclear polarization in muonic atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 127, no. 1-4, pp. 157--60, 2000.
Abstract: Negative energy corrections to the conventional calculations of nuclear polarization effects in muonic atoms are calculated. It is shown that the corrections are negligible as far as the NP effects due to low-lying nuclear states and states in the giant resonance regions are concerned. However, the formula used for the muonic NP calculations breaks down if nuclear excitations with larger energies than the muonic mass are considered. This means that the method cannot be used for calculations of NP effects in electronic atoms. (8 References).
D. Horváth, "Chemistry of pionic hydrogen atoms," Radiochimica Acta, vol. 28, pp. 241--254, 1981.
D. Horváth and V. I. Petrukhin, "Negative pion --- A new nuclear probe in materials research," Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 199, pp. 269--271, 1982.
D. Horváth and F. Entezami, "A comparative test of the models of atomic capture of negative particles using 321 experimental coulomb-capture ratios," TRIUMF Preprint TRI--83--1, 1983.
D. Horvath and F. Entezami, "On the models of Coulomb capture of negative particles," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A407, no. 3, pp. 297--308, 1983.
Abstract: Various models of atomic capture of negative mesonic particles are tested against 321 experimental Coulomb-capture ratios, measured on binary systems; gas mixtures, alloys and simple compounds. The comparison has shown that the general agreement theory and experiment is not satisfactory. The authors tried to improve on the models by introducing adjustable parameters to be estimated by fitting the experimental data. The predictions of the model proposed by Schneuwly, Pokrovsky and Ponomarev (1978) are closest to the atomic capture ratios for alloys and compounds while the data measured in gas mixtures are better approximated by the empirical formula of Vasilyev et al. (1976). The theoretical formula of Daniel (1979) fails in describing the capture in the light elements. (31 References).
D. Horvath, "The p pi /sup -/ probe," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 18, no. 1-4, pp. 679--90, 1984.
Abstract: The formation and decay of pionic hydrogen atoms are discussed, with special emphasis on the basic processes involved and on the information available from pion capture experiments concerning the physicochemical environment of hydrogen in condensed systems. Using a phenomenological description of the available experimental information it is shown that the formation and decay of p pi /sup -/ atoms in compounds Z/sub m/H/sub n/ are determined by the processes of: Auger capture in a molecular state ZH pi /sup -/, transition from molecular to atomic orbit, transfer of pions to atoms Z in collisions p pi /sup -/+Z, and nuclear capture by a proton in collisions of p pi /sup -/+H. The probability W that in a system with bound hydrogen atoms a stopped pion will be absorbed by a proton is closely related to the properties of bond Z-H, in particular to its covalency. (32 References).
D. Horvath, "On the formation of exotic atoms," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B36, no. 8, pp. 911--4, 1986.
Abstract: A general disagreement exists between theory and experiment in the field of formation and decay of muonic and pionic atoms. Allowing for collisional processes in the deexcitation of heavy exotic atoms can substantially change the interpretation of experimental Coulomb-capture ratios particularly of those measured by the muonic X-ray method. (22 References).
D. Horváth and others, "Experimental study on pion capture by hydrogen bound in molecules," TRIUMF Preprint TRI--88--64, 1988.
D. Horvath, K. A. Aniol, F. Entezami, D. F. Measday, A. J. Noble, S. Stanislaus, C. J. Virtue, A. S. Clough, D. F. Jackson, JRH Smith, and M. Salomon, "Experimental study of pion capture by hydrogen bound in molecules," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 5834--43, 1990.
Abstract: An experiment was performed at TRIUMF to study the formation of pionic hydrogen atoms and molecules in solids, particularly in groups of organic molecules of slightly different structure in order to help further clarify the problem. The nuclear capture of pions by hydrogen was measured using the charge exchange of stopped pions. The coincident photons emitted by the decaying pi /sup 0/ mesons were detected by TRIUMF's two large NaI spectrometers. Experimental results were obtained for the capture probability of stopped pi /sup -/ mesons in the nuclei of hydrogen atoms, chemically bound in molecules of some simple hydrides, acid anhydrides, and sugar isomers. A possible correlation was found between pion capture in hydrogen and the melting point of sugar isomers. The pion-capture probability in acid anhydrides is fairly well described by a simple atomic-capture model in which the capture probability on the hydrogen dramatically increases as the hydrogen atom is separated from the strongly electronegative C/sub 2/O/sub 3/ group. Both effects are consistent with a correlation between pion capture and electron density on hydrogen atoms. (38 References).
D. Horvath, D. F. Measday, F. Entezami, M. D. Hasinoff, A. J. Noble, S. Stanislaus, C. J. Virtue, A. S. Clough, JRH Smith, M. Salomon, and KA. Aniol, "Pion capture and hydrogen bonds in deuterated methanol," Physical Review A, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 1725--32, 1991.
Abstract: The probability of pion capture by hydrogen was measured for CH/sub 3/OH, CD/sub 3/OH, and CH/sub 3/OD as a function of temperature from -150 to +250 degrees C. The nuclear capture of a pion by a proton was identified using the pion charge-exchange reaction. The coincident photons from the pi /sup 0/ decay were detected by TRIUMF's large NaI spectrometers. The authors have found a relative difference of 1.79+or-0.11 in the pion capture probability in solid and supercritical CD/sub 3/OH that is interpreted in terms of the hydrogen-bond-breaking model. (23 References).
D. Horvath, "Pion capture in hydrogen: chemical aspects," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 483--94, 1993.
Abstract: Measurements of the probability of pion capture by hydrogen provide information on the properties of the chemical bond of hydrogen in molecules. This is demonstrated in the examples of the temperature dependence of pion capture in hydrogen-bonded liquids and of the influence of the position of the hydrogen atom in molecules. For the proper analysis and interpretation of the pion capture data the authors studied the effects of pion transfer from p pi /sup -/ to heavier atoms. Measurements were made in H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ mixtures and in alcohols. Together with the information available on the muon capture and cascade processes, the pion transfer results could be used for understanding muon transfer and, in particular, to estimate the parameter q/sub 1s/ in muon catalysed fusion. (44 References).
D. Horvath, "The physics and chemistry of exotic atoms," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials & Atoms, vol. B87, no. 1-4, pp. 273--8, 1994.
Abstract: The study of exotic atoms is reviewed and illustrated by results of their application in particle, nuclear and atomic physics and chemistry. (33 References).
D. Horváth and J. Eades, "Antihydrogen: present status and perspectives," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 385--396, 1996.
D. Horváth, "ASACUSA: atomic spectroscopy and collisions using slow antiprotons," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 263--272, 1999.
Y. Hosoi, Y. Watanabe, R. Sugita, Y. Tanaka, K. Nagamine, T. Ono, and K. Sakamoto, "Non-destructive elemental analysis of vertebral body trabecular bone using muonic X-rays," Br. J. Radiol., vol. 68, pp. 1325-1331, 1995.
Abstract: Non-destructive elemental analysis with muonic X-rays was performed on human vertebral bone and lumbar torso phantoms. It can provide quantitative information on all elements in small deep-seated localized volumes. The experiment was carried out using the superconducting muon channel at TRIUMF in Vancouver, Canada and a lithium drifted germanium detector with an active area of 18.5 cm(2). The muon channel produced backward-decayed negative muons with wide kinetic energy range from 0.5 to 54.2 MeV. The muon beam was collimated to a diameter of 18 mm. The number of incoming muons was about 4 x 10(6) similar to 5 x 10(7) per data point. In the measurements with human vertebral bones fixed with neutralized formaldehyde, the correlation coefficient between calcium content measured by muons and by atomic absorption analysis was 0.99 and the level of significance was 0.0003. In the measurements with lumbar torso phantoms, the correlation coefficient between calcium content measured by muons and by atomic absorption analysis was 0.99 and the level of significance was 0.02. The results suggest that elemental analysis in vertebral body trabecular bone using muonic X-rays closely correlates with measurements by atomic absorption analysis.
P. Hrasko, "On the equality of the matrix elements M/sub V//sup 2/, M/sub A//sup 2/, M/sub P//sup 2/ in muon capture," Physics Letters B, vol. 28b, no. 7, pp. 470--1, 1969.
Abstract: It is shown that in the SU(4) scheme the muon capture matrix elements are equal except for N[right angle bracket]Z odd-odd nuclei.
C. Hu, "Variational calculation of the muon--alpha--particle sticking probability in the muon--catalyzed fusion dt$\mu \rightarrow \mu^4$He + n," Physical Review A, vol. 34, pp. 2536--2539, 1986.
C. Hu, "Variational calculation of the excited--state fusion parameters of the dtµ system," Physical Review A, vol. 36, pp. 4135--4138, 1987.
C. Y. Hu and AK. Bhatia, "Resonances in muonic systems," Physical Review A, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 1229--32, 1991.
Abstract: A number of resonances, shape as well as Feshbach type, have been observed in atomic systems. It is expected that similar types of resonances exist in muonic systems. Froelich and Szalewicz (Phys. Lett. A 129, 321 (1988)) carried out a calculation for td mu and obtained two resonances, for J=0 and 1, just above the d mu threshold. The authors' calculation, carried out with large basis sets and different sets of nonlinear parameters, using the complex-rotation method, shows the existence of Feshbach-type resonances below the n=2 threshold of t mu and d mu . Positions of these resonances are in good agreement with the results of Hara and Ishihara (Phys. Rev. A 40, 4232 (1989)). The widths of these resonances are calculated. (15 References).
C. Hu and A. A. Kvitsinsky, "Solution of the Faddeev equations for Coulombic systems," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, pp. 59--72, 1993.
C. Hu and A. K. Bhatia, "Resonances in muonic systems," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5/6, pp. 439--444, 1990/91.
Yu. Hua-gen, "Theoretical studies of the three-body recombination of the muonic helium ion (He mu /sup -/)/sup +/ in gaseous helium," Physics Letters B, vol. 341, no. 2, pp. 128--32, 1994.
Abstract: "The classical trajectory method is employed to calculate the rate coefficient k/sub r/ for the reaction (He mu /sup -/)/sup +/+He+He to (He mu /sup -/He)/sup +/+He at temperatures in the range 200[left angle bracket]or=T[left angle bracket]or=350 K. The obtained rates can be well fitted by the function k/sub r/=AT/sup alpha / exp(B/T) with A=4.3756*10/sup -36/ cm/sup 6//s
K-N. Huang, "Correlated wave functions for three-particle systems with Coulomb interaction: The muonic helium atom," Physical Review A, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 1832--8, 1977.
Abstract: The basis states are Hylleraas-type trial functions, modified by normalised harmonic polynomials, or solid harmonics. The muonic helium atom is used as the three-particle system, with Coulomb interaction. The variational calculation is based on the exact unrelativistic Hamiltonian, with the mass correction included, and uses the expansion coefficients and two nonlinear parameters. The orthogonality of excited state eigenfunctions to those of lower lying levels is incorporated. Results are listed for the ground-state energy and excited-state energies (up to the (1s)/sub e/(5g)/sub mu //sup 1,3/Ge state), using differing numbers of terms in the expansion; the convergence rate is very good. (27 References).
K-N Huang and VW. Hughes, "Theoretical hyperfine structure of muonic helium," Physical Review A, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 706--17, 1979.
Abstract: The study of the hyperfine structure of the muonic helium atom ( alpha /sup ++/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/) can provide a test of quantum electrodynamics and yield precise values for the magnetic moment and mass of the negative muon. In the lowest-order approximation the hyperfine structure level Delta nu is given by the Fermi formula. The principal corrections, which contribute about 10 MHz to the splitting, arise from the relativistic, radiative, and recoil effects. The theoretical hyperfine structure of the ground state of muonic helium is given as Delta nu =4465.1+or-1.0 MHz. (21 References).
J. H. Hubbell, "Photon mass attenuation and energy--absorption coefficients from 1 keV to 20 MeV," International Journal of Applied Radiation Isotopes, vol. 33, pp. 1269--1290, 1982.
T. M. Huber and others, "Search for mixing of muonium and antimuonium," Physical Review D, vol. 41, pp. 2709--2725, 1990.
A. Huber and others, "Hydrogen--deuterium 1S--2S isotope shift and the structure of the deuteron," Physical Review Letters, vol. 80, pp. 468--471, 1998.
A. Huber and others, "High--resolution spectroscopy of the 1S--2S transition in atomic hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 59, pp. 1844--1851, 1999.
T. M. Huber, A. Adamczak, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, B. P. Ellerbusch, M. C. Fujiwara, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, G. J. Lindquist, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, C. J. Martoff, G. R. Mason, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, J. Wozniak, and J. Zmeskal, "Time-of-flight studies of emission of mu t from frozen hydrogen films," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 159--61, 1999.
Abstract: In recent TRIUMF experiments, a mu /sup -/ beam is stopped in a solid hydrogen film with a small fraction of T/sub 2/. The Ramsauer-Townsend (RT) mechanism allows mu t to escape into vacuum with a few eV of energy. To study the emission process, an imaging system was used to determine the position of muon decays. Experimental histograms are in good agreement with a Monte Carlo simulation. (6 References).
A. H. Huffman and M. Goldhaber, "Remarks on muonic atoms of nuclear isomers," Annals of Physics, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 366--72, 1971.
Abstract: Internal Compton scattering in a muonic atom with an excited nucleus is discussed as an alternative method for the nucleus to make a 0 to 0 transition. This process is extremely slow for /sup 72/Ge. whereas in a muonic atom of excited /sup 16/O, internal conversion of the muon is the fastest decay process. (10 References).
J. Hufner, L. Tauscher, and C. Wilkin, "An analysis of pion-nucleus scattering lengths within an alpha -cluster model," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A231, no. 3, pp. 455--61, 1974.
Abstract: Pion-nucleus s-wave scattering lengths are calculated from a multiple scattering series in terms of the pi - alpha scattering length. Agreement on the level of 10-20% with the values obtained from mesic-atom data is achieved for all nuclei with A[left angle bracket]or=20. This lends weight to the speculation that pion absorption on light nuclei takes place primarily on alpha -particle substructures.
J. Hufner and A. Sevgen, "Decay of a prepared state treated as a doorway phenomenon (muonic atom example)," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A218, no. 2, pp. 239--48, 1974.
Abstract: Via a selective process, like gamma -decay, a highly excited nuclear state of simple structure is prepared. Its decay is investigated with particular emphasis on the compound nucleus modes. The formulae may be applied to radiationless decays in muonic atoms or to the decay of the residual nucleus after a (e,e'p) or (p,2p) reaction. (8 References).
J. Hufner and F. Iachello, "Pion-nucleus interaction and the range of pi N forces," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A247, no. 3, pp. 441--53, 1975.
Abstract: Examines several definitions for the ranges r/sub pi N/ of the pion-nucleon ( pi N) forces and conclude that 0.25[left angle bracket]or=r/sub pi N/[left angle bracket]or=0.5 fm. The authors investigate two consequences of the finite range of the p-wave pi N interaction: the additional spatial extension of the p-wave pi -nucleus optical potential and the quenching of the Lorentz-Lorenz effect. For 0.25[left angle bracket]or=r/sub pi N/[left angle bracket]or=0.5 fm (i) the additional extension of the p-wave optical potential gives negligible contributions to shifts and widths in pi -mesic atoms and (ii) the Lorentz-Lorenz effect is largely quenched making nuclear correlations hard to detect by mesic atoms measurements. (36 References).
VW. Hughes, "Muons: muonic atoms and muonium," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 515-40, 1975.
Abstract: The known basic properties of the muon (mass, spin, magnetic moment, g-value, electric dipole moment and statistics) are listed and discussed. Energy level diagrams for muonium and for muonic hydrogen and helium are presented, with simplified layouts of the experimental apparatus. Vacuum polarisation in muonic atoms of high atomic number is tested by experimental and theoretical results on the 5g/sub 9/2/ to 4f/sub 7/2/ transition in muonic lead. It is concluded that the effects of the strong interactions are apparent in some of these studies, but those of the weak interactions are beyond the sensitivity and precision of present-day experiments, though these are sufficient to place limits on the various current gauge theories. (52 References).
VW. Hughes, "Muonium," in Exotic Atoms '79. undamental Interactions and Structure of Matter. Proceedings of the Second Course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms, (K. Crowe, J. Duclos, G. Fiorentini, and G. Torelli, eds.), pp. 3-18, 1980.
Abstract: Presents recent developments in muonium research relevant to muon electrodynamics, and certain speculations about future directions for muonium research. The topics covered are the hyperfine structure of the ground state, the muon magnetic moment, muonium-antimuonium conversion, the excited n=2 state of muonium, and the muonic helium atom. (38 References).
VW. Hughes, "Precision exotic atom spectroscopy," in Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants II. Proceedings of the Second International Conference (NBS-SP-617), (B. N. Taylor and WD. Phillips, eds.), pp. 237-48, 1984.
Abstract: Precision measurements by microwave or laser spectroscopy techniques of the energy levels of exotic atoms containing particles such as positrons, muons, or pions not present in ordinary atoms allow the determination of the fundamental constants associated with these so called exotic but basic particles. Moreover, the simplicity of some of these atoms, such as positronium (e/sup +/e/sup -/) and muonium ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/), which consist only of structureless leptons, allows precise tests of quantum electrodynamics which is basic to the understanding of many of the fundamental constants, especially the fine-structure constant, alpha . The paper reviews recent work and work in progress on positronium, muonium, and simple muonic atoms relevant to the precision measurement-fundamental constants field. (46 References).
VW. Hughes, "Muonium," in Fundamental Symmetries. Proceedings of the First Course of the International School of Physics with Low-Energy Antiprotons, Fundamental Low Energy, (P. Bloch, P. Pavlopoulos, and R. Klapisch, eds.), pp. 287--300, 1987.
Abstract: The author discusses various topics associated with the muonium system, (i) the ground state hyperfine structure and Zeeman effect, (ii) the Lamb shift, (iii) muonic helium and (iv) muonium to antimuonium conversion. He concludes with a discussion on the discovery of the negative muonium ion. (32 References).
V. W. Hughes, "Various researches in physics," Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., vol. 50, pp. I-XXXVII, 2000.
RL. Hutson, "In vivo tissue analysis using mu-mesic X-rays," Transactions of the American Nuclear Society, vol. 18, no. , pp. 98-9, 1974.
Abstract: Whenever a negative muon stops in a material, it is captured into a Bohr orbit around the atomic nucleus of one of the constituent atoms and cascades down through successively lower lying energy levels with the emission of X-rays whose energies are characteristic of the capturing element and the transition involved. A significant fraction of higher energy X-rays can escape from the body and will provide information about the elements present and their relative concentrations within the body. The apparatus required to produce and transport the muon beam is discussed. (5 References).
J. M. Hutson and BJ. Howard, "A new approach to perturbation theory for breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation," Molecular Physics, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1113--22, 1980.
Abstract: A new method for applying perturbation theory to correct for breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is developed. The method does not involve an expansion in terms of excited vibronic states, but gives the correction to the wavefunction from each excited electronic state directly in terms of purely electronic matrix elements. It automatically includes all contributions from bound and continuum states. An efficient algorithm for solving the resulting differential equations is given. The method is tested on the non-adiabatic coupling in H/sub 2//sup +/ and in the mesic molecule (H mu H)/sup +/. (18 References).
R. L. Hutson, J. D. Knight, M. Leon, M. E. Schillaci, H. B. Knowles, and JJ. Reidy, "Negative muon capture in noble gas mixtures," Physics Letters A, vol. 76A, no. 3-4, pp. 226--8, 1980.
Abstract: The authors have determined the probabilities of atomic negative muon capture in binary mixtures of the gases He, Ne, Ar, and Kr at partial pressures near five atmospheres. Relative capture rates were deduced from measured muonic X-ray yields. (16 References).
W-YP Hwang and H. Prinakoff, "Beta decay and muon capture in the A=12 nuclei: second-class currents and conserved-vector current," Physical Review C, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 397--407, 1977.
Abstract: Data on /sup 12/B to /sup 12/Ce/sup -/ nu /sub e/, /sup 12/N to /sup 12/Ce/sup +/ nu /sub e/, and mu /sup -12/C to nu /sub mu //sup 12/B are analysed using an elementary particle treatment and three hypotheses: (A) gross violation of strong conserved vector current (CVC) and no second class axial currents, (B) validity of strong CVC and large second class axial currents, and (C) strong CVC, partially conserved axial vector currents and no second class axial currents. While (A) and (B) can explain the energy variation of the beta -decay asymmetry coefficients, predicted muon capture rates are unacceptably high, though less so in the case of (B). Though (C) can fit the capture rate it gives too rapid an energy variation and, furthermore, is the only hypothesis to fit the observed magnitude of the recoil /sup 12/B polarization. Remeasurement of the asymmetry coefficients is urgently required. (25 References).
W-YP. Hwang, "Nuclear muon capture: hyperfine effects in nuclear spin and isospin (1/2/sup +or-/, 1/2) to (1/2/sup +or-/, 1/2) and (1/sup +/, 0) to (0/sup +/, 1) transitions," Physical Review C, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1799--808, 1978.
Abstract: Formulas for angular correlations and capture rates in muon-capture transitions between initial and final nuclear states characterized by spin and isospin (1/2/sup +or-/, 1/2)/sub ini/ and (1/2/sup +or-/, 1/2)/sub fin/, and (1/sup +/, 0)/sub ini/ and (0/sup +/, 1)/sub fin/, are derived and applied to mu /sup -/p to nu /sub mu /n, mu /sup -3/He to nu /sub mu / /sup 3/H, and mu /sup -/ /sup 6/Li to nu /sub mu / /sup 6/He in a model-independent (elementary-particle) approach. The results indicate that the angular correlations between the momenta of the recoiling final nuclei and the polarizations of the mu /sup -/ and/or the initial nuclei are sensitive to the value of the nuclear pseudoscalar form factors F/sub p/(q/sup 2/). The analysis also indicates that inconsistencies among the available data on mu /sup -/ /sup 6/Li to nu /sub mu / /sup 6/He are most likely of experimental origin. (27 References).
W-YP Hwang and H. Primakoff, "Theory of radiative muon capture by /sup 12/C," Physical Review C, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 445--61, 1978.
Abstract: The theory of radiative muon capture, as formulated in a previous paper (see ibid., vol.18, p.414 (1978)) on the basis of the conservation of the hadronic electromagnetic current, the conservation of the hadronic weak polar current, the partial conservation of the hadronic weak axial vector current, the SU(2)*SU(2) current algebra for the various hadronic currents, and the 'linearity hypothesis', is applied to the process mu /sup -12/C to nu /sub mu //sup 12/B gamma . The resultant total transition amplitude is worked out explicitly and used to calculate the various observable quantities. (8 References).
W-YP Hwang and H. Primakoff, "Theory of radiative muon capture with applications to nuclear spin and isospin doublets," Physical Review C, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 414--44, 1978.
Abstract: A theory of radiative muon capture, with applications to nuclear spin and isospin doublets, is formulated on the basis of the conservation of the hadronic electromagnetic current, the conservation of the hadronic weak polar current, the partial conservation of the hadronic weak axial vector current, the SU(2)*SU(2) current algebra for the various hadronic currents, and a simplifying dynamical approximation for the hadron-radiating part of the transition amplitude-the 'linearity hypothesis'. The resultant and total transition amplitude, which also includes the muon-radiating part, is worked out explicitly and applied to treat the processes mu /sup -/p to nu /sub mu /n gamma and mu /sup -3/He to nu /sub mu //sup 3/H gamma . (17 References).
W-YP. Hwang, "Average polarization of the recoil /sup 12/B from muon capture by /sup 12/C," Physical Review C, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 805--13, 1979.
Abstract: It is shown, in the 'elementary-particle' treatment, that, if the source to produce the background /sup 12/B(g.s.) comes only from the cascade processes mu /sup -12/C(g.s.) to nu /sub mu //sup 12/B*(2.62) to nu /sub mu //sup 12/B(g.s.) gamma , the average polarization of the recoil /sup 12/B(g.s.) produced by the direct polarized-muon capture mu /sup -12/C(g.s.) to nu /sub mu //sup 12/B(g.s.) can be extracted reliably from the observed angular distribution of the electrons in the subsequent beta decays of /sup 12/B(g.s.). Using the recent data of Possoz et al. (1977), the result for the average polarization P/sub av/ of the recoil /sup 12/B(g.s.) from the direct polarized-muon capture is P/sub av/=0.47+or-0.05, which aggress very well with the prediction of the standard picture, namely, conservation of vector current, partial conservation of axial vector current, and absence of second-class axial currents. (12 References).
W-YP. Hwang, "Test of fundamental symmetries in the A=12 nuclei," Physical Review C, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 814--19, 1979.
Abstract: It is shown in a model-independent fashion that, even without the conserved vector current test by extracting the shape factors from the observed e/sup -or+/ energy spectra in the beta decays of /sup 12/B and /sup 12/N, the validity of conservation of vector current and partial conservation of axial vector current and the absence of second-class axial currents have now been individually confirmed by the combination of the muon capture data and the results of the recent asymmetry measurements. On the other hand, it is found that the presence of appreciable meson-exchange corrections does not cause a serious discrepancy between the asymmetry data and the Cohen-Kurath nuclear model after the spin-quadrupole-moment term (from the L=2 component of the lepton wave functions) and all the theoretical uncertainties are also taken into account. (29 References).
W-YP. Hwang, "Radiative muon capture," Physical Review C, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 233--46, 1980.
Abstract: It is shown by relating the transition amplitude of radiative muon capture to that of radiative pion capture, that the transition amplitude of the radiative muon capture proposed recently by Hwang and Primakoff (1978) differs from the others mainly by Low's counter terms. Despite the fact that the 'original' transition amplitude does not violate seriously the conservation of the hadronic electromagnetic current, Low's counter terms, as introduced via Low's prescription to secure the presence of small conservation-of-hadronic-electromagnetic-current-breaking terms, are confirmed to be of numerical importance. Further, it is found in the 'elementary-particle' treatment of radiative muon capture that the uncertainty arising from the nuclear structure can be reduced to become negligible. Therefore, an exclusive radiative muon capture experiment can in principle differentiate the Hwang-Primakoff theory from the others and yet provide a comprehensive test of partial conservation of axial-vector current. (37 References).
W-YP. Hwang, "Study of fundamental symmetries in nuclei," Chinese Journal of Physics, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 847-56, 1997.
Abstract: Weak interactions in nuclei, with beta decays and muon capture reactions in particular, have been used, over the last forty years, as the unique laboratory for studying fundamental symmetries. Upon surveying briefly my past research efforts in relation to the hypothesis of conserved vector currents (CVC), partially conserved axial currents (PCAC), and the absence of second-class currents, I wish to identify. Some unique roles that weak interactions in nuclei are yet to play as we venture into the twenty-first century. (18 References).
W-YP Hwang and B-J. Lin, "Muon capture in deuterium," International Journal of Modern Physics E, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 101--6, 1999.
Abstract: Muon capture in deuterium, mu /sup -/+D to nu /sub mu /+n+n, is a weak process of fundamental importance. The capture rate depends critically on the spin configuration of the initial ( mu D) state, which is in turn related closely to the availability of having two nearby deuteron nuclei. In this paper, we calculate the capture rates from the doublet (J= 1/2 ) and quartet (J=3/2) mu /sup -/D hyperfine states. In addition to using a gaseous or liquid deuterium target, we wish also to propose to employ a deuterated target such as PdD or TiD to carry out the muon capture measurement, since it is known that the transition metals such as palladium titanium have unusually high deuteron (hydrogen) absorption properties. (14 References).
F. Iachello and A. Lande, "Meson finite size effects in mesonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 35b, no. 3, pp. 205--10, 1971.
Abstract: The authors consider meson finite size effects in mesonic atoms. A limit on the q.e.d. cut-off mass Lambda is set by present data on muonic /sup 206/Pb at Lambda [right angle bracket]1.44 GeV. This limit is comparable to recent high energy estimates and it can be improved upon. The authors indicate the importance of the pion form factor in extracting the strong pi -nucleus optical potential. Finally, the authors discuss how a possible pion polarizability may be detected. (19 References).
F. Iachello and A. Lande, "Finite range effects in pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 50B, no. 3, pp. 313--15, 1974.
Abstract: Finite range effects are shown to be important in the derivation of the pi -nucleus optical potential. (9 References).
E. Iacopini, G. Carboni, G. Torelli, and V. Trobbiani, "A new measurement of the muon transfer rate from muonic hydrogen to argon," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 67A, no. 3, pp. 201-10, 1982.
Abstract: Studies the transfer reaction mu p+Ar to mu Ar*+p occurring in gases (P=(2-4) atm). The transfer rate has been measured by detecting the X-rays from the electromagnetic cascade of mu Ar*. The authors obtain Lambda /sub 1S//sup Ar/=(3.67+or-0.72).10/sup -11/ s/sup -1/, in agreement with previous measurements performed with the same technique. (13 References).
E. Iacopini and E. Zavattini, "Vacuum polarization effects in the ( mu /sup -4/He)/sup +/ atom and the Born-Infeld electromagnetic theory," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 78B, no. 1, pp. 38-52, 1983.
Abstract: The authors show that the Born-Infeld nonlinear electromagnetic theory predicts the n=2 fine-structure differences in the ( mu /sup -4/He)/sup +/ system in fair agreement with the experimental results. A discussion on the birefringence induced in vacuum by a static magnetic field within the frame of classical Born-Infeld-type theories is also presented. (23 References).
A. Igarashi, N. Toshima, and T. Ishihara, "Exact calculation of the second-order Born terms for exotic-atom formation into excited states," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 5525--30, 1992.
Abstract: Differential cross sections of the second-order Born approximation are calculated exactly for particle transfer to 1s, 2s, and 2p states of exotic atoms. The processes can be classified into three types. In the collision of p+(p mu /sup -/), the Thomas process (Proc. R. Soc. London 114, 561 (1927)) takes place only via a single path as in the proton-hydrogen case, while in the collision of mu /sup +/+(p mu /sup -/), it can proceed via two paths that interfere destructively or constructively depending on the parity of the final state as in the positronium formation from a hydrogen atom. In the third type, in which all the three particles have an equal mass as in positron-positronium collisions, the critical angle occurs at 180 degrees only and the two second-order terms which are forbidden in classical mechanics are contributing significantly to the backscattering. (16 References).
A. Igarashi, N. Toshima, and T. Shirai, "Muon transfer and elastic scattering in t+d mu collisions at low energies," Physical Review A, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 4951--5, 1994.
Abstract: Muon transfer and elastic scattering in low-energy collisions of t+d mu (1s) are studied by the hyperspherical coupled-channel method in which many closed channels are explicitly coupled to obtain converged cross sections. A hybrid procedure of the diabatic-by-sector and the traditional adiabatic-basis-expansion methods is developed for solving a large set of coupled equations influenced by the nearly singular nature of couplings induced by numerous avoided crossings. It is shown that the adiabatic states belonging to the n=2 excited states in the separated-atom limit contribute significantly to the muon transfer. The discrepancy between the previous hyperspherical calculation of Fukuda et al. (Phys. Rev. A 41, 145, (1990)) and other existing theoretical calculations has been resolved by taking into account the couplings with these excited states. (8 References).
A. Igarashi, I. Shimamura, and N. Toshima, "Hyperspherical close-coupling study of hyperfine transitions in low-energy p+p mu and e/sup +or-/+Ps scattering," Physical Review A, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 1166--73, 1998.
Abstract: We apply the hyperspherical close-coupling method to the elastic and spin-flip processes in p+p mu and e/sup -/+Ps (or equivalently, e/sup +/+Ps) scattering at low collision energies. The spin-spin interactions V/sub S/ are included explicitly in the Hamiltonian, producing the correct hyperfine-splitting energy Delta epsilon in the separated-atom limit. A comparison is made with a simpler method in which the effect of V/sub S/ is represented only by the symmetry of the wave functions with respect to the interchange of the two identical particles. Explicit inclusion of V/sub S/ is found to be of vital importance for the calculation of the spin-flip cross sections for collision energies lower than Delta epsilon for both p+p mu and e/sup -/(e/sup +/)+Ps collisions. The elastic cross sections are less sensitive to V/sub S/, but those for p+p mu are still affected by V/sub S/ for collision energies lower than Delta epsilon . (19 References).
A. Igarashi, M. P. Faifman, and I. Shimamura, "Nonadiabatically coupled hyperspherical equations applied to the collisional spin flip of muonic hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 77--83, 2001.
Abstract: Nonadiabatically coupled equations in terms of hyperspherical coordinates are solved for the elastic and hyperfine transitions F to F' of muonic hydrogen isotopes p mu , d mu , and t mu in collisions p mu (F)+p to p+ mu p(F'), d mu (F)+d to d+ mu d(F'), and t mu (F)+t to t+ mu t(F'), as an extension of our previous work on p mu [Igarashi et al., Phys. Rev. A 58 (1998), 1166]. Converged cross sections are obtained for collision energies 10/sup -3/ to 10/sup 2/ eV and for the total orbital angular momentum L=0 and 1 including the spin-spin interactions V/sub S/ explicitly in the Hamiltonian, and for L[right angle bracket]or=2 neglecting V/sub S/ because of the large interparticle separations. The inclusion of V/sub S/ for L=0 and 1 reproduces the correct hyperfine-splitting energy Delta epsilon in the separated-atom limit, and is found to be of vital importance for the calculation of the spin-flip cross sections for collision energies lower than Delta epsilon. (11 References).
F. Z. Ighezou, R. J. Lombard, and J. Mares, "Spectral analysis of Pb-208 muonic atom," Eur. Phys. J. A, vol. 11, pp. 79-85, 2001.
Abstract: We have applied to the Pb-208 muonic atom a series of recurrence relations relating the moments of the ground-state density and the energy differences between the ls level and the states of the yrast line. The large amount of precise experimental data and the electromagnetic character of the interaction allow a detailed test of the method for determining the ground-state density and reconstructing the local equivalent potential. Though the present work is limited to the study of the efficiency for a given trial density, it results in a semi-quantitative analysis with an accuracy better than 1%.
F-Z Ighezou, R. J. Lombard, and J. Mares, "Spectral analysis of /sup 208/Pb muonic atom," European Physical Journal A, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 79--85, 2001.
Abstract: We have applied to the /sup 208/Pb muonic atom a series of recurrence relations relating the moments of the ground-state density and the energy differences between the 1s level and the states of the yrast line. The large amount of precise experimental data and the electromagnetic character of the interaction allow a detailed test of the method for determining the ground-state density and reconstructing the local equivalent potential. Though the present work is limited to the study of the efficiency for a given trial density, it results in a semi-quantitative analysis with an accuracy better than 1%. (14 References).
P. Igo-Kemenes, J. P. Deutsch, D. Favart, L. Grenacs, P. Lipnik, and PC. Macq, "Evidence for giant resonance excitation in muon-capture," Physics Letters B, vol. 34B, no. 4, pp. 286--8, 1971.
Abstract: Partial muon capture yields are measured in calcium. Their comparison with the corresponding photo-excitation yields furnishes strong evidence for the analogy of the underlying excitation mechanism. (12 References).
M. Ikeda, A. Ikeda, and RK. Sheline, "The effects of gamma -instability on the muonic X-rays of /sup 192/Os," Physics Letters B, vol. 45B, no. 3, pp. 187--9, 1973.
Abstract: Feasibility studies of the observation of effects arising from the transitional nature of /sup 192/Os on its muonic X-rays are presented. Muonic K X-ray spectra are calculated, using E2 matrix elements from experiments and from Baranger-Kumar calculations. Experimentally observable energy shifts result from the nuclear gamma -unstable nature of /sup 192/Os. (13 References).
S. Ikeda, "Japanese spallation neutron source," Appl. Phys. A-Mater. Sci. Process., vol. 74, pp. S15-S17, 2002.
Abstract: The Japanese 'Joint Project' is a new project to pursue frontiers in particle physics, nuclear physics, materials science, life science and nuclear technology, using a new proton-accelerator complex with the highest beam power in the world. This project had beenjointly proposed by the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institution (JAERI), and was approved at the end of 2000. This accelerator complex allows the production of a variety of intense secondary-particle beams such as neutrino, neutron and muon beams. As one of the major facilities in this project, the next generation of a pulsed spallation neutron source with a power of 1 MW will be constructed by the end of 2006, which is comparable to the new pulsed sources realized in the USA and Europe. It can open exciting prospects for materials and life sciences. In this paper, design activities for the new neutron-science facility are summarized.
Tong Cheon. Il, "A simple relation among the energy level widths of pionic atoms and imaginary part of pi -d scattering length," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-4, 1974.
Abstract: Since it is established that pions are mainly absorbed by a nucleon pair in the nucleus, on the basis of the nucleon pair model the author tries to derive a simple relation existing among the line widths of pionic atoms. An expression is deduced for the imaginary part of the pi -d scattering length: ImA/sub pi d/=0.024 fm. (16 References).
R. I. Ilkaev, V. N. Lobanov, and AA. Yukhimchuk, "RFNC-VNIIEF tritium technologies for fundamental science," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 373--80, 2001.
Abstract: The present paper reviews the research equipment and techniques previously and currently under development in RFNC-VNIIEF to perform studies in such fundamental areas as muon catalyzed fusion, exotic quantum systems at the stability boundary, measuring the neutrino magnetic moment, etc. (39 References).
R. I. Il'kaev, V. N. Lobanov, and AA. Yukhimchuk, "RFNC-VNIIEF tritium technologies for fundamental science," ANS. Fusion Technology, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 368-72, 2002.
Abstract: The present paper reviews the research equipment and techniques for operating with tritium previously and currently in RFNC-VNIIEF to perform studies in such fundamental areas as muon catalyzed fusion, exotic quantum systems at the stability boundary and measuring the neutrino magnetic moment. (28 References).
R. I. Ilkaev, V. N. Lobanov, and AA. Yukhimchuk, "Tritium technologies developed at the RIEP for fundamental research purposes," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 614--18, 2002.
Abstract: We give a review of the scientific equipment and methods that have been developed and are being developed at the RIEP for investigations in such fields of fundamental physics as muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion reactions, exotic quantum systems at the nuclear neutron stability boundary, and the magnetic moment of the neutrino. (35 References).
Cheon Il-Tong and Egidy T. Von, "Empirical formula for energy level shifts of pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A234, no. 2, pp. 401--12, 1974.
Abstract: An empirical formula for energy level shifts of pionic atoms is proposed. Numerical results show remarkably good agreement with experimental data. The authors predict energy level shifts and widths for pionic deuterium, tritium and helium. With these values, scattering lengths of pi -d, pi -t and pi -/sup 3/He are also calculated. The results are (in fm) -0.083+0.024 i, -0.287+0.028 i and 0.067+0.035 i, respectively. (22 References).
Cheon Il-Tong and Egidy T. von, "Scattering lengths of pi -d, pi -t and pi -/sup 3/He derived from energy level shifts and widths of pionic atoms," in Conference on Few Body Problems in Nuclear and Particle Physics, (R. J. Slobodrian, B. Cujec, and K. Ramavatram, eds.), pp. 337--8, 1975.
Abstract: An empirical formula for energy level shifts of pionic atoms under consideration of the elastic and inelastic processes is presented. (13 References).
Cheon. Il-Tong, "Phenomenological pion form factor and pionic atoms," New Physics (Korean Physical Society), vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 51--8, 1978.
Abstract: With the phenomenological pion form factor which is fitted to the experimental data, the electromagnetic mass difference of the pion is calculated on the basis of the standard field theory. The result is 4.53 MeV. The r.m.s. radius of the pion has been estimated as 0.302 fm. The pion form factor yields significant enhancement of the Coulomb potential in the short-range region and rather large contributions to energy level shifts in pionic atoms. Therefore, energy level shifts due to the strong interaction may have to be re-evaluated. (16 References).
N. Imanishi, S. Miyamoto, S. Ohashi, and A. Shinohara, "Chemical-bond dependence of Coulomb capture of pions in borides of light elements," Physical Review A, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 5244--6, 1987.
Abstract: The atomic Coulomb capture ratios for pions have been measured for boron carbide and boron tetraoxide. These results and previous ones for beryllium borides and boron nitrides are analyzed with a modified mesomolecular model, and the net atomic charges are deduced and compared with results by another method and with theoretical predictions. Qualitative agreement is obtained for the net atomic charges obtained with the present experiment and with theoretical predictions. (23 References).
N. Imanishi, T. Fukumura, A. Shinohara, and H. Kaji, "Chemical-bond dependence of Coulomb capture of pions in transition-metal borides," Physical Review A, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 2044--50, 1987.
Abstract: Atomic Coulomb capture ratios A(B,M) for pions have been measured in chromium, iron, and nickel borides. Those for mixtures of respective metals and boron were also obtained. The ratios for the compounds are less than half of those of the mixtures and depend on the species of the borides. These results for the borides are not predicted by any model. The mesomolecular model revised to take account of the Auger process reproduces the present results. The electron charge densities deduced by applying the model are compared with theoretical predictions. (27 References).
N. Imanishi, S. Miyamoto, Y. Takeuchi, A. Shinohara, H. Kaji, and Y. Yoshimura, "Chemical-bond effect of pion-capture ratios in some alkali-metal compounds," Physical Review A, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 43--8, 1988.
Abstract: Pion-capture ratios have been measured for fluorides, hydroxides and tetrahydroborates of alkali metals. The ratios for hydroxides agree with those for fluorides, when OH is taken as a group. However, though it is expected that tetrahydroborates have similar ionic bonding as fluorides and hydroxides, capture ratios of the alkali metal to the BH/sub 4/ group are enhanced when compared with those of the alkali metal to the F or OH groups. Obtained capture ratios are analyzed with a modified mesomolecular model and the effect of chemical bonding on the capture ratios is discussed. (17 References).
J. D. Immele and NC. Mukhopadhyay, "An open-shell finite Fermi systems approach to the structure of A=12 nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 56B, no. 1, pp. 13--16, 1975.
Abstract: An extension of Migdal's theory of finite Fermi systems is specialized to an open-shell calculation of the T=1 states in /sup 12/C. The over-all fit of the low energy excitation spectrum is found to be satisfactory. The rates of the weak transitions /sup 12/B/sub gs/ to /sup 12/C/sub gs/+ beta /sup -/ and /sup 12/C/sub gs/+ mu /sup -/ to /sup 12/B/sub gs/ are accurately predicted, yielding a considerable improvement over the closed-shell RPA calculation. Overestimation of the isovector magnetic dipole sum rule strength is observed and discussed. (21 References).
M. Inoue, T. Muta, J. Saito, and H-L. Yu, "Observable consequences of the strong coupling phase of QED hypothesized near the surface of large-Z nuclei," Modern Physics Letters A, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 309--14, 1990.
Abstract: The authors discuss observable effects of the assumption that the strong coupling phase of quantum electrodynamics is realized in the surface region of heavy nuclei with large atomic number Z under a suitable external disturbance. They present some comments on anomalous peaks in electron-positron systems observed in heavy ion reactions and on effects expected in electron and positron scatterings off large-Z nuclei. They propose some experiments to test their assumption: (1) coincidence measurements of e/sup +/e/sup -/ and gamma gamma signals from the decays of large-Z nuclei, and (2) spectroscopy of large-Z muonic atoms. (13 References).
T. Inoue and E. Oset, "eta nucleus optical potential in a chiral unitary approach," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A721, no. , pp. 661c-4c, 2003.
Abstract: The self-energy of an eta in a nuclear medium is calculated in a chiral unitary model, and applied to eta states in nuclei. Our calculation predicts an attractive eta nucleus optical potential which can accommodate many eta bound states in different nuclei. (5 References).
FE. Irons, "Poincare's 1911-12 proof of quantum discontinuity interpreted as applying to atoms," American Journal of Physics, vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 879--84, 2001.
Abstract: As part of a study of Planck's blackbody radiation theory, H. Poincare (in 1911-12) advanced a theory which analyzed the partition of energy between {"}resonators{"} and the kinetic motion of atoms. Resonators (the objects of Poincare's theory) facilitate the exchange of energy between radiation and matter, but otherwise their identity has remained unresolved. Poincare considered resonators characterized by a particular mean energy epsilon /[exp( epsilon /kT)-1], which he showed to necessarily imply quantized energies n epsilon (n=0,1,2,...). We additionally consider resonators characterized by a mean energy epsilon /[exp( epsilon /kT)+1], which (using Poincare's methodology) we show to necessarily imply quantized energies n epsilon (n=0 and 1). Resonators are here identified with transitions between internal quantum states of atoms. This includes normal electronic atoms characterized by possible energies n epsilon (n=0 and 1), as well as atoms populated by subatomic bosons (such as pions) and characterized by multiple occupancy of quantum states and possible energies n epsilon (n=0,1,2,...). We distinguish between Poincare's theory and the closely related analysis by P. Ehrenfest of quantization amongst cavity modes. (35 References).
K. Ishida, J. H. Brewer, T. Matsuzaki, Y. Kuno, J. Imazato, and K. Nagamine, "Pulsed mu /sup -/SR measurement of negative muon depolarization in muonic /sup 13/C and /sup 14/N," Physics Letters B, vol. 167B, no. 1, pp. 31--4, 1986.
Abstract: Slow depolarization rates of the upper hyperfine (HF) states (F/sup +/) of nu /sup -13/C and nu /sup -14/N were observed by means of the negative muon spin rotation method with a pulsed beam. The result for mu /sup -13/C agree with the HF transition rates expected by Auger processes, while that for nu /sup -14/N is too high, suggesting a HF transition due to the intramolecular excitation effect. (10 References).
K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Nagamine, "Large solid angle superconducting coil and solenoid muon channel for future mu CF experiment," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 467--73, 1991.
Abstract: A new type of muon beam channel with a large angular acceptance is proposed. It makes use of the focusing properties of an axially symmetric magnetic field. A prototype beam channel with three short superconducting coils was built and used for transporting the surface muon beam at the RIKEN Ring Cyclotron. The possibility of an intense decay muon channel which consists of the same type of coil system functioning as a pion injector and a superconducting solenoid as a decay section is discussed. (8 References).
K. Ishida, S. Sakamoto, Y. Watanabe, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Nagamine, "X-ray studies on muon transfer reactions from hydrogen to helium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 111--18, 1993.
Abstract: The authors have experimentally studied the muon transfer reactions from hydrogen to helium in liquid hydrogen with helium impurity concentration around 100-1000 ppm. The X-ray from the decay of (d/sup 4/He mu ) molecule was clearly observed in the D/sub 2/-/sup 4/He system, whereas the corresponding X-ray was very weak in other systems such as D/sub 2/-/sup 3/He and H/sub 2-//sup 4/He. This is well explained by the particle decay mode of the muonic molecule. (11 References).
M. Ishida, M. Tachikawa, H. Tokiwa, K. Mori, and A. Ishii, "First principles calculation for hydrogen/positronium adsorption on an Si(111) surface using the dynamical extended molecular orbital method," Surf. Sci., vol. 438, pp. 47-57, 1999.
Abstract: We have recently proposed the dynamical extended molecular orbital (DEMO) method, which can be applied to the adsorption of light particles, such as positrons, muons, protons, deuterons, and tritrons, on an Si(111) surface, in order to explore theoretically the isotope effect on their structures, wave functions, and energies. Since the DEMO method determines both electronic and light particles' wave functions simultaneously by optimizing all parameters including basis sets and their centers variationally, we have obtained different orbitals for light particles as well as their electronic wave functions. In the case of positron adsorption, we have found that the chemisorption of positronium (Ps) occurs on the Si(111) surface, being stabilized by the relaxation of electronic wave functions near the dangling bond. The calculated Ps adsorption energy is in good agreement with the experimental value. The isotope effect of light particles is also clearly observed on the Si(111) surface. The present results are promising in the sense that the DEMO method is a very useful tool to demonstrate the dynamics of light particles on a surface. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
K. Ishida, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, S. N. Nakamura, N. Kawamura, S. Sakamoto, M. Iwasaki, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, H. Sugai, I. Watanabe, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and GH. Eaton, "Measurement of X-rays from muon to alpha sticking and fusion neutrons in solid/liquid D-T mixtures of high tritium concentration," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 203--8, 1999.
Abstract: We measured the yields of K-series X-rays from ( alpha mu )/sup +/ ion formed by muon to alpha sticking as well as the yields and the disappearance rates of fusion neutrons in /sup 3/He-free solid and liquid D-T mixtures. The effective sticking probability omega /sub s/ obtained by neutron measurement is much smaller than any theoretical values so far published, while the discrepancy in alpha mu X-ray yield seems less significant. (22 References).
K. Ishida, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, S. N. Nakamura, N. Kawamura, S. Sakamoto, M. Iwasaki, I. Watanabe, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and GH. Eaton, "X-ray and neutron studies on muon to alpha sticking in D-T muon catalyzed fusion," Riken Review, vol. 20, no. , pp. 3-7, 1999.
Abstract: Precise measurements of the absolute yields and the disappearance rates were carried out both for the X-rays from ( alpha mu )/sup +/ ion formed by muon to alpha sticking after the muon catalyzed fusion and for the fusion neutrons from /sup 3/He-free liquid and solid D/sub 1-x/T/sub x/ mixture with x=0.10, 0.20, 0.28, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60 and 0.70. While the alpha mu X-ray yield is not contradicting with some of the values predicted by the atomic-process theories, the effective sticking probability omega /sub s/ obtained by neutron measurement is much smaller than any of the calculations published so far, suggesting e.g. enhanced reactivation. (28 References).
K. Ishida, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, N. Kawamura, S. N. Nakamura, Y. Matsuda, M. Kato, H. Sugai, M. Tanase, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and GH. Eaton, "Review of measurements of fusion neutrons and X-rays in muon catalyzed d-t fusion at RIKEN-RAL-details of the detection system," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 225--34, 2001.
Abstract: Precise measurements of the absolute yields and the disappearance rates were carried out for both the X-rays from the ( alpha mu )/sup +/ ion formed by muon to alpha sticking after the muon catalyzed fusion and for the fusion neutrons from /sup 3/He-free liquid and solid D/T mixtures. While the alpha mu X-ray yield does not contradict the values predicted by the atomic-process theories, the effective sticking probability ( omega /sub s/) obtained by neutron measurement is much smaller than that from any of the calculations published so far, suggesting, e.g., enhanced reactivation. (21 References).
K. Ishida and K. Nagamine, "Special issue: International RIKEN Conference on Muon Catalyzed Fusion and Related Exotic Atoms (MuCF01), Shimoda, Japan, 22-26 April 2001 - Preface," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 138, pp. 3-3, 2001.
K. Ishida, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, and N. Kawamura, "Muon catalyzed fusion," J. Phys. G-Nucl. Part. Phys., vol. 29, pp. 2043-2045, 2003.
Abstract: Muon catalyzed fusion is a rich field of physics of few-body problems where various exotic atoms and molecules participate. It is also one of the most interesting applications of negative muons. Present status of muCF experiments at RIKEN-RAL muon facility and future possibilities are reported.
B. S. Ishkhanov, I. M. Kapitonov, V. G. Neudatchin, and RA. Eramzhyan, "Dipole giant resonance in 1p-shell nuclei: configurational splitting and cluster effects," Fizika Elementarnykh Chastits i Atomnogo Yadra, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 905--60, 1981.
Abstract: A universal feature of dipole resonance in light nuclei-the so called configurational splitting-is established and analysed on the basis of many theoretical and experimental investigations. The phenomenon consists of the formation of two groups of nucleon transitions separated in energy. Each group is contributed by nucleon transitions from different shells. The splitting is about 10 MeV in 1p-shell nuclei. The configurational splitting is caused by the Majorana force in light nuclei. Experiments are discussed to enable the measurement of configurational splitting. It manifests itself in a wide range of effects, arising in the excitation and subsequent decay of dipole states formed in photonuclear reactions, electron scattering, muon capture, radiative pion capture and in hypernuclear systems. (129 References).
N. Isotopes, T. P. Gorringe, D. S. Armstrong, C. Q. Chen, E. Christy, B. C. Doyle, P. Gumplinger, H. W. Fearing, M. D. Hasinoff, M. A. Kovash, and DH. Wright, "Isotope dependence of radiative muon capture on the /sup 58,60,62/Ni isotopes," Physical Review C, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 1767--76, 1998.
Abstract: We report measurements of the photon rates and energy spectra from inclusive radiative muon capture on three nickel isotopes using a photon pair spectrometer at the TRIUMF cyclotron. The values of R/sub gamma /, the partial branching ratios of radiative muon capture for photon energies [right angle bracket]57 MeV, for /sup 58,60,62/Ni were found to be (in units of 10/sup -5/) 1.48+or-0.08, 1.39+or-0.09, and 1.05+or-0.06, assuming a Fermi-gas photon spectral shape. The results reveal a significant isotope effect in the nickel branching ratios and a simple empirical scaling of the present nickel and earlier nuclear R/sub gamma / data with neutron excess. Furthermore, the observed atomic mass and neutron excess dependence of the entire nuclear R/sub gamma / data set is well reproduced by a relativistic Fermi-gas calculation. The ability of the model to reproduce the variation of the R/sub gamma / data using the Goldberger-Treiman formula for g/sub p/ suggests there is no compelling reason to invoke a more exotic A-dependent renormalization of g/sub p/. (49 References).
T. M. Ito, "Observation of kaonic hydrogen atom X rays", 1997.
YuV Ivankov and SG. Kadmensky, "Absorption of slow negative pions by nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 1379--90, 1997.
Abstract: A theory of the inclusive absorption of slow negative pions by nuclei is developed. The theory relies on the local two-nucleon mechanism and on the multiparticle shell model of the nucleus and takes into account pair correlations of the deuteron type at small distances. Formulas for the nuclear widths of the 1S, 2P, 3D, and 4F levels of mesic atoms and for the yields and energy distributions of neutrons and protons are obtained. The yields and energy distributions of correlated nit and np pairs associated with the first, {"}hot{"}, stage of negative-pion absorption from orbits of mesic atoms are also found. All quantities subjected to investigation are expressed in terms of four constants that determine the nuclear-medium renormalization of the reduced probabilities of the S and P absorption of negative pions by a nucleon pair with zero relative orbital angular momentum and the isospin values of T=0 and 1 in relation to the analogous probabilities for a free nucleon pair. (40 References).
YuV Ivankov and SG. Kadmensky, "Nuclear-medium renormalization of the probabilities of the absorption of slow negative pions by nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 1391--9, 1997.
Abstract: Regions of admissible values of four constants determined by the ratios of the reduced probabilities of the absorption of slow negative pions by nucleon pairs in a nucleus to the analogous probabilities of absorption by free nucleon pairs are found from comparison of theoretical results and experimental data on the nuclear widths of the levels of pi /sup -/ mesic atoms and on the yields and energy distributions of nucleons and correlated nn and np pairs emitted in the absorption of slow negative pions by nuclei. It is concluded that some of these constants considerably deviate from unity. This suggests that a nuclear medium strongly affects hadron propagators or vertex functions determining negative-pion absorption by a nucleon pair at small distances. (22 References).
L. N. Ivanov and VS. Letokhov, "Possibility of discharge of metastable nuclei during negative muon capture," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 19--28, 1976.
Abstract: A negative mu meson captured by a metastable nucleus may accelerate the discharge of the latter by many orders of magnitude. For a certain relation between the energy ranges of the nuclear and mesonic levels the discharge may be followed by the ejection of a meson which may then participate in the discharge of other nuclei. For a sample with a sufficiently high density of metastable nuclei and a sufficiently intense meson beam this process results in a sharp increase of gamma radioactivity of the sample and may be used as the basis of operation of a high-power source of monochromatic gamma radiation. The metastable decay probabilities for various channels in the presence of a meson are calculated within the framework of the one-particle model. The conditions for an experimental observation of the discharge acceleration effect are discussed. (24 References).
E. Ivanov and E. Truhlik, "Hard pions and axial meson exchange current effects in negative muon capture in deuterium," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A316, no. 3, pp. 451--60, 1979.
Abstract: The contribution of the axial exchange current effects to the doublet transition rate in the reaction mu /sup -/+d to 2n+ nu /sub mu / is calculated by using the minimal, chiral and approximately gauge invariant Lagrangian model for the A/sub 1/ rho pi system. The contribution from the rho - pi weak decay process current usually considered is found to be nearly cancelled by that from the A/sub 1/ pole graph which is prescribed by the underlying invariance principles. Correct treatment of the N* propagator in the N* excitation current of the pion range leads to approximately=30% suppression of the N* effect. (23 References).
V. K. Ivanov, A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, N. P. Popov, and VI. Fomichev, "Charge exchange of low-energy mesic hydrogen in helium and lithium," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 358--63, 1986.
Abstract: The authors calculate the rates of formation of mu -mesic molecules by hydrogen and helium (or lithium) isotopes, the conversion electron having Hartree-Fock wave functions. The calculation results indicate that the rates of molecular charge exchange of the mesic hydrogen isotopes with helium nuclei is somewhat lower than in earlier preliminary calculations, and lead to better agreement with the experimental data. (20 References).
V. V. Ivanov, I. V. Puzynin, and YuS. Smirnov, "Graphics interface for initial approximations and its application for calculations of mesic atomic collisions," in Proceedings of the 6th Joint EPS-APS International Conference on Physics Computing (PC'94), (R. Gruber and M. Tomassini, eds.), pp. 349-52, 1994.
Abstract: The program for constructing graphics functions in a dialogue regime with IBM PC AT/386 is elaborated on the basis of both graphics possibilities of FORTRAN-77 and a mouse device. The interpolation of discrete graphical information by cubic splines is used. This makes possible the use of the program for constructing initial approximations of an iterative process of solving the functional equations. The function quality is investigated as the initial approximation to solving the equation in terms of a discrepancy. The program gives the diagnostic and instructions for improving the quality of the initial approximation. Some applications to a problem of mesic atomic collisions in a hydrogen isotope mixture using the iterative Newtonian scheme have been considered. (15 References).
V. G. Ivanov and SG. Karshenboim, "Radiative corrections for level widths in light muonic atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 805-817, 1997.
Abstract: The corrections, which are associated with electron vacuum polarization, for the radiation level widths and line intensities in light muonic atoms is used. The total level widths with allowance for the finite size of the nuclei, relativistic effects, and recoil are found. (0 References).
D. Y. Ivanov, E. A. Kuraev, A. Schiller, and V. G. Serbo, "Production of e(+)e(-) pairs to all orders in Z alpha for collisions of high-energy muons with heavy nuclei," Phys. Lett. B, vol. 442, pp. 453-458, 1998.
Abstract: The e(+)e(-) pair production in collisions of muons with atoms is considered to all orders in the parameter Z alpha. We obtain the energy distribution of e(+) and e(-) as well as the energy loss of muons passing through matter with heavy atoms. The found corrections to the Born contribution do not depend on the details of the target properties except of a simple factor. For the considered example of Pb target the muon energy loss corrections vary from -65% to -10% depending on the pair energy. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
IG. Ivanter, "Theory of muonium mechanism of mu /sup +/ meson depolarization in media with tensor relaxation of the muonium electron spin," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1419--31, 1969.
Abstract: A theory of depolarization in media is developed in which the tensor nature of the relaxation rate is related to the presence of an external field. A new effect is predicted which should occur in semiconductors. Its essence is that slow precession in a superstrong magnetic field is insensitive to the damping magnitude and hence it should be possible to observe muonium under conditions in which direct methods would be useless. Formulas are obtained for polarization at a moment which is infinite with respect to the time of the chemical reaction. Formulas are also derived for the time dependence of the polarization in a number of limiting cases. In particular, formulas are obtained for the case when muonium precession beats in a magnetic field, recently discovered, can be observed.
V. D. Ivashchuk and VN. Melnikov, "Dually charged mesoatom on the space of constant negative curvature," Journal of Mathematical Physics, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 1642--9, 1996.
Abstract: The discrete spectrum solutions corresponding to dually charged mesoatom on the space of constant negative curvature are obtained. The discrete spectrum of energies is finite and vanishes when the magnetic charge of the nucleus exceeds the critical value. (14 References).
M. Iwasaki, A. Trudel, A. Celler, O. Hausser, R. S. Hayano, R. Helmer, R. Henderson, S. Hirenzaki, K. P. Jackson, Y. Kuno, N. Matsuoka, J. Mildenberger, C. A. Miller, H. Outa, H. Sakai, H. Toki, M. Vetterli, Y. Watanabe, T. Yamazaki, and S. Yen, "Search for deeply bound pionic states in /sup 208/Pb using the /sup 208/Pb(n,p) reaction at T/sub n/=418 MeV," Physical Review C, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 1099--105, 1991.
Abstract: A search for deeply bound pi /sup -/ states in heavy nuclei was undertaken using the pion-transfer /sup 208/Pb(n,p) reaction at the TRIUMF CHARGEX facility. Monoenergetic 418-MeV neutrons from the /sup 7/Li(p,n) reaction were used to induce (n,p) reactions on a segmented /sup 208/Pb target. The spectrum between 100- and 180-MeV excitation energy was measured with an energy resolution of 1.15 MeV (FWHM). In the region of 120-140 MeV, where the deeply bound pionic states were expected, the observed spectrum exhibited a smooth continuumlike behavior with a cross section of approximately=0.8 mb/sr MeV. This resulted in an upper limit of 0.35 mb/sr for the production cross section of pi /sup -/ bound states in /sup 208/Pb. This cross section is substantially smaller than the estimate based on the plane-wave impulse approximation, showing the importance of the effect of distortion. The distortion effect is calculated and discussed. (17 References).
M. Iwasaki and others, "Observation of kaonic hydrogen K$_\alpha$ x rays," Physical Review Letters, vol. 78, pp. 3067--3069, 1997.
E. D. Izquierdo and AO. Gattone, "Random-phase-approximation-type vertex corrections to the axial-vector current," Physical Review C, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 2005--10, 1994.
Abstract: We study the isovector weak response of the core to an external perturbation using linear response theory in nuclear matter. We extend previous results to the kinematic region away from the long wavelength regime where the effects have been proven small. For the muon capture process we found a sizable quenching of the contribution of the induced pseudoscalar term. Applied to actual nuclei, however, the strong density dependence of the weak isovector response washes out the screening found at nuclear matter densities, slightly modifying muon capture rates. (16 References).
M. Izycki, G. Backenstoss, L. Tauscher, P. Blum, R. Guigas, N. Hassler, H. Koch, H. Poth, K. Fransson, A. Nilsson, P. Pavlopoulos, and K. Zioutas, "Results of the search for K-series X-rays from kaonic hydrogen," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 297, no. 1, pp. 11--15, 1980.
Abstract: The X-ray spectrum associated with K/sup -/ stopping in liquid hydrogen was measured with high resolution Si(Li) detectors. The total K X-ray yield is not larger than 8*10/sup -4/ per stopped K/sup -/ assuming no line broadening. A weak line pattern was found, which was tentatively ascribed to the K/sup -/ H K-series X-rays. The shift and width of the 1s level, deduced from this pattern, are epsilon /sub 1s/=+270+or-80 eV and Gamma =560+or-260 eV, respectively. (11 References).
N. Jachowicz, K. Heyde, J. Ryckebusch, and S. Rombouts, "Continuum random phase approximation approach to charged-current neutrino-nucleus scattering," Physical Review C, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 025501/1-7, 2002.
Abstract: We present continuum random phase approximation (CRPA) calculations for charged-current neutrino-nucleus scattering. The CRPA formalism is based on a Green's-function approach, and the calculations can be done in a self-consistent fashion when using an effective nucleon-nucleon force of the Skyrme type. We analyze the technical aspects related to the description of charge-exchange reactions within this approach, and study the sensitivity of the results to the single-particle characteristics of the formalism. Muon capture is studied as a test case. In applications of the formalism, we concentrate on neutrino-scattering off /sup 12/C and /sup 16/O, and pay attention to interactions of experimental interest. (25 References).
R. Jackiw and S. Weinberg, "Weak-interaction corrections to the muon magnetic moment and to muonic- atom energy levels," Physical Review D, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 2396--8, 1972.
Abstract: The weak contributions to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon are calculated in a proposed theory of the weak and electromagnetic interactions. The result is finite and of order Delta g/sub mu / approximately=10/sup -8/, too small to be measured at present. The present agreement between theoretical and experimental values of the muon magnetic moment does not even rule out the possibility that the scalar meson required by this theory has a very small mass. If this mass were sufficiently small, then the scalar-meson field would produce shifts of the order of a hundred parts per million in muonic- atom energy levels.
J. D. Jackson, "Catalysis of Nuclear Reactions between Hydrogen Isotopes by $\mu ^-$ Mesons," Physical Review, vol. 106, pp. 330--339, 1957.
D. F. Jackson and C. Tranquille, "Pion charge exchange reactions on bound hydrogen," Physics Letters A, vol. 91A, no. 6, pp. 324--6, 1982.
Abstract: An analysis is made of data on the pion charge exchange reaction in molecules containing hydrogen, using a molecular model which includes the possibility of transfer of the pion to a neighbouring heavier atom. Values obtained for the transfer parameter are consistent with values previously found in analyses of pionic X-ray emission from organic molecules. It is concluded that transfer is the dominant process involving bound hydrogen. (14 References).
D. F. Jackson, C. A. Lewis, and K. O'Leary, "Pion-capture probabilities in organic molecules," Physical Review A, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 3262--76, 1982.
Abstract: Experimental results are presented for atomic-capture probabilities of negative pions in organic molecules. The data are analyzed in terms of atomic and molecular models. This analysis shows that the Fermi-Teller law (Z law) and its modifications do not give an adequate description of the data, but that a mesomolecular model together with hydrogen transfer contains the features essential to fit the data. Clear evidence is given for chemical effects in the pion-capture process. (25 References).
DF. Jackson, "Comparison of models for pion capture on bound hydrogen," Physics Letters A, vol. 95A, no. 9, pp. 487--90, 1983.
Abstract: Different models of the pion charge-exchange reaction on bound hydrogen are compared in order to identify similarities and differences between the models. (12 References).
DF. Jackson, "Influence of molecular properties on Coulomb capture of negative pions and muons," Physics Letters A, vol. 105A, no. 6, pp. 292--4, 1984.
Abstract: The meso-molecular model of pion or muon capture involves a parameter which represents the probability of de-excitation from the molecular orbital to an atomic orbital centred on a particular atom. This parameter depends on the fractional ionic structure of the bonds in the molecule. An extension to the existing formalism is given so that the influence of molecular structure may be taken into account. (13 References).
D. F. Jackson and JRH. Smith, "Interpretation of new data on the pion charge-exchange reaction on bound hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 763--8, 1986.
Abstract: New data on the pionic charge-exchange reaction on bound hydrogen in selected organic molecules have been analyzed using two alternative models. It appears that the model which describes both the charge-exchange reaction and the atomic capture probabilities with the same set of parameters is capable of giving the most consistent representation of the data. Transfer of pions initially captured in hydrogen to a neighboring heavy atom is an important feature of this model. The transfer parameter is very accurately determined from the pion charge-exchange data. (17 References).
Annual review of nuclear and particle science, (J. D. Jackson, H. E. Gove, V. Luth, and RF. Schwitters, eds.), vol. 39, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1989.
Abstract: In this Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, the following topics were dealt with: light quark masses; heavy particle radioactivity; high energy cosmic rays; fractional electric charge searches; strange nuclear systems; D mesons; supernovae and the hadronic equation of state; deep inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering; muon-catalyzed fusion; experimental tests of perturbative QCD; exotic light nuclei; solar neutrinos.
J. D. Jackson, "Muonic hydrogen molecular bound states, Quasi--bound states, and resonances in the Born---Oppenheimer approximation," Lawrence Berkley Laboratory, 1993.
JD. Jackson, "Muonic-hydrogen molecular bound states, quasibound states, and resonances in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation," Physical Review A, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 132--45, 1994.
Abstract: The Born-Oppenheimer approximation is used as an exploratory tool to study bound states, quasibound states, and scattering resonances in muon ( mu )-hydrogen (x)-hydrogen (y) molecular ions. Our purpose is to comment on the existence and nature of the narrow states reported in three-body calculations, for L=0 and 1, at approximately 55 eV above threshold and the family of states in the same partial waves reported about 1.9 keV above threshold. We first discuss the motivation for study of excited states beyond the well-known and well-studied bound states. Then we reproduce the energies and other properties of these well-known states to show that, despite the relatively large muon mass, the Born-Oppenheimer approximation gives a good, semiquantitative description containing all the essential physics. Born-Oppenheimer calculations of the s- and p-wave scattering of d-(d mu ), d-(t mu ), and t-(t mu ) are compared with the accurate three-body results; again with general success. The places of disagreement are understood in terms of the differences in location of slightly bound (or unbound) states in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation compared to the accurate three-body calculations. The analytic properties of the function k/sup 2L+1/cot delta are used to illustrate the locating of bound states and resonance poles in the complex k or E plane from the scattering data and to deduce the expected widths of resonances of a given L value. The prominent L=3 resonance at 22 eV ( Gamma =1.4 eV) in d-(t mu ) scattering provides a benchmark for the unsuccessful search within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation for the claimed narrow s-wave d-t- mu resonance at 54.35 eV ( Gamma =0.74 eV). Although absolute proof is obviously lacking (because of the approximate calculation), the Born-Oppenheimer results for the s-wave gerade scattering are entirely reasonable; the absence of a centrifugal barrier makes it implausible that there could be resonances at 50-60 eV with narrow widths. We argue that the threshold at 48 eV of the t+(d mu ) channel is unlikely to have a major effect. The family of states at 1.9 keV and above are of a different nature. They are, as is already known, molecular states based on the 3d sigma /sub g/ {"}electronic{"} potential-energy curve, which is asymptotically the energy of the x(y mu ; n=2) system. Born-Oppenheimer calculations of binding energies, and properties depending dominantly on the wave functions in the classically allowed region, agree reasonably well with the accurate three-body computations for the d-t- mu system. Expected disagreement occurs in the probability density rho /sub N/(0) for the nuclei to be at vanishing internuclear separation (relevant for the fusion rate), in which configuration mixing is more important in the classically forbidden region. Nonetheless, the reported values of rho /sub N/(0), when compared to the average probability density in the classically allowed region of nuclear motion computed here, appear excessively large. The likelihood that this family of continuum resonances would play a significant role in molecular formation in the muonic cascade is discussed briefly. (38 References).
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Bienz, M. Boschung, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, and D. Siradovic, "Electronic structure and muonic X-ray intensities in isoelectronic series of neon and argon," Physical Review A, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 3795--800, 1988.
Abstract: The authors report on muonic Lyman-series X-ray intensities measured in gaseous argon and in K/sup +/, Cl/sup -/, Na/sup +/, and F/sup -/ in the compounds KF and NaCl. The analysis of their structures, including neon, shows that both the spatial symmetry and the binding energy of the electrons of the outer shells determines the angular momentum distribution of captured muons. The conclusions are in agreement with the modified model of 'large mesic molecules'. (32 References).
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Bienz, M. Boschung, G. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Muon capture through bonding electrons in pure silicon," Physical Review A, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 3106--8, 1988.
Abstract: The muonic X-ray intensities of the Lyman series in pure silicon are investigated. The fitted data are compatible with a statistical initial angular momentum distribution of the captured muons. From a comparison with data measured in diamond, cubic boron nitride and in the two isoelectronic series F/sup -/,Ne,Na/sup +/ and Cl/sup -/,Ar,K/sup +/, the authors conclude that the calculated muon distribution reflects the symmetry of the electrons through which muon capture proceeds. (15 References).
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Bienz, M. Boschung, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, W. Reichart, and G. Torelli, "Muon transfer from hydrogen to argon and helium at 10-15 bars," Physical Review A, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 6151--8, 1988.
Abstract: The transfer of negative muons from the ground state of muonic hydrogen to argon and helium has been measured in gaseous mixtures at pressures between 10 and 15 bars and at different relative concentrations. The transfer rate to argon, reduced to liquid-hydrogen density ( Lambda /sub pAr/=1.42(4)*10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/), agrees well with those obtained at ten times higher pressures. The transfer rate to helium ( Lambda /sub pHe/=0.88(9)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/), measured in a triple gas mixture, disagrees with the only other experimental value and is about two times higher than recent theoretical predictions. In addition, the muonic X-ray intensities of the Lyman series of argon resulting from muon transfer have been determined. They are well reproduced by a cascade calculation assuming a theoretical initial distribution over n and l states. (54 References).
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Bienz, M. Boschung, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, and W. Reichart, "Comparison of muon and pion capture ratios in H/sub 2/-Ar gas mixtures," Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 387--90, 1989.
Abstract: The muonic Coulomb capture ratio A(H/sub 2/,Ar) has been measured in two different H/sub 2/-Ar gas mixtures using two different methods of evaluation based on the muon transfer from hydrogen. The measured ratios agree with each other, but disagree with the corresponding pionic capture ratio and also with the ratios calculated from muonic and pionic A(He,Ar) and A(He,H/sub 2/) capture ratios. The large discrepancies might be related to unsolved problems in muon transfer. (18 References).
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, "Muonic X-ray intensities and electronic structure in elements with 5<Z<20," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 113--20, 1989.
Abstract: By analyzing measured muonic X-ray intensities of F/sup -/, Ne, Cl/sup -/, Ar and K/sup +/, a statistical angular momentum distribution of the captured muons is found in the level with principal quantum number n=14. A different distribution is found in the sodium ion, Na/sup +/. This result is however in agreement with the basic assumptions of the modified model of 'large mesic molecules'. A comparison with pure carbon and silicon shows that the statistical distribution reflects the central symmetry of the electrons through which the muon capture proceeds. (16 References).
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, P. Oberson, C. Piller, L. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Unexpected effect in transfer of negative muons stopped in a H/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ gas mixture," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium (WEIN-89), (P. Depommier, ed.), pp. 653--5, 1989.
Abstract: The transfer of negative muons from the ground state of muonic hydrogen z elements has been measured in gaseous mixtures at pressures between 10 and 15 bars and at different concentrations. The reduced transfer rates to He, Ar, and SO/sub 2/ have been determined, preliminary results for N/sub 2/ and Ne are given. The time constant found by analysing the time distributions of the muonic sulphur X-rays in H/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ gas mixtures agrees with theoretical estimates for the lifetime of the mu p atom in the ground state. (2 References).
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, C. Piller, and H. Schneuwly, "Charge transfer from muonic hydrogen to neon," Physical Review Letters, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 709--12, 1990.
Abstract: Fundamentally, the electron and muon transfer mechanisms are the same. The authors report on muon transfer from the ground state of muonic hydrogen to neon, measured in the gas mixtures H/sub 2/+Ne and H/sub 2/+Ne+Ar. Unexpectedly, the muonic X-ray time spectra measured in the binary mixture show two components. From the extracted transfer rates, the higher one agrees with an older experiment, whereas the lower one, which is reproduced in the triple gas mixture, was not observed before. (14 References).
R. Jacot--Guillarmod and others, "Muon transfer to low Z elements," in Electromagnetic Cascade and chemistry of exotic atoms, (L. M. Simons, D. Horváth, and G. Torelli, eds.), (New York, USA), pp. 223--227, 1990.
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Muon transfer to low Z elements," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 543--4, 1990.
Abstract: New measurements of muon transfer from protium to nitrogen and neon show, together with other measured muon transfer rates, that these rates do not have a monotonous Z dependence. In neon, a second component of unknown origin is observed. (10 References).
R. Jacot--Guillarmod and others, "New measurements of muon transfer from muonic protium and deuterium to neon," Helvitica Physica Acta, vol. 64, pp. 205--206, 1991.
R. Jacot-Guillarmod and H. Schneuwly, "Charge transfer from muonic hydrogen to other elements," in Exotic Atoms in Condensed Matter. Proceedings of the Erice Workshop, (G. Benedek and H. Schneuwly, eds.), pp. 167--74, 1992.
Abstract: A muonic hydrogen atom can, in collisions, transfer its muon to any other element. By measuring the time distribution of muonic X-rays resulting from muons transferred to the element Z from the mu p ground state, one determines the lifetime of mu p/sub 1s/ atoms in H/sub 2/+Z gas mixtures. Surprising effects are observed which still wait for explanation. (19 References).
R. Jacot--Guillarmod and others, "Detection of Hot Muonic Hydrogen Atoms Emitted in Vacuum using X--rays," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 261--266, 1993.
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, P. E. Knowles, G. R. Mason, A. Olin, J. L. Beveridge, G. M. Marshall, J. H. Brewer, B. M. Forster, T. M. Huber, P. Kammel, J. Zmeskal, A. R. Kunselman, and C. Petitjean, "Muon transfer from hot muonic hydrogen atoms to neon," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 501--6, 1993.
Abstract: A negative muon beam has been directed on adjacent solid layers of hydrogen and neon. Three targets differing by their deuterium concentration were investigated. Muonic hydrogen atoms can drift to the neon layer where the muon is immediately transferred. The time structure of the muonic neon X-rays follows the exponential law with a disappearance rate corresponding to the one of mu /sup -/p atoms in each target. The rates lambda /sub pp mu / and lambda /sub pd/ can be extracted. (7 References).
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, "Muon transfer from hydrogen and deuterium atoms to neon," Physical Review A, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 2179--85, 1995.
Abstract: The muon exchange reactions from the ground state of muonic protium and deuterium atoms to neon are studied. Measurements have been performed in binary gas mixtures at room temperature. The transfer rate from thermalized muonic deuterium is found to exceed by about an order of magnitude the one from muonic protium. On the other hand, an energy dependence of the rate from mu d is revealed, while none is observed from mu p. The intensity patterns of the muonic Lyman series of neon resulting from the muon exchange differ from one hydrogen isotope to the other, the most obvious discrepancy being the presence of the muonic Ne(7-1) line after transfer from mu d, whereas this line is absent by transfer from mu p. This indicates that the muon is transferred to the level n/sub p/=6 in neon from protium, respectively, n/sub d/=7 from deuterium. This observation disagrees with the theoretical predictions. This study sheds some light on the surprising behavior of muon transfer to neon. (22 References).
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, A. Adamczak, G. A. Beer, V. M. Bystritsky, W. Czaplinski, M. Filipowicz, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, P. Kammel, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, L. A. Rivkis, V. A. Stolupin, J. Wozniak, and J. Zmeskal, "Investigation of muonic hydrogen isotopes scattering from H/sub 2/ molecule," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 563-71, 1996.
Abstract: Knowledge of the cross sections for scattering of mu H, mu D and mu T on molecules of hydrogen isotopes is necessary not only for checking the algorithmic solution of the Coulomb three-body problem but also for a general and correct description of the kinetics of muonic and molecular processes in mixtures of hydrogen isotopes. We plan to measure the scattering cross-section energy dependence of the reactions mu x+H/sub 2/ to mu x+H/sub 2/ (x=d, t) in the energy collision range from 0.1 to 45 eV, using a multilayered target system recently developed at TRIUMF. (33 References).
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, P. Kammel, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, G. M. Marshall, C. J. Martoff, G. R. Mason, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, J. Wozniak, and J. Zmeskal, "Muon molecular formation and transfer rate in solid hydrogen-deuterium mixtures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 239-48, 1996.
Abstract: In an experiment at TRIUMF to study muon-catalyzed fusion and associated atomic and molecular effects, negative muons were stopped in a solid protium hydrogen layer containing a small amount of deuterium. Most of the resulting mu H atoms disappeared by formation of HH mu molecules or by muon transfer to a deuteron. The mu D can drift almost freely through the hydrogen layer due to the Ramsauer-Townsend effect and may even leave the layer. If a thin neon layer is frozen atop the hydrogen, the exiting muonic atoms will very rapidly release their muon to a neon atom. The analysis of the time structure of the neon X-rays is used to determine the rates of the slower processes involved in the evolution of the mu H. This analysis has been performed with the help of Monte Carlo calculations, which simulate the kinetics of both mu H and mu D atoms in the hydrogen mixtures. (23 References).
R. Jacot--Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, V. M. Bystritsky, V. B. Belyaev, V. G. Grebenyuk, V. I. Korobov, V. I. Sandukovsky, V. T. Sidorov, V. A. Stolupin, C. Petitjean, A. V. Kravtsov, N. P. Popov, M. Filipowicz, and J. Wozniak, "Measurement of nuclear fusion reactions in µd$^3$He and µd$^4$He molecules," PSI Proposal, vol. R--96--01, 1996.
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, Y-A Thalmann, S. Tresch, A. Werthmuller, and A. Adamczak, "Muon transfer from thermalized muonic hydrogen isotopes to argon," Physical Review A, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 3447--52, 1997.
Abstract: Recent experimental results on the muon exchange from muonic hydrogen to argon show that the reaction rate is energy dependent near 0.1 eV. A muonic hydrogen atom, formed by muon capture in H/sub 2/ gas at 15 bars, is thermalized in a few hundreds of nanoseconds. If the muon transfer reaction occurs before that time, the rate is shown to be slightly lower compared to thermalized muonic atoms lambda /sub pAr/=(1.63+or-0.09)*10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/. As an indirect consequence, the muon transfer rate from mu p to helium, determined by our group R. Jacot Guillarmod and coworkers, Phys. Rev. A 38, 6151 (1988) is lowered by about 40%. The present value lambda /sub pHe/=(0.51+or-0.19)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ is in good agreement with other experiments. The transfer rate from muonic deuterium to argon shows also an energy dependence. The muon transfer rate to argon from the deuteron is lambda /sub dAr/=(0.86+or-0.04)*10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/ at room temperature. The intensity patterns of the muonic Lyman series of argon obtained by muon transfer from both hydrogen isotopes are determined and compared with theoretical predictions. (25 References).
R. Jacot--Guillarmod, "Stopping Code", 1997.
R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, S. Tresh, V. M. Bystritsky, V. B. Belyaev, V. G. Grebenyuk, V. I. Korobov, V. I. Sandukovsky, V. T. Sidorov, V. A. Stolupin, C. Petitjean, A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, N. P. Popov, M. Filipowicz, and J. Wozniak, "Measurements of nuclear fusion reactions in $\mu d ^3$He and $\mu d^4$He molecules," PSI Annual Report 1996. Annex I, PSI Nucl. Part. Phys. Newsletter, 1997.
H-U Jager, M. Kirchbach, and E. Truhlik, "Meson-exchange corrections to the nuclear weak axial charge density in the hard pion model and 0/sup +/ to or from 0/sup -/ transitions in A=16 nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A404, no. 3, pp. 456--66, 1983.
Abstract: Starting with the hard-pion model based on a minimal chiral invariant phenomenological lagrangian, the two-body part of the time component of the weak axial-vector current is constructed in the tree approximation. Pion, rho- and A/sub 1/-meson exchanges are considered. The mesonic exchange operator obtained is applied to describe the purely weak axial 0/sup +/ to or from 0/sup -/, Delta T=1 transition in the nuclear A=16 system. In order to treat nuclear structure correlation effects, explicit use of shell-model wave functions with configuration mixing is made. The authors confirm the large enhancement of the nuclear weak axial charge density with respect to impulse approximation. (21 References).
H-U Jager, M. Kirchbach, and E. Truhlik, "Meson exchange corrections to the axial charge density and their relation to nuclear structure in the /sup 16/O(0/sub 1//sup +/, T=0) to or from /sup 16/N(0/sub 1//sup -/, T=1) isovector transition," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 387--93, 1984.
Abstract: It is shown that improvement of the model for the mechanism of the /sup 16/O(0/sub 1//sup +/) to or from /sup 16/N(O/sub 1//sup -/) reaction by inclusion of exchange of the pions and vector mesons rho and A/sub 1/ in the model of hard pions and improvement of the nuclear-structure model by inclusion of correlation effects lead to a theoretical description of the processes of such a quality as to allow the extraction from nuclear experiments of information on the fundamental constants of the weak interaction. As the result, for the ratio of the induced pseudoscalar form factor g/sub p/ to the axial form factor g/sub A/ of the nucleon one finds the value g/sub p//g/sub A/ approximately 10 which is rather close to the current-algebra prediction (g/sub p//g/sub A/ approximately 7-8). The inclusion of short-range correlations in nuclear wave functions is needed for providing a correct low-energy limit of the results of the method of hard pions. (15 References).
M. Jandel, M. Danos, and J. Rafelski, "Active target production of muons for muon-catalyzed fusion," Physical Review C, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 403--6, 1988.
Abstract: Using a Monte Carlo method, the authors study the energy efficiency of muon production by a high-energy beam of deuterons, i.e. protons and neutrons, injected into infinite deuterium-tritium targets. The authors present detailed results for the dependence on target density and beam energy. The key role of secondary (shower) production of muons is demonstrated. Constraints on the possibility of muon catalyzed fusion power reactors are established. (8 References).
M. Jandel, "Optimal active targets for muon catalyzed fusion reactors," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 394-404, 1988.
Abstract: A simple but realistic design for the muon production system of a muon catalyzed fusion reactor is presented. Starting with a careful optimization of the pion production target the author considers the complete system where pion conversion losses and muon losses in the pressure vessel are taken into account. Problems and inefficiencies are identified to provide a basis for future inventions. (14 References).
M. Jandel, M. Danos, and J. Rafelski, "Pion and negative muon production for muon catalyzed fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 557--69, 1988.
Abstract: Using a Monte Carlo method the authors study the yield of negative pions and muons produced by a high energy proton or neutron beam injected in a infinite target. The beam energy cost per pion is obtained for various target materials and a simple dependence on the mass number of the target nuclei is found. The key role of secondary shower production is demonstrated. The authors present detailed results for the advantageous light and neutron rich targets at various beam energies and target densities. Constraints on the performance of muon production systems for fusion power reactors is discussed. (10 References).
M. Jandel, "Thermal spikes from stopped muons and density effects in muon-catalyzed fusion," Physics Letters B, vol. 200, no. 4, pp. 565--8, 1988.
Abstract: Local hot regions caused by energy deposition from stopped muons can significantly influence the cycle rate of muon catalyzed fusion. The observed nonlinear density dependence of molecular formation rates is explained as a result of the temperature dependence since muonic deuterium-tritium molecules are formed at a high effective temperature that increases roughly linearly with density. (11 References).
M. Jandel, "Design principles for efficient muon production in muon-catalyzed fusion reactors," Journal of Fusion Energy, vol. 8, no. 1-2, pp. 81--7, 1989.
Abstract: The two major schemes for a fixed-target muon production system in muon-catalyzed fusion reactors are analyzed and compared using Monte Carlo simulation techniques. Starting with a careful optimization of the pion production target the author next considers the complete system where pion conversion losses and muon losses in the target and the pressure vessel are taken into account. A simple but realistic design for the pion-muon converter is introduced. Problems and inefficiencies are identified to provide a basis for future inventions. (14 References).
M. Jandel, "Probing the nature of sticking in muon catalyzed fusion with laminated targets," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A281, no. 1, pp. 246--9, 1989.
Abstract: The importance of muon losses due to slow side channels or impurities compared to muon sticking to fusion alpha -particles can be measured using laminated targets consisting of a deuterium-tritium filled cavity with many layers of metal foils. Muons that have been captured by a fusion alpha -particle are with high probability carried to the foils and can thus be experimentally separated from other lost muons. Using suitable trigger conditions to suppress the intrinsic sticking the remaining muon loss is sensitive to side channels but insensitive to the details of the reactivation process. (18 References).
M. Jandel, P. Froelich, G. Larson, and CD. Stodden, "Reactivation of alpha mu in muon-catalyzed fusion under plasma conditions," Physical Review A, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 2799--802, 1989.
Abstract: The reactivation efficiency of alpha mu slowing down in a deuterium-tritium plasma has been calculated for a broad range of plasma conditions. The plasma stopping power has been obtained from the random-phase approximation, which includes both the quantum mechanics of short-range collisions and collective effects due to long-range plasma interactions. It is shown that muon reactivation increases with increasing plasma temperature and density. Near-complete reactivation is, however, reached only at temperatures higher than 1000 eV. (17 References).
M. Jandel, "Density dependence of convoy-muon capture after muon-catalyzed fusion," Physical Review A, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 598--600, 1991.
Abstract: The capture of convoy muons by fusion alpha particles is reexamined following the theory of Muller, Rafelski, and Rafelski (Phys. Rev. A 40, 2839 (1989)) but including an appropriate treatment of collisionless muon transport in three space dimensions. As a first estimate the authors find that the initial convoy-muon capture probability increases with at least the second power of the density in the medium. The convoy-muon effect hence provides no immediate explanation for the observed density dependence of the muon sticking probability following deuterium-tritium muon-catalyzed fusion. (11 References).
J. Janecke, "Coulomb energies of spherical nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A181, no. 1, pp. 49--75, 1972.
Abstract: A phenomenological Coulomb energy equation has been derived for spherical nuclei with diffuse surfaces. Contributions from the direct and exchange Coulomb energy and from the electromagnetic spin-orbit interaction are included explicitly. The experimental Coulomb displacement energies of 42 essentially spherical nuclei with Z[right angle bracket]or=28 have been subjected to a least-squares analysis with the shape parameters of the ground state charge distributions required to agree with those obtained from electron scattering and muon capture X-ray experiments. The Coulomb displacement energies of vibrational and rotational nuclei are observed to be smaller by up to 200 keV than corresponding spherical nuclei. Neutron halos have been calculated and are found to be in very good spherical nuclei. Neutron halos have been calculated and are found to bein very good agreement with the results of Hartree- Fock calculations, the droplet model of Myers and Swiatecki and the calculations by Nolen and Schiffer using wave functions generated in a Woods-Saxon potential well. The calculated neutron halo for /sup 208/Pb is 0.25+or-0.05 fm. (45 References).
C. Jarlskog, "Weak-interaction corrections to the anomalous magnetic moments of the leptons," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 6A, no. 3, pp. 350-64, 1971.
Abstract: The quadratically divergent contribution of the current-current weak interactions to the anomaly of the leptons is calculated using the Pauli-Villars regularization prescription of Gupta. This contribution is found not to be zero, contrary to what has been found in the literature. As a by-product of the calculations, formulae for the weak contribution to the energy levels of the leptonic atoms are derived. It is noted incidentally that the neutrino loop exhibits an anomaly similar to that arising in the study of the divergence of the axial vector current. (19 References).
C. Jarlskog and FJ. Yndurain, "Corrections to the Goldberger-Treiman relation for the /sup 3/H-/sup 3/He transition," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 12A, no. 3, pp. 801-12, 1972.
Abstract: The authors have calculated the correction to the Goldberger-Treiman relation for the /sup 3/H-/sup 3/He transition due to the deuteron-nucleon break-up mechanism. The magnitude of the correction to the residue of the pion pole is found to be considerable. (14 References).
WS. Jarnagin, "Muon catalytic fusion power reactor," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 152-5, 1984.
Abstract: Summary form only given. Three main ideas are proposed using negative muon catalysis in a fusion power reactor. Firstly, let low energy muons attack the lower end of a (dense) plasma's distribution curve. This simultaneously helps clear the plasma of slow particles (by fusing them) and raises the plasma's average temperature. Secondly, let deuterium or tritium be substituted for hydrogen in the chemical formation of boron-hydrides or other macromolecular fuel. Thence fusion of clusters of (DT mu /sup -/) by thermal muons may ignite whole macromolecules. Thirdly, it may be possible to reaccelerate muons back up to relativistic energies before they decay (to electrons, neutrinos, antineutrinos). If so, then by relativity theory, their decay clocks should be reset, that is, their lifetime re-established. This should be significantly cheaper in energy than producing new pions which decay to muons. This step alone may be sufficient to yield net power from muon catalysis. (0 References).
Y. C. Jean, R. Ganti, and J. Stadlbauer, "Muons and muonium atoms in solid and liquid methane," Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 91, no. 5, pp. 1270--3, 1987.
Abstract: Muon and muonium spin rotation experiments have been performed in pure liquid and solid methane between 25 and 138K. Muonium atoms have been observed for the first time in liquid and solid methane. The muonium formation probabilities are found to be 15-20% in both solid and liquid phase. The depolarization rates of muonium atoms increase slightly as a function of temperature and are interpreted as a thermal Mu reaction with methane molecules in liquids and as a spin-lattice interaction in solids. Diamagnetic muon fractions (P/sub D/) are found to be strongly temperature dependent; P/sub D/ increases from 20% at 25K to 57% at 65K and stays constant at value 58% above 65K in both solid and liquid phases. This variation is interpreted as a result of depolarization by muon spin-lattice interactions in methane lattices. An activation energy (52 meV) for spin-lattice relaxation for muons in solid methane was obtained. The diamagnetic fraction of CH/sub 3/MU and MuH in condensed phase methane were thus calculated to be 38% and 20%, respectively. (13 References).
B. Jeckelmann, W. Beer, I. Beltrami, Boer FWN de, Chambrier G. de, PFA Goudsmit, J. Kern, H. J. Leisi, W. Ruckstuhl, and A. Vacchi, "Spectroscopic quadrupole moment of /sup 23/Na from muonic X-rays," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A408, no. 3, pp. 495--506, 1983.
Abstract: With the crystal spectrometer at muon channel I at SIN the authors measured the 3d/sub 5/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ transition in muonic /sup 23/Na. The HFS of the 2p/sub 3/2/ level was resolved and the spectroscopic quadrupole moment of the nuclear ground state determined. Using a collective particle-rotor model description of /sup 23/Na which includes small Delta K=1 admixtures in the wave functions they find agreement between the measured spectroscopic quadrupole moment and the one derived from measured B(E2) values. Combining the quadrupole moment Q with the quadrupole coupling constant measured in the electronic atom of /sup 23/Na, they derive the electric field gradient at the nucleus for two different electronic states, 3/sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ and 4/sup 2/P/sub 3/2/. The field gradient for the 3/sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ state is compared with recent many-body calculations of the hyperfine interaction in alkali atoms. (24 References).
B. Jeckelmann, PFA Goudsmit, and HJ. Leisi, "The mass of the negative pion," Physics Letters B, vol. 335, no. 3-4, pp. 326--9, 1994.
Abstract: The crystal-spectrometer X-ray experiment on the pi /sup -/-/sup 24/Mg system which provides the most precise determination of the pion mass allows for two possible configurations of the electronic K-shell population. This leads to two possible solutions for the mass of the negative pion: m/sub pi /(A)=139.56782+or-0.00037 MeV/c/sup 2/ and m/sub pi /(B)=139.56995+or-0.00035 MeV/c/sup 2/. If one assumes that solution B is realized and uses the published value of the muon momentum in the pi /sup +/ decay at rest, then the mass of the muon neutrino is m/sub nu mu /[left angle bracket]0.27 MeV/c/sup 2/ (90% confidence level). (11 References).
M. Jeitler, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, P. Pawlek, A. Scrinzi, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, G. Schmidt, Egidy T. von, C. Petitjean, J. Bistirlich, H. Bossy, K. M. Crowe, M. Justice, J. Kurck, R. H. Sherman, and W. Neumann, "Epithermal effects in muon catalyzed dt fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 217--24, 1990.
Abstract: Experimental data and theoretical calculations suggest extremely high molecular formation rates for nonthermalized t mu atoms with an energy of several hundred meV. Due to the complexity of the theoretical input (energy dependent scattering and molecular formation cross sections), a Monte Carlo program has been written for the calculation of fusion neutron time distributions. First results and comparisons with experimental data from PSI (Switzerland) are presented. (9 References).
M. Jeitler, "Epithermal effects in muon--catalyzed deuterium--tritium fusion", 1992.
M. Jeitler, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, P. Pawlek, A. Scrinzi, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, H. Bossy, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, G. Schmidt, Egidy T. von, C. Petitjean, J. Bistirlich, K. M. Crowe, M. Justice, J. Kurck, R. H. Sherman, and W. Neumann, "Epithermal effects in muon-catalyzed dt fusion: comparison of experimental data with theoretical predictions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 391--406, 1993.
Abstract: Very high dt mu molecular formation rates for epithermal (i.e., not thermalized) muonic tritium atoms have been observed in experiments and are predicted by theory. The present detailed analysis shows qualitative agreement although further calculations will be needed to reach a complete understanding of all processes involved. The importance of epithermal effects for a correct description of muon-catalyzed fusion phenomena has been confirmed. (29 References).
M. Jeitler, "Monte--Carlo modeling of epithermal effects in muon--catalyzed dt fusion," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 137--146, 1993.
M. Jeitler, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, P. Pawlek, A. Scrinzi, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, H. Bossy, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, G. Schmidt, Egidy T. von, C. Petitjean, J. Bistirlich, K. M. Crowe, M. Justice, J. Kurck, R. H. Sherman, W. Neumann, and MP. Faifman, "Epithermal effects in muon-catalyzed dt fusion: comparison of experimental data with theoretical calculations," Physical Review A, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 2881--98, 1995.
Abstract: Epithermal effects in muonic molecular formation were observed during experiments in a low-density deuterium-tritium gas target carried out at the Paul Scherrer Institute. The high molecular formation rate of {"}epithermal{"} (not yet thermalized) muonic tritium atoms was reflected by a strong fast component in the fusion neutron time spectra followed by a smaller {"}steady-state{"} component where molecular formation occurs mostly from thermalized ({"}cold{"}) t mu atoms. Further experimental evidence for high epithermal dt mu molecular formation rates has been derived from measurements in triple H-D-T mixtures. First, theoretical calculations predicted strong resonances at high t mu kinetic energies and showed qualitative agreement with the observed experimental data, but yielded molecular formation rates that differed substantially from the observed values. At present, refined calculations are being carried out which may improve the agreement with experiment. Further experiments are being planned to clarify open questions. (37 References).
D. A. Jenkins, R. J. Powers, P. Martin, G. H. Miller, R. E. Welsh, and AR. Kunselman, "The 2s atomic level in muonic /sup 140/Ce," Physics Letters B, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 267--9, 1970.
Abstract: The authors have observed the 2s to 2p and the 3p to 2s muonic X-ray doublets in /sup 140/Ce. Assuming a two-parameter Fermi distribution they find their data are best fit by allowing a 5.4+or-0.7 keV shift downward in the 1s/sub 1/2/ level in reasonably good agreement with the theoretical calculations for nuclear polarization. The sensitivity of their results to a three-parameter Fermi distribution is explored.
D. A. Jenkins, R. J. Powers, and AR. Kunselman, "Muonic interactions in Zn/sup 66/ and Zn/sup 68/," Physical Review C, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 458--62, 1970.
Abstract: The authors have looked for the J/sup P/=0/sup +/ nuclear excitation of Zn/sup 68/ in muonic atoms as suggested by Henley and Wilets. Zn/sup 68/ was chosen because the energy of the 0/sup +/ excitation is close to the energy difference of the 2s-1s muonic levels, thus allowing a dynamic interaction between a muon in a 2s state and the nucleus in the ground state. It was found that the 2s-1s level difference is 20 keV less than the nuclear excitation energy and, as a result, the dynamic interaction is too small for us to observe. The authors measure the Zn/sup 66/-Zn/sup 68/ isotope shift to be delta R/ delta R/sub std/=0.47 +or-0.11.
D. A. Jenkins and RJ. Powers, "4f to 3d pionic transition in Ba/sup 138/, Ce/sup 140/, and Ce/sup 142/," Physical Review C, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 429--34, 1970.
Abstract: The 4f to 3d pionic X-rays in Ba/sup 138/, Ce/sup 140/, and Ce/sup 142/ have been observed in order to measure the effect of the nuclear interaction on a pion in a 3d atomic level. The results are used to look for differences in the pion interaction with these nuclei. Within experimental error, the authors could not detect an isotope shift in the Ce/sup 142/-Ce/sup 140/ results. The nuclear isotone shift in the X-ray energy and width for Ce/sup 140/-Ba/sup 138/ of 1.59+or-0.30 and 1.3+or-1.3 keV agrees with the values of 1.31 and 2.0 keV predicted from an optical-model calculation.
D. A. Jenkins, R. J. Powers, P. Martin, G. H. Miller, and RE. Welsh, "2s atomic level in muonic /sup 208/Pb," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A175, no. 1, pp. 73--100, 1971.
Abstract: The authors report the measurement of the energies and the relative intensities of various muonic atomic transitions above 500 keV in /sup 208/Pb including transitions to and from the 2s level. Besides the usual E1 transitions the authors have observed 3d to 1s and 4d to 2p E2 transitions. Interpretation of these data in terms of various charge distributions is made. Appreciably better fits are obtained by assuming the presence of nuclear polarizations and allowing the nuclear polarization parameters Delta E(1s) and Delta E(2s) of the 1s and 2s levels to vary. Least-squares fits indicate values of Delta E(1s)=-8.9+or-2.7 keV and Delta E(2s)=-0.6+or-0.7 keV. Comparisons with electron scattering results are made. (30 References).
T. S. Jensen and V. E. Markushin, "Collisional Quenching of the 2S state of muonic hydrogen," nucl--ph Preprint, vol. 0001009, 2000.
T. S. Jensen and VE. Markushin, "Scattering of light exotic atoms in excited states," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 113--16, 2001.
Abstract: The scattering of light exotic atoms in excited states (n=2-5) from hydrogen has been calculated in a close-coupling model. For the first time, the absorption cross sections for hadronic atoms due to Stark collisions have been calculated by taking the shifts and widths of the nS states to account in a self-consistent quantum mechanical framework. A classical-trajectory Monte Carlo method has been used to calculate the scattering of exotic atoms from molecular hydrogen for n[right angle bracket]or=8. he Coulomb transitions with Delta n[right angle bracket]1 are found to be the dominant deexcitation mechanism at the initial stage of the cascade. (6 References).
T. S. Jensen and VE. Markushin, "Stark mixing and elastic scattering in pionic and muonic hydrogen," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A689, no. 1-2, pp. C537-40, 2001.
Abstract: The scattering of muonic and pionic hydrogen in exited states from hydrogen has been studied in a coupled-channel model. The threshold effects (the energy shifts of the nS states) and, in case of pi /sup -/p, the widths of the nS states are taken into account in a fully quantum mechanical framework. As a result, a set of collisional differential and total cross sections (n=2-5) which are needed for detailed atomic cascade calculations, including the Stark mixing cross sections, has been calculated. (7 References).
T. S. Jensen and V. E. Markushin, "Collisional deexcitation of exotic hydrogen atoms in highly excited states - II. Cascade calculations," Eur. Phys. J. D, vol. 21, pp. 271-283, 2002.
Abstract: The atomic cascades in pp and pp atoms have been studied in detail using new results for the cross-sections of the scattering of highly excited exotic atoms from molecular hydrogen. The cascade calculations have been done with an updated version of the extended standard cascade model that computes the, evolution in the kinetic energy from the beginning of the cascade. The resulting X-ray yields, kinetic energy distributions, and cascade times are compared with the experimental data.
T. S. Jensen and VE. Markushin, "Scattering of light exotic atoms in excited states," European Physical Journal D, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 165--81, 2002.
Abstract: The differential and total cross-sections for the scattering of muonic, pionic, kaonic and antiprotonic hydrogen in excited states from atomic hydrogen have been calculated for the purpose of atomic cascade calculations. The scattering problem is treated in a fully quantum mechanical framework which takes the energy shifts and, in the case of the hadronic atoms, the widths of the as states into account. The validity of semiclassical approximations is critically examined. (36 References).
H. Jeremie, "Time spectra of random coincidences for time--to--amplitude converters," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 244, pp. 587--588, 1986.
B. Jeziorski, K. Szalewicz, A. Scrinzi, X. Zhao, R. Moszynski, W. Kolos, and A. Velenik, "Muon sticking fractions for S states of the td mu ion including the effects of nuclear interactions," Physical Review A, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 1640--3, 1991.
Abstract: Nonadiabatic wave functions obtained including the effect of strong nuclear interaction by means of the R-matrix theory were used to compute the initial sticking fractions for the S states of td mu . The standard sticking formula was suitably generalized to allow the application of the wave functions defined only outside the nuclear surfaces. The initial sticking fractions are found to be 0.917*10/sup -2/ for the ground state and 0.915*10/sup -2/ for the first excited state, and are about 3% larger than the values obtained neglecting the effects of nuclear forces. The authors' results agree with the most recent experimental data. This agreement indicates that the number of fusions per muon achieved in current experiments is close to the theoretical limit. (27 References).
B. Jeziorski and K. Szalewicz, "Phase-space calculation of the three-particle decay rate of dt mu and the sudden approximation theory of sticking in muon catalyzed fusion," Physics Letters A, vol. 152, no. 5-6, pp. 240--4, 1991.
Abstract: Recently Chatterjee (1989) questioned the validity of the standard sudden approximation (SA) theory of the initial muon sticking probability omega /sub s//sup 0/ by performing a relativistic phase-space calculation and finding a 20% reduction of sticking relative to the standard SA result. The authors show that at the nonrelativistic level of approximation the phase-space formula of Chatterjee reduces exactly to the SA expression in its complete form, as given by Bogdanova et al. (1986). This expression computed by the authors in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation leads to a reduction of the sticking probability by only 0.28% compared to the standard SA result-in agreement with the qualitative estimate of Bogdanova et al. The accurate relativistic calculation of the relevant phase-space integrals, also performed, leads to 0.26% reduction of the sticking probability relative to the standard nonrelativistic SA result. (11 References).
Huanqing Jiang and E. Oset, "mu /sup -/ capture in nuclei," Physica Energiae Fortis et Physica Nuclearis, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 532--6, 1990.
Abstract: Using the many-body field theory the problems of mu /sup -/ captures in nuclei are systematically studied. Without an adjustable parameter, calculations are performed for the total nuclear capture rates of the muon for nuclei ranging from light to heavy ones. It shows that the renormalization due to the spin-isospin-dependent strong interaction and the muon binding in the mu /sup -/ atom are essential for a thorough understanding of this type of weak interaction process. (12 References).
Huanqing Jiang and E. Oset, "mu /sup -/ capture in nuclei," Chinese Physics, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 377--81, 1991.
Abstract: Using many-body field theory the problem of mu /sup -/ capture in nuclei is systematically studied. Without adjustable parameters, calculations are performed for the total nuclear capture rates of muons for nuclei ranging from light to heavy. It shows that the renormalization due to the spin-isospin-dependent strong interaction and the muon binding in the mu /sup -/ atom are essential for a thorough understanding of this type of weak interaction processes. (12 References).
D. Jido, H. Nagahiro, and S. Hirenzaki, "Medium effects to the N(1535) resonance and eta mesic nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A721, no. , pp. 665c-8c, 2003.
Abstract: The structure of eta -nucleus bound systems ( eta mesic nuclei) is investigated as one of the tools to study in-medium properties of the N(1535) (N*) resonance. We show that, as a general consequence, the eta -nucleus potential has a repulsive core at the nuclear center with an attractive part at the nuclear surface, if sufficient reduction of the mass difference of N and N* stems from the in-medium effects to N*. The (d,/sup 3/He) spectra are evaluated for the formation of these bound states to investigate the experimental feasibility. (8 References).
T. Johansson, J. Konijn, T. Krogulski, S. Polikanov, H. W. Reist, and G. Tibell, "Muon induced quadrupole photofission," Sin Newsletter, vol. 13, no. , pp. 16-18, 1890.
Abstract: The experiment reported here was partly designed to investigate the role of different muonic radiationless transitions leading to fission. The results demonstrate for the first time that the 3d to 1s radiationless transition is the dominant one for inducing fission. This conclusion is based on a comparison between the intensities of muonic X-rays measured in coincidence with fission. The measurements were performed in a muon beam ( mu E2 and mu E1) at SIN. A conventional beam telescope was used for the muons which then entered a multiplate ionization chamber loaded with /sup 238/U. For triple events ( mu gamma f), the complete time correlation was measured as well as the energy spectrum of gamma -rays, using a germanium detector. The energy spectra of muonic X-rays are shown for delayed and prompt fission, respectively. The spectra clearly exhibit lines which can be unambiguously identified as muonic X-rays of /sup 238/U. A certain fraction of delayed fission events induced by muon capture fall into the time interval chosen to select prompt fission induced by radiationless transitions. (0 References).
T. Johansson, J. Konijn, T. Krogulski, S. Polikanov, H. W. Reist, and G. Tibell, "Muon induced quadrupole photofission," Physics Letters B, vol. 97B, no. 1, pp. 29--32, 1980.
Abstract: Muonic X-rays were measured in coincidence with prompt fission in /sup 238/U induced by radiationless transitions. The results demonstrate the dominating role of 3d to 1s transitions. (16 References).
T. Johansson, J. Konijn, T. Krogulski, S. Polikanov, H. W. Reist, and G. Tibell, "Radiationless 3d to 1s transition in muonic atoms of /sup 238/U," Physics Letters B, vol. 116B, no. 6, pp. 402--4, 1982.
Abstract: The probability of the radiationless muonic transition 3d to 1s in /sup 238/U has been determined. This was done by comparing the singles muonic spectrum with the one gated by the 2p to 1s transition. The probability was found to be (14+or-5)%. (7 References).
T. John, S. Dennis, K. Prassides, E. Roduner, L. Cristofolini, and R. DeRenzi, "Rotational dynamics of solid C/sub 70/ monitored by positive muon spin labels," Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 97, no. 33, pp. 8553--6, 1993.
Abstract: We report the results of an avoided-level-crossing muon spin resonance study of a muonated radical of C/sub 70/ between 73 and 310 K. The temperature-dependent averaging of the anisotropic hyperfine interaction of the polarized muon spin label is interpreted in terms of the reorientational dynamics of the fullerene. Uniaxial rotation about the long molecular axis appears likely even at 73 K. Reorientational disorder then sets in gradually at 160 K with a small anisotropy persisting across the phase transition in the vicinity of 270 K into the plastic phase. (26 References).
W. R. Johnson, Physical Review Letters, vol. 29, 1972.
J. Johnson and RA. Sorensen, "Magnetic hyperfine structure of muonic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 102--9, 1970.
Abstract: Magnetic hyperfine structure in muonic X-rays is calculated for several models of the nuclear magnetism and compared to experimental values for /sup 115/In, /sup 127/I, /sup 133/Cs, /sup 139/La, /sup 141/Pr, /sup 151/Eu, /sup 203/Tl, /sup 205/Tl, and /sup 209/Bi. The results are excellent for the realistic models in most cases, and all but one of the nine cases agree within better than two standard deviations with the experiments. For the realistic models, the hyperfine energy is substantially reduced (by about 30% in most cases) from its point-nucleus value. In these models, the single-particle magnetism distribution is modified by the addition of configurations resulting from various residual nuclear interactions, the interaction strength being adjusted in each case to produce the experimental value for the magnetic moment.
M. W. Johnson, W. U. Schroder, J. R. Huizenga, W. K. Hensley, D. G. Perry, and JC. Browne, "Measurement of total muon-capture rates in /sup 232/Th, /sup 235,238/U, and /sup 239/Pu," Physical Review C, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 2169--73, 1977.
Abstract: Disappearance rates from 1s muonic orbits were measured by detecting decay electrons. The lifetimes deduced agree with previous values from the same method except in the case of /sup 238/U. The deduced capture rates increase with Z as predicted but are generally larger than various theoretical predictions based on a deformed change distribution. No evidence is found for isomeric fission in the second well. (24 References).
B. L. Johnson, T. P. Gorringe, D. S. Armstrong, J. Bauer, M. D. Hasinoff, M. A. Kovash, D. F. Measday, B. A. Moftah, R. Porter, and DH. Wright, "Observables in muon capture on /sup 23/Na and the effective weak couplings g/sub a/ and g/sub p/," Physical Review C, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2714--31, 1996.
Abstract: We report measurements of capture rates and hyperfine dependences in muon capture on /sup 23/Na to various states in Ne and F isotopes. We also report comparisons of the capture rates and hyperfine dependences for six /sup 23/Na to /sup 23/Ne transitions with the 1s-0d shell model with the empirical effective interaction of brown and Wildenthal and the realistic effective interaction of Kuo and Brown. Fits to the data with the Brown and Wildenthal interaction yield an effective coupling g/sub a/=-1.01+or-0.07 and an effective coupling ratio g/sub p//g/sub a/=6.5+or-2.4. The value of g/sub p//g/sub a/ is consistent with values of g/sub a/ extracted from PCAC decay and (p,n)/(n,p) charge exchange data, and the value of g/sub p//g/sub a/, is consistent with the predictions of PCAC and pion-pole dominance. We evaluate the nuclear model dependence of these values of g/sub a/ and g/sub p//g/sub a/ and examine the role of the Gamow-Teller and other matrix elements in the /sup 23/Na to /sup 23/Ne transitions. (65 References).
S. E. Jones, A. J. Caffrey, J. B. Walter, A. N. Anderson, K. D. Watts, J. L. Anderson, J. N. Bradbury, PAM Gram, M. Leon, and MA. Paciotti, "Experimental investigation of muon catalyzed fusion in high density deuterium-tritium mixtures," Atomkernenergie Kerntechnik, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 179--83, 1983.
Abstract: Data are presented from an experimental determination of the absolute neutron yield of the muon-catalyzed fusion reaction: mu /sup -/+d+t to mu /sup -/+/sup 4/He+n+17.6 MeV. At high deuterium-tritium density (up to 60%, of liquid hydrogen density), copious 14-MeV neutron production is observed, demonstrating many d-t fusions per muon. The mu dt-molecule formation rates are demonstrated to be large and strongly dependent on temperature in the range 100-540K. The probability of muon retention by the synthesized helium ion is also measured, along with other quantities affecting the efficiency of muon catalysis. (15 References).
S. E. Jones, A. N. Anderson, A. J. Caffrey, J. B. Walter, K. D. Watts, J. N. Bradbury, PAM Gram, M. Leon, H. R. Maltrud, and MA. Paciotti, "Experimental investigation of muon-catalyzed d-t fusion," Physical Review Letters, vol. 51, no. 19, pp. 1757--60, 1983.
Abstract: Measurements of the absolute neutron yield and the time dependence of the appearance of neutrons resulting from muon-catalyzed fusion have been carried out in high-density deuterium-tritium mixtures. The temperature dependence of the resonant dtu-molecular formation process has been determined in the range 100 to 540K. Mesomolecular formation is found to be resonant for DT as well as D/sub 2/ target molecules. The sticking probability and other fundamental parameters have been measured for the first time. (14 References).
S. E. Jones, A. N. Anderson, A. J. Caffrey, J. B. Walter, K. D. Watts, J. N. Bradbury, PAM Gram, H. R. Maltrud, and MA. Paciotti, "Experimental investigation of muon-catalyzed fusion in high-density deuterium-tritium mixtures," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: Summary form only given: the temperature dependence of muon-catalyzed d-t fusion in the range 100 to 540K was reported earlier. The authors have now extended the measurements down to 27K (d-t liquid) and up to 800K. Resonant dt mu -molecular formation rates for D/sub 2/ and DT target molecules differ greatly over the extended temperature range. (0 References).
SE. Jones, "Some surprises in muon-catalyzed fusion," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: It is rather remarkable, first of all, that negative muons are capable of inducing nuclear fusions reactions of the type: mu +d+t to 4He+n+ mu . The muon, behaving like a very heavy electron, forms a tightly bound deuteron-triton-muon molecule (dt mu ). Fusion rapidly ensues as the nuclei tunnel through the Coulomb potential barrier. Eighty fusions per muon on the average have been observed in the laboratory at room temperature. Thus the muon serves as a catalyst for the nuclear fusion reaction. (1 Reference).
SE. Jones, "Engineering issues in muon-catalyzed fusion," ANS. Fusion Technology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1511-21, 1985.
Abstract: In preparing for muon-catalyzed fusion experiments, a number of engineering challenges have been encountered and successfully resolved. Similar challenges would be faced in a (hypothetical) cold fusion reactor. High-temperature plasmas and many associated difficulties are circumvented. However, the gaseous d-t fuel must be contained at elevated temperatures ( approximately 400 degrees C) and near-liquid density. (Experiments show that increasing either parameter enhances the fusion yield.) This translates into high gas pressures ( approximately 10/sup 8/Pa) and a new class of engineering challenges. Material strength and fabrication hydrogen permeation and material embrittlement, tritium inventory and safety concerns, muon beam scattering and degradation, and reaction vessel geometries are among critical engineering considerations. (26 References).
SE. Jones, "Muon-catalyzed fusion present and future," Scientific Papers of the Institute of Physical & Chemical Research (Japan), vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 17--29, 1986.
Abstract: Negative muons are capable of inducing nuclear fusion of the type: mu /sup -/+d+t to /sup 4/He+n+ mu /sup -/. The muon, behaving like a very heavy electron, forms a tightly bound deuteron-triton-muon molecule (dt mu ). Fusion rapidly ensues as the nuclei tunnel through the Coulomb potential barrier and the muon is emitted. Thus, the muon serves as a catalyst for the nuclear fusion reaction. A major surprise in recent years has been the discovery that the dd mu and dt mu molecules form via a resonance mechanism, which increases the expected molecular formation rates by several orders of magnitude and leads to a strong dependence on temperature. In an experiment performed at Los Alamos, 160 fusions per muon (average) in high-density deuterium-tritium mixtures at 300K have been observed. High fusion yields are shown to follow from two largely unanticipated effects: (1) the muon catalysis cycling rate rises rapidly with increasing density, and (2) effective muon capture losses become small at high mixture densities. Some implications of these discoveries and the future prospect of the field are considered. (5 References).
SE. Jones, "Muon-catalysed fusion revisited," Nature, vol. 321, no. 6066, pp. 127--33, 1986.
Abstract: Muons introduced into relatively cold, dense deuterium-tritium mixtures can replace the atomic electrons and form muonic molecules which participate readily in nuclear fusion reactions. Catalysis yields of approximately 150 fusions per muon have been achieved, renewing interest in muon-catalysed fusion as a possible source of energy. (55 References).
SE. Jones, "Muon-catalyzed fusion: a new direction in fusion research," in 21st Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference: Advancing Toward Technology Breakout in Energy Conversion, pp. 38--42, 1986.
Abstract: Muon-catalyzed fusion, also called cold fusion, is based on the fact that a subatomic particle known as a muon can induce numerous energy-releasing fusion reactions without the need for high temperatures of plasmas. The success of the research effort stems from the recent discovery of resonances in the reaction cycle which make the muon-induced fusion process extremely efficient. The author briefly describes the physics of cold fusion and prospects for applying it for power production. (21 References).
S. E. Jones, A. N. Anderson, A. J. Caffrey, Siclen CDeW van, K. D. Watts, J. N. Bradbury, J. S. Cohen, PAM Gram, M. Leon, H. R. Maltrud, and MA. Paciotti, "Observation of unexpected density effects in muon-catalyzed d-t fusion," Physical Review Letters, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 588--91, 1986.
Abstract: New experimental results on muon-catalyzed d-t fusion are reported. Unexpected target-density effects have been discovered both in dt mu molecular formation in t mu +D/sub 2/ collisions and in the effective sticking probability. The dt mu formation rate is significantly enhanced at high density, presumably because of a strong three-body contribution. The origin of the observed reduction of the sticking probability at high density remains unclear. Both effects increase the number of fusions per muon that can be achieved; 150+or-4(stat.)+or-20(syst.) fusions per muon have been observed. (24 References).
SE. Jones, "Update on muon-catalyzed fusion research at LAMPF," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 21--8, 1987.
Abstract: An experimental investigation of muon-catalyzed fusion in mixtures of the hydrogen isotopes (and helium) began in 1982 at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility. The explorations cover a wide range of mixture densities (12-140% liquid hydrogen density) and temperature (13-800 K). Many parameters of muon catalysis have been measured for the first time, including distinct dt mu -molecular formation rates as functions of temperature and density. The discovery that the effective alpha - mu sticking probability becomes quite small for elevated mixture densities is particularly intriguing and challenging to the understanding. Preliminary new results are presented. (10 References).
SE. Jones, "New experimental results in muon catalyzed fusion," in Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research 1988. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference Held by the International Atomic Energy Agency, pp. 515--19, 1988.
Abstract: Muons introduced into relatively cold, dense deuterium-tritium mixtures quickly form muonic D-T molecules in which D-T fusion takes place very rapidly. Yields of up to 150 catalyzed fusions per muon have been achieved, renewing interest in muon catalyzed fusion as a possible source of energy. (10 References).
SE. Jones, "Survey of experimental results in muon-catalyzed fusion," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 2-16, 1988.
Abstract: The author surveys ten years of experimental research into muon-catalyzed fusion, beginning with the experiments motivated by the theoretical breakthroughs of Ponomarev et al. Temperature, density and d/t ratio effects are considered. It is concluded that much progress has been made, but that many areas remain unresolved, some even virtually unexplored. (22 References).
S. E. Jones, S. F. Taylor, and AN. Anderson, "Evaluation of muon-alpha sticking from liquid, nonequilibrated d-t targets with high tritium fractions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 303--11, 1993.
Abstract: In the past, evaluations of the alpha-muon sticking parameter in muon-catalyzed d-t fusion ( omega /sub s/) have generally been performed for low tritium fractions C/sub t/, where dd mu fusion significantly competes with dt mu formation in the catalysis cycle. Here the authors use the approach of determining omega /sub s/ from high-C/sub t/ data, that is, in deuterium-tritium mixtures with C/sub t/[right angle bracket]or=70%. They employed liquid deuterium-tritium targets with low DT admixture to minimize corrections. They will show that this approach results in considerable simplification in the extraction of the sticking parameter. Data were taken at LAMPF during the summers of 1989 and 1990. The value the authors obtain agrees well with their earlier values and the latest value from PSI, yet remains significantly smaller than theoretical predictions. (18 References).
SE. Jones, "Muon-catalyzed fusion in 1996," in Current Trends in International Fusion Research. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Evaluation of Current Trends in Fusion Research, (E. Panarella, ed.), pp. 389--99, 1994.
Abstract: Muon-catalyzed fusion is an alternative approach in which fusion is induced without the need for high temperatures. Indeed, it is the only bona fide approach to cold fusion. Data regarding key parameters are provided, and the possibility of applications is discussed. (27 References).
S. E. Jones, D. S. Shelton, R. S. Turley, M. J. Lawler, and DD. Allred, "Raman spectrographic system for quantitative analysis of isotopic hydrogen mixtures for muon catalysis experiments," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 695-8, 1996.
Abstract: We show that Raman spectral lines from H/sub 2/, D/sub 2/, T/sub 2/, HD, HT and DT are readily resolved, permitting an effective means to analyze isotopic hydrogen mixtures used in muon-catalyzed fusion experiments. We propose a Raman spectrographic system to allow for real-time analysis of targets involving all three isotopes of hydrogen. (7 References).
G. Jonkmans, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, M. Blocher, C. Q. Chen, P. Depommier, B. Doyle, T. P. Gorringe, P. Gumplinger, M. D. Hasinoff, J. A. Macdonald, S. C. McDonald, M. Munro, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, D. G. Sample, E. Saettler, C. Sigler, G. N. Taylor, and DI. Wright, "Radiative muon capture on the proton," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 698-700, 1995.
Abstract: We report the observation of the elementary process mu /sup -/p to n nu /sub mu / gamma at TRIUMF. (5 References).
G. Jonkmans, S. Ahmad, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, M. Blecher, C. Q. Chen, P. Depommier, B. C. Doyle, Egidy T. Von, T. P. Gorringe, P. Gumplinger, M. D. Hasinoff, D. Healey, A. J. Larabee, J. A. Macdonald, S. C. McDonald, M. Munro, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, D. G. Sample, E. Saettler, C. M. Sigler, G. N. Taylor, D. H. Wright, and NS. Zhang, "Radiative muon capture on hydrogen and the induced pseudoscalar coupling," Physical Review Letters, vol. 77, no. 22, pp. 4512--15, 1996.
Abstract: The first measurement of the elementary process mu /sup -/p to nu /sub mu /n gamma is reported. A photon pair spectrometer was used to measure the partial branching ratio (2.10+or-0.22)*10/sup -8/ for photons of k[right angle bracket]60 MeV. The value of the weak pseudoscalar coupling constant determined from the partial branching ratio is g/sub p/(q/sup 2/=-0.88m/sub mu //sup 2/)=(9.8+or-0.7+or-0.3)g/sub a/(0), where the first error is the quadrature sum of statistical and systematic uncertainties and the second error is due to the uncertainty in lambda /sub op/, the decay rate of the ortho to para p mu p molecule. This value of g/sub p/ is ~1.5 times the prediction of partial conservation of axial current and pion-pole dominance. (17 References).
S. Jonsell, J. Wallenius, and P. Froelich, "Influence of pp pi ions on pion absorption in H/sub 2/," Physical Review A, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 3440--53, 1999.
Abstract: The existence of three-body resonances in the molecular ion pp pi has been shown by means of a variational calculation in Jacobi coordinates. The relativistic and strong-force corrections to the Coulombic binding energies and the decay widths of the resonances have been calculated. We consider two mechanisms that supply the p pi atom with large kinetic energies before the moment of pion absorption by the proton, with significant impact on the interpretation of experiments measuring the mass difference m( pi /sup -/)-m( pi /sup 0/) from pion absorption in pionic atoms. These mechanisms are (a) the formation and subsequent Coulomb decay of the metastable pp pi states and (b) pion absorption from the molecular pp pi state, giving, respectively, a discrete or a continuous distribution of kinetic energies of the resulting p pi atoms. (29 References).
J. Joseph, F. Ledoyen, and B. Goulard, "Muon absorption by nuclei with N>Z," Physical Review C, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1742--55, 1972.
Abstract: Muon absorption is investigated for nuclei with an excess of neutrons in order to answer the question: Are the studies carried out in previous works on N=Z nuclei valid for a larger class of nuclei with N[right angle bracket]Z and possibly heavier? If so, to what extent? The present study indicates that the conventional shell-model techniques yield similar results for a more complex class of nuclei. Several selected nuclei are taken as examples: the /sup 88/Sr nucleus is thoroughly studied.
J. Joseph and B. Goulard, "Muon nuclear absorption and the factorization method," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 51, no. 22, pp. 2382--8, 1973.
Abstract: Muon absorption by a nucleus ( mu /sup -/+(Z,A) to (Z-1,A)*+ nu /sub mu /) is treated in the framework of a factorization method already tested in photonuclear physics. The transition rates to various states 0/sup -/,1/sup -/,2/sup -/ of the final nucleus (Z-1,A)* and the energy spectra of the subsequent outgoing neutrons are analyzed in the case of /sup 16/O and /sup 40/Ca. (25 References).
KP. Jungman, "Muon physics possibilities at a muon-neutrino factory," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 463--73, 2001.
Abstract: New intense proton accelerators with above GeV energies and MW beam power, such as they are discussed in connection with neutrino factories, appear to be excellently suited for feeding bright muon sources for low-energy muon science. Muon rates with several orders of magnitude increased flux compared to present facilities will become available. This will allow higher precision in experiments which were statistics limited so far such as searches for rare decays, muonium spectroscopy, muon capture, muon catalyzed fusion, muon decay studies and measurements muon moments and parameters. Novel and most important experiments will become possible. For example a permanent electric dipole moment (edm/sub mu /) of a muon could be searched with by far unprecedented accuracy and with a physics potential well beyond the possibilities of present electron, neutron and nuclear edm searches. Investigations of short lived radioactive nuclei using muonic atom spectroscopy would become feasible. (32 References).
K. P. Jungmann, "Muonium spectroscopy," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 77--82, 1993.
K. P. Jungmann, "Muonium spectroscopy," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 127, pp. 189-196, 2000.
Abstract: The electromagnetic interactions of electrons and muons can be described to very high accuracy within the framework of standard theory, in particular within the hydrogen-like muonium atom. Therefore, precision measurements are able to test basic interactions in physics and to search for yet unknown forces. Accurate values for fundamental constants can be obtained. Results from experiments on the ground state hyperfine structure and the 1s-2s intervals in muonium are described together with their relations to a new measurement of the muon magnetic anomaly.
K. P. Jungmann, "Muon physics possibilities at a muon-neutrino factory," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 138, pp. 463-473, 2001.
Abstract: New intense proton accelerators with above GeV energies and MW beam power, such as they are discussed in connection with neutrino factories, appear to be excellently suited for feeding bright muon sources for low-energy muon science. Muon rates with several orders of magnitude increased flux compared to present facilities will become available. This will allow higher precision in experiments which were statistics limited so far such as searches for rare decays, muonium spectroscopy, muon capture, muon catalyzed fusion, muon decay studies and measurements muon moments and parameters. Novel and most important experiments will become possible. For example a permanent electric dipole moment (edm(mu)) of a muon could be searched with by far unprecedented accuracy and with a physics potential well beyond the possibilities of present electron, neutron and nuclear edm searches. Investigations of short lived radioactive nuclei using muonic atom spectroscopy would become feasible.
K. Junker, "A study of the partial muon capture rates mu /sup -/+/sup 6/Li to /sup 6/He(g.s.)+ nu /sub mu / and mu /sup -/+/sup 6/Li to t+t+ nu /sub mu /," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A407, no. 3, pp. 460--94, 1983.
Abstract: The muon capture reactions mu /sup -/+/sup 6/Li to /sup 6/He(g.s.)+ nu /sub mu / and mu /sup -/+/sup 6/Li to t+t+ nu /sub mu / are studied using the Fujii-Primakoff effective muon capture hamiltonian. For the /sup 6/Li and /sup 6/He ground states a fully antisymmetrised (/sup 3/He+T) and (t+t) cluster-model wave function (including the shell-model variant) is used. The break-up channel is studied in the context of a plane-wave impulse approximation. The model dependence of the total rates, energy and angular distributions is studied. Good agreement is found with the experimental /sup 6/He(g.s.) transition rate. Large deviations from other theoretical estimates and from the only available experiment are observed in the case of the break-up reaction. The possibility of using the break-up reaction in an experiment to determine the muon neutrino mass is discussed. (44 References).
K. Junker, V. A. Kuz'min, A. A. Ovichinnikova, and TV. Tetereva, "Calculation of the angular correlation coefficients for muon capture on /sup 28/Si," in Yamada Conference XL IV. Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei, (H. Ejiri, T. Kishimoto, and T. Sato, eds.), pp. 394--7, 1995.
Abstract: It is shown that modern shell models give consistent results for the polarization and angular correlation characteristics of muon capture by /sup 28/Si. The comparison with experimental data points to the quenching of the induced pseudoscalar form factor. (11 References).
K. Junker, V. A. Kuz'min, A. A. Ovchinnikova, and TV. Tetereva, "Sensitivity of muon capture to the ratios of nuclear matrix elements," Physical Review C, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 044602/1-6, 2000.
Abstract: It is shown that the observables in ordinary muon capture depend very sensitively on the ratios of nuclear matrix elements. This is demonstrated for the case of extracting g/sub P//g/sub A/ from gamma nu -correlation experiments on /sup 28/Si and from the ratio of capture rates from hyperfine states in /sup 11/B and /sup 23/Na. (23 References).
M. Juric, "Exotic K-mesonic atom," Tehnika, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1--9, 1976.
Abstract: Summarizes the present state of mesonic atom physics, particularly of the K-mesonic atom. Experimental results are compared with production to measurement methods. Particular attention is devoted to X-ray spectra as a source of information on the energy level of elementary particles, through the methods for mesonic atoms energy levels resulting from Dirac's and Klein-Gordon's equations: the differences resulting from final ratio of nucleus and vacuum polarization are discussed. The excited states of the hypernucleus are also discussed. (24 References).
M. B. Kadomtsev, S. I. Vinitsky, and FR. Vukajloic, "Adiabatic representation for the three-body problem in the limit of separated atoms in appropriate coordinates," Physical Review A, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 4652--61, 1987.
Abstract: An equivalent operator Lambda removing the Coulomb degeneracy in the second order of perturbation theory for the two-center problem in the limit of separated atoms is found. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the operator Lambda allow us to construct a complete classification of states of the two-center problem in appropriate coordinates, a compatible adiabatic basis (CAB). Averaging of the total Hamiltonian of a three-body problem over CAB results in a system of adiabatic equations in slow variable R, the hyperradius of the three-body problem. It is shown that asymptotics of that system of equations is compatible with physical boundary conditions of the scattering problem. (29 References).
M. B. Kadomtsev and SI. Vinitskii, "Adiabatic representation for the three-body problem in hyperspherical coordinates. I. Statement of the problem," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 20, no. 21, pp. 5723--36, 1987.
Abstract: For the three-body Coulomb problem a hyperspherical parametrisation of independent variables is given on a five-dimensional sphere S/sup 5/ with a hyperradius R/sub H/, the first linear invariant of the inertia tensor. The hyperspherical adiabatic basis is defined as a complete set of eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian on the sphere S/sup 5/ for every fixed value of the slow variable R/sub H/. The partial wave analysis in the total momentum J representation allows the authors to separate three Euler angles and to reduce the hyperspherical problem on S/sup 5/ to a system of (J+1) two-dimensional problems. Classification is given of the hyperspherical adiabatic basis for small and large values of the hyperradius R/sub H/. The logarithmic Fock singularity at the point of triple collision (R/sub H/=0) is explicitly shown. The approach is assigned to computing the cross sections of mesic atomic processes in the muon catalysis problem. (25 References).
R. Kadono, J. Imazato, T. Ishikawa, K. Nishiyama, K. Nagamine, T. Yamazaki, A. Bosshard, M. Dobeli, Elmbt L. van, M. Schaad, P. Truol, A. Bay, J. P. Perroud, J. Deutsch, B. Tasiaux, and E. Hagn, "Repolarization of negative muons in polarized muonic /sup 209/Bi atoms," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 55, no. , pp. 1038-9, 1986.
Abstract: Although a negative muon ( mu /sup -/) is produced 100% polarized due to the 100% parity violation in pi to mu nu decay, it loses the polarization P/sub mu / through the capture and transition processes of muonic atom in the matter. The small decay e/sup -/ asymmetry for bound mu /sup -/ makes it difficult to get any experimental information as to the P/sub mu / in muonic atoms of heavy nuclei under the usual conditions. In order to overcome this difficulty, the authors developed a new method to restore the polarization of mu /sup -/ using polarized /sup 209/Bi nuclear target. (8 References).
R. Kadono, J. Imazato, T. Ishikawa, K. Nishiyama, K. Nagamine, T. Tamazaki, A. Bosshard, M. Dobeli, Elmbt L. van, M. Schaad, P. Truol, A. Bay, J. P. Perroud, J. Deutsch, B. Tasiaux, and E. Hagn, "Repolarization of negative muons by polarized /sup 209/Bi nuclei," Physical Review Letters, vol. 57, no. 15, pp. 1847--50, 1986.
Abstract: A large mu /sup -/ polarization was achieved in muonic Bi atoms with the help of the strong hyperfine field in a polarized nuclear target. Using /sup 209/Bi nuclei polarized to (59+or-9)% in ferromagnetic BiMn, the authors observed a mu -e decay asymmetry of (13.1+or-3.9)%, which gives mu /sup -/ polarization per nuclear polarization equal to -1.07+or-0.35. This value is almost consistent with -0.792 calculated for nuclei with spin I=9/2 and a positive magnetic moment under the assumption that the hyperfine interaction becomes effective in the lowest muonic states. (18 References).
R. Kadono, W. Higemoto, K. Nagamine, and FL. Pratt, "Muonium atom in the Bloch state," Physica B, vol. 289-290, no. , pp. 459-63, 2000.
Abstract: We present a clear signature of muonium (Mu) occupying a Bloch state in KCl at a temperature ([left angle bracket]10 mK) much lower than the Mu energy band width ( approximately=0.15 K), i.e., the resonant enhancement of muon spin relaxation at a field where the Mu Zeeman splitting crosses a van Hove singularity in the Mu density of states. This feature (similar to the muon-level crossing resonance) can be used to study the energy band structure of Mu in a crystalline host. (11 References).
R. Kadono, "Quantum diffusion of positive muons and muonium atoms," Curr. Opin. Solid State Mat. Sci., vol. 6, pp. 141-146, 2002.
Abstract: The diffusion properties of the positive muon (mu(+)) and muonium (Mu) as light isotopes of protons and atomic hydrogen in crystalline solids are reported. It is demonstrated that they are excellently described as quantum tunneling of small polarons interacting with a phonon/electron bath. As one of the most dramatic manifestations of the quantum nature, the tunneling probability increases with decreasing temperature, which is in sharp contrast with the case of thermally activated diffusion. Moreover, the recent experimental study at very low temperature (below 0.1 K) strongly suggests that Mu is in a delocalized state analogous to the Bloch state for conduction electrons. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
K. Kaeser, B. Robert-Tissot, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Muonic sodium X-ray intensities in different compounds," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 304--12, 1979.
Abstract: Lyman series intensity ratios in muonic sodium have been measured in the ten compounds NaNO/sub 2/, NaNO/sub 3/, Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/, Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, Na/sub 2/SeO/sub 3/, Na/sub 2/SeO/sub 4/, Na/sub 2/S, Na/sub 2/Se, NaCl and NaBr as well as in metallic sodium. No significant differences have been found. From this result conclusions are drawn for the capture and cascade mechanism. (23 References).
K. Kaeser, T. Dubler, B. Robert-Tissot, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Muonic X-ray intensities in phosphorus- and selenium modifications," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 238--54, 1979.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray intensity measurements have been performed at SIN on allotropic modifications of phosphorus (white, red and black) and of selenium (red and black). Structure effects have been found in the intensity ratios of the K-series between amorphous and crystalline modifications of the same element. The effect in the higher series (Se) is less pronounced. On the other hand, the two crystalline phosphorus modifications (red and black) show the same intensity behavior. The root-mean-square radii (r/sup 2/)/sup 1/2/ of phosphorus and (natural) selenium were found to be 3.187(3) fm and 4.138(1) fm respectively. (33 References).
N. Kaiser, "Induced pseudoscalar form factor of the nucleon at two-loop order in chiral perturbation theory," Physical Review C, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 27002--1--4, 2003.
Abstract: We calculate the imaginary part of the induced pseudoscalar form factor of the nucleon G/sub P/(t) in the framework of two-loop heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory. The effect of the calculated three-pion continuum on the pseudoscalar constant g/sub P/=(m/sub mu //2M)G/sub P/(t=-0.877m/sub mu //sup 2/), measurable in ordinary muon capture mu /sup -/p to nu /sub mu /n, turns out to be negligibly small. Possible contributions from counterterms at two-loop order are numerically smaller than the uncertainty of the dominant pion-pole term proportional to the pion-nucleon coupling constant g/sub pi N/=13.2+or-0.2. We conclude that a sufficiently accurate representation of the induced pseudoscalar form factor of the nucleon at low momentum transfers t is given by the sum of the pion-pole term and the Adler-Dothan-Wolfenstein term: G/sub P/(t)=4g/sub pi N/Mf/sub pi //(m/sub pi //sup 2/-t)-2g/sub A/M/sup 2/[left angle bracket]r/sub A//sup 2/[right angle bracket]/3, with [left angle bracket]r/sub A//sup 2/[right angle bracket]=(0.44+or-0.02) fm/sup 2/ the axial mean square radius of the nucleon. (12 References).
SZ. Kalantari, "Efficiency of the muon catalyzed fusion in triple H/D/T mixtures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 128, no. 4, pp. 481--93, 2000.
Abstract: In this paper, we solve numerically kinetic equations for the chain reactions of mu CF in triple H/D/T mixtures. Regarding the computational results, we show that mu CF efficiency decreases by adding hydrogen H to the D/T mixture. This is in contradiction to the usual belief which expects the increase of mu CF efficiency in the H/D/T mixture. Our results are confirmed by the first and recent experiment on mu dt cycling rate in the triple mixture. (28 References).
S. Z. Kalantari and M. Sohani, "Effects of the side-path model on the muon total sticking coefficient and cycling rate in D/T mu CF," International Journal of Modern Physics A, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 539--54, 2002.
Abstract: In this paper we explore the effects of the meta-stable states of dt mu * molecules on crucial parameters in mu CF such as total sticking coefficient and muon cycling rate. For this purpose we establish a new approach in the study of the determination of the q/sub 1s/ parameter and the relative population of muonic atoms by solving the kinetics of mu CF. We have answered the basic questions about the muon total sticking including the side-path effects. (38 References).
S. Z. Kalantari and V. Tahani, "Investigation of epithermal molecular formation and hyperfine interaction effects on kinetics of mu CF," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 142, no. 3-4, pp. 627--42, 2002.
Abstract: The role of epithermal effects in muon catalyzed fusion specially in the H/D/T mixture is investigated by Monte Carlo method. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation are used in the kinetics of mu CF in the steady-state condition. For this purpose we determine the values of thermalization rate ( lambda /sub th/) and the probability of the dt mu molecular formation by epithermal t mu atoms during thermalization processes ( eta parameter). We have shown that including the epithermal effects in the kinetics of mu CF in different concentrations of hydrogen isotopes, increases the fusion yield per muon and it is not ignorable even in the D/T mixture. The reduction of the mu CF efficiency due to increasing the protium concentration is definitely confirmed here, even though the important effects such as the epithermal molecular formation, Ramsauer-Townsend effect and the hyperfine interactions are taken into account. We have shown that the epithermal effects disappear rapidly, whereas the unfavorable effects due to increasing protium, such as highly sticking probability in the pd mu and pt mu cycles, affect the fusion yield for a longer period of time. Recent experimental results at JINR in the H/D/T mixture are compatible with our conclusions. (15 References).
SZ. Kalantari, "Investigation of the muon catalyzed fusion in the spin polarized condition," International Journal of Modern Physics E-Nuclear Physics, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 431--8, 2003.
Abstract: The cross-sections of the muonic atom interactions in the muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) cycle are spin dependent. In this paper we answer an interesting question about the efficiency of mu CF: {"}Dose the efficiency of mu CF increase by spin polarization of the injected beam of muons in the spin polarized D/T mixture?{"} To answer this question we investigate the spin polarization effects on the kinetics of the mu CF cycle by simulating the collisional processes of the mu t atoms by the Monte-Carlo method. The thermalization and spin-flip rates are determined and used to simulate the kinetics of mu CF in the spin polarized condition. Then, the total number of fusions per muon in two cases, spin polarized and unpolarized conditions, are compared. We have shown the spin polarization condition is rapidly converted to the unpolarized case in mu CF cycle and its effects can be ignored, especially if the concentration of tritium increases. (24 References).
YuA. Kalashnikov, "Two-nucleon absorption of bound pi mesons from 2p and 3d levels in /sup 40/Ca," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 172--8, 1980.
Abstract: For a given correlation mechanism the author obtains an expression for the polarization operator of a pion in a finite medium, that incorporates two parameters: a force parameter and the correlation radius parameter, and also expressions for the pion level width and for the energy distributions of the outgoing nucleons. For /sup 40/Ca the author computes the ratio of the 3d and 2p level widths, which is in agreement with experiment (note that the force parameter does not appear in this ratio), the contributions to the total widths from different shells, and the energy distributions of the outgoing nucleons. In analyzing absorption of bound pi mesons by nuclei, the author considers diagrams that yield a contribution to the imaginary part of the optical potential of slow pions. (18 References).
G. Kalbermann, "Kemmer-Duffin-Petiau equation approach to pionic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 2240--3, 1986.
Abstract: The author lays down the formalism for the treatment of pionic atoms level widths and shifts using the Kemmer-Duffin-Petiau equation. Interactions are introduced in a Lorentz invariant way. An analytical transformation is shown that connects between different sets of interactions. The Kisslinger potential is obtained as a special case of a scalar-tensor optical potential. Results are shown in the accompanying paper. (13 References).
G. Kalbermann, E. Friedman, A. Gal, and CJ. Batty, "Finite-range effects in pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A503, no. 3-4, pp. 632--48, 1989.
Abstract: Finite-range effects on the strong-interaction level shifts and widths in pionic atoms were studied systematically throughout the periodic table by devising and solving the appropriate integro-differential wave equation in coordinate space. A novel method of expansion about zero range was used, enabling the authors to fit parameters of the pion-nuclear optical potential so that good agreement was obtained between calculation and experiment for a comprehensive set of data. The best-fit value for the r.m.s. radius of the p-wave pi NN form factor is (0.34+or-0.15) fm. This small value is consistent with several analyses of other types of strong-interaction data. (26 References).
S. I. Kalcheva, V. V. Kuzminov, and YuV. Petrov, "Fuel breeding in a hybrid muon catalyzed fusion reactor," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 445--58, 1993.
Abstract: The authors discuss the processes of nuclear fuel burnup and plutonium breeding in the uranium blanket of a hybrid mesocatalytic reactor. The time dependence of the nuclear fuel isotopic concentrations was calculated by the BURNFL code. Using a three-dimensional Monte Carlo MORSE-H code the plutonium and tritium breeding coefficients, the fission rates of uranium and plutonium and a specific power distribution in the blanket were computed. The total fusion energy multiplication factor was obtained as a function of the fuel residence time using results of a detailed calculation of the mesocatalytic channel and estimations of the electronuclear channel. (36 References).
A. N. Kamal and JN. Ng, "Majorana-lepton-mediated mu /sup -/ to e/sup +/ conversion in nuclei," Physical Review D, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 2269--77, 1979.
Abstract: The authors estimate the branching ratio of the anomalous conversion of mu /sup -/ to e/sup +/ in nuclei via the exchange of a virtual Majorana lepton to ordinary muon capture to be [left angle bracket]10/sup -13/ for a 0.5-GeV/c/sup 2/ lepton and [left angle bracket]10/sup -14/ for a 1.0-GeV/c/sup 2/ lepton. A sequential Weinberg-Salam gauge model with four lepton doublets and neutrino mixing is used. The change in the anomalous capture rate with respect to the mass of the Majorana lepton is also discussed. (31 References).
M. Kamimura, "Effect of exit-channel nuclear interaction on muon sticking in muon catalyzed d-t fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 333--40, 1987.
Abstract: The muon catalyzed fusion reaction dt mu to alpha n mu is formulated with a four-body model including the exit-channel n- alpha interaction, and the initial sticking probability omega /sub S//sup 0/. As long as coupling of the excited ( mu alpha )/sub nl/-n channel with the ( mu alpha )/sub 1S/-n channel is neglected (but including the distorted ( mu alpha )/sub 1S/-n potential), the probability omega /sub S//sup 0/ is found to be reduced considerably. However, inclusion of all the channel coupling but ignoring the excitation energy of the ( mu alpha ) atom (this is a three-body adiabatic model for the ( mu alpha )-n scattering) is found to lead to the same omega /sub S//sup 0/ that was obtained with previous studies based on the sudden approximation for the fusion process; a zero-range transfer interaction is assumed in the adiabatic model calculation. The effect of the nuclear d-t interaction in the (dt mu ) molecule is briefly mentioned. (12 References).
M. Kamimura, "Effect of nuclear interaction on muon sticking to helium in muon catalyzed d-t fusion," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 330-43, 1988.
Abstract: The author briefly surveys with non-adiabatic coupled-rearrangement-channels method which gives accurate energies of the dt mu molecule with a very short computational time. A complex nuclear potential between d and t is determined so as to fit the cross sections of the resonant d+t to alpha +n reaction. The interaction is incorporated in the three-body Hamiltonian which is diagonalized within the basis functions spanned over the three rearrangement channels with their Jacobian coordinates. Fusion rates are estimated from the imaginary part of the complex eigenenergies. The muon sticking probabilities of the J=0 states are found to be increased by 4-5% due to the effect of the nuclear interaction. A formulation to include explicitly the coupling of the dt mu and alpha n mu channels is presented. (17 References).
M. Kamimura, "Non-adiabatic coupled-rearrangement-channels approach to muonic molecules and muon transfer reactions," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 335--44, 1988.
Abstract: "A method of non-adiabatic coupled rearrangement channels is proposed for Coulomb-interacting three-body systems seen in the muon-catalyzed fusion cycles. The total wave function is expanded in terms of the three rearrangement channels (e.g. t mu -d, d mu -t and dt- mu channels for the dt mu system) with their Jacobi coordinates: the muon is treated on an equal footing with the two nuclei since the muon mass is not much smaller than the nuclear mass. This method is applicable both to muonic molecular states and to muon transfer reactions with the scattering boundary condition satisfied exactly. With a new type of basis functions proposed, calculation of the dt mu molecular states has been performed in a very short computational time with a high accuracy; for the J=1 weakly bound state in /sub J=1
M. Kamimura, "Nonadiabatic coupled-rearrangement-channel approach to muonic molecules," Physical Review A, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 621--4, 1988.
Abstract: A new variational approach to muonic molecules is proposed. The total three-body wave function is expanded in terms of basis functions spanned over the three rearrangement channels in the Jacobian coordinate system. Energy levels of the dt mu molecule are calculated with a high accuracy and a short computation time. For the weakly bound state with J= upsilon =1, which is a key to the muon-catalyzed d-t fusion, the calculated energy in /sub 11/ is better than the literature data. With the use of the most up-to-date, 1986 CODATA-recommended (E.R. Cohen and B.N. Taylor, CODATA Bull, 63 (1986)) values of physical constants, the authors obtained in /sub 11/=-0.660264 eV with 2662 basis functions and in /sub 11/( infinity )=-0.66030+or-00002 eV by extrapolation. (19 References).
M. Kamimura and H. Kameyama, "Coupled rearrangement channel calculations of muonic molecules and A=3 nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 508, no. , pp. 17c-28, 1990.
Abstract: The authors propose a coupled-rearrangement-channel Gaussian-basis variational method for precise calculations of nonadiabatic three-body systems. The method is applied to the muonic molecule (dt mu ) which plays a decisive role in the muon catalyzed DT fusion. An extension is made to the muon transfer reaction (d mu )/sub 1s/+t to (t mu )/sub 1s/+d. The method is also applied to the trinucleon bound states, /sup 3/H and /sup 3/He, with the use of realistic two-nucleon and three-nucleon forces. They obtained fast and precise convergence of the calculated results with increasing number of three-body angular-momentum channels. Also shown is an extension of the method to the four-nucleon bound state, /sup 4/He. (22 References).
M. Kamimura, "Non-diabatic quantum three-body calculation of excited-state muon transfer," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 33--42, 1990.
Abstract: The author proposes a method for non-diabatic quantum three-body calculation of excited-state muon transfer which is related to the q/sub 1s/ problem. The author constructs it within the method of coupled rearrangement channels using the Jacobian coordinate system explicitly. Application to ground-state transfer is presented, but the excited-state case is in progress. (15 References).
M. Kamimura and Y. Kino, "Is muon catalyzed d-/sup 3/He fusion possible?," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 402, no. 2-3, pp. 397--401, 1998.
Abstract: A brief survey of muon catalyzed fusion is given and discussion is made on possibility of muon catalyzed d-/sup 3/He fusion together with our theoretical analysis of recent experiments on strong isotope dependence in decay mechanism of muonic molecules (d/sup 3/He mu ) and (d/sup 4/He mu ). (10 References).
M. Kamimura, E. Hiyama, and Y. Kino, "New comprehensive calculation of muon initial sticking to /sup 4/He in dt mu fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 217--22, 1999.
Abstract: The initial alpha mu sticking probability, omega /sub s//sup 0/, is revisited by a new sophisticated calculation which does not assume the three approximations taken usually in the literature calculations. It is found that magnitude of omega /sub s//sup 0/ increases very slightly by the removal of the approximations. (15 References).
M. Kamimura, E. Hiyama, and Y. Kino, "New calculation of muon-/sup 4/He initial sticking in dt mu fusion," Riken Review, vol. 20, no. , pp. 12-13, 1999.
Abstract: The initial alpha mu sticking probability, omega /sub S//sup 0/, is recalculated with a new sophisticated method which does not assume the approximations taken in usual literature calculations. Magnitude of omega /sub S//sup 0/ is found to increase slightly by the removal of the approximations. (9 References).
P. Kammel, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, H. G. Mahler, J. Zmeskal, W. H. Bertl, C. Petitjean, and WJ. Kossler, "First observation of hyperfine transitions in muonic deuterium atoms via resonant d mu d formation at 34K," Physics Letters B, vol. 112B, no. 4-5, pp. 319--22, 1982.
Abstract: The authors discovered a resonant formation process of the d mu d-mesomolecule from the upper F=3/2 hyperfine state of the mu d-atom, while detecting neutrons from muon catalyzed fusion in deuterium gas at 34K. This new effect enabled them to directly observe transitions between hyperfine states of the mu d-atom for the first time and to determine an accurate experimental value for this transition rate. (15 References).
P. Kammel, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, H. G. Mahler, J. Zmeskal, W. H. Bertl, and C. Petitjean, "First observation of muonic hyperfine effects in pure deuterium," Physical Review A, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 2611--22, 1983.
Abstract: The authors discovered a strong hyperfine dependence of the resonant formation process of d mu d mesomolecules, while detecting neutrons from muon-catalyzed fusion in pure deuterium gas at 34K. This new effect enabled the authors to observe directly transitions between hyperfine states of the mu d atom for the first time and to determine an accurate experimental value for this transition rate. The analysis demonstrates the importance of hyperfine effects for the quantitative understanding of the mechanism of resonant d mu d formation. Moreover, this experiment indicates that the resonant formation process is a powerful tool for a refined spectroscopy of d mu d bound states. Finally, the detailed knowledge about mesoatomic and mesomolecular processes obtained in this work provides valuable information for the analysis of experiments on the elementary muon-capture process in deuterium. (39 References).
P. Kammel, J. Werner, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, H. Fuhrmann, J. Marton, P. Pawlek, J. Zmeskal, and C. Petijean, "Muon catalysis in the deuterium-tritium system-hyperfine effects in the reaction kinetics," Atomkernenergie Kerntechnik, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 195--7, 1983.
Abstract: The authors recent experimental investigations on muon catalyzed processes in pure deuterium revealed striking hyperfine effects in the resonant formation process of muonic molecules. Taking into account these hyperfine effects is indispensable for a quantitative understanding of the muon induced fusion cycle. Although similar hyperfine effects can be expected for the formation of d mu t-molecules, they have been neglected thus far in studies of the reaction kinetics. The authors present a discussion of the expected hyperfine resonances in the formation of d mu t-molecules and of the reaction kinetics of the muon catalysed fusion cycle. The results include implications for the analysis of past as well as future experiments. (12 References).
P. Kammel, "Thermalization effects in muon-catalyzed fusion in low-density deuterium-tritium gas," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 349-54, 1985.
Abstract: Reactions of fast, nonthermalized muonic atoms can influence considerably the muon-induced kinetics in low-density mixtures of deuterium and tritium. Starting from muonic-cascade processes a model is developed which provides an alternative interpretation of the large rates and the time distribution of fusion neutrons observed experimentally. (12 References).
P. Kammel, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, M. Jeitler, J. Marton, N. Naegele, A. Scrinzi, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, C. Petitjean, J. Bistirlich, K. Crowe, M. Justice, R. H. Sherman, H. Bossy, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, H. Plendl, W. Schott, and W. Neumann, "mu CF at low tritium concentrations (kinetics and first experimental results)," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 483--96, 1988.
Abstract: The kinetics of mu CF at low tritium concentrations c/sub t/[left angle bracket]0.1 is presented, including the effect of hot molecular formation after isotopic transfer. The interpretation of cycle rates observed in previous works at low c/sub t/ is critically examined. A strong sensitivity of the time distribution of fusion neutrons to hyperfine effects is derived from the kinetic model. The time spectra calculated with standard theoretical assumptions, however, do not agree with preliminary data (1987) from experiments at SIN. (22 References).
P. Kammel, "dt mu kinetics: present understanding and open problems," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 111--26, 1990.
Abstract: A wide variety of processes originating in atomic, molecular and nuclear physics combine to an efficient muon catalyzed fusion cycle in mixtures of deuterium and tritium. A review is given on the present understanding of the main dt mu kinetics and the underlying processes, which has resulted from worldwide research efforts. Special emphasis is given to d mu to t mu transfer from excited states and to the resonant formation of dt mu molecules, two processes which have led to surprising results and which still seem far from a complete understanding. (43 References).
P. Kammel, "Muon Catalyzed Fusion and Basic Muon Reactions in Deuterium and Hydrogen," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 111--128, 1993.
P. Kammel, "Muon capture," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 419-26, 1998.
Abstract: Recent results and future research prospects in muon capture are reviewed concentrating on studies to determine the nucleon/nuclear form factors and to test the structure of charged current electroweak interactions. (17 References).
P. Kammel, "High intensity muon/pion beam with time structure at PSI," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 323--8, 1999.
Abstract: A new initiative is presented to develop a high intensity muon/pion beam with a time structure optimized to the muon lifetime. Such a facility would provide exciting physics opportunities for dramatically improved fundamental experiments, e.g., in the field of muon capture, muon lifetime and muonium spectroscopy. The high primary beam intensity at PSI allows intense chopped muon beams by installing a fast electrostatic kicker in a secondary channel. Two modes of operation are foreseen: a muon-on-request scheme, which uses active feedback from a beam counter in the experimental area and a periodic pulsed mode with about 5-20% duty factor. (9 References).
P. Kammel, V. A. Andreev, D. V. Balin, R. M. Carey, T. Case, D. B. Chitwood, S. M. Clayton, K. M. Crowe, J. Deutsch, P. T. Debevec, P. U. Dick, A. Dijksman, J. Egger, D. Fahrni, A. A. Fetisov, S. J. Freedman, V. A. Ganzha, B. Gartner, J. Govaerts, F. E. Gray, F. J. Hartmann, W. D. Herold, D. W. Hertzog, V. I. Jatsoura, A. G. Krivshich, B. Lauss, E. M. Maev, O. E. Maev, V. E. Markushin, CJG Onderwater, C. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, C. C. Polly, R. Prieels, S. M. Sadetsky, G. N. Schapkin, R. Schmidt, G. G. Semenchuk, M. Soroka, A. A. Vorobyov, and NI. Voropaev, "Precise measurement of muon capture on the proton," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 435--43, 2001.
Abstract: The aim of the mu Cap experiment is a 1% measurement of the singlet capture rate Lambda /sub S/ for the basic electro-weak reaction mu +p to n+ nu /sub mu /. This observable is sensitive to the weak form-factors of the nucleon, in particular to the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant g/sub P/. It will provide a rigorous test of theoretical predictions based on the Standard Model and effective theories of QCD. The present method is based on high precision lifetime measurements of mu /sup -/ in hydrogen gas and the comparison with the free mu /sup +/ lifetime. The mu /sup -/ experiment will be performed in ultra-clean, deuterium-depleted H/sub 2/ gas at 10 bar. Low density compared to liquid H/sub 2/ is chosen to avoid uncertainties due to pp mu formation. A time projection chamber acts as a pure hydrogen active target. It defines the muon stop position in 3D and detects rare background reactions. Decay electrons are tracked in cylindrical wire-chambers and a scintillator array covering 75% of 4 pi. (19 References).
G. Kanatas and JP. Davidson, "Possible resonance in muonic W/sup 182/," Physical Review Letters, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 158--60, 1971.
Abstract: The possible excitation of nuclear deformation (beta) vibrations in muonic tungsten is described as being due to a near degeneracy between muonic and nuclear states. The model calculations indicate that this effect may be verified by observing the E2 nuclear de-excitation gamma rays. (13 References).
G. Kanatas and JP. Davidson, "Excitation of deformation vibrations by radiationless muonic transitions," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 180, no. 2, pp. 638--50, 1972.
Abstract: An investigation is carried out for selected doubly even nuclei in the rare-earth and actinide regions for possible resonances between pairs of muonic levels of the appropriate quantum numbers and certain nuclear collective states. Such resonances can lead to the excitation of the particular nuclear state involved, and could be used as an alternate means of nuclear excitation. Electric monopole excitations were found which can result in the excitation of the nuclear 0/sup +/ level of the beta -band. The muonic states involved, however, are such that the probability of nuclear excitation may be small. An electric quadrupole resonance in /sup 182/W involving the excitation of the 2/sup +/ state of the beta -band is found to be a very likely candidate. The matrix elements involved in the E0 and E2 resonances are calculated, the nuclear contribution being computed using the nuclear collective model of Davydov and Chaban. The probability for nuclear excitation in the E2 resonance in /sup 182/W is computed. (16 References).
F. R. Kane, M. Eckhause, G. H. Miller, B. L. Roberts, M. E. Vislay, and RE. Welsh, "Muon capture rates on /sup 16/O leading to bound states of /sup 16/N," Physics Letters B, vol. 45B, no. 3, pp. 292--4, 1973.
Abstract: The partial muon capture rates on /sup 16/O leading to all four particle-stable states in /sup 16/N have been measured. The results obtained are compared to previous measurements and are also used to extract a value for the induced pseudo-scalar coupling constant in muon capture. (8 References).
K. S. Kang, B. K. Chung, and CW. Kim, "High-energy-transfer muon capture in /sup 165/Ho," Journal of the Korean Physical Society, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 110--15, 1990.
Abstract: The muon-capture rate in /sup 165/H sigma with high-energy transfer or equivalently with time-like momentum transfer squared, q/sup 2/, has been calculated in a nuclear-model independent approach proposed by Bernabeu et al. (1977), improved by adding finite-size nuclear corrections. It is shown that the calculated rate is very sensitive to the behavior of nuclear form factors in the time-like q/sup 2/ region as well as the behavior of pi -nucleus scattering lengths (A/sub s/) and scattering volumes (A/sub p/) as functions of the mass number A. General agreement between theory and experiment confirms for the first time, at least qualitatively, the assertion that the high-energy-transfer muon-capture process is quite similar to pion capture in many respects. (14 References).
E. Kankeleit and M. Tomaselli, "Nuclear magnetic polarization in muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 32B, no. 7, pp. 613--15, 1970.
Abstract: Evidence is found for a magnetic polarization effect in muonic /sup 205/Tl and /sup 209/Bi atoms by the observation of a change in hindered M1 transition rates. (10 References).
E. Kankeleit, "On the interpretation of hyperfine interaction data," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 34, no. , pp. 553-64, 1973.
Abstract: The energy of electric or magnetic interaction of an atomic muon or electron is obtained from an integral which contains the product of two functions belonging to the nucleus and the particle. If the function of the particle is approximated by a/sub 0/+a/sub 2/r/sup 2/+a/sub 3/r/sup 3/, the interaction energy can be discussed in terms of the extension and the structure, of a nuclear distribution independent of scale. As examples recent muonic experiments on isomer shift and hyperfine anomaly are discussed. The application of this parameterization to elastic electron scattering is briefly mentioned. (18 References).
S. N. Kaplan, R. V. Pyle, L. E. Temple, and GF. Valby, "Partial capture rates of muons by /sup 16/O leading to excited nuclear states of /sup 15/N," Physical Review Letters, vol. 22, no. 15, pp. 795--8, 1969.
Abstract: Partial interaction rates have been measured for the muon capture reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 16/O to /sup 15/N*+n+ nu leading to the excited states at 6.323 MeV (/sup 3///sub 2//sup -/), 5.270 MeV (/sup 5///sub 2//sup +/), and 5.299 MeV (/sup 1///sub 2//sup +/). The total observed transition rate to excited states of /sup 15/N is in good agreement with predictions attending recent calculations of the total capture rate. The distribution of the excitation among the three levels is very similar to that observed from the photoproton and photoneutron reactions on /sup 16/O. (20 References).
S. N. Kaplan, J. A. Monard, and S. Nagamiya, "Shape isomer excitation by mu-minus atomic capture?," Physics Letters B, vol. 64B, no. 2, pp. 217--20, 1976.
Abstract: The possibility of excitation of the /sup 238/U shape-isomer by the atomic cascade of a negative muon has been investigated by a search for back-decay gamma -rays. No candidates for such gamma -rays have been found with yields greater than 1% per stopping muon, indicating that the probability of the isomer excitation by muons is less than 3%. The lifetime of a mu /sup -/bound to /sup 238/U has been determined from capture gamma -rays to be 79.1+or-0.5 ns, which also set the upper limit of this probability to 7-15%. (8 References).
J. Kapusta and A. Mocsy, "Hydrogenlike atoms from ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 59, pp. 2937-2940, 1999.
Abstract: The number of hydrogenlike atoms produced when heavy nuclei collide is estimated for central collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider using the sudden approximation of Baym et al. As first suggested by Schwartz, a simultaneous measurement of the hydrogen and hadron spectra will allow an inference of the electron or muon spectra at low momentum where a direct experimental measurement is not feasible. [S0556-2813(99)036055].
A. Karimkhodzhaev and Z. Maric, "Bound state of two spinless charged particles in quantum electrodynamics. II. Lamb shift (one-photon approximation)," Fizika, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 535--41, Yugoslavia, 1985.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.17, no.4, p.527-33 (1985). In the framework Logunov-Tavkhelidze quasipotential approach the Lamb shift in the ( pi /sup +/, pi /sup -/)-atom (one-photon approximation) is calculated. (8 References).
A. Karimkhodzhaev and Z. Maric, "Bound state of two spinless charged particles in quantum electrodynamics. I. Fine structure," Fizika, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 527--33, Yugoslavia, 1985.
Abstract: The fine structure energy levels of ( pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/)-atom is evaluated in the framework of the Logunov-Tavkhelidze quasipotential approach. (13 References).
A. Karimkhodzhaev, Z. Marich, and RN. Faustov, "Pionium in quantum electrodynamics," in Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Fourteenth International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Abstracts of Contributed Papers, (M. J. Coggiola, D. L. Huestis, and RP. Saxon, eds.), 1985.
Abstract: The authors show the result of the calculation of the energy levels of pionium in the framework of the quasipotential approach of Logunov-Tavkhelidze (1963) using one-photon exchange approximation. The second order effects in the point like pion vertex function and the electron-positron vacuum polarization effects are included. (4 References).
A. Karimkhodzhaev and Xi-Te. Zheng, "Contribution of electron-positron vacuum polarization to energy levels in exotic atoms," Communications in Theoretical Physics, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 363--6, 1989.
Abstract: Energy levels of ( pi pi )-, ( pi K)-, (KK)-, ( pi /sup +or-/ Sigma /sup -or+/)-and ( pi mu )- exotic atoms are calculated in the framework of Logunov-Tavkhelidze quasipotential approach. The analytic expressions for the contributions of electron-positron vacuum polarization are derived. Corrections from strong interactions are calculated according to the Deser formula. (12 References).
E. B. Karlsson, "Quantum coherence and decoherence of protons and muons in condensed matter," Eur. Phys. J. D, vol. 22, pp. 393-400, 2003.
Abstract: The coherence in quantum superposition states of protons (and chemically similar particles, the positive muons) has been studied in some condensed matter environments. It is shown that if the proton systems and the experimental techniques used to study them are carefully selected, it is possible to observe quantum delocalization states of single particles and to understand the mechanisms for their loss of coherence. Quantum correlated two- and multiparticle states of protons lose coherence very fast when coupled to condensed matter environments, but new sub-femtosecond techniques have made them accessible to experimental studies. The degree of decoherence can be measured as function of time and the decoherence mechanisms can, at least in certain cases, be identified. Although less clean than in corresponding studies of quantum optical systems, these studies can be seen as a first step towards understanding the conditions for preservation of quantum correlation and entanglement in massive systems. Some consequences and some suggestions for future work are discussed.
FI. Karmanov, "Calculation of the stopped muon fraction in the target of a 14-MeV neutron source," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 439--44, 1993.
Abstract: One of the most important problems for the future power-producing reactor feasibility is the development of materials resistant to large fluences of fast neutrons with hard spectrum. Systematic information on the behaviour of the reactor materials under such conditions is not available yet. One of the reasons is that there are no appropriate neutron sources at present. Nevertheless, pertinent suggestions have been made in the literature. The idea is to explore the possibility of a high-intensity 14-MeV neutron source based on muon-catalyzed fusion for accelerated end-of-life testing of fusion reactor materials. This proposal is based on some elements of the conceptual scheme of a muon-catalyzed fusion reactor. The main purpose of this report is to calculate muon utilization efficiency and to estimate the intensity and neutron flux in the above scheme. (8 References).
F. I. Karmanov, A. I. Kharitonov, V. L. Shablov, and YuYu. Shitkov, "The single-channel model for the hydrogen mesic molecule fusion reaction," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 96, no. 3-4, pp. 265--76, 1995.
Abstract: The scattering theory for two separated potential wells is applied to the problem of dt mu mesic molecule nuclear width determination within the scope of the single-channel model for nuclear particles. (19 References).
F. I. Karmanov and DG. Naberezhnev, "Calculation of muon fraction stopped in the dt-cell of a 14 MeV neutron generator," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 677-83, 1996.
Abstract: The muon utilization efficiency is calculated for a model of a neutron source based on muon-catalyzed fusion, and the intensity and neutron flux are estimated in this system. (7 References).
F. I. Karmanov, L. N. Latysheva, I. A. Pshenichnov, and M. Vecchi, "Monte Carlo simulation of intense 14 MeV neutron source based on muon catalyzed fusion for fusion material irradiation," in Proceedings of the International Conference Large-Scale Collective Motion of Atomic Nuclei, (G. Giardina, G. Fazio, and M. Lattuada, eds.), pp. 326-9, 1997.
Abstract: Results of Monte Carlo simulation of a high-flux 14 MeV neutron source based on muon catalyzed fusion are presented. Intranuclear and internuclear cascade codes created in INR are used for simulation of pion production in primary target while pion and muon transport is simulated by means of the GEANT code. The dependencies of setup efficiency on the basic physical parameters have been investigated in detail and some improvements to increase the pion and muon collection efficiency have been put forward. A possibility to achieve a flux of monoenergetic (14.1 MeV) neutrons up to 10/sup 14/ n/s/cm/sup 2/ and intensity up to 10/sup 17/ n/s has been demonstrated. This flux can be used to study the behavior of materials of fusion reactors or to drive into operation a hybrid nuclear reactor. (9 References).
B. M. Karnakov and VD. Mur, "Nuclear shift and broadening of muonic-molecule levels," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1409--20, 1986.
Abstract: Formulas giving the nuclear shift and width of a muonic-molecule level with arbitrary rotational angular momentum J in terms of the nuclear-Coulomb scattering length alpha /sub cs/ and effective radius r/sub cs/ are derived. For the dt system these parameters are extracted from the experimental data on the dt to alpha n reaction. The shifts and widths of the J=0 levels in the dt mu molecule are found. The case of the states with J not=0 is discussed. (24 References).
B. M. Karnakov, A. E. Kudryavtsev, V. D. Mur, and VS. Popov, "Zel'dovich effect in quantum mechanics," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 98B, no. 1, pp. 63-86, 1987.
Abstract: In systems bound by the Coulomb potential with a short-range distortion, the reconstruction of the atomic spectrum (or Zel'dovich effect) can appear. Some peculiarities of this phenomenon for the state of nonzero angular momentum are discussed. The analytical properties of the basic equation appearing in the presence of absorption are investigated. The values of absorption at which the reconstruction of atomic levels is replaced by an oscillation regime are given. Some applications of the Zel'dovich effect for hadronic atoms and mesomolecules are considered. (44 References).
V. M. Karnakov, A. E. Kudryavtsev, V. D. Mur, and VS. Popov, "Zel'dovich effect in atomic and nuclear physics," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 94, no. 7, pp. 65--79, 1988.
Abstract: Restructuring of the atomic spectrum (the Zel'dovich effect) can occur in systems coupled by a Coulomb interaction that is distorted at short distances. The features of this phenomenon are discussed for states with arbitrary angular momentum l. The analytic properties of the solution of the basic equation for this effect in the case hadronic-atom spectra are investigated in the presence of absorption. The conditions under which the spectrum restructuring is replaced by an oscillatory regime are obtained. Some manifestations of the Zel'dovich effect in the physics of hadronic atoms and mesic molecules are considered. (48 References).
VA. Karnaukhov, "On the fate of muon in prompt fission of muonic atom," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 1204--5, 1978.
Abstract: The radiationless 2p to 1s transition of a muon in a heavy muonic atom is accompanied by prompt fission with considerable probability. Atomic capture of the muon by fragments is considered here, based on the statistical mode. It is shown that the muon is carried away by the heavy fission fragments with a probability of approximately 92%. (6 References).
F. F. Karpeshin, I. M. Band, M. A. Listengarten, and LA. Sliv, "mu -mesic conversion of nuclear gamma -rays," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1164--75, 1976.
Abstract: Calculations are presented of the internal conversion coefficients for nuclear gamma -rays on muons in the K-shell of the mesic atom for different values of the atomic number Z, gamma -transition energies, and three multipolarities (E1, E2 and M1). The conversion coefficients are investigated in detail for /sup 140/Xe and /sup 90/Sr (the probable fission fragments produced by muons on nuclei). (27 References).
FF. Karpeshin, "Probability of conversion in fragments of prompt nuclear fission in mesoatoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 55--61, 1980.
Abstract: The experimental data on the internal gamma -ray conversion of a muon in prompt fission fragments are interpreted in terms of the calculated conversion probability and energy spectra of conversion muons as a function of the multipolarity. The best fit is obtained assuming that at about 6-MeV energy 30% of the radiative transitions in the fragments are of E2 type. (19 References).
F. F. Karpeshin, M. S. Kaschiev, and VA. Kaschieva, "Distribution of muons among the prompt fission fragments from mesoplutonium," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 336--42, 1982.
Abstract: Distribution of muons among fragments produced in the prompt fission of mesoplutonium is calculated by means of the Nikitin formula. Parameters for the Nikitin formula are determined by fitting to the calculated differences of the meso-molecular terms. Probability of the muon entrainment by a light fragment is W/sub l/=3.3%, with accuracy up to a factor of about 0.3. For uranium the recommended value is W/sub l/ approximately=2%. (29 References).
F. F. Karpeshin and VE. Starodubskii, "The microscopic description of muonic conversion in magic nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1365--73, 1982.
Abstract: Calculates the internal conversion coefficients of the gamma -quanta on a muon in mesoatoms (CMC). The conversion widths for decays of the E1, E2, E3, E4 giant multipole resonances into ground states in /sup 90/Zr and /sup 208/Pb are also calculated. Nuclear transition densities are treated within the framework of the self-consistent random phase approximation (RPA) based on Hartree-Fock theory for the ground state with Skyrme's interaction. The effects of nuclear structure on the CMC values are examined. Microscopic results are compared with various macroscopic approaches such as the Tassie model, the models of the surface and volume currents and others. The relationship between the muon and electron conversion coefficients is also considered. (25 References).
FF. Karpeshin, "Conversion processes in mu -mesoatoms," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 1888--905, 1983.
Abstract: A series of processes in mu -mesoatoms-nonradiative excitation of nuclei, muonic back-conversion, and meso-X-ray emission of instantaneous-fission-is considered on the unified basis of muon conversion coefficients. The probabilities of these processes are calculated. Work on the distribution of muons with respect to instantaneous-fission fragments is reviewed. The results are compared with experimental data. (39 References).
F. F. Karpeshin, M. S. Kaschiev, and VA. Kaschieva, "Muon distribution of prompt fission fragments in muonic atoms of uranium and plutonium," Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, Fizika i Khimiya, vol. 2, no. , pp. 71-4, 1986.
Abstract: Muon distribution of nuclear prompt fission fragments in muonic atoms of U and Pu is calculated using the Nikitin formula in the adiabatic basis of quasimolecular states. Muonic quasimolecular terms are calculated by the finite elements method. The resulting probability of the muon attachment to the heavy fragment is 1.7% for Pu prompt fission and 3.3% for U. This difference is of great importance for investigating muonic conversion of gamma -rays of prompt fission fragments. (28 References).
F. F. Karpeshin, M. S. Kaschiev, and VA. Kaschieva, "Fate of a muon in prompt fission of a nucleus muonic atoms in connection with prospects of study of fission dynamics," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 1556--62, 1987.
Abstract: The authors calculate the probabilities W/sub 1/ of entrainment of a muon by light fragments in fission of /sup 238/U induced by negative muons. The mean value (W/sub l/) is approximately=0.05. The possibility of influence of fission dynamics on the quantity W/sub l/ is discussed. (31 References).
F. F. Karpeshin and VO. Nesterenko, "The microscopic description of the collective E1, E2 and E3 nuclear excitation through radiationless transitions in actinoid muonic atoms," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 705--11, 1991.
Abstract: Microscopic calculations have been made of the probabilities of radiationless E1, E2 and E3 transitions in a muonic atom of /sup 238/U. The results obtained are compared with the experimental values for those transitions, the experimental probabilities are available for (2p to 1s, 3p to 1s and 3d to 1s). A considerable probability (10-15%) is predicted in actinoid atoms of E3 radiationless transitions 3d to 2p accompanied by excitation of low-lying electric octupole resonance (LEOR). (30 References).
FF. Karpeshin, "Muon shaking as the result of anomalous E1 conversion in prompt-fission fragments," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 2893--9, 1992.
Abstract: The probability of shaking at the instant of rupture of the neck of a fissile nucleus in a muonic atom is shown to be a fraction of a percent, which is comparable to that for the standard mechanism for muon conversion in a cascade decay of fragments. A mechanism involving anomalous E1 conversion is proposed to explain the shaking. This conversion would occur when there is superposition of multipole vibrations of different parity of the nuclear surface. It would be due to effects stemming from the penetration of the muon into the nucleus. Experimental consequences of this process are discussed. (25 References).
FF. Karpeshin, "Study of fission dynamics in muonic atoms by means of the distribution of muons between fragments," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 29--37, 1992.
Abstract: Experimental data on the probability for the capture of muons by the light fragments in the course of prompt fission are analyzed. The capture probability is studied as a function of the kinetic energy of the fragments and the difference between their masses. Keys to the interpretation of the data are the short fission times approximately 10/sup -21/ s or the shaking effects which occur upon rupture of the neck of the nucleus undergoing fission. (37 References).
FF. Karpeshin, "Angular asymmetries in emission of muons from prompt fission fragments," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A617, no. 2, pp. 211--27, 1997.
Abstract: Experimental data have been analysed concerning the angular distribution and the muon conversion rate from prompt fission fragments. It is only possible to explain the data on account for the angular anisotropy arising due to the alignment of the fragments, and the forward-back asymmetry which is brought about by the translational velocity of the fragments. The analysis clearly shows the fraction of the E2 component with the intensity of 10-15% in the hard domain of the radiative spectrum of the fragments. A possibility of direct muon emission due to shake-off brought about by the neck rupture is also discussed. (48 References).
FF. Karpeshin, "Born-Oppenheimer expansion: from muon distribution to dissipation in fission," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 799--803, 2000.
Abstract: It is shown that a consistent treatment of momentum translation by a muon in the problem of the distribution of muons among prompt-fission fragments modifies the nonadiabatic transition operator in the Born-Oppenheimer expansion and removes difficulties indicated in earlier calculations. The muon distribution for very asymmetric prompt fission proves to be highly sensitive to the velocity of the primary fragments at the scission point. The mean collective energy dissipated during the saddle-to-scission descent due to the one-body mechanism is calculated within the same approach. (20 References).
FF. Karpeshin, "The complex trajectory method and dissipation in fission," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 1209--13, 2003.
Abstract: The sensitivity of the muon attachment probabilities to the light fragments of prompt fission W/sub l/ on the fission dynamics is discussed. It is shown that the final W/sub l/ value consists of two contributions: one from the point of scission and a second from avoided crossing of the levels. The relative contribution from the prescission phase turns out to be higher for more asymmetric fission. (26 References).
S. G. Karshenboim, "The Lamb shift of hydrogen and low--energy tests of QED," nucl--ph Preprint, vol. 9411356, 1994.
S. G. Karshenboim, "Sum laws and leading 2-loop logarithms in lamb shift in hydrogen atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi Teor. Fiz., vol. 109, pp. 752-761, 1996.
S. G. Karshenboim, "The Lamb shift of excited S-levels in hydrogen and deuterium atoms," Zeitschrift Für Physik D, vol. 39, pp. 109--113, 1997.
S. G. Karshenboim, "Nuclear structure-dependent radiative corrections to the hydrogen hyperfine splitting," Phys. Lett. A, vol. 225, pp. 97-106, 1997.
Abstract: Radiative corrections to the Zemach contribution of the hydrogen hyperfine splitting are calculated. Their contributions amount to -0.63(3) ppm to the HFS. The radiative- recoil corrections are estimated to be 0.09(3) ppm and the heavy particle vacuum polarization shifts the HFS by 0.10(2) ppm. The status of the nuclear-dependent contributions is considered. From the comparison of theory and experiment a proton polarizability contribution of 3.5(9) ppm is found. The large shift from an earlier result (0.48(56) ppm) is due to using a more recent proton radius for the Zemach term calculation. The nuclear structure-dependent corrections to the difference nu(HFS)(1s) - n(3) nu(HFS)(ns) are also obtained.
S. G. Karshenboim and VG. Ivanov, "Radiative corrections to the light muonic atoms decay rate," Physics Letters A, vol. 235, no. 4, pp. 375--8, 1997.
Abstract: Radiative corrections to the decay rate in low-Z hydrogen-like muonic atoms are considered. The correction is due to the Uehling potential and it has the relative order of alpha . The numerical results are reported for the 2p to 1s transition for atoms with nuclear charge up to Z=10. (3 References).
SG. Karshenboim, "Two-body effects in the decay rate of atomic levels," Physical Review A, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 4311--13, 1997.
Abstract: Recoil corrections to the atomic decay rate are considered up to the order Zm/M. The expressions are treated exactly without any expansion over Z alpha . The expressions obtained are valid both for muonic atoms (for which they contribute on the level of a few percent in high Z ions) and for electronic atoms. Explicit results for Lyman- alpha transitions with low Z of the order (Zm/M)(Z alpha )/sup 2/ are also presented. (6 References).
S. G. Karshenboim, V. G. Ivanov, U. D. Jentschura, and G. Soff, "Bound states of the muon-antimuon system: lifetimes and hyperfine splitting," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 113, no. 2, pp. 409--31, 1998.
Abstract: We examine the properties of an atomic system consisting of a muon and antimuon. Expressions are derived for the probability of decay and the hyperfine splitting of the lower levels with allowance for the leading radiative corrections, which are of relative order alpha . The results for the lifetimes and the ground-state energy are tau /sub 1/(1 /sup 3/S/sub 1/)=1.7909(8)*10/sup -12/ s, tau /sub 1/(1 /sup 3/S/sub 0/)=0.5954(33)*10/sup -12/ s and E/sub hfs/(1 s)=4.23284(35)*10/sup 7/ MHz. The relative probabilities for the various decay channels are calculated; in particular, for the 1 /sup 3/S/sub 1/ level it is found that Gamma ( mu mu to ee gamma )/ Gamma ( mu mu to ee) approximately=15%. Finally, possible applications are discussed. (35 References).
S. G. Karshenboim, U. D. Jentschura, V. G. Ivanov, and G. Soff, "Next-to-leading and higher order corrections to the decay rate of dimuonium," Phys. Lett. B, vol. 424, pp. 397-404, 1998.
Abstract: Dimuonium, the bound system of a positive and negative muon, can be treated as a compound neutral particle, whose decay products could be detected by established methods of particle physics. We consider the lifetime, the decay branchings and products of ortho and para states. We calculate next-to-leading order radiative corrections and find higher order contributions of relative order alpha(2) within the leading logarithmic approximation. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
S. G. Karshenboim, V. G. Ivanov, and VM. Shabaev, "Some analytic results on the Uehling correction to hyperfine splitting in a muonic atom," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 76, no. 7, pp. 503--6, 1998.
Abstract: We analyze the Uehling correction to the hyperfine structure of the ground state in hydrogenlike electronic and muonic atoms with a pointlike nucleus. The results are obtained analytically without any expansion over Z. (4 References).
SG. Karshenboim, "Some analytic results on the Uehling correction in a muonic atom," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 169--72, 1998.
Abstract: We examine the Uehling correction to the energy level of some states in the hydrogen-like muonic atom without any expansion over Z alpha . The result as a function of n is obtained in closed analytic form for a state with l=n-1 and j=l+1/2. (2 References).
S. G. Karshenboim, V. G. Ivanov, and VM. Shabaev, "Analytic results on the VP contribution to the energy in hydrogen-like ions," R. Swedish Acad. Sci. Physica Scripta, vol. T80B, no. , pp. 491--2, 1999.
Abstract: We study the VP correction to the energy levels in the hydrogen-like electronic and muonic atoms. The result is obtained for the ground state of hydrogen-like atoms (muonic and electronic) analytically without any expansion over Z alpha. (7 References).
SG. Karshenboim, "Polarization of the vacuum in a relativistic hydrogenlike atom: the Lamb shift," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 116, no. 5, pp. 1575--86, 1999.
Abstract: This paper examines the shift of energy levels in a hydrogenlike atom induced by vacuum polarization effects. The contribution of free polarization is found for the ground state and several excited states in a closed analytical form. For the first time an expression is derived for the radiative correction to the energy in the form of an explicit function of the parameter Z alpha . The results are valid for states nl/sub j/ with the largest values of orbital and total angular momenta (l=n-1 and j=l+1/2). The final expression, found in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions, is a function of three variables, Z alpha , n, and the ratio of the particle masses on the orbit and in the vacuum loop, i.e., the result is valid for ordinary atoms and for muonic atoms. Several useful asymptotic expressions are also derived. (14 References).
S. G. Karshenboim, "What do we actually know about the proton radius," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 77, pp. 241--266, 1999.
S. G. Karshenboim, V. G. Ivanov, and VM. Shabaev, "Polarization of vacuum in a hydrogen-like relativistic atom: hyperfine structure," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 67--74, 2000.
Abstract: An analysis is made of the contribution of the polarization of vacuum to the hyperfine splitting of the ground state of a hydrogen-like atom. An expression for the correction to the energy is obtained as an explicit function of the parameter Z alpha . The final expression derived in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions and their derivatives is a function of the particle mass ratio in orbit and in a vacuum loop, and is therefore valid for both ordinary and muonic atoms. Various asymptotic forms are also given. (16 References).
S. G. Karshenboim, "Laser spectroscopy of simple atoms and precision tests of bound state QED," Laser Phys., vol. 11, pp. 1083-1087, 2001.
Abstract: We present a brief overview of precision tests of bound state QED and mainly pay our attention to laser spectroscopy as an appropriate tool for these tests. We particularly consider different precision tests of bound state QED theory based on the laser spectroscopy of optical transitions in hydrogen, muonium and positronium and related experiments.
S. G. Karshenboim, V. G. Ivanov, and VM. Shabaev, "Some analytic results on the Uehling correction to the g-factor of a bound electron (muon)," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 81--6, 2001.
Abstract: We calculate vacuum-polarization corrections to the g-factor of a bound electron in the ground state of a hydrogenlike atom. The result is found in a closed analytic form for an arbitrary value of the nuclear charge Z. It is valid for both electronic and muonic atoms. Some useful asymptotics are also presented. The result for the electronic atoms is consistent with published numerical data. (9 References).
S. G. Karshenboim, V. G. Ivanov, and VM. Shabaev, "Vacuum polarization in a hydrogen-like relativistic atom: g factor of a bound electron," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 546--54, 2001.
Abstract: The contribution of vacuum polarization to the g factor of a bound electron is considered for the ground state of a hydrogen-like atom. A final expression for the correction is obtained in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions and represents a function of parameter Z alpha and the ratio of the mass of the orbital particle (electron or muon) to the mass of a particle in the vacuum loop. Different asymptotic forms of this expression are derived for both common and muon atoms. (31 References).
S. G. Karshenboim and V. G. Ivanov, "The g factor in a light two-body atomic system: a determination of fundamental constants to test QED," Can. J. Phys., vol. 80, pp. 1305-1312, 2002.
Abstract: The energy levels of a two-body atomic system in an external homogeneous magnetic field can be presented in terms of the magnetic moments of their components, however, those magnetic moments being related to bound particles differ from their free values. The study of bound g-factors in simple atomic systems are now of interest because of recent progress in experiments on medium-Z ions and of a new generation of muonium experiments possible with upcoming intensive muon sources. We consider bound corrections to the g factors in several atomic systems, for which experimental data are available in the literature: hydrogen, helium-3 ion, muonium, hydrogen-like ions with spinless nuclei with medium Z.
S. G. Karshenboim and V. G. Ivanov, "Hyperfine structure of the ground and first excited states in light hydrogen-like atoms and high-precision tests of QED," Eur. Phys. J. D, vol. 19, pp. 13-23, 2002.
Abstract: We consider hyperfine splitting of is and, in part, of 2s levels in light hydrogen-like atoms: hydrogen, deuterium, tritium, helium-3 ion, muonium and positronium. We discuss present status of precision theory and experiment for the hfs intervals. We pay a special attention to a specific difference, D-21 = 8E(hfs)(2s) - E-hfs(1s), which is known experimentally for hydrogen, deuterium and He-3(+) ion. The difference is weakly affected by the effects of the nuclear structure and thus may be calculated with a high accuracy. We complete a calculation of the fourth order QED contributions to this difference and present here new results on corrections due to the nuclear effects. Our theoretical predictions appear to be in a fair agreement with available experimental data. Comparison of the experimental data with our examination of D21 allows to test the state-dependent sector of theory of the hfs separation of the is and 2s levels in the light hydrogen- like atoms up to 10(-8).
S. G. Karshenboim, "Precision study of positronium and precision tests of the bound state quantum electrodynamics," Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 194, pp. 307-311, 2002.
Abstract: Despite its very short lifetime positronium provides us with a number of accurate tests of the bound state quantum electrodynamics (QED). In this note a brief overview of QED theory and precision experiments on the spectrum and annihilation decay of the positronium atom is presented. Special attention is paid to the accuracy of theoretical predictions. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
O. I. Kartavtsev, "Energy--level splitting in antiprotonic helium atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 369--376, 1996.
O. I. Kartavtsev, D. E. Monakhov, and S. I. Fedotov, "Auger decay of antiprotonic helium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 207--212, 1999.
O. I. Kartavtsev, V. I. Kochkin, and EA. Kolganova, "Resonances and near-threshold scattering in /sup 3,4/Hed mu," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 235--7, 1999.
Abstract: Elastic and inelastic scattering cross-sections in the /sup 3,4/Hed mu systems near the d mu threshold are calculated. The isotopic effect and strong energy dependence in /sup 4/Hed mu are found. The reason for these peculiarities is the near-threshold pole of the /sup 4/Hed mu scattering amplitude. (6 References).
M. Kaschiev, A. V. Matveenko, and J. Revai, "The dynamic two-center problem for three-body rotational states and the classical rotator model: calculation of the J=2 resonance in the tt mu /sup -/ system," Physics Letters B, vol. 162B, no. 1-3, pp. 18--20, 1985.
Abstract: A partial wave analysis is performed for the hamiltonian obtained earlier for a three-particle system of molecular type. The hamiltonian of the two-center problem with exact quantum numbers of angular momentum and parity is introduced. A classical rotator model is suggested for the calculation of the J=2 resonance in the tt mu /sup -/ system. It testifies to a possible resonance mechanism in the production of the tt mu /sup -/ molecule. (8 References).
T. Kase, K. Konashi, N. Sasao, H. Takahashi, and Y. Hirao, "Transmutation of /sup 137/Cs using muon catalyzed fusion reaction," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 521--4, 1991.
Abstract: The feasibility of the transmutation of long-lived nuclides in high-level radioactive waste, which was generated in nuclear power reactors, is discussed. In the case of using the high intensity DT mu CF neutron source, calculations of the transmutation of /sup 137/Cs were performed. The energy for the transmutation of one /sup 137/Cs was calculated to be about 200-140 MeV, when the effective half-life of /sup 137/Cs was 2.0-4.0 years. (8 References).
T. Kase and K. Konashi, "Transmutation of /sup 99/Tc with the use of an accelerator," Nuclear Science & Engineering, vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 153--9, 1994.
Abstract: Two transmutation methods, the spallation neutron and the muon-catalyzed fusion methods, both which use an accelerator, are employed for the transmutation of long-lived nuclides in high-level radioactive wastes. The transmutation energies and the effective half-lives of /sup 99/Tc for both transmutation methods are calculated by the Monte Carlo simulation codes for particle transport, the NMTC/JAERI code and the MCNP code. Both methods could obtain short effective half-lives, which are 17 times smaller than those of a fission reactor. The transmutation energies are calculated to be 25 to 55 MeV for both methods. These calculated transmutation energies reveal that it is possible for the foregoing two methods for transmutation of /sup 99/Tc to meet the energy balance criterion. (13 References).
E. Kashy, W. Bauer, Y. Chen, A. Galonsky, J. Gaudiello, M. Maier, D. J. Morrissey, R. A. Pelak, M. B. Tsang, and J. Yurkon, "Search for neutron emission from deuterium-loaded palladium," Physical Review C, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. R1-2, 1989.
Abstract: The recent reports of neutron emission due to nuclear fusion of deuterium during the electrolysis of heavy water with a palladium cathode are investigated. The results for an electrode with a deuterium-to-palladium atom ratio of 0.6 show that, at the two-sigma level, fewer than 0.002 neutrons/g sec are emitted. A search for very high neutron-multiplicity events caused by multiple muon catalysis in the palladium cathode showed no such events. (4 References).
J. W. Kast, S. Bernow, S. C. Cheng, D. Hitlin, W. Y. Lee, E. R. Macagno, A. M. Rushton, and CS. Wu, "The isotone shift in muonic X-rays in the tin region," Nuclear Physics A, vol. a169, no. 1, pp. 62--70, 1971.
Abstract: The energies of the K and L muonic X-rays of six isotones in the region of tin (Z=50) have been measured, and the change in nuclear size on adding protons has been calculated. The effect of nuclear shell closing at Z=50 is substantial. (16 References).
R. N. Kasymbalinov and EE. Saperstein, "Spin-orbit contribution to isotopic and isomeric shifts of atomic and mesoatomic levels," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1489--97, 1982.
Abstract: The isotopic and isomeric shifts of atomic and mesoatomic levels are shown to be mainly attributable to spin-orbit forces. (21 References).
R. N. Kasymbalinov, A. P. Platonov, and EE. Saperstein, "Self-consistent calculations of heavy muonic-atom levels," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 397--407, 1984.
Abstract: Within the framework of the quasiparticle Lagrangian method nuclear structure effects in the location of muonic-atom levels are studied. It is shown that in heavy nuclei the influence of the details of the nuclear charge distribution on the levels is comparable with the contribution from electrodynamic corrections (with exception of the largest one made by the vacuum polarization). A self-consistent calculation of isomeric shifts of levels of the muonic atoms of /sup 207/Pb and /sup 209/Bi is carried out. The contributions to isomeric shifts made by the virtual excitation of low-lying collective states and by second-order effects in the added particle are calculated. The relativistic (with respect to the nucleons of the nucleus) corrections to muonic-atom level are considered. (19 References).
K. Kataoka, T. Yamasaki, and Y. Oka, "Design study of a power-producing muon catalyzed fusion-fission hybrid reactor," Fusion Engineering & Design, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 111--18, 1992.
Abstract: A conceptual design of a power-producing muon catalyzed fusion-fission hybrid reactor was conceived from a technical point of view based on a new concept of the molten-salt target and the equilibrium concentration fissile blanket. The reactor system consists of the molten-salt targets to produce negative pions, the converter, in which pions decay into muons, the synthesizer, filled with a dense deuterium-tritium (DT) mixture in which muons catalyze DT fusions, and the blanket, in which energy multiplication is achieved using a uranium-plutonium carbide fuel. The energy produced by one muon is estimated as 2.6 GeV, assuming one muon catalyzes 150 Dt-fusions during its lifetime. The energy for muon production is estimated as 13 GeV/ mu from the pion production rate and the pion-to-muon conversion rate. (12 References).
C. L. Kathat and NV. Samsonenko, "Second-class currents and the muon-neutrino rest mass in the muon capture by /sup 6/Li and /sup 3/He," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A500, no. 3, pp. 669--80, 1989.
Abstract: The influence of second-class currents (SCC) and that of the muon-neutrino rest mass (m) on the differential muon capture rate by the /sup 6/Li and /sup 3/He, and on the angular-asymmetry coefficient ( alpha /sub mu nu /) of the neutrino emission direction with respect to the muon spin orientation, is investigated. It is shown that the experimental study of alpha /sub mu nu / may give an efficient estimation for m and for SCC form factors F/sub T/ (in the case of /sup 6/Li and /sup 3/He) and F/sub s/ (in the case of /sup 3/He). (26 References).
ChL. Kathat, "Currents of the second kind in processes of mu /sup -/ capture by polarized light nuclei," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 536--42, 1990.
Abstract: The influence of currents of the second kind and the mass of a muonic neutrino on the angular-asymmetry coefficient of neutrino escape relative to the muon spin, on the correlation coefficients between the directions of muon and nuclear polarization, and on the coefficients of transverse and lateral asymmetry is investigated. (20 References).
ChL. Katkhat, "Second-class meson exchange currents and neutrino mass in mu /sup -/ capture by light nuclei," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 103--10, 1989.
Abstract: The author analyzes the simultaneous effect of the muon-neutrino rest mass and second-class currents on the coefficient of asymmetry of neutrino escape relative to muon spin in processes of capture of polarized muons by light nuclei. (30 References).
ChL. Katkhat, "Nuclear-structure effects in the polarization parameters of negative-muon capture," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 2198--202, 1990.
Abstract: The angular asymmetry ( alpha /sub mu nu /) in the emission of neutrinos relative to the muon spin, the correlation (A/sub mu n/) between the directions of polarization of the muon and the nucleus, and the normal (A/sub N/) and sideway (A/sub S/) asymmetry coefficients in processes involving the capture of a polarized muon by a polarized light nucleus are analyzed as functions of the oscillator parameter (b), second-class currents (SCC), and the mass of the muon neutrino (m/sub nu /). It is shown that the contribution due to the uncertainty in b is smaller than that due to F/sub T/, but greater than the contribution of m/sub nu /. (19 References).
W. B. Kaufmann and H. Pilkuhn, "Black sphere model for the line widths of kaonic and antiprotonic atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, 1976.
Abstract: Reports that for a totally absorbing nucleus the line widths of K/sup -/ and p atoms are described well by the WKB approximation and that for a good description of the widths of all nuclei heavier than Be the imaginary wave number should be taken from the unperturbed problem and a turning point R near the surface so chosen that a fixed number of nucleons is at distances greater than R. (1 Reference).
W. B. Kaufmann and H. Pilkuhn, "Black sphere model for the line widths of kaonic and antiprotonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 62B, no. 2, pp. 165--8, 1976.
Abstract: It is shown that the line widths of K/sup -/ and p atoms are adequately described by the WKB approximation for a totally absorbing nucleus. (10 References).
W. B. Kaufmann and H. Pilkuhn, "Nuclear excitation via free-bound muon atomic transitions," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 280, no. 3, pp. 283--5, 1977.
Abstract: The excitation of the giant nuclear dipole resonance through the radiationless capture of a free muon into a bound orbit is examined. The calculation predicts that the probability is extremely small, about 4*10/sup -5/ per stopping muon in lead in the surface transition model. (9 References).
W. B. Kaufmann and WR. Gibbs, "Deser-Goldberger-Baumann-Thirring formula for pi /sup -/p atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 838--40, 1987.
Abstract: A recent measurement of the level shift in the pi /sup -/p atom obtains a value in apparent contradiction with the currently accepted pi /sup -/p scattering length. The inferred equivalence of level shift and scattering length involved the use of the Deser-Goldberger-Baumann-Thirring formula. The authors have checked this formula for the case of pi /sup -/p atoms and find that it is accurate well beyond the degree of the present discrepancy. Thus the disagreement between the recent experiment and previous analyses persists. (8 References).
W. B. Kaufmann, P. B. Siegel, and WR. Gibbs, "Deeply bound pionic atoms via the ( pi /sup -/,p) reaction," Physical Review C, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1474--82, 1992.
Abstract: The authors examine the essentials of the pion capture reaction ( pi /sup -/,p) with the pion captured directly into an atomic orbit. The reaction is a promising candidate for the population of the 1s or 2p atomic levels of medium to heavy nuclei. These levels have never been observed, but rather reliable theoretical calculations indicate that they have relatively small widths. One reason for interest in these levels is that they give a direct measurement of the threshold pion-nucleus amplitude, which has bearing on questions such as chiral-symmetry breaking in the nuclear medium and the anomalously small level shifts and widths of some of the more deeply-bounded pionic atoms. The differential cross section for the process is calculated using the distorted-wave impulse approximation. It is found that for medium-mass nuclei and incident pion beams of 20-50 MeV cross sections of the order of microbarns, well within the capability of present meson factories, can be expected. The related process ( pi /sup -/,n) is also studied. (26 References).
J. Kaulard, C. Dohmen, H. Haan, W. Honecker, D. Junker, G. Otter, M. Starlinger, P. Wintz, J. Hofmann, W. Bertl, J. Egger, B. Krause, S. Eggli, R. Engfer, C. Findeisen, E. A. Hermes, T. Kozlowski, C. B. Niebuhr, M. Rutsche, H. S. Pruys, and der Schaaf A. van, "Improved limit on the branching ratio of mu /sup -/ to e/sup +/ conversion on titanium," Physics Letters B, vol. 422, no. 1-4, pp. 334--8, 1998.
Abstract: The SINDRUM II spectrometer at PSI is used in searches for mu to e conversion in muonic atoms. Here we report on a search for the charge-changing mu /sup -/ to e/sup +/ conversion on titanium. The measurements yielded the new upper limits Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti to e/sup +/Ca/sup GS/)/ Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti capture)[left angle bracket]1.7*10/sup -12/ (90% CL) for the ground state transition and Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti to e/sup +/Ca/sup GDR/)/ Gamma ( mu /sup -/Ti capture)[left angle bracket]3.6*10/sup -11/ (90% CL) for a giant dipole resonance excitation with both a mean energy and a width of 20 MeV. These results improve on our previous best limits by a factor of 2.5. (14 References).
D. Kawall, M. G. Boshier, V. W. Hughes, K. Jungmann, W. Liu, and Putlitz G. zu, "Prospects for high precision measurements on muonic atoms at the front end of a muon collider," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 486-92, 1997.
Abstract: Low energy pulsed muon beams at the front end of a muon collider may provide some 5 orders of magnitude greater intensity than present sources. This suggests dramatic possibilities for high precision spectroscopic and other measurements on muonic atoms, which could importantly extend our tests of QED, measurements of fundamental constants, and tests of physics beyond the standard model. (27 References).
N. Kawamura, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, S. N. Nakamura, S. Sakamoto, M. Iwasaki, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, T. Hashimoto, H. Sugai, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and GH. Eaton, "He accumulation effect in solid and liquid D-T mixture," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 213--15, 1999.
Abstract: This article reports the accumulation effect of the /sup 3/He originating from tritium beta decay; /sup 3/He created in solid remains in it, while one in liquid diffuses and goes out to the vapor gas. We observed this effect through the neutron detection from muon catalyzed fusion phenomenon ( mu CF), and gave it qualitative understanding, by which the muon transfer rate from (d mu ) and (t mu ) to helium was derived. (9 References).
N. Kawamura, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, S. N. Nakamura, S. Sakamoto, I. Watanabe, M. Iwasaki, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and GH. Eaton, "Measurements of He accumulation effect on muon catalyzed fusion in the solid/liquid D-T mixtures," Riken Review, vol. 20, no. , pp. 14-17, 1999.
Abstract: "An effect on the muon catalyzed fusion of the /sup 3/He accumulated by the tritium decay was studied, by measuring time-dependent change of the fusion-neutron disappearance rate ( lambda /sub n/) in the deuterium and tritium (D/sub 1-x/T/sub x/) mixtures with various tritium concentration
N. Kawamura, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, S. N. Nakamura, S. Sakamoto, I. Watanabe, M. Iwasaki, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, H. Sugai, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and GH. Eaton, "Measurements of /sup 3/He accumulation effect on muon catalyzed fusion in the solid/liquid DT mixtures," Physics Letters B, vol. 465, no. 1-4, pp. 74--80, 1999.
Abstract: An effect on the muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) of the /sup 3/He originating from the tritium decay was studied by measuring the time-dependent change of the fusion-neutron disappearance rate ( lambda /sub n/) in the deuterium and tritium (DT) mixtures with various tritium concentrations, C/sub t/=0.1, 0.2,..., 0.7. A clear difference between the solid and the liquid DT mixtures due to the /sup 3/He accumulation effect was observed: in solid lambda /sub n/ increased with the time after solidification, whereas in liquid lambda /sub n/ did not change. This indicates that /sup 3/He produced in the solid DT mixtures is trapped. Admitting that all the /sup 3/He remain in solid, the muon transfer rate from t mu to /sup 3/He is determined to be about 4*10/sup 9/ s/sup -1/, consistent with the theoretical prediction. (18 References).
N. Kawamura, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, S. N. Nakamura, Y. Matsuda, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, H. Sugai, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and GH. Eaton, "The first observation of the temperature-dependent phenomenon of muon catalyzed fusion in solid D-T mixtures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 235--40, 2001.
Abstract: A systematic study on muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) was conducted in solid deuterium and tritium (D-T) mixture. A variety of experimental conditions were investigated, i.e., tritium concentrations from 20 to 70%, temperatures from 5 to 16 K. A preliminary analysis result suggests a steep decrease in the dt mu -molecule formation rate with decreasing temperature, and also an increase in the probability for a muon reactivation after an alpha -sticking phenomenon. (17 References).
N. Kawamura, K. Nagamine, S. N. Nakamura, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, K. Kudo, and N. Takeda, "Neutron detection system for a muon catalyzed fusion experiment with an intense pulsed muon beam," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 465, no. 2-3, pp. 525--39, 2001.
Abstract: We have developed a neutron detection system for muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) experiments at the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility (Nagamine et al., Hyperfine Interactions 85 (1994) 343; 101/102 (1996) 521), where the world's strongest pulsed muon beam is available. This system has been used in mu CF experiments (separately reported (Ishida et al., Hyperfine Interactions 118 (1999) 203; Kawamura et al., Hyperfine Interactions 118 (1999) 213; Kawamura et al., Phys. Lett. B 465 (1999) 74; Matsuzaki et al., Hyperfine Interactions 118 (1999) 229; Nakamura et al., Hyperfine Interactions 118 (1999) 209; Nakamura et al., Phys. Lett. B 473 (2000) 226)) in order to detect a 14.1 MeV neutron emitted through a muon catalyzed dt-fusion process, and to determine the neutron yield (Y/sub n/) and the neutron disappearance rate ( lambda /sub n/,), which are the most fundamental observable quantities in the mu CF study. Although the utilization of an intense pulsed muon beam is essential for X-ray detection against a huge bremsstrahlung background from tritium beta -decay (Nagamine et al., Hyperfine Interactions 85 (1994) 343; 101/102 (1996) 521), a large number of emitted neutrons cause a pileup event in the detection system. We developed the neutron detection system, which had sufficient performance to determine Y/sub n/ and lambda /sub n/ even in such a condition. (14 References).
N. Kawamura, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, S. N. Nakamura, Y. Matsuda, M. Tanase, M. Kato, H. Sugai, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and GH. Eaton, "Discovery of temperature-dependent phenomena of muon-catalyzed fusion in solid deuterium and tritium mixtures," Physical Review Letters, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 043401/1-4, 2003.
Abstract: A systematic experimental study on muon-catalyzed fusion was conducted using a series of solid deuterium and tritium mixtures. A variety of conditions were investigated, i.e., tritium concentrations from 20% to 70%, and temperatures from 5 to 16 K. With decreasing temperature, we observed an unexpected decrease in the muon cycling rate ( lambda /sub c/) and an increase in the muon loss probability (W). The origins of these observed changes were interpreted by the temperature-dependence in the dt mu formation process for lambda /sub c/ and that in the muon reactivation process after muon-to- alpha sticking for W. (24 References).
M. V. Kazarnovskii, B. V. Krippa, and YuM. Nikolaev, "Production of bound state pions in nucleon-nucleus reactions," in International Workshop on Pions in Nuclei, (E. Oset, Vacas MJ Vicente, and Recio CG. Garcia, eds.), pp. 337-44, 1992.
Abstract: Production of pions in bound states on /sup 40/Ca and /sup 120/Sn in (p,2p), (n,d) and (d, /sup 3/He) reactions is considered. The cross sections are shown to be governed by the overlap integral of the nucleon bound state and the pion wave function and, as a consequence, by the s-wave part of a pi -nucleus optical potential. The effect of nucleon, deuteron and /sup 3/He distortions is estimated. (12 References).
M. V. Kazarnovskii, B. V. Krippa, and YuM. Nikolaev, "Production of bound state pions in nucleon-nucleus reactions," Zeitschrift fur Physik A-Hadrons & Nuclei, vol. 342, no. 2, pp. 229--34, 1992.
Abstract: Bound state pion production in /sup 40/Ca and /sup 120/Sn nuclei in (p, 2p) and (n, d) reactions is investigated. The differential and total cross sections have been obtained. It is shown that the cross sections are determined by the overlap function of the bound states of the nucleon and pion, and as consequence, s-wave part of the pion-nucleus optical potential. The contributions from the nucleons and deuteron distortions are evaluated. (13 References).
M. V. Kazarnovsky, L. N. Latysheva, YuV Petrov, S. V. Serezhnikov, and NM. Sobolevsky, "Pion and nucleon yield calculations for the beryllium target irradiated with deuterons," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 551--6, 1988.
Abstract: For the practical use of the muon catalysis of the dt-fusion reaction one requires a pion-producing target with a high pi /sup -/-meson yield (which afterwards decay into muons). The authors consider the production of secondary particles in the passage of a deuteron beam through a long thin beryllium cylinder. The calculations are performed by the Monte Carlo technique: the interaction between deuterons and nuclei is considered in the Glauber-Sitenko theory and the behaviour of the produced hadrons is calculated by the model of intranuclear and internuclear cascades. The multiplicities of the emitted pions, nucleons and deuterons, the energy carried away by these particles, and the corresponding energy and angular distributions are also obtained. The energy needed to produce a negative pion is 6 GeV/ pi /sup -/ (at the deuteron energy 1 GeV/nucleon), which is close to initial, more rough, estimates. Fast nucleons and deuterons carry away approximately 70% of the energy of the initial beam. (11 References).
M. V. Kazarnovsky, L. N. Latysheva, M. N. Ospanov, YuV Petrov, S. V. Serezhnikov, S. F. Sidorkin, and NM. Sobolevsky, "Application of deuterons in electronuclear and mesocatalytic hybrid reactors," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 151--3, 1989.
Abstract: The prospects of using electronuclear reactors (ELNR) in power generation are based on nuclear fuel production (for example, /sup 239/Pu produced in radiative capture of neutrons in /sup 238/U) and on direct power generation due to fissions. The latter are induced by primary (accelerated) particles and by the secondary ones produced in the chain reaction in the target and in the blanket. However, even the total energy generated in ELNR both directly and by burning fuel in thermal reactors does not yield a sufficiently high positive energy balance. Therefore it is important to improve the energy balance: this problem has proved to be resolvable in a hybrid (electronuclear and mesocatalytic) reactor (HMCR). (10 References).
M. V. Kazarnoyskii, B. V. Krippa, and YuM. Nikolaev, "Production of pionic atoms in the (d,/sup 3/He) reaction," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 245--7, 1993.
Abstract: The authors give a brief description of the formalism and approximations used to study the production of pionic atoms in the reaction /sup 40/Ca(d,/sup 3/He). The energy dependence of the total cross section is described. (7 References).
Huang Keh-Ning and VW. Hughes, "Theoretical hyperfine structure of the muonic /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 2330--3, 1982.
Abstract: The hyperfine structures of the muonic /sup 3/He atom (/sup 3/He mu /sup -/e/sup -/) and the muonic /sup 4/He atom (/sup 4/He mu /sup -/e/sup -/) are calculated with the use of variational wave functions. Relativistic and radiative corrections are included. The theoretical hyperfine structure interval is Delta v=4166.8+or-0.3 MHz for the muonic /sup 3/He atom, and Delta v=4465.0+or-0.3 MHz for the muonic /sup 4/He atom; these values are in good agreement with the experimental values. (14 References).
E. Keil, "Neutrino factories: accelerator facilities," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 91, no. , pp. 239-45, 2001.
Abstract: This paper describes the accelerator facilities needed for a neutrino factory. Such facilities consist of several modules: a proton source, a proton target, followed by muon capture, muon cooling, muon acceleration and muon storage. The status of these modules is presented. The conclusions contain a discussion of the status of neutrino factory studies, and a programme for future research and development. (18 References).
S. R. Kelner, R. P. Kokoulin, and A. A. Petrukhin, "Bremsstrahlung from muons scattered by atomic electrons," Phys. Atom. Nuclei, vol. 60, pp. 576-583, 1997.
Abstract: Bremsstrahlung from ultrarelativistic muons that is due to their interaction with atoms and which is accompanied by the excitation of atoms and by the knockout of delta electrons is considered. The process is described by diagrams of two types corresponding to photon emission by a muon or by an electron. For diagrams of the first type, the cross section is calculated with allowance for the binding of electrons in atoms, and a simple approximate formula is given. It is shown that the substitution Z(2) --> Z(Z + const), which is often used to take into account bremsstrahlung from muons scattered by atomic electrons, is incorrect. The contribution from diagrams of the second type is treated as an addition to elastic mu e scattering, important radiative corrections of order alpha(3) being included simultaneously. The distribution of energy lost by a muon in a collision and a correction to the mean energy loss by ionization are obtained.
S. R. Kelner, "Pair production in collisions between muons and atomic electrons," Phys. Atom. Nuclei, vol. 61, pp. 448-456, 1998.
Abstract: The cross section for the production of electron-positron pairs in collisions between muons and atomic electrons is calculated, and muon energy losses are determined. The process is described by 12 Feynman diagrams. Near the reaction threshold, interference terms are operative, leading to unequal cross sections for positive and negative muons and reducing the cross sections by a factor of about six. As the muon energy is increased, the relative contribution of the interference terms decreases, falling below 3% for E > 30 GeV. The elastic atomic form factor calculated on the basis of the Thomas-Fermi model is used to take into account the binding of atomic electrons. The results of numerical calculations are approximated by simple analytic expressions to a precision not poorer than 5%.
S. R. Kelner, R. P. Kokoulin, and A. A. Petrukhin, "Radiation logarithm in the Hartree-Fock model," Phys. Atom. Nuclei, vol. 62, pp. 1894-1898, 1999.
Abstract: The radiation logarithms L-Z have been calculated within the Hartree-Fock model. That the atomic form factors are different in the Thomas-Fermi and Hartree-Fock models results in different values of L-Z within these two models. The parameter B-Z in the representation L-Z = ln(B(Z)Z(-1/3)) is constant in the Thomas-Fermi model, but it depends on the atomic number Z in the Hartree-Fock model. For light elements, with the exception of hydrogen, L-Z and B-Z values are smaller in the Hartree-Fock model than in the Thomas-Fermi model. The most significant distinctions are observed in the region of He and Li and in the region of Ne, Na, and Mg-that is, in the vicinity of closed shells. With increasing Z, the distinctions between the results obtained within the two models decreases, but B-Z approaches the Thomas-Fermi value of 183 nonmonotonically, undergoing oscillations. A similar effect is observed for radiative losses of electrons and muons and for the energy losses of muons by the production of electron-positron pairs.
S. R. Kel'ner, R. P. Kokoulin, and A. A. Petrukhin, "Direct production of muon pairs by high-energy muons," Phys. Atom. Nuclei, vol. 63, pp. 1603-1611, 2000.
Abstract: For ultrarelativistic muons, the cross section for the process mu + Z --> mu + Z + mu(+) + mu(-) is calculated with allowance for the nuclear and atomic form factors. It is shown that the nuclear form factor affects significantly the cross-section value. The transverse-momentum distribution of muons is calculated. An approximate formula determining the total cross section to within 2 to 3% is derived. The fluxes of groups of cosmic-ray muons generated by the above process are estimated at various depths. It is shown that calculations performed earlier overestimate significantly the fluxes of such groups. (C) 2000 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica".
EJ. Kelsey, "The 2s/sub 1/2/ to 2p/sub 1/2/+one photon transition in hydrogen and hydrogenlike ions," Physical Review A, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 647--50, 1977.
Abstract: The induced transition, the basis of many precision Lamb-shift measurements, dominates the spontaneous transition. The eikonal field approximation to quantum electrodynamics is used in this calculation of the transition rate, which agrees with the heuristic nonrelativistic determination in lowest order. Different values for the 'velocity' and 'length' forms of the electric dipole matrix elements contradict the assertion that these forms and the 'acceleration' form are all equivalent. The experimental difficulties of measuring the transition rate in hydrogenlike ions are noted, as are the theoretical modifications required for heavy muonic atoms where the spontaneous transition has been observed. (8 References).
M. Kemali, D. K. Ross, and SP. Cottrel, "Trapped muon in heavily dislocated palladium," Journal of Alloys & Compounds, vol. 253-254, no. 1-2, pp. 420--2, 1997.
Abstract: Using the zero magnetic field technique, muon spin relaxation has been measured in dislocated and non-dislocated palladium containing hydrogen. The technique has proved to be a sensitive way of demonstrating muon trapping on dislocations. In the non-dislocated palladium, no depolarization of the muon was observed owing to the low concentration of hydrogen, whereas in the dislocated sample at the same hydrogen concentration, a clear depolarization was observed, indicating that the muon must be trapped on dislocations adjacent to trapped protons. The depolarization was observed to increase as the temperature was reduced, consistent with tighter trapping of hydrogen around dislocation. (5 References).
LG. Kemeny, "Space applications of muon catalysed fusion," in Third National Space Engineering Symposium 1987. Preprints of Papers, pp. 184-8, 1987.
Abstract: This paper has been written for engineers. Its content is of a review nature and is highly speculative and tentative. In particular, the quantum mechanical aspects of pion and muon production by the interaction of X-ray lasers with heavy nuclei and the subsequent reactions between nucleons and particles is dealt with in a non-rigorous illustrative way. Until the year 1985, the possibility of manufacturing negative muons in large quantities in order to produce reactions with deuterium and tritium and subsequently to produce fusion has been conceived as a physical reaction in which protons, accelerated to energies close to 3 GeV hit a heavy metal target. The subsequent release of pions and their decay to muons serves to 'catalyze' the fusion reaction by creating 'muonic atoms' far more compact than those in which electrons occupy the outer shells of deuterons and tritons. This phenomenon reduces by many orders of magnitude the energy required to overcome Coulomb repulsion forces and hence the temperature at which fusion becomes possible. (10 References).
K. W. Kemper and J. D. Fox, "Comparative pulse--height anomaly for protons and alpha--particles in silicon surface barrier detectors," Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 105, pp. 333--334, 1972.
B. O. Kerbikov, V. B. Mandel'tsveig, and IS. Shapiro, "Baryon number variables for the description of a system of particles and antiparticles," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 2013--18, 1972.
Abstract: A method is proposed for the construction of a properly symmetrized wave function for a system containing several nonrelativistic nucleons and antinucleons. For a many-particle system with its baryon number equal to zero, a formula is derived which expresses the G-parity in terms of the properties of the Young pattern associated with the baryon number part of the wave function. (13 References).
BO. Kerbikov, "Anomalous Coulomb correction to the scattering length in connection with the shift of the ground level to the K/sup -/p atom," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 118-21, 1983.
Abstract: It is shown for the case of an exactly solvable model that in an absorbing system the Coulomb correction to the scattering length is large where the scattering length itself is small. The anomalously large Coulomb correction to the KN scattering length is discussed as a possible explanation of the contradiction between the values of the KN scattering length obtained from low-energy KN scattering and those obtained from the shift of the ground level of the K/sup -/p atom. (12 References).
BO. Kerbikov, "Influence of quark configurations on the spectrum of a hadronic atom," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 725--32, 1985.
Abstract: The problem of influence of quark configurations on Coulomb levels in the hadron channel is considered. Within the framework of a simple model an equation for an atomic level shift is derived and analyzed. It is found under which conditions the coupling to the quark channel leads to a complete rearrangement of the spectrum of a hadronic atom. Experimental data on the 1S level shift in the K/sup -/p and pp atoms are discussed. (40 References).
B. Kerbikov, "The interplay of the K/sup +/K/sup -/ atom and the resonances f/sub 0/(S*) and a/sub 0/( delta )," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 568-70, 1995.
Abstract: We point out that the formation of the K/sup +/K/sup -/ atom exhibits a nontrivial energy behaviour due to the interplay of the narrow atomic system and broad resonances f/sub 0/(S*) and a/sub 0/( delta ). We also derive an equation which relates the level shift and width of the K/sup +/K/sup -/ atom to the positions and widths of the f/sub 0/ and a/sub 0/ resonances. (5 References).
B. K. Kerimov and NV. Samsonenko, "Capture of mu /sup -/ mesons by a polarized proton target," Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Fizika, vol. 5, no. , pp. 12-20, 1972.
Abstract: A calculation is reported of the differential capture section of unpolarized and longitudinally polarized mu /sup -/ mesons by a polarized proton target under weak (V,A,P)-interaction. It is shown that the presence of pseudoscalar interaction in the effective Hamiltonian leads to a typical interference term approximately=cos/sup 2/ theta in the angular distribution of neutrons emitted during the capture of longitudinally polarized muons by a polarized proton target. On the other hand, the capture section of right-polarized high-energy mu /sup -/ mesons by polarized and unpolarized protons is proportional to G/sub p//sup 2/ alone, and this can be used to determine the intensity and sign of the pseudoscalar interaction. It is shown that in the (V- lambda A)-variant of the interaction between the muon and nucleon currents, the predictions of the two- and four-component neutrino theories differ. (22 References).
B. K. Kerimov and VP. Tsvetkov, "Shift of levels of mu -mesoatoms and the anomalous interaction of muons with nuclei," Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Fizika, vol. 6, no. , pp. 75-80, 1978.
Abstract: The influence of possible anomalous interaction between muons and nuclei on the levels of mu -mesoatoms, caused by vector exchange of muons and nucleons, is discussed. The energy shift of the 2P-1S transition is estimated, and comparison of the estimate of the shift for the mesoatom /sup 200/Pb with experimental data does not exclude the existence of an anomalous interaction characterized by an effective binding constant f/sup 2/ mu N/4 pi [left angle bracket]or approximately=4.10/sup -4/. (6 References).
J. Kern, "Exotic atoms and nuclear structure," in Neutron capture gamma-ray spectroscopy, (R. E. Chrien and WR. Kane, eds.), pp. 337-52, 1979.
Abstract: Vacuum polarization corrections to the energy of X-rays in muonic heavy, light and very light atoms have been tested in a number of experiments. The precision of these tests and the future of such investigations are discussed. From the observation of hyperfine splittings of transitions in muonic atoms with a deformed nucleus, one can obtain not only static quadrupole and hexadecapole moments, but also dynamical E2 transition probabilities and deformation parameters. The process of pion capture in nuclei is still poorly understood. Information can be obtained from the observation of gamma -ray transitions both on- and off-line and also from particle spectra, both single and in coincidence. (39 References).
D. Kessler, V. Chan, C. K. Hargrove, E. P. Hincks, G. R. Mason, R. J. McKee, and S. Ricci, "Non-radiative muon transitions in heavy elements," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 144-9, 1970.
Abstract: A new type of process which takes place in heavy muonic atoms where it competes with the ordinary electromagnetic (radiative and Auger) transitions which make up most of the mu-atomic cascade process has been investigated. The new process consists in the radiationless de-excitation of a muonic atom accompanied by an excitation of the nucleus.
D. Kessler, H. Mes, A. C. Thompson, C. K. Hargrove, R. J. McKee, A. G. Smith, H. L. Anderson, and MS. Dixit, "Muon capture gamma -rays of Tb/sup 159/, Ho/sup 155/, Lu/sup 175/ and Ta/sup 181/," Physics in Canada, vol. 27, no. 4, 1971.
Abstract: The muon capture gamma -ray spectra from 100 to 400 keV of Tb/sup 159/, Ho/sup 165/, Lu/sup 175/ and Ta/sup 181/ were measured with a high resolution Ge(Li) diode. The 6 to 4 and 4 to 2 transitions of Gd/sup 156/ and Gd/sup 158/ from capture with Tb/sup 159/, of Dy/sup 162/ and Dy/sup 164/ from Ho/sup 165/ capture, of Yb/sup 172/ and Yb/sup 174/ from Lu/sup 175/ and of Hf/sup 178/ and Hf/sup 180/ from Ta/sup 181/ were measured with a precision of better than 40 eV. The intensity of the various transitions per muon capture was estimated using the 6 to 5 and 5 to 4 muonic X-ray transitions.
D. Kessler, H. Mes, A. C. Thompson, H. L. Anderson, M. S. Dixit, C. K. Hargrove, and RJ. McKee, "Muonic X-rays in lead isotopes," Physical Review C, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1719--34, 1975.
Abstract: Transition energies were measured with high resolution for levels up to 6f on the separated isotopes 204, 206, 207, and 208. A slight line broadening from natural linewidth is seen with no unexplained anomaly apart from the 3d fine structure splitting which is uniformly larger than the calculated value by about 300 eV or 10 standard deviations. The lower levels are adequately fitted with a two-parameter Fermi charge distribution allowing for nuclear polarization corrections which are not inconsistent with the present rather uncertain theoretical predictions. The nuclear density increases slightly with A but the skin thickness parameter is unchanged. (41 References).
B. Ketzer, "Quenching of metastable states of antiprotonic helium by foreign gas admixtures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 221--226, 1999.
MKh Khankhasayev, J. Jr Adam, and E. Truhlik, "The second order optical potential for the pi d system at the threshold," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B35, no. 4, pp. 420--7, 1985.
Abstract: The second order optical potential for the pi d system is derived in the framework of the Watson formalism and applied to the calculation of the 1s-state energy shift of the atom and the pi d scattering length a/sub pi d/. The results are in good agreement with those of the Faddeev type calculations. (24 References).
MKh. Khankhasayev, "Unitary scattering theory of low-energy pions by light nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A505, no. 3-4, pp. 717--54, 1989.
Abstract: The unitary theory of pion-nucleus scattering based on the method of evolution of the system with respect to the coupling constant is presented. The consistency theory along with the unitarity provides a correct separation of the potential effects from the nonpotential (true pion absorption) effect. The basic equations are formulated for the direct calculation of the pion-nucleus phase shifts. An iterative solution of these equations that is rapidly convergent at low energies (below approximately 70 MeV) is considered. The results of a unified description of both the low-energy scattering data and the pionic atom data for /sup 4/He, /sup 12/C and /sup 16/O are presented. Strong influence of the pion absorption on the elastic scattering channel at low energies is demonstrated. It is shown that a unique set of parameters of the absorption correction fitted to pionic atom data provides a good quantitative description of the pion elastic scattering data at energies up to 50 MeV. (66 References).
MKh. Khankhasayev, "On determination of the 2p-energy level shift and width for pi /sup -/-/sup 4/He atom," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 176--81, 1990.
Abstract: The strong interaction shift and width in the 2p-level of pionic helium have been deduced from the analysis of the low-energy pi -/sup 4/He scattering data. The obtained values are: epsilon /sub 2p/=4.0*10/sup -3/ eV and Gamma /sub 2p/=1.6*10/sup -3/ eV. The analysis has been performed within the framework of the UST approach. (16 References).
N. P. Kherani and W. T. Shmayda, "Gas handling systems using titanium--sponge and uranium bulk getters," Fusion Technology, vol. 8, pp. 2399--2406, 1985.
LYa. Khiger, "Estimation of the effect of nuclear interaction on muon sticking in mu -catalyzed dt-fusion," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 459--64, 1994.
Abstract: The effect of nuclear interaction on the coefficient of muon sticking to an alpha -particle is considered on the basis of the formalism proposed previously to describe the mu -catalyzed fusion of deuterium and tritium nuclei. Taking into account the Coulomb interaction of a muon with a nuclear subsystem in the intermediate state is shown to substantially change this coefficient. The results of numerical calculations of the sticking coefficient are presented. The value of this coefficient turns out to be 3 to 4% higher than that found in the sudden perturbation approximation. (8 References).
N. I. Kholodov and VI. Gols`danskii, "Z dependence of nuclear pi /sup -/-meson capture by bound hydrogen," Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 217, no. 2, pp. 322--3, 1975.
Abstract: The authors have studied the Z-dependence of pi /sup -/ meson capture in second period hydrides. From the capture probability, W/sub ZH//sup exp/ is factored out as W/sub mix/ which is a direct function of the number of hydrogen atoms in the hydride and the empirical transfer constant of pi /sup -/ from the mesic atom pi /sup -/H/sup +/ to the atom Z. After factoring out one is left with W/sup chem/, where W/sub ZH//sup exp/=W/sub mix/.W/sup chem/ and W/sup chem/ is the influence of the chemical compound ZH/sub n//sup n/ on the pi /sup -/ transfer between H and Z. The authors show that in the second period W/sup chem/ is a linear function of Z number. They also show that it is a linear function of delta /sub H/, the excess electron charge on the H atom which is calculated from the hypothesis of matching the orbital electronegativities. (17 References).
I. B. Khriplovich, Parity nonconservation in atomic phenomena, Gordon and Breach science, 1991.
I. B. Khriplovich and R. A. Sen'kov, "Proton polarizability contribution to hydrogen Lamb shift," nucl--th Preprint, vol. 9704043, 1997.
I. B. Khriplovich and R. A. Sen'kov, "Nucleon polarizability contribution to the hydrogen Lamb shift and hydrogen--deuterium isotope shift," Physics Letters A, vol. 249, pp. 474--476, 1998.
V. M. Khvastunov, N. G. Afanas'ev, V. D. Afanas'ev, I. S. Gul'karov, A. S. Omelaenko, G. A. Savitskii, A. A. Khomich, N. G. Shevchenko, and VS. Romanov, "Electron elastic scattering on the isotopes Ni/sup 58,60,64/," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 217--24, 1969.
Abstract: Measurements of the elastic scattering of the electrons with energy of 225 MeV on the isotopes Ni/sup 58,60,64/ are presented. It is established that the variation of the charge distributions for these nuclei may be explained by the effect of neutron subshell filling. Comparing the values of the charge radii obtained when analysing the electron elastic scattering and the transition energies in muonic atoms, it is concluded that the central charge density must be a maximum in the Ni nucleus. (22 References).
V. M. Khvastunov, N. G. Afanasyev, V. D. Afanasyev, I. S. Gulkarov, A. S. Omelaenko, G. A. Savitsky, A. A. Khomich, N. G. Shevchenko, V. S. Romanov, and NV. Rusanova, "Elastic electron scattering on /sup 58,/ /sup 60,/ /sup 64/Ni and /sup 112,/ /sup 118/Sn isotopes," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A146, no. 1, pp. 15--25, 1970.
Abstract: Absolute measurements have been performed for the elastic scattering of 225 MeV electrons on /sup 58,/ /sup 60,/ /sup 64/Ni and /sup 112,/ /sup 118/Sn isotopes. The experimental results were analysed using the high-energy approximation for the Fermi-type charge-density distribution. The derived rms radii show a correlation between the change of the charge radius of the isotopes and the orbital momenta (or neutron subshell filling) of the added neutrons. The radii, deduced from the transition energies of muonic atoms, turn out to be smaller. Agreement between the two experiments may be reached under the assumption that the charge density has a pronounced maximum in the central region of the /sup 58/Ni nucleus and is less pronounced for /sup 118/Sn. (24 References).
R. F. Kiefl, S. Kreitzman, M. Celio, R. Keitel, G. M. Luke, J. H. Brewer, D. R. Noakes, P. W. Percival, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Nishiyama, "Resolved nuclear hyperfine structure of a muonated free radical using level-crossing spectroscopy," Physical Review A, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 681--4, 1986.
Abstract: The hyperfine (HF) couplings of /sup 19/F nuclei in the muonated free radical .C/sub 6/F/sub 6/-Mu have been measured using a level-crossing-resonance technique. Slow damped oscillations of the muon-spin polarization in a large longitudinal magnetic field or frequency splittings in transverse field occur at particular field values at which there is a near degeneracy in the muon fluorine HF levels. Thus a resonantlike effect is observed in the muon-spin-rotation spectrum as a function of magnetic field. The positions of such level-crossing resonances allow an accurate determination of the magnitude and sign of the fluorine HF parameters relative to the muon HF parameter. (17 References).
P .Kienle, "On the limit of nuclear stability --- the region of double magic $^100$Sn and bound--state $\beta$--decay of $^187$Re$^75+$," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 49--58, 1996.
W. Kies and C. Petitjean, "Efficiency of muon catalyzed fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 129--32, 1989.
Abstract: Efficiency of muon catalyzed fusion-the ratio of the fusion energy released and the energy input-depends inversely on both the muon loss (decay and sticking) probability and the muon energy cost. Since there is a finite probability for muon loss ([right angle bracket]or=0.3 percent), reactor efficiency is only achieved if the energy cost can be reduced to less than 2 GeV per muon. (4 References).
Im Ki-Hak and Hee Hong. Sang, "Resonant formation rates of muonic molecular ion in muon-catalyzed fusion," Journal of the Korean Nuclear Society, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 63--74, 1992.
Abstract: The resonant formation rates of muonic molecular ion dt/sup mu / in the muon-analyzed fusion are calculated in various fuel temperatures and densities. The elastic scattering cross sections between t/sup mu / and deuterons are obtained by making use of the partial wave method. The transition property of the excited compound molecule ((dt/sup mu /)dee)* is derived by the impulse approximation in the form of a boundary-state form factor. The radiative, Auger, and collisional deexcitations are considered as the deexcitation mechanisms of the excited dt/sup mu /, and each deexcitation width is calculated as well as back decay width. The resultant reaction widths are used to calculate the formation cross sections of resonant dt/sup mu /. The resonant formation rates for dt/sup mu /-d and dt/sup mu /-t collisions are computed as functions of fuel temperature and density. The calculations show that the resonant formation rates increase with fuel densities and have the maximum values at the particular temperatures where the relative collision energies are equal to the resonant ones. (22 References).
C. W. Kim and M. Ram, "Applications of current commutation relations to muon capture and neutrino (antineutrino) reactions in nuclei," Physical Review D, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 2651--62, 1970.
Abstract: Relations among total muon-capture rates in nuclei and the equal-time commutators of the space and time components of the strangeness- conserving weak hadron current are derived. Using the quark field algebra and the closure approximation, this relation yields a total muon-capture rate in He/sup 3/ of Gamma (He/sup 3/) approximately=2.36*10/sup 3/ sec/sup -1/, in very good experiment. The authors demonstrate that application of the gauge field algebra to the relations does not yield a result that can be compared with experiment, since they cannot justify the use of the closure approximation in the context of this algebra. Using the quark field algebra and the closure approximation, similar relations are also derived for the total 'elastic' differential cross section for forward scattering of neutrinos off nuclei.
C. W. Kim and SL. Mintz, "Muon-capture rate in /sup 6/Li and the PCAC hypothesis," Physics Letters B, vol. 31B, no. 8, pp. 503--5, 1970.
Abstract: The partial muon-capture rate in /sup 6/Li is calculated using the latest inelastic electron scattering with special emphasis on the use of PCAC. The calculated rate with the Gell-Mann-Levy version of PCAC is in excellent agreement with experiment. (11 References).
C. W. Kim and SL. Mintz, "On the pseudoscalar form factor in weak leptonic nuclear processes," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B27, no. 3, pp. 621--32, 1971.
Abstract: The authords have calculated the induced pseudoscalar form factor Fp(p/sup 2/;i from or to f) in weak leptonic nuclear processes (i) using the impulse approximation and (ii) applying the PCAC hypothesis directly to nuclei. Differences between the two methods are discussed in detail. Comparison of the two results with the experimental partial muon-capture rates of /sup 3/He, /sup 6/Li and /sup 12/C suggests that the impulse approximation estimate appears to be inconsistent with experiment in the case of /sup 6/Li. (17 References).
Y. N. Kim and M. Khan, "Analysis of muonic X-rays in terms of equivalent radius," Physics Letters B, vol. 40B, no. 2, pp. 217--19, 1972.
Abstract: The analysis of muonic /sup 206/Pb atom transition energies in terms of the equivalent radius shows that it is impossible to obtain a precision fit starting from a two-parameter Fermi type nuclear charge distribution. The introduction of the corrections formally equivalent to the muon finite size effect improves the fit of the transition energies as well as the simultaneous fit of muonic X-ray and electron scattering data. (9 References).
YN. Kim, "Exotic atoms," Physics Bulletin, vol. 23, no. , pp. 148-50, UK, 1972.
Abstract: The author describes briefly muonic, mesonic, hyperonic and antiprotonic atoms. (18 References).
CW. Kim, "Application of CVC and PCAC in nuclear weak interactions," Rivista del Nuovo Cimento, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 189-208, 1974.
Abstract: Two methods are used to apply the hypotheses of the conserved vector current (CVC) and the partially conserved axial vector current (PCAC) to semi-leptonic strangeness-conserving nuclear weak interactions. Both of these, the impulse approximation treatment (IAT) and the elementary particle treatment (EPT) are summarised and the general formulation of EPT is presented. The application of CVC and of PCAC are given. As an example, the case of the A=12 system (/sup 12/B from or to /sup 12/C) is discussed in detail. (40 References).
YN. Kim, "Kaonic manganese atom 126 keV line anomaly and the kaon-electron configuration interaction," Physics Letters A, vol. 54A, no. 4, pp. 337--8, 1975.
Abstract: It is shown that the intensity anomaly of the 126 keV lines in the kaonic manganese atoms can be explained in terms of electron-kaon configuration interaction. (9 References).
J. H. Kim, C. H. Choi, J. H. Chung, and KS. Kang, "Energy transfer in muon capture of /sup 165/Ho," New Physics (Korean Physical Society), vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 239--42, 1985.
Abstract: The muon energy transfer resulting from mu /sup -/ capture in /sup 165/Ho is studied basically and compared with experimental results. The spectrum of energetic neutrons observed in a recent experiment on mu /sup -+/ /sup 165/Ho to n+x+ nu /sub mu / is discussed using a simple model. This represents the first measurement of the neutron spectra by a system capable of resolving neutron energies near 100 MeV. Since the energies of the neutrons in this region are much larger than the neutron energy released from the muon-proton process, there must be some mechanism that helps neutrons to receive this extra energy. (10 References).
C. W. Kim and SL. Mintz, "Total neutrino-scattering cross sections and total muon-capture rates in nuclei," Physical Review C, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 274--7, 1985.
Abstract: A simple relation between total inclusive neutrino-scattering cross sections and total muon-capture rates in nuclei is derived. The calculation makes use of the closure and the nonrelativistic impulse approximations. The relation is used to predict neutrino cross sections in /sup 12/C for E/sub nu /=150-250 MeV. (12 References).
EJ. Kim, "Semileptonic weak interactions in nuclei: a relativistic analysis," Physics Letters B, vol. 198, no. 1, pp. 9--13, 1987.
Abstract: The author uses a consistent relativistic formalism with relativistic Hartree wave functions and a covariant effective current operator with all the properties of the standard model to study semileptonic weak processes in nuclei. Results are obtained for beta -decay, mu -capture, charge-changing nu -reactions and neutral nu -scattering involving the isodoublet systems /sup 17/F-/sup 17/O and /sup 3/H-/sup 3/He. (12 References).
Y. Kino and M. Kamimura, "Isotope dependence of particle-decay rates of muonic molecular ions (d/sup 3,4/He mu )J/sub =1/ below (d mu )/sub 1s/-/sup 3,4/He threshold," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 195--204, 1993.
Abstract: Rates of particle-emitting decay of the resonant state of the muonic molecular ion (dHe mu )/sub J=1/ lying below the (d mu )/sub 1s/-He threshold can decay to the d-He mu scattering state. The resonant state is estimated by scattering calculations with the non-adiabatic coupled-rearrangement-channel method. Strong isotope dependence of the decay rates of (d/sup 3/He mu )/sub J=1/ and (d/sup 4/He mu )/sub J=1/ is predicted, though the calculated radiative decay rates of the states are almost the same. In (d/sup 3/He mu )/sub J=1/, the particle decay width is three times larger than the radiative decay width, while the two types of decay widths are almost the same in (d/sup 4/He mu )/sub J=1/. This results in a strong hindrance of the branching ratio of the radiative decay of (d/sup 3/He mu )/sub J=1/ compared with the case of (d/sup 4/He mu )/sub J=1/. This is consistent with a recent observation of the radiative decay of the two molecular states. (15 References).
Y. Kino and M. Kamimura, "Non-adiabatic calculation of muonic atom-nucleus collisions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 45--52, 1993.
Abstract: In order to calculate the cross sections of the muonic atom-nucleus collisions, the authors have proposed a precise numerical method, a non-adiabatic coupled-rearrangement-channel method with the use of the Jacobian coordinates for the three-body system in the whole space. The scattering boundary condition is correctly imposed along the coordinates; this method does not suffer from the well known defects of the method of adiabatic representation. They applied their method to the muonic atom-nucleus collisions for an incident c.m. energies of 0.001-100 eV. (18 References).
Y. Kino, M. R. Harston, I. Shimamura, EAG Armour, and M. Kamimura, "Normalization of the asymptotic form of three-body (dt mu )/sup +/ and (dd mu )/sup +/ wave functions," Physical Review A, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 870--3, 1995.
Abstract: In order to investigate a discrepancy between existing literature. Values for the normalization constant in the asymptotic form of three-body wave functions for (dt mu )/sup +/, we report the results of a calculation of the normalization constants for this system as well as the related system (dd mu )/sup +/. These were obtained by fitting to accurate variational wave functions with special care being taken to describe the long-range (t mu )+d or (d mu )+d behavior. The implications of this reevaluation of the normalization constants are discussed in relation to the theoretical formation rates of molecules such as (dt mu )dee and (dd mu )dee, which are key intermediates in the muon-catalyzed fusion cycle DT. (18 References).
Y. Kino, M. R. Harston, I. Shimamura, EAG Armour, and M. Kamimura, "Asymptotic form of three-body (dt mu )/sup +/ and (dd mu )/sup +/ wave functions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 325-8, 1996.
Abstract: In order to investigate a discrepancy between existing literature values for the normalization constant in the asymptotic form of three-body wave functions for (DT mu )/sup +/, we report the results of a new calculation of the normalization constants for this system as well as the related system (DD mu )/sup +/. These were obtained by fitting to accurate variational wave functions with special care being taken to describe the long-range behavior. (11 References).
Y. Kino and M. Kamimura, "Muonic atom-nucleus collisions in the energy region of dt mu resonant states," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 191-6, 1996.
Abstract: We calculated the (D mu )/sub n=1/+T scattering in the energy region of the (DT mu )* resonant states below the n=2 level of the T mu atom. From the cross sections, we estimated the resonant energies, widths and branching ratios. We found eleven resonant states with angular momentum J=0, and some of their resonant energies relative to the n=2 level of T mu are small enough to form the (DT mu )*Dee by the Vesman mechanism. These resonant states decay to (D mu )/sub n=1/+T or (T mu )/sub n=1/+D scattering states. The total decay rates are about 10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/ which is three orders of magnitude larger than the fusion rates of (dt mu )* to /sup 4/He+n+17.6 MeV+ mu . The main part of the decaying channel from the shallow resonant states is the (D mu )/sub n=1/+T channel. The branching ratios of the (D mu )/sub n=1/+T decay channel are around 0.9. Most of the muons that reach to the n=2 states of T mu can transfer to the n=1 state of D mu through (T mu )/sub n=2/+D/sub 2/ to (DT mu )*Dee and (DT mu )* to (D mu )/sub n=1/+tT processes. (16 References).
Y. Kino, M. Kamimura, and H. Kudo, "Non--adiabatic high--precision calculation of antiprotonic helium atomcules," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 201--206, 1999.
Y. Kino, N. Yamanaka, and P. Froelich, "Coupled rearrangement channel calculation of the hyperfine structure of the dt mu molecule," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 281--4, 2001.
Abstract: Hyperfine structure splittings are calculated for the J = v = 1 state of the dt mu molecule. The splittings are determined by the accurate three-body wave function obtained by coupled arrangement channel method using the updated physical constants. The result obtained is in good agreement with the previous calculation within ~0.07 meV. The discrepancy is due to the accuracy of the three-body wave function. (5 References).
T. Kinoshita, "The fine structure constant," Rep. Prog. Phys., vol. 59, pp. 1459-1492, 1996.
Abstract: The fine structure constant alpha is one of the fundamental constants of nature characterizing the whole range of physics including elementary particle, atomic, mesoscopic and macroscopic systems. This diversity is reflected in a large number of independent and competitive physical methods available for measuring alpha. Included in this review are high precision determinations of alpha based on the measurements of the neutron de Broglie wavelength, the quantum Hall effect, the ac Josephson effect, the electron anomalous magnetic moment, and some simple QED bound systems. Also discussed are new promising approaches based on atom beam interference and single electron tunnelling. Possible implications to physics that might arise from the comparison of alpha's obtained by these methods are explored.
T. Kinoshita and M. Nio, "Accuracy of calculations involving alpha /sup 3/ vacuum-polarization diagrams: Muonic hydrogen Lamb shift and muon g-2," Physical Review D, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 53008/1-7, 1999.
Abstract: The contribution of the alpha /sup 3/ single electron-loop vacuum-polarization diagrams to the Lamb shift of muonic hydrogen has been evaluated recently by two independent methods. One uses the exact parametric representation of the vacuum-polarization function while the other relies on the Pade approximation method. The high precision of these values offers an opportunity to examine the reliability of the Monte Carlo integration as well as that of the Pade method. Our examination covers both the muonic hydrogen atom and muon g-2. We test them further for the cases involving two-loop vacuum polarization, where an exact analytic result is known. Our analysis justifies the result for the Lamb shift of muonic hydrogen and also resolves the long-standing discrepancy between two previous evaluations of the muon g-2 value. (11 References).
T. Kinoshita and M. Nio, "Sixth-order vacuum-polarization contribution to the Lamb shift of muonic hydrogen," Physical Review Letters, vol. 82, no. 16, pp. 3240--3, 1999.
Abstract: The sixth-order electron-loop vacuum-polarization contribution to the 2P/sub 1/2/-2S/sub 1/2/ Lamb shift of the muonic hydrogen ( mu /sup -/p/sup +/ bound state) is evaluated numerically. Our result is 0.007608(1) meV. This eliminates the largest theoretical uncertainty. Combined with the proposed precision measurement of the Lamb shift it will lead to a precise determination of the proton charge radius. (19 References).
K. Kirch, D. Abbott, B. Bach, P. DeCecco, P. Hauser, D. Horvath, F. Kottmann, J. Missimer, R. T. Siegel, L. M. Simons, and D. Viel, "Metastability of the muonic boron 2S state," Physical Review Letters, vol. 78, no. 23, pp. 4363--6, 1997.
Abstract: The cascade of muonic boron and the two-photon decay 2S to 1S have been investigated. The X-ray measurement with Ge and Si(Li) detectors was performed at low target gas pressures of pure B/sub 2/H/sub 6/ and admixtures with He. The 2S population of mu B is found to be epsilon /sub 2s/=3.1(2)%. Cascade calculations indicate that more than half of the 2S states are populated with an empty electron shell. Two-photon decays have been observed in mixtures of B/sub 2/H/sub 6/ in He at partial diborane pressures of 67 Pa and below. The measured fraction of metastable 2S states per mu B atom is 0.58(16)% in an admixture of 1% B/sub 2/H/sub 6/ in He at 6.7 kPa and is interpreted in terms of pressure dependent quenching. (17 References).
K. Kirch, D. Abbott, B. Bach, P. Hauser, P. Indelicato, F. Kottmann, J. Missimer, P. Patte, R. T. Siegel, L. M. Simons, and D. Viel, "Muonic cascades in isolated low-Z atoms and molecules," Physical Review A, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 3375--85, 1999.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray cascades in B, C, N, O, and Ne following muonic atom formation in B/sub 2/H/sub 6/, CH/sub 4/, C/sub 2/H/sub 6/, C/sub 4/H/sub 10/, N/sub 2/, O/sub 2/, and Ne were investigated. The densities of the different target gases were low enough to prevent any contact of the atom or molecule on which the formation takes place with surrounding atoms or molecules during the cascade. Using semiconductor detectors, the yields of transitions in several series with energies between 1.5 keV and 300 keV were measured. Cascade calculations were performed in order to explain the observed transition yields. The cascades could be reproduced by variation of only two parameters: the number of electrons and the muon angular momentum distribution at the starting point of the calculation. The cascade of mu Ne formed in monoatomic neon was described best. Moreover, muonic carbon cascades were found to differ according to the sort of hydrocarbon, demonstrating the influence of the capturing molecule's structure on the muonic cascade. By varying the number of initially available electrons, the molecular effects could be described with the cascade program. (48 References).
K. Kirch, P. Hauser, F. Kottmann, and LM. Simons, "Molecular effects in light muonic atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 83--8, 1999.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray cascades in B,C,N,O and Ne following muonic atom formation in B/sub 2/H/sub 6/, CH/sub 4/, C/sub 2/H/sub 6/, C/sub 4/H/sub 10/, N/sub 2/, O/sub 2/ and Ne were investigated. The densities of the different target gases were low enough to prevent any contact of the atom or molecule on which the formation takes place with surrounding atoms or molecules during the cascade. Molecular effects of the capturing molecule are clearly seen. The observed transition yields could be reproduced by variation of only two parameters in a cascade calculation: the number of initially available electrons and the muon angular momentum distribution at the starting point of the calculation. By varying the number of electrons, the molecular effects could be described. (9 References).
M. Kirchbach and DO. Riska, "The effective induced pseudoscalar coupling constant," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A578, no. 3-4, pp. 511--24, 1994.
Abstract: The different mechanisms that contribute to the renormalization of the effective induced pseudoscalar coupling constant in nuclei are described. For a nucleon in the nuclear medium one has to consider four different induced pseudoscalar couplings, which are associated with the space- and time-like parts of the current and the pseudovector source function, respectively. All of these are renormalized in different ways in the medium. The net effect for weak processes with large time-like momentum transfer is a substantial quenching of the transition rates that increases with mass number in agreement with recent data on radiative muon capture on heavy nuclei. (38 References).
M. Kirchbach and DO. Riska, "The effective pseudoscalar coupling constant," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 695-7, 1995.
Abstract: It is shown that the different renormalizations of the axial charge and current coupling constants imply that the effective induced pseudoscalar coupling constant will appear to be quenched by a much larger factor in radiative muon capture than in ordinary muon capture, in agreement with present empirical results. (15 References).
K. E. Kir'yanov, V. I. Marushenko, A. F. Mezentsov, A. A. Petrunin, S. G. Skornyakov, and AI. Smirnov, "Measurement of the energies and widths of the 3d-2p transitions in light pi -mesic atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1300--2, 1977.
Abstract: The results are given of measurements of the energies and widths of 3d-2p transition for a natural mixture of Mg isotopes, /sup 26/Mg, 2/sup 7/Al and natural mixtures of the isotopes of Si and S. (12 References).
D. A. Kirzhnits and FM. Pen'kov, "Polarization shift of the levels of a muonic atom," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 315-17, 1984.
Abstract: A polarization shift of the levels and a corresponding polarization potential has been found for muonic atoms with Z approximately 10-50, for which the Coulomb energy of the muon is of the order of or greater than the characteristic excitation energy of the nucleus. (6 References).
H. R. Kissener, A. Aswad, H. U. Jager, and RA. Eramzhian, "Muon capture by /sup 14/N," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A215, no. 2, pp. 424--8, 1973.
Abstract: Excitation and decay of the giant resonance of /sup 14/C in muon capture by /sup 14/N are considered. A characteristic feature of this process is the large yield of two neutrons and the low yield of charged particles. The allowed transitions are included in the calculation and lead to noticeable neutron emission. (9 References).
LS. Kisslinger, "Test of lepton quantum numbers by muon capture," Physical Review Letters, vol. 26, no. 16, pp. 998--1000, 1971.
Abstract: It is shown that the Delta Q=2 semileptonic process can be tested by experiments on muonic atoms. The Delta resonances in nuclear ground states will lead to a mu /sup -/ to e/sup +/ reaction presently observable if the Delta Q=2, Delta S=0 interaction is within about two orders of magnitude of the ordinary strangeness-conserving interactions. The consequences for various lepton schemes is discussed. (15 References).
R. Kitano, M. Koike, and Y. Okada, "Detailed calculation of lepton flavor violating muon-electron conversion rate for various nuclei," Physical Review D, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 96002--1--14, 2002.
Abstract: The coherent mu -e conversion rates in various nuclei are calculated for general lepton flavor violating interactions. We solve the Dirac equations numerically for the initial state muon and the final state electron in the Coulomb force, and perform the overlap integrations between the wave functions and the nucleon densities. The results indicate that the conversion branching ratio increases for a light nucleus up to the atomic number Z~30, is largest for Z=30-60, and becomes smaller for a heavy nucleus with Z[right angle bracket]or approximately=60. We also discuss the uncertainty from the input proton and neutron densities. The atomic number dependence of the conversion ratio calculated here is useful to distinguish theoretical models with lepton flavor violation. (31 References).
R. Kitano, M. Koike, S. Komine, and Y. Okada, "Higgs-mediated muon-electron conversion process in supersymmetric see-saw model," Phys. Lett. B, vol. 575, pp. 300-308, 2003.
Abstract: We study the effect of the Higgs-exchange diagram for the lepton flavor violating muon-electron conversion process in nuclei in the supersymmetric see-saw model. The contribution is significant for a large value of tan P and a small value of a neutral heavy Higgs boson mass, in which case the ratio of the branching ratios of B(muN --> eN)/B(mu --> egamma) is enhanced. We also show that the target atom dependence of the conversion branching ratio provides information on the size of the Higgs exchange diagram. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S. Klarsfeld, "Analytical expressions for the evaluation of vacuum-polarization potentials in muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 66B, no. 1, pp. 86--8, 1977.
Abstract: Exact analytical expressions in terms of known transcendental functions are given for the evaluation of the Uehling vacuum-polarization potential induced by a static spherically-symmetric charge distribution. (7 References).
S. Klarsfeld, "Self-energy corrections in muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A285, no. 3, pp. 493--504, 1977.
Abstract: Numerical values of the Bethe logarithm for the 1s, 2s, 2p and 3p states in muonic atoms have been computed by assuming a uniform nuclear charge distribution of radius r/sub 0/=1.2A/sup 1/3/ fm. The accuracy of the results has been checked against several sum rules obeyed by the oscillator strengths. The possible relevance of these results for more realistic models of the charge distribution is also discussed, and the lowest-order Lamb shift correction to muonic energy levels is reexamined. (13 References).
M. L. Klein and R. Koehler, Journal of Physics C, vol. 3, pp. L102-, 1970.
E. Klempt, "The muon magnetic moment," in Present Status and Aims of Quantum Electrodynamics. Proceedings of the Symposium, (G. Graff, E. Klempt, and G. Werth, eds.), pp. 77--90, 1981.
Abstract: Muon mass and muon magnetic moment are not calculable within the theory of Quantum Electrodynamics; they rather define the reference scale in which masses and energies should be determined when muons are used to test QED or to search for anomalous muon couplings which could provide the 'raison d'etre' for the muon. Only the anomalous part of the muon magnetic moment experimentally determined with remarkable precision can be calculated. Theory and experiment agree precisely once corrections have been applied for hadronic and weak processes which pollute the immaculated field of QED at high momentum transfers. Muon mass and muon magnetic moment are, in particular, needed for the interpretation of experiments which determine the muon spin precession frequency relative to its momentum, the hyperfine splitting of muonium, gamma -transition energies in muonic atoms. The author discusses the suitability of different experimental methods to determine the muon mass. (17 References).
E. Klempt, R. Schulze, H. Wolf, M. Camani, F. N. Gygax, W. Ruegg, A. Schenck, and H. Schilling, "Measurement of the magnetic moment of the positive muon by a stroboscopic muon-spin-rotation technique," Physical Review D, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 652--76, 1982.
Abstract: A new determination of the magnetic moment of the positive muon in units of the magnetic moment of the proton is presented. The Larmor precession of positive muons in liquid bromine was observed by a stroboscopic technique in a field of 0.75 T and combined with concomitant proton NMR measurements in the same chemical environment. The stroboscopic method allows use of the full muon stopping rate available at the Schweizerisches Institut fur Nuklearforschung (SIN) muon channel. Moreover, it permits an intrinsically precise determination of muon Larmor frequency and proton NMR frequency measuring the magnetic field by comparison with the stable reference frequency of the SIN accelerator ( Delta Omega / Omega approximately=10/sup -8/). Two different bromine targets were used which allowed an unambiguous determination of the chemical field shift experienced by the muons. One target contained pure and water-free liquid bromine (Br/sub 2/), where stopped muons form ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/)Br molecules. The other target was slightly contaminated with water; there a chemical reaction chain places the muons into ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/)HO molecules. The diamagnetic shielding of protons in the analogous molecules HBr and H/sub 2/O in liquid bromine was measured by high-resolution NMR. Values for the isotopic shift of the diamagnetic shielding, when protons are replaced by muons, are available from quantum chemical calculations. After application of the chemical-shift corrections, the results from the two different bromine targets are consistent. The final result is mu /sub mu // mu /sub p/=3.1833441(17) (or +or-0.53 ppm). This value agrees with other recent precision determinations of mu /sub mu // mu /sub p/. For the muon mass the present result implies m/sub mu //m/sub e/=206.76835(11) (+or-0.53 ppm). (32 References).
V. Klemt, J. Speth, and K. Goke, "Isomeric shift and magnetic hyperfine splitting of muonic atoms in the lead region," Physics Letters B, vol. 33B, no. 5, pp. 331--3, 1970.
Abstract: Using the method of quasi-particles in interacting Fermi systems the isomeric shift and magnetic hyperfine splitting are calculated for the nuclei /sup 207/Tl, /sup 207/Pb, /sup 209/Bi, and /sup 209/Pb. The values obtained are compared with experiment as far as possible.
L. Klieb and HPC. Rood, "Radiative muon capture in /sup 3/He as a way to determine g( pi -/sup 3/He-/sup 3/H)," in European Symposium on Few Body Problems in Nuclear and Particle Physics, 1980.
Abstract: The authors use the radiative muon capture reaction to establish a value for the pi -/sup 3/He-/sup 3/H coupling constant. (5 References).
L. Klieb and HPC. Rood, "Radiative muon capture in /sup 3/He: A comparison of the impulse approximation with elementary particle calculations," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A356, no. 2, pp. 483--97, 1981.
Abstract: The photon spectrum of radiative muon capture in the /sup 3/He nucleus has been calculated with the help of the Adler and Dothan (1966) amplitude, including derivative terms, for both the impulse approximation with a realistic wave function and the elementary particle method For the latter the sensitivity to the pion-nucleus coupling constant is pointed out. (29 References).
L. Klieb and HPC. Rood, "Some comments on the pi -/sup 3/He-/sup 3/H coupling constant," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B32, no. 2, pp. 222--4, 1982.
Abstract: Some comments are made on recent determinations of the pi -/sup 3/He-/sup 3/H coupling constant. It is pointed out how the impulse approximation and the elementary particle method treat differently two step processes like radiative pion or muon capture and photo pion production.
L. Klieb and HPC. Rood, "Impulse approximation versus elementary particle method: Pion photoproduction and radiative muon capture," Physical Review C, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 223--31, 1984.
Abstract: General differences between the impulse approximation and the elementary particle method in the treatment of two-step processes like pion photoproduction and radiative muon and pion capture are discussed. Important numerical differences arise, exemplified by pion photoproduction on /sup 3/He. The reason is that the Born approximation with low-energy theorems leaves terms undetermined in the elementary particle method. In particular it is shown that in pion photoproduction in pseudoscalar coupling the impulse approximation accounts for numerically sizable contributions of intermediate nuclear excited states not contained in the elementary particle method. In pseudovector coupling no unique and unambiguous relation between the pion-nucleus coupling constant and pion photoproduction holds. An earlier calculation of radiative muon capture by /sup 3/He is improved by including in a semiempirical way exchange contributions to the muon radiating diagram. (22 References).
L. Klieb, "Hard meson corrections to the amplitude for radiative muon capture and the elementary particle method," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A442, no. 4, pp. 721--38, 1985.
Abstract: Hard meson corrections to the amplitude of radiative muon capture on the proton are derived within the framework of vector meson dominance in the tree approximation. The weak form factors are mediated by pi , rho and A/sub 1/ mesons which may radiate. The model reproduces the terms in the amplitude of lower order in the momentum transfers as derived from low-energy theorems and determines higher-order terms which are otherwise ambiguous or undetermined. Arguments and given why a similar approach to radiative muon capture in nuclei in an elementary particle method is expected to fail. (31 References).
HT. Klippel, "Muon catalysed nuclear fusion," Energiespectrum, vol. 13, no. 11-12, pp. 288--97, 1989.
Abstract: The author discusses an idea based on the use of muons to catalyse the fusion of deuterium and tritium to form a resonant dt mu molecule which then fuses producing alpha particles, neutrons and energy (17.6MeV). There is about a 0.4% sticking loss of muons, but the other 99.6% are available for a new cycle. Technical factors illustrated include the recycling speed, effective sticking factor, and number of fusions per muon as a function of the relative DT mixture density. Schemes for actual power production quoted are a hybrid reactor proposed by Petrov, with a fusion chamber inside a lithium-uranium shield and yielding 5.5 GWe of power; also an alternative concept incorporating a tritium beam injected into a Li-U pressure vessel. (11 References).
K. N. Klump, O. Schnepp, and L. H. Nosanow, "One--phonon excited states of solid H$_2$ and D$_2$ in the ordered phase," Physical Review B, vol. 1, pp. 2496--22499, 1970.
V. Knapp and T. Petkovic, "Muonic catalytic fusion; its relationship to accelerator-breeder," in Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems 1989, ICENES '89. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, (Mollendorff U. von and B. Goel, eds.), pp. 279--83, 1989.
Abstract: Fusion part of Muon Catalytic Fusion-Fission Hybrid and accelerator part of Linear Accelerator Breeder essentially serve as a neutron source for irradiation of fertile blankets. This warrants that comparison be made on the relative efficiency of two methods of neutron production. The comparison is all the more pertinent, as the basic characteristics of accelerator in two approaches are remarkably similar. Relationship between muonic fusion, respectively muonic fusion-fission hybrid, and accelerator system for production of fissile nuclides is discussed. The authors show that, at present, conclusions are not favourable to muonic hybrid, respectively; the efficiencies of two approaches to neutron production happen to be so close that technical and engineering issues of real system become decisive. (15 References).
J. D. Knight, C. J. Orth, M. E. Schillaci, R. A. Naumann, H. Daniel, K. Springer, and HB. Knowles, "Chemical effects in negative muon capture in some ionic and covalent solids and ionic aqueous solutions," Physical Review A, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 43--53, 1976.
Abstract: Measurements of muonic X-ray spectra are reported for many liquid and solid targets. A beam of (130+or-5) MeV/c muons was allowed to interact with the target materials and the Lyman series intensities observed. Summing these allows a determination of atomic capture ratio. The pattern of intensities for the carbon and nitrogen lines in targets of low atomic number depend on the structure of the target and particularly on whether it contains hydrogen atoms. The muon capture ratio for a given metal appears to increase with a covalency of the oxide in which it resides. The effects of phase change and allotropy on the muonic X-ray spectra have also been investigated. Effective relative capture cross-sections for aqueous ions have been obtained independent of concentration and counter ion. These provide a basis for non-destructive analysis of solutions of chemical or biological interest using muon. (28 References).
J. D. Knight, C. J. Orth, M. E. Schillaci, R. A. Naumann, F. J. Hartmann, J. J. Reidy, and H. Schneuwly, "Coulomb capture ratios of negative muons in N/sub 2/+O/sub 2/ NO, and CO," Physics Letters A, vol. 79A, no. 5-6, pp. 377--9, 1980.
Abstract: The authors have measured relative Coulomb capture rates of negative muons in the gas targets N/sub 2/+O/sub 2/, NO, and CO at 10 atm. The results indicate the molecular dipole orientation /sup -/NO/sup +/. (17 References).
J. D. Knight, C. J. Orth, M. E. Schillaci, F. J. Hartmann, and H. Schneuwly, "Target-density effects in muonic-atom cascades," Physical Review A, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 2936--45, 1983.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray spectra have been measured for N/sub 2/, SF/sub 6/, and Ar at pressures up to 20 atm at room temperature and in the liquid or solid state, and for O/sub 2/ at 20 atm and CO, NO, and a N/sub 2/+O/sub 2/ mixture at 10 atm. Relative intensities of the higher members of the muonic Lyman series of N decrease monotonically with decreasing pressure (density). A similar effect is observed for F in SF/sub 6/, where some effect was also noted for the S X-rays. A gas-pressure dependence in Ar was not observed in the pressure range covered. The density effect can be modeled approximately by a muonic-atom cascade code in which the K-electron refilling width is related to the gas density, which determines the frequency of collision of the atom with neighboring atoms or molecules. The difference in behavior between N/sub 2/ or SF/sub 6/ and Ar at comparable pressures provides evidence for the 'Coulomb explosion' that is expected to occur when a negative muon is captured by a polyatomic molecule. (18 References).
P. E. Knowles, G. A. Beer, G. R. Mason, A. Olin, J. M. Bailey, J. L. Beveridge, G. M. Marshall, J. H. Brewer, B. M. Forster, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, L. Schellenberg, P. Kammel, J. Zmeskal, A. R. Kunselman, C. J. Martoff, and C. Petitjean, "Producing mu /sup -/d and mu /sup -/t in vacuum," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 521--7, 1993.
Abstract: After the feasibility of vacuum isolated mu /sup -/d production was demonstrated at TRIUMF in 1989, development was begun on a target system that would take advantage of the process to aid in the understanding of the muon catalyzed fusion cycle. Minimal neutron backgrounds, the ability to use silicon detectors, and compatibility with tritium were considered important for a very versatile target system. The advantages which the target gives in isolating mu CF process will be outlined. (2 References).
P. E. Knowles, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, A. R. Kunselman, G. M. Marshall, C. J. Martoff, G. R. Mason, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, and J. Zmeskal, "Muon-catalyzed fusion in deuterium at 3 K," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 21-8, 1996.
Abstract: Muon-catalyzed fusion in deuterium has traditionally been studied in gaseous and liquid targets. The TRIUMF solid hydrogen layer target system has been used to study the fusion reaction rates in the solid phase at a target temperature of 3 K. Both branches of the cycle were observed; neutrons by a liquid organic scintillator, and protons by a silicon detector located inside the target system. The effective molecular formation rate from the upper hyperfine state and the spin exchange rate have been measured, and information on the branching ratio parameters has been extracted. (21 References).
P. E. Knowles, "Muonic Processes in Solid Hydrogen Films", 1996.
P. E. Knowles, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, J. Douglas, G. M. Marshall, F. Mulhauser, M. Maier, M. C. Fujiwara, A. R. Kunselman, and J. Zmeskal, "A windowless frozen hydrogen target system," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 368, no. 3, pp. 604--10, 1996.
Abstract: A cryogenic target system has been constructed in which gaseous mixtures of all three hydrogen isotopes have been frozen onto a thin, 65 mm diameter gold foil. The foil is cooled to 3 K while inside a 70 K radiation shield, all of which is mounted in a vacuum system maintained at 10/sup -9/ Torr. Stable multi-layer hydrogen targets of known uniformity and thickness have been maintained for required measurement times of up to several days. To date, hundreds of targets have been successfully used in muon-catalyzed fusion experiments at TRIUMF. (12 References).
P. E. Knowles, G. A. Beer, G. R. Mason, T. A. Porcelli, A. Adamczak, J. M. Bailey, J. L. Beveridge, G. M. Marshall, A. Olin, M. C. Fujiwara, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, P. Kammel, J. Zmeskal, S. K. Kim, A. R. Kunselman, C. J. Martoff, and C. Petitjean, "Muon catalyzed fusion in 3-K solid deuterium," Physical Review A, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1970--82, 1997.
Abstract: Muon catalyzed fusion in deuterium traditionally has been studied in gaseous and liquid targets. The TRIUMF solid-hydrogen-layer target system has been used to study the fusion reaction rates in the solid phase of D/sub 2/ at a target temperature of 3 K. Products of two distinct branches of the reaction were observed: neutrons by a liquid organic scintillator and protons by a silicon detector located inside the target system. The effective molecular formation rate from the upper hyperfine state of mu d and the hyperfine transition rate have been measured. lambda /sub 3/2/=2.71(7)/sub stat/(32)/sub syst/ mu s/sup -1/ and lambda 3/2 1/2=34.2(8)/sub stat/(1)/sub syst/ mu s/sup -1/. The molecular formation rate is consistent with other recent measurements, but not with the theory for isolated molecules. The discrepancy may be due to incomplete thermalization, an effect that was investigated by Monte Carlo calculations. Information on branching ratio parameters for the s and p wave d+d nuclear interaction has been extracted. (48 References).
P. Knowles, "The fourth order kinetics model for $\mu d \, ^3$He fusion", 1998.
P. E. Knowles and others, "Measuring $\xi^''$ in polarized muon decay," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, pp. 73--76, 1999.
P. Knowles, "Measuring the stopping fraction or Making sense of the electron spectra", 1999.
P. E. Knowles, V. M. Boreiko, V. M. Bystritsky, M. Filipowicz, O. Huot, F. Mulhauser, V. N. Pavlov, F. M. Penkov, C. Petitjean, N. P. Popov, V. G. Sandukovsky, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, V. A. Stolupin, and J. Wozniak, "Experimental search for mu d /sup 3/He fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 289--94, 2001.
Abstract: The vast majority of muon catalyzed fusion research has been concerned with muonic molecules of hydrogen isotopes only, since the dynamics of higher-Z muonic atoms in general preclude the formation of molecular systems. In the specific case of hydrogen-helium mixtures, bound muonic molecular states can exist, and thus it is possible to search for the reaction mu d /sup 3/He to lambda /sub f/ mu + alpha (3.66 MeV) + p(14.64 MeV). Until recently, the theoretical predictions for the nuclear fusion rate in the mu d /sup 3/He molecule, lambda /sub f/, ranged over one order of magnitude, from 10/sup 5/ to 10/sup 6/ per second. An experimental upper limit has been measured for lambda /sub f/ in HD + /sup 3/He giving a value ([left angle bracket] 6 * 10/sup 4/ s/sup -1/). We report on the analysis of an experiment in D/sub 2/ + /sup 3/He which has shown a signal coming either from the muon catalyzed reaction, or from the fusion in flight of /sup 3/He's formed from d mu d fusion. (7 References).
M. Kobayashi, N. Ohtsuka, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Average polarization of /sup 12/B in polarized muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A312, no. 3, pp. 377--93, 1978.
Abstract: A formula is given for the average polarization of the recoil nucleus in polarized muon capture in a spin zero nucleus. This formula includes the correction due to contributions from the excited states which are produced in the muon captures of the same parent nucleus, through gamma -transitions. Average polarizations and partial muon capture rates are numerically obtained in the processes mu /sup -/+/sup 12/C to /sup 12/B(1/sup +/,2/sup +/,2/sup -/,1/sup -/)+ nu /sub mu /. The nuclear wave functions adopted are of the Cohen-Kurath type for the positive parity states and of the most general configurations of 1h(cross) omega excitations for the negative parity states. The average polarizations are, generally, less dependent on the nuclear structure than the partial muon capture rates. The experimental data on the average polarization of /sup 12/B given by the Louvain-Saclay-ETH group is analyzed with the correction from the excited states. This leads to (g/sub p/-g/sub T/)/g/sub A/=10.3+or-2.7 for the form factors. (43 References).
K. Kobayashi, T. Ishihara, and N. Toshima, "Muon transfer between hydrogen ions at low energies," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 191--7, 1988.
Abstract: A new method is proposed to calculate the cross sections for ion-muonic atom collisions at low energies. An adiabatic basis set using Jacobi coordinates is introduced in each channel. The expansion of the total wave function in terms of these basis sets is considered to be a generalization of a two center atomic orbital expansion, in which the adiabatic distortion is taken into account. A calculation is carried out in a two state approximation for the muon transfer processes between hydrogen ions of different masses. The results are in excellent agreement with experiments. (7 References).
S. I. Kobayashi, "Special issue: International RIKEN Conference on Muon Catalyzed Fusion and Related Exotic Atoms (MuCF01), Shimoda, Japan, 22-26 April 2001 - Welcome address," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 138, pp. 1-1, 2001.
N. A. Kobylinsky, S. S. Stepanov, and RS. Tutik, "Semiclassical approach to ground states within the Klein-Gordon equation," Journal of Physics A-Mathematical & General, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. L237-41, 1990.
Abstract: A new tool for deriving Regge trajectories and energy eigenvalues for ground states of central potentials is applied to the Klein-Gordon equation. Based upon the h(cross)-expansion, the simple recursion formulae are presented. The problems of the pi -mesonic atom and funnel-shaped potential are treated with this technique. (12 References).
J. H. Koch, M. M. Sternheim, and JF. Walker, "Eigenstates of optical potentials for exotic atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 26, no. 24, pp. 1465--8, 1971.
Abstract: Variations of exotic-atom energy levels and widths with the strength of the nuclear interaction are explained with the aid of a soluble model.
J. H. Koch and MM. Sternheim, "K/sup -/-nucleus interaction and its interpretation," Physical Review Letters, vol. 28, no. 16, pp. 1061--3, 1972.
Abstract: Optical-model analysis of X-ray transitions in K-mesic atoms gives an 'effective' K-N scattering length a=((0.44+or-0.04)+(0.83+or-0.07)i) F. The large change in Rea from the free value is explained by assuming additivity of the KN potentials. (19 References).
H. Koch, G. Backenstoss, A. Bamberger, I. Bergstrom, P. Bounin, T. Bunaciu, J. Egger, S. Hultberg, U. Lynen, H. Ritter, and A. Schwitter, "Strong interaction effects in kaonic atoms (and nuclear matter distribution shape)," Journal de Physique I, vol. 33, no. 8-9, 1972.
Abstract: Strong interaction effects in kaonic atoms manifest themselves in energy shifts, line width broadenings and intensity reductions of the last observable transitions. They depend on the basic interaction between a K/sup -/ and a nucleon and on the nuclear matter distribution at the surface of the nucleus. With a low momentum K/sup -/ beam at the CERN PS, X-ray measurements have been performed in the low and medium Z region. The measured energies and line widths are compared with calculated ones which were obtained by solving the Klein-Gordon equation for an extended nucleus in the presence of an optical potential describing the strong K/sup -/-nucleus interaction. It seems that the data can only be explained by assuming an attractive K/sup -/-nucleus interaction. This fact sheds some light on the connection between the parameters of the optical potential and the K/sup -/-nucleon scattering lengths which are repulsive at threshold energy. The dependence of the measurable quantities on the nuclear matter distribution is discussed. The sensitivity becomes larger with increasing Z number. (1 Reference).
JH. Koch, "Nuclear electroproduction of negative pions below threshold," Physics Letters B, vol. 59B, no. 1, pp. 45--8, 1975.
Abstract: The electroproduction of negative pions into bound atomic states is calculated. The effect of the strong pi -nucleus interaction is included in the calculation. (12 References).
J. Koch and F. Scheck, "Quadrupole interactions in pionic and kaonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A340, no. 2, pp. 221--39, 1980.
Abstract: The quadrupole hyperfine structure in mesonic atoms is discussed for nuclei with spin I[right angle bracket]or=1. The optical potential is expanded in terms of the non-spherical density contributions. Examples are given for the hyperfine splitting of peripheral and deeper-lying states in pionic and kaonic atoms. (14 References).
M. Koch, K. Maier, J. Major, A. Seeger, W. Sigle, W. Staiger, W. Templ, E. Widmann, R. Abela, V. Claus, M. Hampele, and D. Herlach, "mu /sup -/SR in semiconductors," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 65, no. 1-4, pp. 1039--45, 1990.
Abstract: mu /sup -/SR experiments have been performed on Si between room temperature and 6 K. The amplitude of the muon spin precession signal in an applied magnetic field of 0.04 T decreased below 30 K. A zero-field measurement at 6 K revealed a mu /sup -/ spin precession frequency of 650 MHz. The muonic atom represents an aluminium acceptor in the silicon matrix, its electronic state is responsible for the mu SR signal. A possible influence of the gamma recoil produced by the X-ray cascade is discussed. (9 References).
G. Kodosky and M. Leon, "On the metastability of the 2s state of muonic hydrogen," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 1B, no. 1, pp. 41--7, 1971.
Abstract: The authors find that the otherwise metastable 2s level of muonic hydrogen will rapidly be depopulated by collisions with neighbouring hydrogen atoms at reasonable hydrogen densities; sigma approximately=4a/sup 2//sub 0/. This is because of the 'Stark transitions' 2s to or from 2p that take place when the mesic atom passes through a hydrogen atom. The conclusion fails for slow (k.e.[left angle bracket]or approximately=0.3 eV) mu p atom, but these are expected to be rare. (10 References).
Y. Kohyama and A. Fujii, "Statistical theory of nuclear muon capture," Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement, vol. 60, no. , pp. 171-91, 1976.
Abstract: The gross theory of beta decay proposed by Takahashi and Yamada (1969) is applied to calculate the total capture rate of nuclear muon capture. A simple model of 'structureless' nuclei is adopted and the capture rates for various isotopes are presented. (17 References).
T. Koike, T. Harada, and Y. Akaishi, "Cascade calculation of K/sup -/-p and K/sup -/-d atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 79--87, 1996.
Abstract: X-ray yields of K/sup -/-p and K/sup -/-d atoms are calculated as a function of the target density in order to find an optimum condition for experiments. The dependence of the yields on the energy level shift and absorption width due to the strong interaction is systematically investigated. (26 References).
B. A. Kolachev, R. E. Shalin, and A. A. Ilin, Hydrogen accumulated alloys, Handbook, Metallurgiya, 1994.
E. Kolbe, K. Langanke, and P. Vogel, "Muon capture, continuum random phase approximation, and in-medium renormalization of the axial-vector coupling constant," Physical Review C, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 2576--81, 1994.
Abstract: We use the continuum random phase approximation to describe the muon capture on /sup 12/C, /sup 16/O, and /sup 40/Ca. We reproduce the experimental total capture rates on these nuclei to better than 10% using the free nucleon weak form factors and two different residual interactions. However, the calculated rates for the same residual interactions are significantly lower than the data if the in-medium quenching of the axial-vector coupling constant is employed. (32 References).
E. Kolbe, K. Langanke, and P. Vogel, "Comparison of continuum random phase approximation and the elementary particle model for the inclusive muon neutrino reaction on /sup 12/C," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A613, no. 4, pp. 382--96, 1997.
Abstract: We have shown previously that the continuum random phase approximation (CRPA) reproduces the muon capture rate on /sup 12/C and the inclusive /sup 12/C( nu /sub e/,e/sup -/)/sup 12/N cross section for Michel spectrum neutrinos, while it overestimates the inclusive /sup 12/C( nu /sub mu /, mu /sup -/)/sup 12/N cross section for the LAMPF pion decay-in-flight nu /sub mu / neutrino beam. On the other hand, the elementary particle model of Mintz and collaborators is in rough agreement with the nu /sub mu / LAMPF data using the muon capture rate as input. In this paper we show that the CRPA also consistently reproduces inelastic electron scattering data at the excitation energies in /sup 12/C probed by the LAMPF experiment. To understand the different results of the two models, we compare the assumptions of the elementary particle model with the results of the CRPA and discuss whether experiments can decide which of them is correct. (21 References).
E. Kolbe, K. Langanke, and P. Vogel, "Weak reactions on /sup 12/C within the continuum random phase approximation with partial occupancies," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A652, no. 1, pp. 91--100, 1999.
Abstract: We extend our previous studies of the neutrino-induced reactions on /sup 12/C and muon capture to include partial occupation of nuclear subshells in the framework of the continuum random phase approximation. We find, in contrast to the work by Auerbach et al. (1993), that a partial occupation of the p/sub 1/2/ subshell reduces the inclusive cross sections only slightly. The extended model describes the muon capture rate and the /sup 12/C( nu /sub e/,e/sup -/)/sup 12/N cross section very well. The recently updated flux and the improved model bring the calculated /sup 12/C( nu /sub mu /, mu /sup -/)/sup 12/N cross section ( approximately=17.5*10/sup -40/ cm/sup 2/) and the data (12.4+or-0.3(stat.)+or-1.8(syst.)*10/sup -40/ cm/sup 2/) closer together, but does not remove the discrepancy fully. (36 References).
E. Kolbe, K. Langanke, and P. Vogel, "Muon capture on nuclei with N>Z, random phase approximation, and in-medium value of the axial-vector coupling constant," Physical Review C, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 055502/1-4, 2000.
Abstract: We use the random phase approximation to describe the muon capture rate on /sup 44/Ca, /sup 48/Ca, /sup 56/Fe, /sup 90/Zr, and /sup 208/Pb. With /sup 40/Ca as a test case, we show that the continuum random phase approximation (CRPA) and the standard RPA give essentially equivalent descriptions of the muon capture process. Using the standard RPA with the free nucleon weak form factors we reproduce the experimental total capture rates on these nuclei quite well. Thus, unlike the allowed beta decays, with very small momentum transfer and exclusively the 1/sup +/ multipole, the muon capture rate, with momentum transfer of approximately muon mass magnitude, and a mixture of multipoles (dominated by 1/sup -/), does not require any quenching of the axial-vector coupling constant. (17 References).
E. Kolbe, K. Langanke, and K. Rusager, "Muon capture on neutron-rich nuclei," European Physical Journal A, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 39--45, 2001.
Abstract: Future facilities will allow the exploration of extremely neutron-rich nuclei far from the valley of stability. It is discussed that the strong-neutron excess results in changes in the collective excitations of such nuclei compared to conventional stable nuclei. We propose muon capture as an experimental tool to explore such changes. We will quantify our discussion by the calculation of the total and differential muon capture rates on selected calcium isotopes between /sup 40/Ca and /sup 60/Ca. Our calculations are based on the random phase approximation and agree nicely with the measured rates for /sup 40/Ca and /sup 44/Ca. (41 References).
W. Ko{\l}os and L. Wolniewicz, "Improved Theoretical Ground--State Energy of the Hydrogen Molecule," Journal of Chemistry and Physics, vol. 49, pp. 404--410, 1968.
W. Kolos, "Some accurate results for three-particle systems," Acta Physica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, vol. 27, no. 1-4, pp. 241--52, 1969.
Abstract: Results of a variational calculation of the nonadiabatic ground state energy of H/sup +//sub 2/ are presented. Diagonal corrections for nuclear motion have also been calculated for the electronic ground state of H/sup +//sub 2/. The adiabatic potential energy curve has been employed to calculate the rotational and vibrational levels for the H/sup +//sub 2/ ion and for muonic molecules. Nonadiabatic energy corrections are discussed. For p mu d the adiabatic wave function is compared with the corresponding nonadiabatic result. (16 References).
V. M. Kolybasov and AE. Kudryavtsev, "Joint analysis of data on pionic hydrogen and deuterium atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 512-14, 1983.
Abstract: Analysis of recent data on the shifts of the 1s levels of pionic hydrogen and deuterium atoms yields new values for the isosinglet and isotriplet pi N scattering lengths. These new values contradict the results found from dispersion relations. (13 References).
VM. Kolybasov, "Shifts of the 1s levels of pionic hydrogen and deuterium atoms and pion-nucleon scattering lengths," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 1116--17, 1986.
Abstract: The appearance of new and fairly accurate data on the shifts of the 1s levels of hydrogen and deuterium makes it worthwhile to return to the problem of determining the s=wave pion-nucleon scattering lengths. These levels shifts are proportional to the pi /sup -/p(a/sub pi -p/)- and pi /sup -/D(a/sub pi D/)-scattering lengths, which in turn are related to the isosinglet (b/sub 0/) and isotriplet (b/sub 1/) pion-nucleon scattering lengths, which determine the amplitude of low-energy pion-nucleon scattering f/sub pi N/=b/sub 0/+b/sub 1/t. tau , where t and tau are the pion and nucleon isospin operators. (7 References).
J. Konijin, Laat CTAM De, A. Taal, and JH. Koch, "An improved parametrization of the optical potential for pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A519, no. 4, pp. 773--804, 1990.
Abstract: The authors try to find an improved phenomenological optical potential for pionic atoms in two steps. First, they perform a new fit of the parameters in the standard optical potentials by using a large data base of 140 pionic atom data. A chi /sup 2/ is obtained that is substantially lower than with any previous parameter set. In a second step, they extend the number of parameters by using a more general form for the terms quadratic in the nuclear density. This extended version yields a reduction of the chi /sup 2/ by about a factor of two. The new fit includes a good description of shifts and widths of the deeply bound 3d orbits in heavy nuclei such as /sup 181/Ta, /sup nat/Re, /sup nat/Pt, /sup 197/Au, /sup 208/Pb and /sup 209/Bi. The value of the additional parameters in the extended version are difficult to interpret in the context of the chosen form of the optical potential and indicate that higher-order effects play a role. (68 References).
J. Konijn, J. K. Panman, J. H. Koch, Doesburg W. Van, G. T. Ewan, T. Johansson, G. Tibell, K. Fransson, and L. Tauscher, "Pionic 4f to 3d transition in /sup 181/Ta, natural Re, and /sup 209/Bi and the strong interaction level shift and width of the pionic 3d state," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A326, no. 2-3, pp. 401--17, 1979.
Abstract: Owing to a powerful Compton-suppression technique it was possible to observe for the first time the pionic 4f to 3d X-ray transition in elements heavier than A=150. The strong interaction monopole shifts epsilon /sub 0/ and widths Gamma /sub 0/ as well as the quadrupole splitting of the 3d levels have been measured in Ta, Re and Bi. Thus in addition to the strongly shifted and broadened 5g to 4f transitions, a second, strongly affected line is available for these elements. For the pionic 4f levels, standard optical potentials fit the strong interaction shifts and broadenings quite well. The now observed, deeper-lying 3d states in Ta, Re and Bi have shifts and widths that differ by a factor of 2 or more from the standard optical potential predictions. From the observed relative X-ray intensities of the pionic cascade the authors also extract the strong interaction widths of the 5g and 4f levels. (21 References).
J. Konijn, J. K. Panman, J. H. Koch, Doesburg W. van, G. T. Ewan, T. Johansson, G. Tibell, K. Fransson, and L. Tauscher, "Shift and width of the pionic 3d state in Ta, Re and Bi," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 434-5, 1979.
Abstract: Strong interaction monopole and quadrupole shifts and widths of the 4f and 3d levels have been measured in Ta, Re and Bi, by observing the pionic 4f to 3d X-ray transition. Thus in addition to the strongly shifted and broadened 5g to 4f transitions a second strongly affected line is available for these elements. In contrast to the pionic 4f level data, the strong interaction shifts and widths of the deeper lying 3d level differ typically by a factor two or more from the standard optical potential predictions. (2 References).
J. Konijn, Doesburg W. Van, G. T. Ewan, T. Johansson, and G. Tibell, "Quadrupole interactions in pionic and muonic tantalum and rhenium," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A360, no. 2, pp. 187--207, 1981.
Abstract: The hyperfine splitting of pionic and muonic X-rays in natural Re has been studied using the known ratio (accurate to 1.6 parts in 10/sup 5/) of the quadrupole moments of the two naturally occurring /sup 185/Re and /sup 187/Re isotopes. From the hyperfine splitting of the 5g to 4f and 4f to 3d pionic X-rays the effective quadrupole hyperfine constants were determined to be /sup 187/A/sub 2//sup eff/(4f)=1.163+or-0.010 keV and /sup 187/A/sub 2//sup eff/(3d)=5.39+or-0.63 keV, giving strong interaction quadrupole shifts epsilon /sub 2/(4f)=46+or-10 eV and epsilon /sub 2/(3d)=1.3+or-0.6 keV. The strong interaction monopole shifts epsilon /sub 0/ and widths Gamma /sub 0/ of the 5g, 4f and 3d levels have also been measured. For the two higher orbits, standard optical-potential calculations fit the measured shifts and widths quite well. The observed deeper-lying 3d state, however, has shifts and widths that differ by a factor of 2 or more from the predictions. From the measured quadrupole hyperfine constants of the 4f level the authors calculate the spectroscopic quadrupole moments to be /sup 187/Q/sup mu /=2.09+or-0.04 b, /sup 187/Q/sup pi /=2.07+or-0.02 b, /sup 185/Q/sup mu /=2.21+or-0.04 b, and /sup 185/Q/sup pi /=2.18+or-0.02 b. In addition, muonic X-rays from /sup 181/Ta were observed; using the same methods for determining the quadrupole moment as above, a value of /sup 181/Q/sup mu /=3/28+or-0.06 b was obtained, in good agreement with earlier published data. (40 References).
J. Konijn, "Exotic atoms," Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde A, vol. A51, no. 2, pp. 65--9, 1985.
Abstract: Exotic atoms are defined as those where the electron is replaced by another negatively charged particle; they comprise muons, pions, anti-protons and kaons. Physical properties are listed. The background of the term 'optical potential' is developed. Nuclear charge and muon distribution are illustrated for muonic lead. In the case of pionic atoms, absorption widths Gamma (nl) and energy shifts mod epsilon (nl) mod are illustrated by plots of electron volts versus atomic no. (Z) supported by experimental results from the Amsterdam NIKHEF-K project. Quadrupole moments in hyperfine splitting and prompt and delayed core splitting by muons are also discussed. (0 References).
J. Konijn, W. Bertl, W. Duinker, S. Egli, Ch Grab, E. A. Hermes, Laat CTAM De, der Schaaf A. Van, and A. Taal, "Search for the double charge exchange reaction in pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 196, no. 1, pp. 28--32, 1987.
Abstract: For some pionic atoms the reaction ( pi /sup -/, pi /sup +/) is energetically possible. The reaction rate at rest provides information for theoretical explanations of the DCX reaction mechanism between pions and nuclei. Effects of the double isobaric analog states and multi-nucleon processes are involved. The reaction chosen for this experiment was /sup 58/Ni( pi /sup -/, pi /sup +/)/sup 58/Fe, the Q-value for this reaction being +903 keV. The experiment was performed, using the large-solid-angle magnetic spectrometer SINDRUM. The authors conclude that the branching ratio for the DCX reaction has an upper limit of 2.1*10/sup -7/ per pi /sup -/ captured from a pionic /sup 58/Ni orbit with 90% confidence. (10 References).
J. Konijn, W. Bertl, W. Duinker, S. Egli, Ch Grab, E. A. Hermes, Laat CTAM de, der Schaaf A. van, and A. Taal, "Search for the double charge exchange reaction in pionic atoms," Sin Newsletter, vol. 19, no. , pp. 63-5, 1987.
Abstract: In view of the surprisingly large cross-section observed for the /sup 14/C( pi /sup +/, pi /sup -/)/sup 14/O reaction at E/sub pi /=50 MeV, the authors investigate if there are any surprises at very low pion energies, i.e. pionic atoms. For some pionic atoms the reaction ( pi /sup -/, pi /sup +/) is energetically possible. The momentum transfer however, is then very small and limited phase space is available for the reaction to proceed. (10 References).
J. Konijn, Laat CTAM de, A. Taal, P. David, H. Hanscheid, F. Risse, CFG Rosel, and W. Schreider, "Strong interaction effects of deeply bound 3d pionic orbits," Sin Newsletter, vol. 20, no. , pp. NL51-7, 1988.
Abstract: In previous experiments on deeply-bound pionic 3d orbits of /sup 181/Ta, /sup nat/Re, /sup nat/Pt, /sup 197/Au, /sup 208/Pb and /sup 209/Bi the authors found significant deviations from values calculated with standard optical potential theories. These results are obtained by using more powerful techniques like Compton suppression, time of flight and higher statistics in the spectra, than those from previous experiments. In order to investigate this discrepancy in a systematic way all new data and recent data were reanalyzed. The energy calibrations especially were subjected to a careful study, as many of the nuclear transitions occurring in the prompt spectra are known to high precision (e.g. in the case of /sup 192/Pt some transitions are known with an accuracy of about 15 meV). The pionic 5g to 4f and 4f to 3d transitions in the various spectra were analyzed to obtain the strong interaction shift epsilon /sub 0/ of the final level of the pionic transition. For this purpose the calculated value for the transition energy of a point nucleus, including higher order effects such as vacuum polarization, deformation (if present), electron screening, nuclear polarization and relativistic reduced mass effects, was subtracted from the experimental transition energies, while the strong interaction shift of the initial state was added to this value. (12 References).
J. Konijn, "An improved parametrization of the optical potential for pionic atoms," in International Workshop on Pions in Nuclei, (E. Oset, Vacas MJ Vicente, and Recio CG. Garcia, eds.), pp. 303-19, 1992.
Abstract: An improved phenomenological optical potential for pionic atoms is presented. First, a new fit of the parameters in the standard optical potentials is performed by using shifts and widths from 54 pionic atoms with in total 140 data points. A /sub chi //sup 2/ is obtained that is substantially lower than with any previous parameter set. In a second step, the number of parameters is extended by using a more general form for the terms quadratic in the nuclear density. This extended version yields a reduction of the /sub chi //sup 2/ by about a factor of two. The new fit includes a good description of shifts and widths of the deeply bound 3d-orbits in heavy nuclei. (33 References).
A. D. Konin, V. N. Pokrovsky, L. I. Ponomarev, H. Schneuwly, V. G. Zinov, and IA. Yutlandov, "Mu-atomic X-ray series in lithium and lithium hydride," Physics Letters A, vol. 50A, no. 1, pp. 57--8, 1974.
Abstract: The relative intensities of muonic X-rays in metallic Li and LiH targets have been measured. The comparison of experimental results with theoretical estimates suggests the population of levels with low l to be favoured during the initial phase of atomic capture of muons. (10 References).
T. Konishi, "On the nuclear excitation by the bound muon and the muonic hyperfine structure," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 1569--80, 1972.
Abstract: For the even-even transition nuclei a theory of the nuclear quadrupole excitation by the bound muon is formulated using a realistic nuclear wave function on the basis of the anharmonic oscillator model. The hyperfine spectrum of the muonic X-ray is predicted for /sup 192/Os and the dependence of the nuclear parameters on the spectrum is also discussed. It is suggested that it is possible to discriminate the nuclear model and to find out some nuclear properties in comparison with more precise measurement of muonic X-rays.
T. Konishi and H. Narumi, "Higher nuclear deformations from the Bound-muonic point of view," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 34, no. , pp. 565-8, 1973.
Abstract: In muonic hyperfine spectra recently observed in the rare earth and actinide regions it is possible to study the nuclear charge deformation by analyzing the mixing of the muonic states with the low-lying nuclear rotational states through the electromagnetic interaction. In this paper the authors consider the contribution of the Y/sub 4/ deformation to the transition matrix elements of the muon-nucleus system and re-evaluate the intrinsic quadrupole moment for certain nuclei, such as /sup 152/Sm and /sup 184/W for which they can expect a large Y/sub 4/ deformation parameter beta /sub 4/. (11 References).
AYu Konobeyev, YuA Korovin, and VN. Sosnin, "Calculation of displacement cross section for structural materials of the muon catalyzed fusion hybrid reactor," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 231--4, 1989.
Abstract: Displacement cross sections are calculated using the pre-equilibrium model and the evaporation model, and taking into consideration various neutron reaction channels for iron nuclei at energies ranging from 10 to 40 MeV. The values of the neutron damage dose for MCFHR is obtained. (13 References).
AYu Konobeyev, YuA Korovin, V. N. Sosnin, and II. Chereuta, "Transformation of chemical composition of irradiated first wall construction material of the muon-catalyzed fusion hybrid reactor," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 125--8, 1989.
Abstract: One of the key problems concerning the research of the muon-catalyzed fusion as well as the development of commercial fusion and fusion hybrid reactors is to provide the high durability of the first wall construction materials. Lifetime of the first wall has to be as long as 10-20 years in severe working conditions incorporating such factors as intense 14-MeV neutron flux densities reaching (2-3).10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/.s/sup -1/ and chemically aggressive environment. The changes of chemical composition of the first wall initiated by radiation transform the properties of construction material. Therefore, these changes have to be considered along with other radiation effects (swelling, blistering, growth, flaking, embrittlement, creeping etc.). The calculations have been performed within the range of austenitic stainless steels, ferritic and nickel steels which have been chosen as promising first wall materials of the muon-catalyzed fusion hybrid reactor (MCFHR). (6 References).
AYu Konobeyev, YuA Korovin, and VN. Sosnin, "Radiation damage in muon-catalyzed hybrid reactors," Kerntechnik, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 358--61, 1990.
Abstract: Radiation damage of the structural components of a muon-catalyzed fusion hybrid reactor is considered. These damage effects are examined for a range of materials, and a ranking of material composition is established. (13 References).
S. E. Koonin and M. Nauenberg, "Calculated fusion rates in isotopic hydrogen molecules," Nature, vol. 339, no. 6227, pp. 690--1, 1989.
Abstract: Cold fusion occurs when two nuclei with very small relative energy tunnel through their mutual Coulomb barrier to initiate a nuclear reaction. The phenomenon is well studied in muon-catalysed fusion, where a relatively massive muon replaces an electron in a diatomic molecule of hydrogen isotopes, enhancing the binding and producing cold-fusion rates of approximately 10/sup 12/ s/sup -1/. Recent reports of cold fusion between hydrogen isotopes embedded in palladium and titanium have prompted the present authors to reconsider previous estimates of the cold-fusion rates for free diatomic isotopic hydrogen molecules. In particular, they have calculated rates in diatomic hydrogen molecules of various isotopic composition. An accurate Born-Oppenheimer potential was used to calculate the ground-state wavefunctions. It was found that the rate for d+d fusion is 3*10/sup -64/ s/sup -1/, some 10 orders of magnitude faster than a previous estimate. The rate for p+d fusion is 10/sup -55/ s/sup -1/, which is larger than the d+d rate because of the enhanced tunnelling in the lighter system. Hypothetical enhancements of the electron mass by factors of 5-10 would be required to bring cold-fusion rates into the range of recently claimed observations. (18 References).
T. I. Kopaleishvili, I. Z. Machabeli, and MSh. Chachkhunashvili, "On the excitation spectrum of residual nuclei in ( pi /sup -/,nn) reaction," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 1137--41, 1972.
Abstract: A theoretical study of the excitation spectrum of residual nuclei in ( pi /sup -/,nn) reaction with a stopped pi /sup -/-meson on O/sup 16/, N/sup 14/ and C/sup 12/ nuclei has been carried out. The calculations are made in assumption, that pi /sup -/-mesons are absorbed either from 1S-orbit of a mesic atom, or from 1P-orbit by symmetric nucleon pairs. The dependence of the excitation spectrum on the transferred momentum is investigated. It is shown, that 1) the experimental data available may be explained assuming S-absorption; as for the case of P-absorption, theoretical results are not in accord with these data; 2) even at small momenta transferred the high levels are excited with a relatively high probability. (15 References).
V. A. Kopylov, N. N. Kolesnikov, and AM. Frolov, "The effect of the strong interaction on the binding energies of muonic molecules," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 1403--5, 1987.
Abstract: The effect of the nuclear interaction on the binding energy of muonic molecule ions is investigated. The dd nuclear potential was reconstructed from the deuteron-deuteron scattering phase shifts, which made it possible to estimate reliably the contribution of the nuclear interaction to the binding energies of all five discrete levels of the muonic molecule dd mu . The results obtained can be of interest for the problems of muonic molecule physics and, in particular, for muon catalysis of nuclear reactions. (10 References).
GYa Korenman and SI. Rogovaya, "Atomic capture of negative mesons in hydrogen," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 754--62, 1975.
Abstract: An approximate method of summing up over the final states of the mesoatom based on the properties of hydrogen-like wave functions in the momentum representation is presented to calculate the total cross sections for atomic capture of negative mesons. Analytical formulae are obtained for the capture cross sections in the Born approximation with plane waves and orthogonalized plane waves. Concurrence of the deceleration processes and of the atomic capture of negative muons in hydrogen is considered. As follows from the calculations, the meson energy before the capture is, as a rule, essentially more than the hydrogen ionization potential. (22 References).
GYa. Korenman, "Conserving orientation tensors and a possible anisotropy of the X-ray radiation from mesic atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 772--80, 1975.
Abstract: The variation of the statistical tensors of the system subject to a cascade of transitions is considered in view of the problem of the angular distribution of X-rays from mesic atoms. Applicability of the results to the cascade of radiative and auger transition in mesic atoms is considered. It is shown that under certain assumptions on the mechanism of atomic capture of the mesons the angular distribution of the X-ray radiation from the mesic atoms has a considerable anisotropy related to direction of the primary meson beam. (18 References).
GYa Korenman and SI. Rogovaya, "Negative meson capture by atoms in hydrogen," in International Conference on Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions, (J. S. Risley and R. Geballe, eds.), pp. 161-2, 1975.
Abstract: In the study of the process of negative meson capture by atoms, it is necessary to know the effective stopping and the total capture cross sections sigma /sub c/(E) at various energies. The calculation of sigma /sub c/ (E) is very difficult even in simplest approximations of the Born type, for it involves calculations of the cross sections for mesic atom formation in a large number of various final states and their subsequent summation. In the present work, an approximate method is suggested allowing the summation to be carried out analytically. The method is based on the use of the properties of the hydrogen-like wave functions in the momentum representation. (3 References).
GYa. Korenman, "Problem of the anisotropy of X-ray radiation from mesoatoms," Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Fizika Astronomiya, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 113-15, 1977.
Abstract: In the experimental scattering situation the initial structure of the orbital moment of the meson may be suppressed by multiple scattering during deceleration, leading to changes in direction in meson motion before atomic capture. The effect of this destructive factor on the anisotropy of X-ray radiation from mesoatoms is analysed, and suppression coefficients are obtained quantitatively for He, Ne, Ar, Li and N as functions of particle energy. (10 References).
GYa. Korenman, "The effect of alignment of the exotic atom orbital angular momentum on depolarization of negative muons," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 265--77, 1979.
Abstract: The theory of cascade depolarization of negative muons is generalized to the case where the orbital angular momentum of a meson becomes aligned as a result of its atomic capture. An explanation of the experimental data on the residual polarization of mu /sup -/ in helium is proposed on the basis of the developed theory and available arguments in favour of the possible existence of alignment of the orbital angular momentum in the lightest exotic atoms. An angular distribution and linear polarization of muonic X-rays is considered. The connection between these characteristics and the depolarization factor due to the alignment of the orbital angular momentum enables one to make a direct experimental test of the proposed explanation of the residual polarization of muons in helium. (18 References).
GYa Korenman and SI. Rogovaya, "Formation of mesonic atoms in mixtures of the lightest elements," Radiation Effects, vol. 46, no. 3-4, pp. 189--98, 1980.
Abstract: The kinetics of formation of mesonic atoms in gaseous mixtures is considered. It has been shown that the ratio of the probabilities for the atomic capture of mesons by various elements may depend nonlinearly upon the ratio of concentration of the elements. The cross sections for the capture of mu /sup -/, pi /sup -/, and K/sup -/ mesons and antiprotons by H and He atoms have been calculated. The energy distributions of meson capture probabilities in these elements have been obtained. A new interpretation of the data on pi /sup -/ meson absorption in the H/sub 2/+He mixture is proposed. For the case of the formation of mesonic atoms in a mixture of hydrogenic isotopes, an isotopic effect is predicted and its relation to another isotopic effect observed in the muonic X-ray intensities from the heavy elements in hydrogen-containing substances is found. (31 References).
GYa Korenman and SI. Rogovaya, "Primary populations in mesonic hydrogen atoms," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 641--53, 1980.
Abstract: Cross sections for the formation of mesonic hydrogen have been calculated in the Born approximation with the complete perturbation operator and its dipole part. The dependence of the cross section on the initial meson energy and final state quantum number has been studied. Primary populations of mesonic atom levels have been calculated taking the competition between the moderation and the atomic capture of mesons into account. The population distribution over n extends deep into the range of large n. The C/sub nl/ distributions have maxima at intermediate values of l=l/sub 0/ (dependent upon the meson mass) and fall off abruptly when l[right angle bracket]l/sub 0/. The primary alignment of the angular momentum of the mesonic atom is close to the limiting value corresponding to the zero-order projection of the angular momentum. (23 References).
GYa. Korenman, "Times of deceleration and cascades of atomic transitions for negative muons in hydrogen," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 916--23, 1980.
Abstract: Times of deceleration and the atomic cascade are calculated for negative muons in hydrogen. In the liquid hydrogen the deceleration times for the negative muon are t/sub s/=0.9*10/sup -9/ sec. from E/sub 0/=15 MeV up to the atomic capture, and t/sub s/=3*10/sup -12/ sec. from E/sub 0/=11.25 keV; the corresponding numbers for the gas under normal conditions are 0.7*10/sup -6/ and 2*10/sup -9/ sec., respectively. The muonic cascade times are calculated with account of the experimental data on the pionic cascade time in hydrogen and of the relative intensity of the K/sub alpha / line of the mu p atom. The upper estimate of the muonic cascade is (0.81.2)*10/sup -9/ sec. for the liquid hydrogen, it lies in the interval (1.0-5.2)*10/sup -9/ sec. for the gas at the relative density phi =0.01, and in the interval from 2.9*10/sup -9/ up to 3.5*10/sup -8/ sec. for the gas at phi =0.001. (26 References).
GYa Korenman, O. Lkhagva, S. Danzan, L. Khenmedekh, and Kh. Tsookhuu, "On interference between transitions in mesoatomic cascades," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 1311--17, 1981.
Abstract: Two-photon transitions in the mesonic atom with degenerated or close intermediate quasistationary states are considered. As a contrast to the results of Z. Freed and R.J. Tansey (1976) it is shown that the total rates and relative probabilities of such transitions can be obtained in the conventional theory of the mesonic-atom cascade, in which different single-quantum transitions are suggested to be statistically independent. The effect of interference between the intermediate states on the two-photon angular correlation function is considered. The correlation factor sensitivity to the characteristics of the interfering states is discussed. (9 References).
GYa. Korenman, "Effective interaction of slow negative meson with hydrogen atom: infinite repulsion at finite distances," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 390--400, 1982.
Abstract: Diagonal part of the effective potential is considered for the interaction of the slow negative meson with the hydrogen atom in the adiabatical representation. Near the critical distance R/sub i/ between the meson and proton, at which the electron bound state in the finite dipole field disappears, the effective meson-atom interaction potential becomes positive and it behaves as G/sub i//sup 2//(R-R/sub i/)/sup 3/ at R to R/sub i/+0. (17 References).
GYa. Korenman, "Formation of electron-positron pairs and monochromatic positrons in transitions in muon atoms," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 126--8, 1985.
Abstract: The possibility of the formation of electron-positron pairs for transitions of a muon between levels in the Coulomb field of a nucleus is considered. The expected yield of e/sup -/e/sup +/ is estimated. (8 References).
GYa Korenman and VP. Popov, "Slowing-down and Coulomb capture of negative muons in molecular hydrogen," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 145-60, 1988.
Abstract: The processes of slowing-down and Coulomb capture of negative muons in molecular hydrogen are considered using the microscopic model, which is based on the idea of the 'black' surface of inelastic interaction. The model parameters are calculated. The kinetic characteristics of Coulomb capture are obtained. The decay of a high-excited neutral (ab mu e)*-molecule is discussed. (12 References).
GYa Korenman, S. V. Leonova, and VP. Popov, "The effect of ortho- and para-states of hydrogen molecules on the Coulomb capture of muons," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 49--53, 1990.
Abstract: The inelastic cross section of the muon-hydrogen molecule interaction depend on the rotational quantum number j of the molecule. Averaging over j leads to a dependence of the cross sections on the target temperature and the molecular spin states. The authors calculate the inelastic cross sections for ortho- and para-protium and deuterium, as well as for the equilibrium ortho-para concentration ratio. It is shown that the reduced capture ratio A(He/H/sub 2/) depends both on the temperature and the relative concentrations of ortho- and para-hydrogen. (6 References).
GYa Korenman, V. P. Popov, and GA. Fesenko, "Coulomb capture of negative mesons and the formation of mesic atoms in molecular hydrogen," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 1-2, pp. 179--94, 1992.
Abstract: A quantitative model of the hydrogen molecule ionization by muons, the Coulomb capture of muons, and the muonic atom formation in molecular hydrogen is formulated. Inelastic muon-molecule cross sections and kinetic characteristics of the Coulomb capture and the muonic atom formation, including primary distributions of muonic atoms over quantum numbers and kinetic energy, have been obtained. (15 References).
GYa Korenman and SN. Yudin, "Toward a theory for the formation and decay of metastable states of a kaonic helium atom," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 10--14, 1993.
Abstract: The original populations of the recently discovered metastable states of hadronic helium atoms can be explained by a theory derived previously for the formation of mesic atoms. Calculations of the original populations of the longest-lived states of kaonic helium agree well with experimental data. The lifetimes are longer by a factor of 1.5 or 2 than those measured in liquid helium, possibly because of a 'quenching' of these states in collisions with atoms of the medium. (11 References).
GYa Korenman and SN. Yudin, "Theory of formation and decay of metastable states of hadronic helium atoms," in Few-Body Systems Supplementum, pp. 204-7, 1994.
Abstract: Theory of mesic atom formation is applied to obtain primary populations of recently-discovered metastable states of hadronic He atoms. The calculated primary populations of the long-lived kaonic states in He are in agreement with the experimental data. Life times of these states exceed the measured value, suggesting a collisional quenching of metastable states. For antiprotonic He, preliminary estimations of population are given. (10 References).
G. Ya. Korenman, "Collisional quenching of \={pH}e$^+$ metastable states," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101/102, pp. 463--469, 1996.
G. Ya. Korenman, "The dynamics of antiprotonic metastable states in helium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 341--350, 1996.
GYa. Korenman, "Mechanisms and kinetics of exotic atom formation in hydrogen and helium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 81-9, 1996.
Abstract: The current status of the theory of exotic atom formation in hydrogen and helium is briefly reviewed. The problems of the two-step mechanism of mu-atom formation in molecular hydrogen and of primary populations of hadronic metastable states in helium are discussed. (32 References).
G. Ya. Korenman, "Theoretical analysis of collisional shifts and broadening of antiprotonic helium spectral lines," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 227--233, 1999.
G. Y. Korenman, "Coupled-channels approach and simple models in the theory of exotic atom formation," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 138, pp. 91-94, 2001.
Abstract: Atomic collisions of slow negative particles X- (mu(-), (p) over bar, etc.) are considered using coupled channels semiclassical approximation that takes into account 2and 3- particle channels. Analytical expression for differential elastic cross section is proposed. Differential cross section reveals essential quantum interference effects. Inelastic (p) over bar -Ne and (p) over bar -Ar cross sections are considered using model potentials.
V. I. Korobov, I. V. Puzynin, and SI. Vinitsky, "A variational calculation of weakly bound rotational-vibrational states of the mesic molecules dd mu and dt mu," Physics Letters B, vol. 196, no. 3, pp. 272--6, 1987.
Abstract: "Variational calculations of energy levels, of epsilon /sub Jv/ and gamma -factors of weakly bound rotational-vibrational states (J=1
V. I. Korobov and SI. Vinitsky, "Variational calculation of muonic molecule bound states with orbital momentum J=1 and spatial parity lambda =+1," Physics Letters B, vol. 228, no. 1, pp. 21--3, 1989.
Abstract: A variational calculation of the energy levels of six bound states of the mesic molecules of hydrogen isotopes with orbital momentum J=1 and spatial parity lambda =+1 has been carried out. About 900 basis functions were used in the calculation, which ensured that the binding energies could be determined to within 0.002 eV. (6 References).
K. I. Korobov, I. V. Puzynin, and SI. Vinitsky, "Abnormal parity states of mesic molecules of hydrogen isotopes with total orbital momentum J>or=2," Physics Letters B, vol. 255, no. 1, pp. 7--10, 1991.
Abstract: Abnormal parity bound states of mesic molecules of hydrogen isotopes are studied. Four new states with total orbital momentum J[right angle bracket]or=2 are added to already known six P-states. Mean distances between particles are computed for all considered molecular systems. The obtained set of bound states exhausts the total spectrum of possible bound state of mesic molecules of hydrogen isotopes of abnormal parity. (10 References).
V. I. Korobov, I. V. Puzynin, and SI. Vinitsky, "Bound states of hydrogen mesic molecular ions: variational approach," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 1-2, pp. 63--80, 1992.
Abstract: A variational method is proposed for computation of bound states of three-particle systems with an arbitrary total angular momentum J and spatial parity lambda . It is applied to compute the complete set of bound states (32 states) of mesic molecular ions of hydrogen isotopes with J=0,1,2,3 and parity lambda =(-1)/sup J/ and lambda =-(-1)/sup J/. (22 References).
V. I. Korobov, S. I. Vinitsky, and Yu. A. Kuperin, "Antiprotonic molecular ions. New exotic three-body systems," Physics Letters B, vol. 315, pp. 215--219, 1993.
V. I. Korobov, V. S. Melezhik, and LI. Ponomarev, "Muon transfer rates in collisions of hydrogen isotope mesic atoms on 'bare' nuclei. Multichannel adiabatic approach," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 31--43, 1993.
Abstract: A numerical scheme for solving the problem of slow collisions in the three-body adiabatic approach is applied for calculation of muon transfer rates in collisions of hydrogen isotope atoms on bare nuclei. It is demonstrated that the multichannel adiabatic approach allows to reach high accuracy results ( approximately 3%) estimating the cross sections of charge transfer processes which are the best ones up to the present time. The method is applicable in a wide range of energies (0.001-50 eV) which is of interest for analysis of muon catalysed fusion experiments. (20 References).
VI. Korobov, "Coulomb predissociation rates of He d mu molecular ions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 329-32, 1996.
Abstract: The predissociation or particle emitting decay rates of muonic molecular ions /sup 3/HeD mu and /sup 4/HeD mu are estimated by means of the complex rotation method. We use a highly accurate variational three-body P-wave function based on random-tempered Slater-type exponential expansion. A resonance eigenvalue of E=-48.420 89 eV and Gamma =0.348*10/sup -3/ eV for the /sup 3/HeD mu ion and a resonance eigenvalue of E=-58.225 303 eV and Gamma =0.118*10/sup -3/ eV for the/sup 4/HeD mu ion have been obtained. These results are in a good agreement with the ones previously obtained by Kino and Kamimura by scattering calculation with the non-adiabatic coupled-rearrangement-channel method. (11 References).
VI. Korobov, "Energetical structure of muonic molecular ions dd mu and dt mu," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 307-18, 1996.
Abstract: "The long-lived states lying below the n=2 threshold in muonic molecular ions DD mu and DT mu are reviewed. We have considered all the known long-lived states both of normal and anomalous spatial parity, the bound states as well as resonant three-body states of {"}shape{"} and Feshbach types. It is shown that these states could be satisfactorily classified in terms of the Born-Oppenheimer adiabatic theory. We calculate some characteristic properties of the Feshbach resonances, thus obtaining that the life-time of the 3d sigma states is greater than 10/sup -11/ s, and the fusion rate from these states less than 10/sup 9/ s/sup -1/. The geometry of the 4f sigma (J=0
V. I. Korobov, "High--accuracy calculation of meta--stable states of antiprotonic helium atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101/102, pp. 479--485, 1996.
VI. Korobov, "Resonances in the dt mu molecular ion between t mu (n=2) and d mu (n=2) thresholds," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 333-6, 1996.
Abstract: Elastic and inelastic cross sections in collisions of a T mu atom in 2s and 2p states on deuteron have been obtained within the framework of a four-channel adiabatic approximation for the case of total orbital angular momentum J=0. The calculated data has been applied to verify the existence of resonance in the DT mu molecular ion at 0.8 eV above the T mu (n=2) threshold. It appears that the second and third resonant states (at 0.8 eV and at 7 eV above the t mu threshold) in a series converging to the D mu (n=2) threshold do not produce any resonant structure in the energy spectrum. The higher vibrational states are visible in the spectrum, however their widths are about 0.1 eV and therefore their life-times are about 10/sup -15/ s which allows one to conclude that these states could not play an important role in the mu CF cycle as well as in processes of diffusion of muonic atoms. (9 References).
V. I. Korobov, "Metastable states of antiprotonic helium atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 185--193, 1999.
M. Kortelainen, M. Aunola, T. Siiskonen, and J. Suhonen, "Mean-field effects on muon-capture observables," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. L33-7, 2000.
Abstract: Recently, many realistic shell-model calculations have been performed in order to extract the value of the ratio C/sub P//C/sub A/ in light nuclei. For a majority of the studied nuclei these calculations fail to reproduce the measured partial capture rates and angular correlation data, and yield values of C/sub P//C/sub A/ far from the region suggested by the partially conserved axial-vector-current hypothesis. We study the effect of the form of the adopted single-particle wavefunctions on the above-mentioned observables. The radial dependence of the tail of the mean-field wavefunction produces noticeable effects due to large momentum exchange in the muon-capture process, but according to our calculations this alone does not solve the discrepancies between calculations and the experiment. (26 References).
M. Kortelainen and J. Suhonen, "Ordinary muon capture as a probe of virtual transitions of beta beta decay," Europhysics Letters, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 666--72, 2002.
Abstract: A reliable theoretical description of double-beta-decay processes needs a possibility to test the involved virtual transitions against experimental data. Unfortunately, only the lowest virtual transition can be probed by the traditional electron capture or beta /sup -/-decay experiments. In this article we propose that calculated amplitudes for many virtual transitions can be probed by experiments measuring rates of ordinary muon capture (OMC) to the relevant intermediate states. The first results from such experiments are expected to appear soon. As an example, we discuss the beta beta decays of /sup 76/Ge and /sup 106/Cd and the corresponding OMC for the /sup 76/Se and /sup 106/Cd nuclei in the framework of the proton-neutron QRPA with realistic interactions. It is found that the OMC observables, just like the 2 nu beta beta -decay amplitudes, strongly depend on the strength of the particle-particle part of the proton-neutron interaction. (15 References).
M. Kortelainen and J. Suhonen, "Microscopic study of muon-capture transitions in nuclei involved in double-beta-decay processes," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A713, no. 3-4, pp. 501--21, 2003.
Abstract: Total and partial ordinary muon-capture (OMC) rates to 1/sup +/ and 2/sup $/states are calculated in the framework of the proton-neutron quasiparticle random-phase approximation (pnQRPA) for several nuclei involved in double-beta-decay processes. The aim is to obtain information on intermediate states involved in double-beta-decay transitions having these nuclei as either daughter or parent nuclei. It is found that the OMC observables, just like the 2 nu beta beta -decay amplitudes, strongly depend on the particle-particle part of the proton-neutron interaction. First experiments measuring the partial OMC rates for nuclei involved in double beta decays have recently been performed. (19 References).
A. Kosak, "Fusionsgammaquanten und myonische Röntgenstrahlung beim Zyklus der myonenkatalysierten pd fusion", 1994.
E. L. Kosarev and E. P. Krasnoperov, "A new calculation technique of muonium formation rate," Comput. Phys. Commun., vol. 126, pp. 93-100, 2000.
Abstract: In condensed matter the formation of a muonium atom from a positive muon and an election is described usually with a first order kinetic equation which assumes that the process is random and that the charge distribution is uniform. According to this model the muon polarization function as a function of time should reduce to an exponential law. Experiments in superfluid helium demonstrates that this is incorrect. Our proposed technique allows to reconstruct the muonium formation rate function from the mu SR histogram in low transverse magnetic field without presupposing a particular theoretical form, i.e. with no parametrization. The technique is based on solving the integral equation of the first kind for the muon polarization function using the maximum likelihood method. The obtained results are of fundamental importance for the analysis of the charge kinetics in superfluid helium. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
K. Koshigiri, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Nuclear structure effects on weak nuclear form factors of 0/sup +/-0/sup -/ transitions in A=16 system," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 706--12, 1979.
Abstract: The ratio of muon-capture rate to beta-decay rate in the transition /sup 16/O(0/sup +/:ground) to or from /sup 16/N(0/sup -/:120 keV) is calculated with realistic nuclear models and with an exact formalism for lepton wave functions. In contrast to the results with no ground-state correlation, the calculated ratio is strongly reduced in agreement with the experimental data. These results are compatible with the PCAC hypothesis. The effects of the exchange currents are found to be not large. (22 References).
K. Koshigiri, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Muon capture in hyperfine states of /sup 11/B muonic atom," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 687--9, 1982.
Abstract: Total muon capture rates are calculated for hyperfine states of the /sup 11/B muonic atom as the functions of the pseudoscalar coupling constant for different nuclear models. The theoretical values for the F=1 state are in fairly good agreement with the recent experimental data obtained by Tokyo group, while those for the F=2 state are about a half of the experimental data. The ratio Lambda /sub F=2// Lambda /sub F=1/ is 40 approximately 50% for comparatively wide range of g/sub P//g/sub A/. (7 References).
K. Koshigiri, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Muon capture in /sup 11/B muonic atom and hyperfine spin dependence," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 1293--302, 1984.
Abstract: Total muon capture rates are studied theoretically for the hyperfine states of the /sup 11/B muonic atom. The final nuclear states are described by the continuum-neutron model where one neutron is in the continuum with the residual nucleus /sup 10/Be. The theoretical values of the muon capture rate for the F=1 state are in fairly good agreement with the recent experimental data obtained by the Tokyo group, while those for the F=2 state are about a half of the experimental data. The ratio of the total muon capture rates from hyperfine states is rather insensitive to the nuclear model in the authors' framework and to the pseudoscalar coupling constant versus axial vector one, g/sub P//g/sub A/. A similar ratio of the partial muon capture rates leading to the bound state of 1/2/sup -/ is strongly dependent on g/sub P//g/sub A/. (19 References).
K. Koshigiri, Y. Kakudo, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Muon capture in complex nuclei of nonzero spin," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 736--49, 1985.
Abstract: The theory of muon capture reactions is generalized to include the muon capture in complex nuclei of nonzero spin. Explicit formulas are given for the partial muon capture rate, longitudinal polarization, average polarization and average alignment of the recoil nucleus, in the case of muon capture form each hyperfine state. Two possible reactions, mu /sup -/+/sup 13/C(1/2/sup -/1/2; g.s.) to nu /sub mu /+/sup 13/B(3/2/sup -/3/2; g.s.) and mu /sup -/+/sup 14/N(1/sup +/0; g.s.) to nu /sub mu /+/sup 14/C(2/sup +/1; 7.01 MeV), are investigated theoretically in connection with the induced pseudoscalar form factor. Generally, the ratio of the muon capture rates from two hyperfine states, and various nuclear orientations of the recoil nucleus are insensitive to adopted nuclear model, and they are suitable physical quantities to study g/sub P//g/sub A/. (32 References).
T. S. Kosmas and JD. Vergados, "Sum rules for the inclusive mu -e conversion exotic reaction," Physics Letters B, vol. 217, no. 1-2, pp. 19--24, 1989.
Abstract: Microscopic non-energy weighted sum-rules for the total rates of the neutrinoless mu -e conversion process are constructed in the frame of the shell model for closed shell nuclei. For non-closed shell nuclei the relevant rates were obtained by interpolation. Also the contribution of the coherent process to the total mu -e conversion rate is calculated and discussed. (25 References).
T. S. Kosmas, A. Faessler, J. D. Vergados, and E. Oset, "A discussion of the ( mu /sup -/,e/sup -/) conversion," Progress in Particle & Nuclear Physics, vol. 32, no. , pp. 335-6, UK, 1994.
Abstract: Coherent, incoherent and total rate calculations of the neutrinoless muon to electron conversion in nuclei are presented and discussed. For the most interesting nucleus from an experimental point of view, /sup 48/Ti, the ( mu /sup -/,e/sup -/) matrix elements have been obtained by using quasi-particle RPA (i) by explicitly constructing the intermediate states (incoherent rate) or (ii) by RPA sum-rules (total rate). Also, for nuclei covering a wide range of the periodic table, the mu -e conversion matrix elements have been evaluated by using local density approximation taken into account Pauli blocking effects (incoherent rate) or by using electron scattering data for parametrizing the Fermi distribution (coherent rate). The results are compared to those found previously in the context of the shell model. (7 References).
T. S. Kosmas and E. Oset, "Charged current neutrino-nucleus reaction cross sections at intermediate energies," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 53, pp. 1409-1415, 1996.
Abstract: Inclusive and semi-inclusive neutrino-nucleus reaction cross sections at intermediate energies (20 MeV less than or equal to E(v) less than or equal to 500 MeV) are calculated throughout the Periodic Table for the most interesting nuclei from an experimental point of view. The method used had previously proved to be very accurate in calculating the inclusive reaction cross section for light nuclei (C-12 and O-16) and in the study of other similar processes and has been further improved to deal with low energy neutrinos. The electron neutrino (v(e)) and muon neutrino (v(mu)) cross sections weighted by their energy distributions are also calculated and discussed in conjunction with the existing experimental results at LAMPF and the KARMEN Collaboration.
T. S. Kosmas and J. D. Vergados, "(mu(-),e(-)) conversion: A symbiosis of particle and nuclear physics," Phys. Rep.-Rev. Sec. Phys. Lett., vol. 264, pp. 251-266, 1996.
Abstract: (mu(-),e(-)) conversion is the experimentally most interesting lepton flavor violating process. From a theoretical point of view it is an interesting interplay of particle and nuclear physics. The effective transition operator, depending on the gauge model, is in general described in terms of a combination of four terms (isoscalar and isovector, Fermi-like as well as axial vector-like). The experimentally most interesting ground state to ground state transition is adequately described in terms of the usual proton and neutron form factors. These were computed in both the shell model and RPA. Since it is of interest to know the portion of the strength exhausted by the coherent (ground state to ground state) transition, the total transition rate to all final states must also be computed. This was done (i) in RPA by explicitly summing over all final states (ii) in the context of the closure approximation (using shell model and RPA for constructing the initial state), and (iii) in the context of nuclear matter mapped into nuclei via a local density approximation. We found that, apart from small local oscillations, the conversion rate keeps increasing from light to heavy nuclear elements. We also find that the coherent mode is dominant (it exhausts more than 90% of the sum rule). Various gauge models are discussed. In general the predicted branching ratio is much smaller compared to the present experimental limit.
T. S. Kosmas, Z. Z. Ren, and A. Faessler, "The inclusive mu-e conversion process with renormalized quasiparticle random-phase approximation," Nucl. Phys. A, vol. 665, pp. 183-199, 2000.
Abstract: The inclusive process of the neutrinoless muon-to-electron conversion in nuclei is investigated by using the renormalized quasiparticle random-phase approximation (RQRPA). This approach is an improvement of the ordinary QRPA which restores the Pauli principle. It is a more reliable method for extremely small transition matrix elements as for the (mu(-),e(-)) conversion. Our calculations refer to a set of nuclei throughout the periodic table but we specifically investigate those isotopes for which experiments are done or planned. We study in particular Ti-48 which is at present used as a target at PSI in the new ongoing mu-e conversion experiment with the SINDRUM LI spectrometer. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
T. S. Kosmas and SG. Kovalenko, "Lepton flavor violation: constraints from the exotic mu /sup -/-e/sup $/conversion," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 1234--9, 2000.
Abstract: The exotic neutrinoless mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion is studied within conventional extensions of the standard model as well as in minimal supersymmetric models with R-parity-conserving and R-parity-violating mechanisms. The dependence on the nucleon and nuclear structure of the mu -e conversion rates is consistently taken into account. From the available experimental data on the branching ratio R/sub mu e-/ for the currently interesting nuclei /sup 48/Ti and /sup 208/Pb and from the experimental sensitivity for /sup 27/Al which has been employed as a target in MECO experiment at Brookhaven. We extract very severe constraints for the flavor violation parameters with our calculated transition matrix elements. We especially emphasize the constraints resulting for SUSY R-parity violating parameters. (32 References).
T. S. Kosmas, "Exotic mu(-)-> e(-) conversion in nuclei: energy moments of the transition strength and average energy of the outgoing e(-)," Nucl. Phys. A, vol. 683, pp. 443-462, 2001.
Abstract: The first-order and zero-order energy-weighted moments of the transition strength in the inclusive mu (-) --> e(-) conversion process are investigated with explicit term-by-term calculations. The required full set of intermediate states is deduced within the renormalized quasiparticle random phase approximation which considers reliably the nucleon-nucleon ground-state correlations. The results are exploited to study the average energy of the outgoing electron in the process and subsequently to test the validity of the closure approximation employed previously in inclusive mu (-) --> estudies. We focus our attention on the particularly interesting nuclei Ti- 48 and Pb-208, i.e. the stopping targets of the ongoing SINDRUM II experiments. Our conclusions are discussed in conjunction with other similar processes, like the allowed ordinary muon capture and the exotic mu (-) --> e(+) conversion. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V, All rights reserved.
TS. Kosmas, "Exotic mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion in nuclei: energy moments of the transition strength and average energy of the outgoing e/sup $/," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 683, no. , pp. 443-62, 2001.
Abstract: The first-order and zero-order energy-weighted moments of the transition strength in the inclusive mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion process are investigated with explicit term-by-term calculations. The required full set of intermediate states is deduced within the renormalized quasiparticle random phase approximation which considers reliably the nucleon-nucleon ground-state correlations. The results are exploited to study the average energy of the outgoing electron in the process and subsequently to test the validity of the closure approximation employed previously in inclusive mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ studies. We focus our attention on the particularly interesting nuclei /sup 48/Ti and /sup 208/Pb, i.e. the stopping targets of the ongoing SINDRUM II experiments. Our conclusions are discussed in conjunction with other similar processes, such as allowed ordinary muon capture and exotic mu /sup -/ to e/sup +/ conversion. (39 References).
T. S. Kosmas, S. Kovalenko, and I. Schmidt, "Nuclear mu(-)-e(-) conversion in strange quark sea," Phys. Lett. B, vol. 511, pp. 203-208, 2001.
Abstract: We study nuclear mu (-)-e(-) conversion in the general framework of effective Lagrangian approach without referring to any specific realization of the physics beyond the standard model (SM) responsible for lepton flavor violation (L-f) All the possible types of short range interactions (non-photonic mechanisms), i.e., (pseudo-)scalar, (axial-)vector and tenser, are included in our formalism. We show that the mu (-)-e(-) conversion in the strange nucleon sea via the scalar interactions is comparable with that in the valence quarks, This provides an insight into the strange quark couplings beyond the SM. From the available experimental data on mu (-)- e(-) conversion and expected sensitivities of planned experiments we derived upper bounds on the generic L-fparameters of mu (-)-e(-) conversion sensitive to the relevant u-, d- and s-quark couplings. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
T. S. Kosmas, S. Kovalenko, and I. Schmidt, "Nuclear mu /sup -/-e/sup -/ conversion in strange quark sea," Physics Letters B, vol. 511, no. 2-4, pp. 203--8, 2001.
Abstract: We study nuclear mu /sup -/-e/sup -/ conversion in the general framework of effective Lagrangian approach without referring to any specific realization of the physics beyond the standard model (SM) responsible for lepton flavor violation (L/sub f/). All the possible types of short range interactions (non-photonic mechanisms), i.e., (pseudo-)scalar, (axial-)vector and tensor, are included in our formalism, We show that the mu /sup -/-e/sup -/ conversion in the strange nucleon sea via the scalar interactions is comparable with that in the valence quarks. This provides an insight into the strange quark couplings beyond the SM. From the available experimental data on mu /sup -/-e/sup -/ conversion and expected sensitivities of planned experiments we derived upper bounds on the generic L/sub f/-parameters of /sub mu //sup -/-e/sup -/ conversion sensitive to the relevant u-, d- and s-quark couplings. (20 References).
T. S. Kosmas, T. Siiskonen, and J. Suhonen, "Upper limits for lepton-flavor violation from the exotic mu /sup -/ to e/sup $/conversion," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 459--69, 2001.
Abstract: The transition matrix elements for coherent and incoherent channels of the neutrinoless mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion are investigated. The results refer to the /sup 27/Al nucleus which has recently been chosen as a target in the MECO experiment at Brookhaven aiming to search for mu -e conversion events with a sensitivity 10/sup 17/. These results are compared to those obtained previously for /sup 48/Ti and /sup 208/Pb targets. We focus on the contributions to the branching ratio R( mu e/sup -/) originating from scalar, vector and axial vector interactions resulting in conventional extensions of the standard model and minimal supersymmetric models with and without R-parity violation. With our calculations we extract very severe constraints for the flavor violation parameters. (26 References).
TS. Kosmas, "Current nuclear physics issues in studying the neutrinoless ( mu , e) conversion in nuclei," Progress in Particle & Nuclear Physics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 307--16, 2002.
Abstract: The open nuclear physics problems in investigating the exotic mu - e conversion process are reviewed and discussed. A formulation of the nuclear matrix elements, in a compact way for all basic mu to e operators originating from a general (nucleon-level) effective Lagrangian, is also presented. The consideration of the nuclear deformation, which had not been taken into account in previous calculations performed with normal QRPA, is examined. As an example the low-lying spectrum of /sup 72/Ge isotope, which has been chosen for future calculation in the context of the deformed Hartree-Fock method, is preliminary discussed. (35 References).
T. S. Kosmas and IE. Lagaris, "On the muon-nucleus integrals entering the neutrinoless mu /sup -/ to e/sup $/conversion rates," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 2907--20, 2002.
Abstract: The muon-nucleus integrals which determine the nuclear-structure dependence of the branching ratio R/sub mu e/, i.e. the rate of the flavour-changing muon-electron conversion divided by the total rate of the ordinary muon capture, are extensively studied. Precise muon wavefunctions are employed which are obtained by solving the Schrodinger and Dirac equations. To this aim a method based on modem neural network techniques is developed which gives the radial muon wavefunctions as a linear combination of sigmoid functions. (33 References).
T. S. Kosmas, "On the nuclear dependence of the mu(-) -> e(-) conversion branching ratio," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 503, pp. 247-251, 2003.
Abstract: The variation of the coherent branching ratio R-mue (ratio of the mu(-) -->e(-) reaction rate divided by the total muoncapture rate) through the periodic table is studied by using exact muon wave functions. It was found that, by using very heavy nuclei (e.g. Au-197, the SINDRUM II target) as mu(-) --> e(-) conversion stopping targets, the above ratio is favored by a factor of about four to five than by using light ones (e.g. Ti-48, chosen as PRIME target). (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
T. S. Kosmos, S. Kovalenko, and I. Schmidt, "b-quark mediated neutrinoless mu /sup -/-e/sup -/ conversion in presence of R-parity violation," Physics Letters B, vol. 519, no. 1-2, pp. 78--82, 2001.
Abstract: We found that in supersymmetric models with R-parity non-conservation (R/sub p/SUSY) the b-quarks may appreciably contribute to exotic neutrinoless mu /sup -/-e/sup -/ conversion in nuclei via the triangle diagram with two external gluons. This allowed us to extract previously overlooked constraints on the third generation trilinear R/sub p/ parameters significantly more stringent than those existing in the literature. (17 References).
F. Kottmann, "Bildung und Nachweis von myonischen Wasserstoff bei niederen Gasdrucken in einer magnetischen Flasche", 1982.
F. Kottmann, "Formation and deexcitation of (µHe)$^+$ and µp atoms," in Second international Symposium on the interaction of muons and pions with matter, (Dubna), 1987.
F. Kottmann, "Kinetic energies at the formation and cascade of $\mu p$--atoms," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 219--233, 1993.
F. Kottmann, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, P. Hauser, C. Maierl, V. E. Markushin, M. Muhlbauer, C. Petitjean, R. Pohl, W. Schott, and D. Taqqu, "Kinetic energies of exotic H atoms at formation and cascade," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 3--10, 1999.
Abstract: The complex balance of processes occurring at the cascade of exotic H-atoms is usually described by the so-called standard cascade model, but this model neglects variations of the kinetic energy T of the exotic atom during the cascade which are crucial for the analysis of several important experiments. New experimental results on T/sub mu p/ at H/sub 2/ pressures between 0.063 and 4 hPa demonstrate the importance of acceleration due to Coulomb de-excitation processes at highly excited mu p levels n[right angle bracket]9. The data at the lowest density are sensitive to the initial values of the kinetic energy and n-levels at the moment of atomic capture. From the measured low-energy tail of the T/sub mu p/-distribution it can be concluded that a considerable part of the mu p(2s) atoms is metastable at pressures of a few hPa. (27 References).
F. Kottmann and others, "Laser spectroscopy of the Lamb Shift in muonic hydrogen," PSI Proposal, vol. R--98--03, 1999.
F. Kottmann, W. Amir, F. Biraben, CAN Conde, S. Dhawan, T. W. Hansch, F. J. Hartmann, V. W. Hughes, O. Huot, P. Indelicato, L. Julien, P. Knowles, S. Kazamias, Y-W Liu, F. Mulhauser, F. Nez, R. Pohl, P. Rabinowitz, Santos JMF Dos, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, W. Schott, D. Taqqu, and JFCA. Veloso, "The muonic hydrogen Lamb shift experiment at PSI," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 55--60, 2001.
Abstract: A measurement of the 2S Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen ( mu /sup -/p) is being prepared at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). The goal of the experiment is to measure the energy difference Delta E(2/sup 5/P/sub 3/2/-2/sup 3/S/sub 1/2/) by laser spectroscopy ( lambda approximately=6 mu m) to a precision of 30 ppm and to deduce the root mean square (rms) proton charge radius with 10/sup -3/ relative accuracy, 20 times more precise than presently known. An important prerequisite to this experiment is the availability of long-lived mu p/sub 2S/-atoms. A 2S-lifetime of ~1 mu s-sufficiently long to perform the laser experiment-at H/sub 2/ gas pressures of 1-2 hPa was deduced from recent measurements of the collisional 2S-quenching rate. A new low-energy negative muon beam yields an order of magnitude more muon stops in a small low-density gas volume than a conventional cloud muon beam. A stack of ultra-thin carbon foils is the key element of a fast detector for keV-muons. The development of a 2 keV X-ray detector and a 3-stage laser system providing 0.5 mJ laser pulses at 6 mu m is on the way. (27 References).
F. Kottmann, F. Biraben, CAN Conde, C. Donche-Gay, T. W. Hansch, F. J. Hartmann, P. Hauser, V. W. Hughes, O. Huot, P. Indelicato, P. Knowles, Y-W Liu, V. E. Markushin, F. Mulhauser, F. Nez, R. Pohl, P. Rabinowitz, Santos JMF dos, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, W. Schott, D. Taqqu, and JFCA. Veloso, "Towards a Lamb shift measurement in muonic hydrogen," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 13-20, 2001.
Abstract: Measurement of the 2S Lamb shift (2S-2P energy difference) in muonic hydrogen ( mu /sup -/p) is being prepared at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). The goal of the experiment is to measure the Lamb shift with 30 ppm precision and to deduce the root mean square (rms) proton charge radius with 10/sup -3/ relative accuracy, 20 times more precise than presently known. The experiment is based on the availability of long-lived metastable muonic hydrogen atoms in the 2S state which has been investigated in a recent series of experiments at PSI. From the low-energy part of the initial kinetic energy distribution of mu p(1S) atoms we determined the fraction of lone-lived mu p(2S) to be ~1.5% for H/sub 2/ gas pressures between 1 and 64 hPa. Another analysis involving mu p(1S) with a kinetic energy of 0.9 keV originating from quenching of thermalized mu p(2S) via the resonant process mu p(2S)+H/sub 2/ to {[(pp mu )/sup +/]|*pee}* to mu p(1S)+p+...+2 keV gives the same result This is the first direct observation of long-lived mu p(SS) atoms. The realization of the mu p Lamb shift experiment involves a new low-energy negative muon beam with entrance detectors for keV-muons, a xenon gas-proportional scintillation-chamber (GPSC) read out by a microstrip-gas-chamber (MSGC) for the detection of 2 keV, X-rays, and a randomly triggered 3-stage laser system providing 0.5 mJ, 7 ns laser pulses at 6.02 mu m wavelength. (32 References).
M. G. Kozlov and V. F. Ezhov, "Enhancement of the electric dipole moment of the electron in the YdF molecule," Physical Review A, vol. 49, 1994.
T. Kozlowski and A. Zglinski, "Nuclear muon capture: a simple model," Physics Letters B, vol. 50B, no. 2, pp. 222--4, 1974.
Abstract: The authors present a simple model of the nuclear muon capture, based on the giant resonance supermultiplet states excitation. A unified description of the total capture rate and the emitted particle spectra has been obtained. (22 References).
T. Kozlowski and A. Zglinski, "Pre-equilibrium particle emission after nuclear muon capture," Nukleonika, vol. 19, no. 7-8, pp. 721--5, 1974.
Abstract: Presents a simple model of the nuclear muon capture based on the giant resonance supermultiplet. A unified description of the total capture rate for the light and heavy nuclei and the emitted particle spectra has been obtained. (11 References).
T. Kozlowski and A. Zglinski, "The nuclear excitations and particle emission following muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A305, no. 2, pp. 368--80, 1978.
Abstract: The nuclear muon capture process is studied as an excitation of the analogues of various harmonics of the multipole giant resonance. The excitation energy distributions is calculated with the use of the hydrodynamical model of the nucleus. The following particle emission cascade (including precompound states) is considered and the obtained particle spectra as well as yields of various residual nuclei are in a fair agreement with the existing experimental data. (39 References).
T. Kozlowski, W. Bertl, H. P. Povel, U. Sennhauser, H. K. Walter, A. Zglinski, R. Engfer, Ch Grab, E. A. Hermes, H. P. Isaak, Der Schaaf A. Van, Der Pluym J. Van, and WHA. Hesselink, "Energy spectra and asymmetries of neutrons emitted after muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A436, no. 4, pp. 717--32, 1985.
Abstract: Inclusive energy spectra and the energy dependence of the asymmetry parameter have been measured for neutrons emitted after muon capture in O, Si, Ca and Pb. In addition a neutron-neutron coincidence measurement has been performed for Ca. The results of these measurements confirm the exponential shape of the energy spectra and the positive asymmetry observed by Sundelin and Edelstein (1973). The observation of neutrons with energies above 50 MeV and the observation of simultaneous emission of two high-energy neutrons suggest the importance of short-range nucleon-nucleon correlations in this process. (18 References).
J. B. Kraiman, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, G. Chen, P. P. Guss, F. J. Hartmann, P. Kammel, J. Marton, C. Petitjean, J. J. Reidy, R. T. Siegel, W. F. Vulcan, R. E. Welsh, H. Woolverton, A. Zehnder, and J. Zmeskal, "Diffusion of muonic deuterium in D/sub 2/ gas," Physical Review Letters, vol. 63, no. 18, pp. 1942--5, 1989.
Abstract: Diffusion of muonic deuterium ( mu d) atoms in D/sub 2/ at 300 K was studied at pressure of 0.1-10 bars by measuring the distributions of time intervals between entry of negative muons into the gas and detection of photons emitted upon the arrival of mu d atoms at foils spaced along the muon beam axis. The results indicate an approximately Maxwellian velocity distribution with a mean energy of 1.8+or-0.1 eV for the mu d atoms, and mu d scattering cross sections in agreement with theory. (18 References).
J. B. Kraiman, "The diffusion of muonic deuterium atoms in deuterium gas", 1989.
J. B. Kraiman, G. Chen, P. P. Guss, R. T. Siegel, W. F. Vulcan, R. E. Welsh, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, P. Kammel, J. Marton, J. Zmeskal, F. J. Hartmann, C. Petitjean, A. Zehnder, J. J. Reidy, and HL. Wolverton, "Diffusion of muonic hydrogen atoms," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 43--8, 1990.
Abstract: An experimental program at PSI aims at the investigation of the diffusion of muonic atoms ( mu p, mu d) in hydrogen gas at very low densities. The applied experimental method allows the study of the initial energy distribution as well as the test of previously calculated scattering cross sections. Results of the measurement in pure deuterium and hydrogen are presented. (7 References).
B. G. Krakov and ES. Parilis, "Quasimolecules," Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, vol. 157, no. 3, pp. 477--512, 1989.
Abstract: Studies of quasimolecular states and transitions in atomic collisions are reviewed. The statistical theories of the quasimolecule based on the Thomas-Fermi model and the statistical approach to the process of ionization in collisions of heavy atoms are discussed. A quantum theory of the quasimolecule is presented. The mechanism of ionization in a quasimolecule and the properties of quasimolecular autoionization states are discussed. Some exotic quasimolecules are described: superheavy, which are formed in the collision of heavy atoms (up to uranium); mesoquasimolecules, which arise in the collision of an atom and a mesonic atom; and quasimolecules formed by fission fragments. The fundamental properties of radiation from quasimolecules and the mechanisms of generating it are presented. In closing the authors indicate the prospects for applying quasimolecular effects in different fields of physics. (235 References).
K. S. Krane, T. C. Sharma, L. W. Swenson, D. K. McDaniels, P. Varghese, B. E. Wood, R. R. Silbar, H. D. Wohlfahrt, and CA. Goulding, "Energetic charged-particle spectrum following mu /sup -/ capture by nuclei," Physical Review C, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1873--7, 1979.
Abstract: "The energy spectra of charged particles (mainly protons) emitted following muon capture have been measured for targets of Al, Cu, and Pb. The intensity of the energetic (40-70 MeV) emitted particles falls exponentially with increasing energy
A. Krauss, H. W. Becker, H. P. Trautvetter, C. Rolfs, and K. Brand, "Low--energy fusion cross sections of D+D and D+$^3$He reactions," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 465, pp. 150--172, 1987.
A. V. Kravtsov, N. P. Popov, G. E. Solyakin, M. P. Faifman, N. F. Truskova, and YuA. Aristov, "Decay of mu -mesic molecules formed by isotopes of hydrogen and helium nuclei," Physics Letters A, vol. 83A, no. 8, pp. 379--82, 1981.
Abstract: Gamma-ray spectra from mu -mesic molecules formed by isotopes of hydrogen and helium nuclei are calculated. The life times of the mesic molecules are obtained. (14 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, N. P. Popov, and GE. Solyakin, "Formation of mu -mesomolecules by nuclei of isotopes of H and Li," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1498--504, 1982.
Abstract: Formation of muonic mesomolecules and the charge exchange of H mesoatoms on Li nuclei are considered. Energy levels and the formation rates are calculated for the mu -mesomolecules with nuclei of H and Li isotopes. A decay mechanism for mesomolecules is discussed. (16 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, N. P. Popov, and GE. Solyakin, "Muon catalysis of p-Z fusion reactions at Z>1," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 124-6, 1984.
Abstract: The rate of the nuclear fusion reaction in the asymmetric molecule Zp mu (Z[right angle bracket]g1) is low in comparison with the rate of the dissociation of the molecule and the decay of the muon. (14 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, and NP. Popov, "Electron screening of the elastic scattering of muonic hydrogen on hydrogen," Physics Letters A, vol. 116, no. 4, pp. 180--2, 1986.
Abstract: The electron screening effect is shown to be important in the calculation of scattering lengths for scattering of muonic hydrogen on an isotropic pure hydrogen target. (12 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, and NP. Popov, "Low-energy scattering of muonic hydrogen on helium and lithium nuclei," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1323--45, 1986.
Abstract: The energy dependence of the formation rates of the hydrogen-helium and hydrogen-lithium mesomolecules and the elastic cross sections for the scattering of muonic hydrogen on helium and lithium are calculated. The Ramsauer-Townsend effect is predicted for the elastic scattering. The elastic cross section for the t mu atom attains the magnitude of the atomic dimensions. The electron screening effect is shown to be essential for the elastic scattering. (45 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, and NP. Popov, "Muon transfer from mesic hydrogen to helium," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 19, no. 16, pp. 2579--87, 1986.
Abstract: Binding energies and formation rates of p mu He molecules, determining the rate of muon transfer from unexcited mesic hydrogen to helium, are calculated. The screening of nuclear charge by the atomic electrons is taken into account, as well as the electron form factor of the remainder, in the field of which the outgoing electron moves. The results obtained in a one-level approximation as well as in a 'simple-approach approximation' are compared with the experimental data. (20 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, and NP. Popov, "Scattering of muonic hydrogen-isotope atoms by helium ions at low energies," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 887--92, 1986.
Abstract: The cross section for elastic scattering and the rates of charge exchange of muonic hydrogen-isotope atoms on helium ions are computed. The results are compared with the analogous data for the scattering of muonic atoms by helium nuclei and atoms. (24 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, and NP. Popov, "Formation of mesic molecules in the scattering of metastable muonic hydrogen in helium," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 377-9, 1987.
Abstract: Calculations are carried out for the rates of production of mesic molecules in the scattering of mesic atoms of hydrogen isotopes in the metastable 2s state by helium nuclei with allowance for the electron shell of the target atoms. The electron screening in this process is shown to be small. (7 References).
A. V. Kravtsov and NP. Popov, "Muon transfer from the excited mesic hydrogen in the metastable 2s-state to helium nuclei," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 61--5, 1987.
Abstract: The rate of the molecular charge exchange of the excited muonic hydrogen in the 2s-state on helium nuclei is calculated. Resonance muon transfer is shown to occur with the formation of the intermediate excited complex (((H mu )*He/sup 2+/)2e)*. The resulting rates prove that the muon transfer from the 2s-state alone can not account for the experimental data on the muon transfer from p mu -atoms to /sup 4/He nuclei. (24 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, SYu Ovchinnikov, and NP. Popov, "Quasiresonance charge exchange of excited 'mesic' hydrogen in the mixture of hydrogen isotopes," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 183--9, 1988.
Abstract: The charge exchange of muonic deuterium on tritium nuclei plays an important role in the kinetics of the muon catalyzed d-t fusion. The authors present the quasiclassical calculations of charge exchange rates for (p mu )/sub n/*-atom (for any of the hydrogen isotopes) on the nuclei of heavier isotopes (n is the principal quantum number of the muonic atom). The electron screening of the field of the target nucleus, interacting with the muonic atom, was taken into account. The results of the calculation are compared with the experimental data available. (13 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, and NP. Popov, "Quasiresonant muon transfer in deuterium-tritium mixtures," Physics Letters A, vol. 132, no. 2-3, pp. 124--6, 1988.
Abstract: The population of the ground state of muonic deuterium is calculated taking into account the charge exchange from the excited states to tritium nuclei at collision energies epsilon /sub 0/=0.5 and 1 eV. The results of the calculation are compared with experiment. (12 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, AYu Mayorov, A. I. Mikhailov, SYu Ovchinnikov, N. P. Popov, V. M. Suvorov, and AI. Shchetkovsky, "Quasiresonance pion transfer in the protium-deuterium mixture," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 199--205, 1988.
Abstract: The authors have studied, both experimentally and theoretically, the pion transfer process (p pi )/sub n/+d to (d pi )/sub n/+p (n is the principal quantum number of the mesic atom). Pion transfer was measured in the H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ mixture with the help of the charge exchange reaction p+ pi /sup -/ to n+ pi /sup 0//sub to 2 gamma / which occurs only in the p pi -system. The density of the mixture varied in the range 0.035[left angle bracket]or= phi [left angle bracket]or=0.13, relative deuteron atomic concentration being equal to C/sub d/=0.5. The result of the experiment W(2 gamma )=0.831+or-0.013 is in agreement with the previous measurements. The data can be explained by the quasi-classical approach if one assumes that the transfer process goes mainly from the states of the (p pi )/sub n/ atom with n=4, 5 at the kinetic energy approximately 1 eV. (17 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, A. N. Mikhailov, and EN. Popov, "Charge exchange of excited mesic hydrogen with helium nuclei," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 437--44, 1989.
Abstract: The rate of direct and molecular charge exchange between excited mesic atoms of hydrogen isotopes and helium nuclei are calculated. It is shown that direct charge exchange is decisive for the capture of muons form mesic-hydrogen states with principal quantum numbers 2 and 3. The calculation results are compared with available experimental data on mesoprotium charge exchange with /sup 4/He nuclei. (34 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, and V. I. Savichev, "On the decay modes of hydrogen--helium mesic molecules," Gatchina Preprint 1819, 1992.
A. V. Kravtsov and AI. Mikhailov, "Quantum calculation of direct radiative and direct conversion charge exchange of mesic hydrogen with helium mesons (muonic hydrogen collision with helium atom)," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 755--9, 1992.
Abstract: The radiative or conversion mechanism of direct muon transfer from mesic hydrogen to helium are considered. The energy distributions of the photons and electrons accompanying the charge exchange are calculated. The total charge exchange rates averaged over the Maxwellian distribution are found to be approximately 10/sup 6/ and approximately 10/sup 5/ s/sup -1/ for the radiative and Auger charge exchanges, respectively. (10 References).
A. V. Kravtsov and A. I. Mikhailov, "Quantum mechanical calculation of the direct radiation and auger charge exchange of muonic hydrogen on helium targets," Gatchina Preprint 1782, 1992.
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, and VI. Savichev, "Calculation of the decay rates of hydrogen-helium mesic molecules," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 205--10, 1993.
Abstract: Radiative, Auger and two-particle dissociation of hydrogen-helium mesic molecules is considered. The Auger rate is shown to be independent of the isotopic content of the molecule and amounts to approximately 25% of the radiative one. The two-particle decay rate strongly depends on the isotopic content and for light isotopes is an order of magnitude higher than the radiative rate. (18 References).
A. V. Kravtsov and A. I. Mikhailov, "Muon transfer from excited muonic hydrogen to helium," Gatchina Preprint 1864, 1993.
A. V. Kravtsov, "Muon transfer from excited muonic hydrogen to helium nuclei," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 199--207, 1993.
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, and VI. Savichev, "On the decay modes of hydrogen-helium mesic molecules," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 49--52, 1994.
Abstract: Radiative, Auger and two-particle dissociation modes of hydrogen-helium mesic molecules are considered. Auger rate is independent of the isotopic content of the molecule and amounts to approximately 25% of the radiative one. The two-particle decay rate strongly depends on the isotopic content and for light isotopes is an order of magnitude higher than the radiative rate. (20 References).
A. V. Kravtsov and AI. Mikhailov, "Muon transfer from excited muonic hydrogen to helium," Physical Review A, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 3566-72, 1994.
Abstract: Direct muon transfer to helium from excited muonic hydrogen with principal quantum number n=2, 3, 4, and 5 is considered in a quasiclassical approximation. Reaction rates turn out to be approximately 10/sup 11/-10/sup 12/ s/sup -1/ and should be taken into account when considering the cascade of excited muonic hydrogen in hydrogen-helium mixtures. (16 References).
A. V. Kravtsov and AI. Mikhailov, "Coulomb deexcitation of muonic hydrogen in collisions with atoms of hydrogen isotopes," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 107, no. 5, pp. 1473--83, 1995.
Abstract: The asymptotic theory of nonadiabatic transitions is used to treat Coulomb deexcitation of muonic hydrogen in hydrogen, including the effect of electron shielding of the charge of the target nucleus. The rates are calculated for an isotopically pure target and for a mixture of hydrogen isotopes. For a mixture of isotopes the rates of direct and inverse charge exchange with deexcitation are also calculated. (13 References).
A. V. Kravtsov and AI. Mikhailov, "Excited muonic hydrogen: deexcitation and charge exchange," Nukleonika, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 25--36, 1995.
Abstract: In the frame of the asymptotic theory of nonadiabatic transitions Coulomb deexcitation of muonic hydrogen is considered. For the mixture of hydrogen isotopes the rates of charge exchange processes with deexcitation, direct and inverse, are calculated. The role of inverse quasiresonant charge exchange in the cascade is discussed. Direct quasiresonant charge exchange is shown to be compensated by the inverse process at the upper stage of the cascade. The rates of the muon transfer to helium are calculated. (11 References).
A. Kravtsov, A. Mikhailov, and N. Popov, "Muonic hydrogen scattering by light nuclei," Physics Letters A, vol. 223, no. 1-2, pp. 129--31, 1996.
Abstract: Elastic cross sections for muonic hydrogen scattering on C, N, O, and F nuclei are calculated. The resonant effects for epithermal energies in high partial waves were obtained. The possibility to explain experimental data for muon transfer from muonic hydrogen to O is discussed. (6 References).
A. V. Kravtsov and AI. Mikhailov, "Coulomb deexcitation and isotope exchange of excited mesic hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 4426--30, 1998.
Abstract: The processes of Coulomb deexcitation and quasiresonant charge exchange have been considered in the framework of the asymptotic theory of the nonadiabatic transitions. The approach used is scrutinized and improved in the light of recent critical statements. The unambiguous agreement between different calculations for energies epsilon [right angle bracket]0.5 eV proves the approximation used to be valid. (15 References).
A. Kravtsov, "Coulomb deexcitation and quasi-resonant charge exchange revisited," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 119, pp. 45-54, 1999.
Abstract: The processes of Coulomb deexcitation and quasi-resonant charge exchange have been considered in the framework of the asymptotic theory of the non-adiabatic transitions. The approach used is scrutinized and improved in the light of recent critical statements. The unambiguous agreement between different calculations for energies epsilon > 0.5 eV proves the approximation used to be valid.
A. V. Kravtsov and AI. Mikhailov, "Temperature dependence of the formation rates of hydrogen-helium mesic molecules in collisions of slow hydrogen atoms with helium," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 51--6, 2000.
Abstract: The rates of molecular muon transfer from the ground-state muonic hydrogen to helium isotopes are calculated in an improved adiabatic approximation. The results obtained by us at various temperatures are compared with the available experimental data. (24 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, I. A. Mikhailov, and LI. Ponomarev, "Acceleration of mesic atoms associated with Auger transitions in low energy collisions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 103--7, 2001.
Abstract: New mechanisms of mesic atom acceleration associated with Auger transitions in mesic hydrogen at low energy collisions (10/sup -3/[left angle bracket]s[left angle bracket]10 eV) with a hydrogen atom are considered. Two possible mechanisms are discussed: Auger-plus and Auger-minus processes, which can accelerate mesic atoms up to kinetic energy ~1 eV and ~100 eV, respectively. (6 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, L. I. Ponomarev, and EA. Solovyov, "Coulomb deexcitation and non-resonant meson transfer from excited states of mesic hydrogen isotope atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 99--101, 2001.
Abstract: Advanced adiabatic approach is used to calculate the rates of the Coulomb deexcitation and charge transfer processes including meson transfer from a heavy isotope to a light one. (4 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, and IA. Mikhailov, "Mesic atom deexcitation via an external Auger process," Physical Review A, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 42713--1--7, 2003.
Abstract: The mesic atom deexcitation via an external Auger process on hydrogen molecules (atoms) is considered in a semiclassical approach: relative motion of nuclei is described as a classical process in the potential field, while the motion of the muon and electron is described quantum mechanically. The rates of the hydrogen deexcitation are calculated, beginning from the principal quantum number n=6. It is shown that as a result of the Auger transition, mesic atoms can either accelerate up to energies ~1 eV or form a bound state (molecule) with a target atom. The decay of such a state via predissociation is characterized by a considerable rate (~10/sup 12/ s/sup -1/) and high-energy release (~100 eV). (15 References).
A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. Mikhailov, I. A. Mikhailov, and LI. Ponomarev, "Mesic molecule formation in collisional Auger transitions of excited mesic hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 62501--1--7, 2003.
Abstract: The formation rate of the excited hydrogen mesic molecule due to Auger process is calculated in a quasiclassic approximation. The resulted bound state may decay via predissociation with a large energy release, which leads to a considerable acceleration of the mesic atom. The calculated rates of the mesic molecule formation are compared with those obtained in a semiclassical approach. (19 References).
S. R. Kreitzman and E. Roduner, "Theory of avoided level-crossing relaxation dynamics for axial muonated radicals," Chemical Physics, vol. 192, no. 3, pp. 189--230, 1995.
Abstract: A calculation encompassing the dynamics of rotational motion, electron spin relaxation and chemical reactions at an avoided level crossing resonance (ALCR) of muonated radicals with axial hyperfine anisotropy is presented. The main emphasis is directed toward the rotational diffusive motion, assumed to be isotropic, which is treated with the stochastic Liouville formalism. Inter-resonance interactions, electron and chemical relaxation effects are incorporated using a multistate version of the strong collision model, derived from the above formalism in the appropriate spin space. A central finding of the calculation concerns the role of the inter-resonance interactions. It will be shown that over the range where dynamical mechanisms broaden the Delta M=1 ALCR line to the extent that there is overlap with the Delta M=0, 2 lines, then these transitions are strongly suppressed. (39 References).
M. Krell and TEO. Ericson, "Energy levels and wave functions of pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics B, vol. b11, no. 3, pp. 521--50, 1969.
Abstract: Present data on strong interaction shifts and widths in pionic atoms are analyzed in terms of a non-local effective potential with five parameters. Realistic mass and charge distributions are used and strong interaction effects on the vacuum polarization are included. The dependence of predictions on parameters is discussed; properties of the wave functions are presented for different assumptions of the interaction. The effective potential predicts a change of the attractive p-wave interaction to a repulsion in the region Z approximately=36. It also suggests important isospin effects in the gradient interaction for very heavy nuclei. The Born approximation of the real isovector part of the potential is in agreement with soft pion theory; this term, as well as the entire real potential, is also close to multiple scattering theory. The analysis suggests that the isoscalar pi N amplitude is -0.01 mu /sup -1/[left angle bracket]or approximately=a/sub N/(/sup +/)[left angle bracket]or approximately=0. The absorptive potential is about a factor of two stronger than predicted. (41 References).
M. Krell, "Repulsive effects due to the absorption in exotic atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 584--7, 1971.
Abstract: An attractive k/sup -/-nuclear strong interaction as favored by a recent measurement weakens the atomic binding. The repulsion is due to the absorption in the nucleus and starts to dominate over the strong attraction. It is also against normal perturbation calculational experience that a smaller absorptive potential may produce a higher absorption rate. These highly nonlinear phenomena are displayed. The gradient potential has little influence for kaonic atoms. (15 References).
M. Kretzschmar and A. Steinmetz, "A note on Delta n not=0 Stark transitions in hydrogenlike atoms," Annalen der Physik, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 172--80, 1992.
Abstract: In a gaseous helium or hydrogen target slow muons or antiprotons are captured into orbits with a high principal quantum number (n=15 to 50) to form ( mu /sup -/a)/sup +/ ions, (p alpha )/sup +/ ions, or (pp) atoms respectively. In the subsequent deexcitation process Stark mixing of the intermediary states plays an important role. The successful Mainz cascade model assumed Delta n=0 for the Stark transitions, although formally no such selection rule exists. This work examines the reasons why Delta n not=0 Stark transitions play only a negligible role in the deexcitation cascade. (13 References).
A. Krikeb, A. Martin, J. M. Richard, and T. T. Wu, "Stability domain of systems of three arbitrary charges," Few-Body Syst., vol. 29, pp. 237-257, 2000.
Abstract: We present results on the stability of quantum systems consisting of a negative charge -q(1) with mass m(1) and two positive charges q(2) and q(3), with masses m(2) and m(3), respectively. We show that, for given masses m(i), each instability domain is convex in the plane of the variables (q(1)/q(2); q(1)/q(3)). A new proof is given of the instability of muonic ions (alpha, p, mu (-)). We then study stability in some critical regimes where q(3) much less than q(2): Stability is sometimes restricted to large values of some mass ratios; the behaviour of the stability frontier is established to leading order in q(3)/q(2). Finally we present some conjectures about the shape of the stability domain, both for given masses and varying charges, and for given charges and varying masses.
T. V. Krishnan and NA. Narasimham, "Intensity ratios of mesonic X-ray lines K/sub alpha 1/, K/sub alpha 2/ and L/sub alpha 1/, L/sub beta 1/," Pramana-Journal of Physics, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 323--8, 1976.
Abstract: Intensity ratios of mu -mesonic X-rays in some heavy elements are discussed. Intensity ratios of the K/sub alpha 1//K/sub alpha 2/ and L/sub alpha 1// L/sub beta 1/ lines have been calculated for /sup 206/Pb, /sup 209/Bi and /sup 238/U with relativistic wavefunctions and retardation effect. Though for a refined calculation, it is necessary to take into consideration several features that are peculiar to mesonic atoms, the present calculations have shown that the observed intensity ratios of mesonic X-ray are not anomalous. (25 References).
R. Krivec, M. I. Haftel, and VB. Mandelzweig, "Correlation-function hyperspherical-harmonic calculation of the mu dt molecular ion," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 6903--7, 1992.
Abstract: Direct solution of the Schrodinger equation for the ground and excited S states of the mu dt molecular ion is obtained with the help of the correlation-function hyperspherical-harmonic method. Given the proper correlation function, chosen from physical considerations, the method generates wave functions, accurate in the whole range of interparticle distances, which lead in turn to precise estimates of the expectation values of the Hamiltonian and of different functions of interparticle distances. The authors' results are compared with those obtained in other precision calculations. (31 References).
R. Krivec, M. I. Haftel, and VB. Mandelzweig, "Precise non-variational calculation of the mu dt molecular ion," Few-Body Systems, vol. 17, no. 2-4, pp. 229--42, 1994.
Abstract: Direct solutions of the Schrodinger equation for the ground and excited S-states of the mu dt molecular ion are obtained with the correlation-function hyperspherical-harmonic method. The method generates locally correct wave functions that lead to precise expectation values of the Hamiltonian and of different functions of interparticle distances. The nonlinear correlation factor used in the present work is chosen to provide a proper description of asymptotic behaviour and cusp singularities in all variables. The calculations are compared with our previous CFHH calculations with the linear correlation factor (which accounts only for the mu d and mu t cusp structure) and with other precision computations. Significant improvements over the linear correlation factor are found, with values of some observables having comparable or better accuracy than in the current literature. (44 References).
R. Krivec and VB. Mandelzweig, "Nonvariational calculation of the sticking probability and fusion rate for the mu dt molecular ion," Physical Review A, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 221--6, 1995.
Abstract: The sticking probability for the mu dt molecular ion is estimated with the help of directly calculated nonvariational wave functions obtained by the correlation function hyperspherical harmonic method. The method generates an accurate, locally correct mu dt wave function which leads to precise estimates of the partial-wave sticking coefficients and the fusion rate. Our calculations are compared with other precision computations. (34 References).
R. Krivec and VB. Madelzweig, "Nonvariational calculation of the hyperfine splitting and other properties of the ground state of the muonic helium atom," Physical Review A, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 3614--22, 1997.
Abstract: The properties of the ground state of the muonic Helium atom e mu /sup 4/He/sup 2+/ have been calculated nonvariationally. The correlation function hyperspherical harmonic method utilizing a nonlinear parametrization of the correlation function has been used. Up to N=561 coupled second-order differential equations were taken into account. Although all parametrizations of the correlation function accelerate the convergence with respect to linear parametrizations by several orders of magnitude, an especially fast converging parametrization was found. All parametrizations make the observables converge to the same values in the limit of large N. The lowest-order hyperfine splitting obtained, 4454.206(3) MHz, has error margins smaller than the differences in the literature. One variational value is 0.023 MHz lower and another 0.013 MHz higher, after the adjustment for the different masses used. The expectation value of the distance between the electron and the muon also differs slightly from that in the literature, while the energy obtained was below the variational values. (25 References).
R. Krivec, "Hyperspherical-harmonics methods for few-body problems," Few-Body Syst., vol. 25, pp. 199-238, 1998.
Abstract: A review of hyperspherical-harmonics (HH) methods from the standpoint of their applications is given. In the first lecture, the symmetrized and unsymmetrized HH bases and symmetrization methods are presented. The physical obstacles to the straightforward application of the HH expansion are discussed, and expansion acceleration methods are described. In the second lecture, the main HH methods are described, including the correlation function hyperspherical harmonic method (CFHHM), the potential harmonic (PH) methods, and the correlated HH methods (PHH, CHH). The third lecture discusses the advantages and limitations of different HH methods in applications, and compares the results for specific few-body problems obtained by HH methods as well as non-HH methods.
R. Krivec and VB. Mandelzweig, "Nonvariational calculation of the hyperfine splitting and other properties of the ground state of the muonic /sup 3/He atom," Physical Review A, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 4976--9, 1998.
Abstract: The properties of the ground state of the muonic helium atom e mu /sup 3/He/sup 2+/ have been calculated nonvariationally, using the correlation function hyperspherical harmonic method utilizing a nonlinear parametrization of the correlation function. The parametrization is similar to the one used in an earlier paper for e mu /sup 4/He/sup 2+/ but the differences in the convergence were found to be important for the choice of optimal parameters. The parametrization is especially suited to accelerate the convergence of singular operators. As a result, the obtained expectation values of the delta (r/sub k/) operators have error margins smaller than the differences in the literature. The lowest-order hyperfine splitting, which depends on the fine structure constant and on the magnetic moment of the /sup 3/He/sup 2+/ nucleus, is compared with values in the literature. (15 References).
F. Krmpotic, A. Mariano, and A. Samana, "RPA puzzle in /sup 12/C weak decay processes," Physics Letters B, vol. 541, no. 3-4, pp. 298--306, 2002.
Abstract: We explain the origin of the difficulties that appear in a straightforward application of the QRPA in /sup 12/C, and we demonstrate that it is imperative to use the projected QRPA (PQRPA). Satisfactory results, not only for the weak processes among the ground states of the triad {/sup 12/B, /sup 12/C, /sup 12/N}, but also for the inclusive ones are obtained. We sketch as well a new formalism for the neutrino-nucleus interaction that furnishes very simple final formulae for the muon capture rate and neutrino induced cross sections. (45 References).
J. Kruger and Leuven P. Van, "On the muon capture in /sup 6/Li," Physics Letters B, vol. 28B, no. 10, pp. 623--4, 1969.
Abstract: The muon capture rate in /sup 6/Li leading to the ground state of /sup 6/He is calculated from the magnetic form factor of /sup 6/Li, using projected Hartree-Fock wave functions.
Z. V. Krumshtein, V. I. Petrukhin, L. I. Ponomarev, and Yu. D. Prokoshkin, "Investigation of $\pi ^-$ meson capture by hydrogen in hydrogenous substances," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 54, pp. 1690--1696, 1968.
Z. V. Krumshtein, V. I. Petrukhin, L. I. Ponomarev, and Yu. D. Prokoshkin, "Some features of $\pi^-$ meson capture by hydrogen in chemical compounds," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 55, pp. 1640--1644, 1968.
Z. V. Krumshtein, V. I. Petrukhin, V. E. Risin, L. M. Smirnova, V. M. Suvorov, and IA. Yutlandov, "Search for structural effects in pi /sup -/ meson capture by hydrogen in complex molecules," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 455--7, 1973.
Abstract: The effect of molecular structure on the probability of negative pion capture by bound hydrogen is investigated. It is shown that the capture probability for aliphatic hydrocarbons does not depend on the length or spatial structure of the carbon chain. The lower capture probability observed in benzene hydrocarbons is apparently due to modification of orbital hybridization. Of all compounds studied only in inorganic bases is the identical group effect observed. (4 References).
V. P. Kryuchkov and GI. Semenova, "Role of muon capture by iron nuclei in the formation of neutron fields around muon absorbers of high-energy hadron beams," Atomnaya Energiya, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 198--200, 1987.
Abstract: The authors evaluate the level of the fields of low-energy (E[left angle bracket]10 MeV) neutron radiation, formed as a result of absorption of negative muons by nuclei of the material of the radiation shielding and the iron muon absorber. As an example they estimate the contribution of the dose rate of neutrons from mu /sup -/ capture to the dose field around the absorber of the neutron channel of the Serpukhov proton synchrotron. The spectral, angular, and spatial characteristics of the neutrons from the source must be known in order to calculate the low-energy neutron component of the radiation field around the muon absorber. (9 References).
H. Kudo, M. Fujie, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, H. Sugai, H. Umezawa, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Nagamine, "Preparation of pure tritium for a liquid D/sub 2//T/sub 2/ target of muon-catalyzed fusion experiments," Applied Radiation & Isotopes, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 577--83, 1992.
Abstract: To prepare a pure liquid D/sub 2//T/sub 2/ target for muon-catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) experiments, 50 TBq of tritium gas was purified with gas chromatography for isotopic enrichment and with the tritide formation reaction of uranium for chemical purification. The isotopic purity of the processed tritium was as high as 99.9% and the chemical purity 99.7%. The /sup 3/He content was 0.02% or less immediately after the preparation. A 300 mL (30 TBq) portion of pure T/sub 2/ gas was mixed with 700 mL of pure D/sub 2/ gas to be loaded into a target chamber made of stainless steel. The D/sub 2//T/sub 2/ mixed gas was liquefied in the target chamber by cooling with liquid helium and irradiated with pulsed mu /sup -/ beams for more than 200 h. No characteristic muonic X-rays arising from impurities in the D/sub 2//T/sub 2/ target were observed. (19 References).
H. Kudo, "Radioactivity and fusion energy," Radiochimica Acta, vol.70-71, 1995, pp.403-12, vol. 70-71, no. , pp. 403-12, Oldenbourg, Germany, 1995.
Abstract: Nuclear fusion is expected to give an ultimate solution to energy problems over the long term. From recent progress in developing technology for fusion reactors, we can anticipate a prototype fusion reactor by 2030. This review article describes the present status of nuclear fusion research, including muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) which attracts quite new physical interest. Tritium is an essential component of fusion reactors, because the first-stage fusion reactors will utilize a mixture of deuterium and tritium as their fuel. The knowledge about tritium as well as the fusion-neutron induced radioactivity is summarized in terms of nuclear fusion research. (75 References).
H. Kudo, H. Shibata, and Y. Kino, "Nuclear fusion rates in the (tt mu )/sup +/ molecule," ANS. Fusion Technology, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 363-7, 2002.
Abstract: Nuclear fusion rates in a muonic tritium molecule are calculated by the coupled rearrangement channel method. The interaction between two tritons is described by the optical model. The optical potential is determined by reproducing the t + t to alpha + n + n reaction cross section. The nuclear fusion rate obtained was in good agreement with an experimental value. The charge symmetry of nucleons is partially broken in the low energy t + t reaction by 30%. The mechanism of the reaction is approximately described by the proton stripping reaction. We deny the possibility of the fusion through a negative parity resonant state. (30 References).
A. E. Kudrjavtsev, V. D. Mur, and VS. Popov, "Possible existence of K/sup -/-light nucleus bound states," Physics Letters B, vol. 143B, no. 1-3, pp. 41--4, 1984.
Abstract: Experimental data on the shift of the K/sup -/ /sup 4/He atom 2p-level evidence a possible existence of a loosely bound nuclear p-state in this system, its binding energy and width being epsilon approximately J approximately 0.5 MeV. The probabilities of radiative transitions to this state and its production cross section in nuclear reaction on /sup 6/Li are calculated. (11 References).
A. E. Kudryavtsev, V. D. Mur, and VS. Popov, "Possible bound state of a K/sup -/ meson with a /sup 4/He nucleus," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 412-14, 1983.
Abstract: The analytic theory of nuclear level shifts developed in some earlier papers is applied to the /sup 4/He K/sup -/ atom. The experimental data on the shift of the 2p level indicate that there may be a weakly bound state in the /sup 4/He K/sup -/ system. The binding is 'weak' on the nuclear scale; the binding energy is epsilon approximately 100 keV. The probabilities for nonradiative transitions to this level are calculated. (6 References).
SE. Kuhn, "Nuclear muon capture: He in extreme kinematics," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 597-602, 1993.
Abstract: In a small fraction of nuclear muon capture events a substantial part of the muon rest mass is transferred to the nuclear final state, leading to the emission of energetic nuclear constituents. Possible explanations for these capture processes in extreme kinematics range from two-body correlations in the nuclear wave function to meson exchange current (MEC) contributions in the capture matrix element. A definite conclusion requires the study of muon capture on a nucleus which is accessible to fully microscopic calculations (A[left angle bracket]or=3). Experimentally, it is advantageous to choose /sup 3/He, since one can observe charged fragments as singles and in coincidence with neutrons, with good energy resolution and background rejection. This paper reports the first measurement of muon capture in extreme kinematics by /sup 3/He. The emission of energetic protons, deuterons, and proton-neutron pairs in coincidence was studied. The measured proton energy spectrum is in fair agreement with a simple plane wave impulse approximation calculation, but the same calculation underpredicts the deuteron rate near the kinematic limit by a large factor. The author interprets the results as evidence for the contribution of two-nucleon currents to the capture process in /sup 3/He. (12 References).
S. E. Kuhn, W. J. Cummings, G. E. Dodge, S. S. Hanna, B. H. King, Y. M. Shin, J. G. Congleton, R. Helmer, R. B. Schubank, N. R. Stevenson, U. Wienands, Y. K. Lee, G. R. Mason, B. E. King, K. S. Chung, J. M. Lee, and DP. Rosenzweig, "Multinucleon effects in muon capture on /sup 3/He at high energy transfer," Physical Review C, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 1771--86, 1994.
Abstract: Energy spectra of both protons and deuterons emitted following the capture of negative muons by /sup 3/He nuclei have been measured for energies above 15 MeV. A limited number of proton-neutron pairs emitted in coincidence were also observed. A simple plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA) model calculation yields fair agreement with the measured proton energy spectra, but underpredicts the measured rate of deuteron production above our energy threshold by a large factor. A more sophisticated PWIA calculation for the two-body breakup channel, based on a realistic three-body wave function for the initial state, is closer to the deuteron data at moderate energies, but still is significantly lower near the kinematic end point. The proton-neutron coincidence data also point to the presence of significant strength involving more than one nucleon in the capture process at high energy transfer. These results indicate that additional terms in the capture matrix element beyond the impulse approximation contribution may be required to explain the experimental data. Specifically, the inclusion of nucleon-nucleon correlations in the initial or final state and meson exchange current contributions could bring calculations into better agreement with our data. A fully microscopic calculation would thus open the possibility for a quantitative test of multinucleon effects in the weak interaction. (38 References).
RM. Kulsrud, "A proposed method for reducing the sticking constant in MCF," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 367-80, 1988.
Abstract: The author presents a method of reducing the effective sticking coefficient involving reacceleration of the He mu ion by ion cyclotron resonance. It is necessary to work with the target D-T in solid or liquid form, and the target has to be divided into many thin rods or pellets of order 100 microns in radius. The idea is to impose a magnetic field and a rotating electric field. A balance is achieved between drag in the rods or pellets and acceleration in the region in between, so that the He mu ion is held at a constant velocity until stripping occurs. Although stripping is greatly reduced the idea is not practical, as it stands, because of the large alpha particle heat produced in the target. (2 References).
K. S. Kumar and Y. Nogami, "Kaonic hydrogen atom and Lambda (1405)," Physical Review D, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 1834--7, 1980.
Abstract: A model of the KN interaction at low energies is proposed such that the recently observed, surprisingly small energy shift associated with the 2p-1s X-rays from K/sup -/p atoms can be explained. The essential difference between this and conventional models lies in the interpretation of the origin of Lambda (1405). The authors' model is in accord with the quark model in which Lambda (1405) is regarded as being as 'elementary' as the nucleon. It predicts that the KN scattering amplitude for I=0 is very small at the threshold, but increases rapidly with energy such that the KN scattering data above the threshold can be reproduced. (18 References).
K. S. Kumar, Y. Nogami, Dijk W. van, and D. Kiang, "Anomalous Coulomb effect in the K/sup -/p system," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 304, no. 4, pp. 301--6, 1982.
Abstract: Recent measurements of the 2p-1s X-ray line in the K/sup -/p atom indicate that the 1s level shift is very different from the theoretical prediction based on the extrapolation from the K/sup -/p scattering data. Deloff and Law (1979) have suggested that an anomalously large Coulomb effect could be responsible for this discrepancy. The authors examine this possibility by carrying out an explicit model calculation, using the method by which Sauer (1975, 1975) demonstrated the possible existence of an anomalously large Coulomb effect in the proton-proton system. Their conclusion is that if there exists an anomalous Coulomb effect which explains the K/sup -/p atomic level shift result, then the same effect would cause a serious conflict with the K/sup -p/ scattering data above threshold. (17 References).
A. Kumar, "Energy production from muon catalyzed D,T-fusion: evaluation of different approaches," Atomkernenergie Kerntechnik, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 203--6, 1983.
Abstract: The possibility of energy production from muon-catalyzed fusion in D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ has been strengthened by recent experimental results. The resonant formation of muonic molecular ion dt mu , the muon capture rates of deuteron and triton depend on temperature and density. The adverse behaviour of these and other parameters of interest restricts the choice to what is called 'cold fusion'. The other contending concept of muon-catalyzed fusion in hot (keV) d+t plasma does not look promising. The paper outlines the phenomenology of neutron production through different fusion processes as a function of time, temperature and density. A system design for energy production through 'cold fusion' is also discussed. (21 References).
K. Kume, N. Ohtsuka, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Asymmetry and energy spectrum of high-energy neutrons emitted in polarized muon capture by nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A251, no. 3, pp. 465--78, 1975.
Abstract: Formulas for the asymmetry and energy spectrum of high-energy neutrons emitted in polarized muon capture by nuclei are given in the theory of allowed and forbidden transitions, with the small components of lepton wave functions. The neutron asymmetry is explicity given by the interferences between two transitions whose forbiddeness differ by one unit. A large asymmetry of the neutrons and its strong energy dependence in /sup 40/Ca experiments are successfully explained by taking into account a realistic reaction mechanism with the effect of channel coupling. (16 References).
JA. Kunc, "Ionization of muonic atoms by nonrelativistic electrons," Physical Review A, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 338--47, 1994.
Abstract: Analytical expressions for cross sections for ionization of muonic hydrogenlike atoms by nonrelativistic electrons are derived using the classical impulse approximation. (39 References).
J. A. Kunc, "Ionization of muonic atoms by nonrelativistic electrons (vol 49, pg 338, 1994)," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 58, pp. 3362-3362, 1998.
W. Kundig, "Electron densities and isomer shift," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 113--25, 1976.
Abstract: Some of the problems concerning the absolute determination of electron density changes from Mossbauer isomer shift data are discussed. Three promising experimental methods based on conversion electron spectroscopy, lifetime measurements, and muonic isomer shift measurements are presented. (18 References).
Y. Kuno, J. Imazato, K. Nishiyama, K. Nagamine, T. Yamazaki, and T. Minamisono, "Measurement of the average polarization of /sup 12/B in the polarized-muon capture reaction /sup 12/C( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu /)/sup 12/B (g.s.)," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 19, no. 1-4, pp. 907--14, 1984.
Abstract: The average polarization P/sub av/ of the recoil nucleus /sup 12/B (ground state) produced by the polarized-muon capture reaction /sup 12/C( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu /)/sup 12/B was measured by a new approach which involved the muon spin resonance, and the adoption of Grafoil as a carbon target where the polarization of /sup 12/B can be preserved completely under 3 kG holding field. The observed result P/sub av/=0.473+or-0.053 yields g/sub p//g/sub A/=9.6/sub -2.7//sup +2.4/ which seems to be consistent with the canonical PCAC prediction within the error. (11 References).
Y. Kuno, J. Imazato, K. Nishiyama, K. Nagamine, T. Yamazaki, and T. Minamisono, "New pulsed-beam measurement of the average polarization of /sup 12/B (ground state) produced in the polarized-muon capture reaction /sup 12/C( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu /)/sup 12/B," Physics Letters B, vol. 148B, no. 4-5, pp. 270--4, 1984.
Abstract: The average polarization P/sub av/ of the recoil nucleus /sup 12/B (bound states) produced in the polarized-muon capture reaction was measured by the muon spin resonance method in a pulsed beam at the BOOM muon facility. The polarization of /sup 12/B was maintained completely under a longitudinal magnetic field of 3 kG in a Grafoil target. After correcting the observed result for excited-state contributions of /sup 12/B, P/sub av/ (ground state) was deduced to be 0.462+or-0.053. It yields g/sub p//g/sub A/=10.1/sub -2.6//sup +2.4/, which is almost consistent with the prediction of the PCAC hypothesis of about 7. (13 References).
Y. Kuno, K. Nagamine, and T. Yamazaki, "Atomic cascade effect on mu /sup -/ repolarization in polarized /sup 209/Bi," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 55, no. , pp. 1040-1, 1986.
Abstract: The mechanism of repolarization by hyperfine coupling with polarized nuclei has been established and is similar to the well-known Overhauser effect. However, so far, theoretical estimations on the repolarization have been limited to the assumption that the hyperfine interaction is switched on immediately at the instance when muons reach the 1s state of muonic atoms. The authors consider the atomic cascade effect on the repolarization mechanism, especially, for the case of muonic /sup 209/Bi atom (I=9/2, mu /sub N/=4.07). (10 References).
Y. Kuno, J. Imazato, K. Nishiyama, K. Nagamine, T. Yamazaki, and T. Minamisono, "Measurement of the average polarization of /sup 12/B in the polarized-muon capture by /sup 12/C: magnitude of the induced pseudoscalar form factor," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atomic Nuclei), vol. 323, no. 1, pp. 69--82, 1986.
Abstract: The average polarization of the nucleus /sup 12/B (bound state) produced in the polarized-muon capture reaction /sup 12/C( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu /)/sup 12/B has been measured by the muon spin resonance method in a pulsed muon beam. The polarization of /sup 12/B is maintained completely under a magnetic field of 3 kG in a Grafoil target. After the observed result is corrected for the contribution from the excited states of /sup 12/B, P/sub av/ (ground state) is deduced to be 0.462+or-0.053. This result yields g/sub P//g/sub A/=10.1/sub -2.6//sup +2.4/, which is almost consistent with the PCAC prediction. (46 References).
Y. Kuno, K. Nagamine, and T. Yamazaki, "Polarization transfer from polarized nuclear spin to mu /sup -/ spin in muonic atom," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A475, no. 4, pp. 615--29, 1987.
Abstract: A theoretical study of polarization transfer from an initially-polarized nuclear spin to a mu /sup -/ spin in a muonic atom is given. The switching of the hyperfine interaction at excited muonic states as well as at the muonic 1s state is taken into account. The upper state of the hyperfine doublet at the muonic 1s state is considered to proceed down to the lower state. It is found that, as the hyperfine interaction becomes effective at a high excited muonic orbital, a lesser extent of polarization is transferred from the nuclear spin to the mu /sup -/ spin. The theoretical values obtained are compared with the recent experiment of mu /sup -/ repolarization in a polarized /sup 209/Bi target. (19 References).
Y. Kuno, J. Imazato, K. Nishiyama, K. Nagamine, T. Yamazaki, K. Matsuta, S. Ise, Y. Nojiri, and T. Minamisono, "NMR studies on polarized /sup 12/B implanted in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 253--67, 1988.
Abstract: NMR measurements on /sup 12/B nuclei implanted in a thin sheet of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (Grafoil) have been made to study the magnitude of the polarization of /sup 12/B and its electric quadrupole coupling. The magnitude of the residual polarization of /sup 12/B held in carbon material is of crucial importance to experiments measuring the average polarization of /sup 12/B produced in the muon capture by /sup 12/C. It was found that the polarization of /sup 12/B can be maintained at 101.0+or-2.2% in Grafoil under a magnetic field of 3 kG. The electric quadrupole coupling was determined to be e/sup 2/qQ/h=+1207.3+or-8.2 kHz. From the magnitude and the sign of the electric field gradient eq, the location of /sup 12/B was found to be a substitutional site in the carbon lattice. The anomalous B-C bond involving the sp/sub 2/ hybrid orbitals with partially filled p/sub z/ electrons is also discussed. (17 References).
Y. Kuno, "Search for T--violation in phenomena in K$+$ decays," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 181--188, 1996.
Y. Kuno, "Particle physics frontier with low energy muons," Riken Review, vol. 20, no. , pp. 64-7, 1999.
Abstract: We discuss the particle physics frontier with low energy muons and a possibility to explore new highly intense muon sources. (22 References).
Y. Kuno, "Physics opportunities of a very intense low-momentum muon source," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 451, no. 1, pp. 233--43, 2000.
Abstract: The front-end of a neutrino factory (or a mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/ collider) has a potential to provide a high-intensity muon beam of low energy. It would give us great physics opportunities with a tremendous number of muons (of about 10/sup 12//s). Among many possibilities, one of the important physics subjects is a search for muon lepton flavor violation (LFV). The physics motivation of muon LFV and the latest experimental status are given. Finally, a high-intensity muon source, in particular PRISM in Japan, is discussed. (17 References).
Y. Kuno, "Lepton flavor violation experiments at KEK-JAERI Joint Project of high intensity proton machine," in Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Neutrino Oscillations and their Origin, (Y. Suzuki, M. Nakahata, M. Miura, and K. Kaneyuki, eds.), pp. 253-62, 2001.
Abstract: Possible experiments to search for muon lepton flavor violation at the high intensity proton machine of the KEK/JAERI Joint Project are presented. In particular, the PRISM project which is to construct a high intensity muon source with narrow beam energy spread and less beam contamination is shown. A possible experiment to search for mu -e conversion in a muonic atom with PRISM is also discussed. (7 References).
Y. Kuno, "Flavor physics at the high intensity proton accelerator project in Japan," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 111, no. , pp. 244-9, 2002.
Abstract: Possible flavor physics programs at the Joint KEK-JAERI project of High Intensity Proton Accelerators (JKJ) are described. In particular, physics with kaons, muons, and neutrinos is mentioned. (9 References).
W. Kunold, M. Schneider, L. M. Simons, J. Wust, and R. Abela, "Isotope shift measurements of muonic X-rays in /sup 134,136,138/barium," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 313, no. 1-2, pp. 11--17, 1983.
Abstract: The isotope shifts of muonic X-rays for the three stable Ba-isotopes /sup 134,136,138/Ba have been measured with high accuracy. Especially the differences in the RMS radii Delta (r/sup 2/) have been determined in a model independent way and have been used to calibrate optical isotope shift data. (11 References).
R. Kunselman and GA. Grin, "Pionic atom 3d-2p line shift and width for /sup 40/Ca and /sup 44/Ca and the neutron distribution," Physical Review Letters, vol. 24, no. 15, pp. 838--40, 1970.
Abstract: /sup 44/Ca was found to show both a smaller shift and width the /sup 40/Ca for the 3d-2p pionic-atom x-ray transition. From this measurement and an optical-model analysis, it can be deduced that the neutron distribution at the surface of the /sup 44/Ca nucleus extends significantly beyond the proton distribution.
R. Kunselman, "Kaon mass measurement from kaonic atom X-ray energies; the 4f-3d kaonic transition in chlorine," Physics Letters B, vol. 34B, no. 6, pp. 485--7, 1971.
Abstract: From measurements of kaonic atom X-ray energies the author measured the negative kaon mass to be 493.87+or-0.19 MeV. The effects of the strong interaction between the kaon and nucleus cause the X-rays from the 4f-3d transition in chlorine (Z=17) to be shifted by -0.94+or-0.40 keV. This shift was used to estimate the strong interaction shifts needed for the mass measurement. (14 References).
R. Kunselman and R. Seki, "Strong interaction effects in antiproton and sigma-minus baryonic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2492--4, 1973.
Abstract: X-ray energy-level shifts, widths and relative transition yields were calculated using an optical potential as a function of Z throughout the periodic table. The overall agreement with known experimental values is good. (8 References).
R. Kunselman, "Negative-kaon mass," Physical Review C, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 2469--70, 1974.
Abstract: The energies of K/sup -/-atom X-rays with vacuum polarization and other connections are calculated as a function of kaon mass. The comparison to experiment, which depends on calculated relative transition intensities, gives a mass of 493.662+or-0.19 MeV. (10 References).
R. Kunselman, J. Law, M. Leon, and J. Miller, "Atomic structure effects in negative meson capture," Physical Review Letters, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 446--8, 1976.
Abstract: The authors note the existence of correlated variations with atomic number for data on muonic, pionic and kaonic X-ray yields and for data on positron annihilation in annealed metals. The correlated variations are thought to arise from increased electron-meson scattering from the outer atomic electrons which is related to the increased electron density of these electrons with atomic number. (13 References).
A. R. Kunselman, P. Roberson, R. J. Powers, F. Boehm, J. P. Miller, A. Zehnder, and J. Jarmer, "Pionic 4f to 3d transitions in /sup 148/Nd and /sup 150/Nd and the neutron isotope shift," Physical Review C, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 1801--5, 1977.
Abstract: The experiments to measure the transition energies of the pionic X-rays in the 4f to 3d transition in /sup 148/Nd and /sup 150/Nd are outlined. The main details were given earlier. The transition energies and widths were fitted using an optical potential of which the parameters are shown in a table. The isotope shift is discussed. (10 References).
R. Kunselman, J. D. Zumbro, E. B. Shera, and MV. Hoenhn, "Pionic-atom 3d2p X-ray measurements in /sup 54,56/Fe, /sup 59/Co, and /sup 58,60,61,62,64/Ni," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A514, no. 4, pp. 589--600, 1990.
Abstract: The authors have measured the strong interaction shifts and widths of the pionic 3d2p transitions in separated isotopes of /sup 54,56/Fe, /sup 59/Co, and /sup 58,60,61,62,64/Ni. They have fitted phenomenological pion-nuclear potential parameters to the pionic-atom data employing nuclear structure information from measured charge densities. They have explored the sensitivity of these data to the values of the p-wave terms and have used them to determine the neutron radii. They compare these radii with Hartree-Fock predictions and with the results of other probes. (41 References).
W. E. Kunz, "Deuterium He$^3$ reaction," Physical Review, vol. 97, pp. 456--462, 1955.
Yu .A. Kuperin and E. A. Yarevsky, "Effective potentials for \={p}A--systems with annihilation for high partial waves," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101/102, pp. 517--520, 1996.
EA. Kuraev, "Effect of strong interaction on the pionium wave function at small distances," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 378--9, 1998.
Abstract: Mesic atoms consisting of two pions or of a pion and a kaon of opposite charges provide a convenient means for studying meson scattering lengths. Here, we consider the contribution to the wave function from possible transitions to continuum states. Neglecting the final-state interaction of the pions, we describe a pion state from the continuous spectrum in the plane-wave approximation. (7 References).
P. G. Kuzhir, B. I. Tesevich, G. S. Shulyakovskii, and AN. Lavrenov, "The influence of higher approximation effects on muon conversion," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 989--92, 1986.
Abstract: The influence of higher (in terms of a constant fine structure) orders of perturbation theory on the coefficients of muon conversion of gamma -quanta in muonic atoms is examined. (12 References).
V. E. Kuzmichev, A. V. Efetov, and VV. Peresypkin, "Effective interaction in three-charged-particle system," Annals of Physics, vol. 209, no. 2, pp. 306--26, 1991.
Abstract: On the basis of the microscopic approach to the three-body problem with pairwise Coulomb forces, the calculation of an effective projectile-two-particle target potential is given. The charges and masses of all particles are arbitrary. The asymptotic forms of this potential with accuracy up to R/sup -8/ at energies below breakup threshold of the target are obtained in adiabatic approximation and with regard for the main off-shell corrections. An additional nonadiabatic term improving upon the known Seaton-Steenmann eH-potential is found. The effective potentials for the scattering of electron and mu -meson off the hydrogen isotopes and muonic atom are presented as functions of two variables-relative distance and energy. (14 References).
V. A. Kuz'min, A. A. Ovchinnikova, and TV. Tetereva, "Muon capture by /sup 10,11/B nuclei: sensitivity to the choice of nuclear model," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 1954--63, 1994.
Abstract: The partial rates for the capture of muons from certain hyperfine-splitting levels of /sup 10,11/B mesoatoms are calculated in the framework of several versions of the nuclear-shell model. The uncertainty introduced into calculations by the choice of model for the nuclear wave functions is analyzed. It is shown that this uncertainty is minimum when the nuclear wave functions of the initial and final states contain manifestly leading components. In such cases, the ratio Lambda /sup +// Lambda /sup -/ of the rates is virtually the same for all nuclear models considered. On the other hand, this ratio is very sensitive to the value of the constant g/sub p/ of induced pseudoscalar interaction. It is therefore possible to extract the value of g/sub p/ with sufficient accuracy from this ratio, as measured in the reactions mu /sup -/+/sup 10/B(3/sub g.s.//sup +/) to nu +/sup 10/Be(2/sub 2//sup +/) and mu /sup -/+/sup 11/B((3/2)/sub g.s.//sup -/) to nu +/sup 11/Be(( 1/2 )/sub 1//sup -/). (13 References).
V. A. Kuz'min, A. A. Ovchinnikova, and TV. Tetereva, "Calculation of rates for normal mu -capture on 0p-shell nuclei to determine the constant of induced pseudoscalar interaction," Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 163--70, 1995.
Abstract: Partial rates of muon capture from hyperfine splitting levels in mesoatoms are calculated for /sup 6/Li, /sup 10,11/B, and /sup 14/N nuclei. Several models are used to describe the structure of each nucleus, which allows {"}experimental{"} estimation of calculation uncertainty arising from the choice of a model of nuclear wave functions. It is shown that the uncertainty is the smallest if single-particle transition densities between the initial and final states contain explicitly distinguished leading components and that the rate ratio Lambda /sup +// Lambda /sup -/ only slightly varies as one goes from model to model and at the same time strongly depends on the constant g/sub p/ of induced pseudoscalar interaction. (18 References).
V. A. Kuz'min, T. V. Tetereva, and RA. Eramzhyan, "Spin-isospin excitations and muon absorption by complex nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 975--82, 1999.
Abstract: The total rates of the ordinary and radiative capture of stopped muons by /sup 58,60,62/Ni nuclei have been determined. The nuclear matrix elements entering into the amplitudes of muon capture by a nucleus and the excitation energies of a final nucleus have been calculated in the quasiparticle random-phase approximation. The resulting total rates of ordinary muon capture are close to the corresponding experimental values. For the first time, radiative muon capture by complex nuclei has been analyzed on the basis of a microscopic model of the nuclear structure. The features of charge-exchange Gamow-Teller and spin-dipole excitations in the processes of ordinary and radiative muon capture by complex nuclei are discussed. (21 References).
V. A. Kuz'min and TV. Tetereva, "Properties of isovector 1/sup +/ states in A=28 nuclei and nuclear muon capture," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 1966--77, 2000.
Abstract: A method is proposed for taking into account, in a calculation of partial rates of muon capture by nuclei, experimental information about strength functions for Gamow-Teller and isovector M1 transitions. The method, which amounts to choosing an orthogonal transformation that acts in the subspace of wave functions for excited states, requires neither modifying transition operators nor introducing effective charges. The matrix of the above transformation is constructed as a product of the matrices of reflection in a plane. All calculations are performed on the basis of the multiparticle shell model. Numerical results are obtained for isovector states in A=28 nuclei. Strength functions for Gamow-Teller and isovector M1 transitions in /sup 28/Si are considered, and the lifetimes of 1/sup +/ states in /sup 28/Al and the branching fractions for gamma decays of this state are calculated. Owing to taking into account experimental information about the properties of isovector states, the branching fractions for the gamma decays of the 1/sup +/ state at 2.201 MeV in /sup 28/Al are successfully described for the first time. The above transformation of the wave functions changes substantially the distribution of partial rates of allowed muon capture by a /sup 28/Si nucleus among the 1/sup +/ states of the final nucleus /sup 28/Al in relation to the results of the calculations with the eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian of the multiparticle shell model. The muon-capture rates calculated with the transformed functions agree well with experimental data. (23 References).
V. A. Kuzmin, T. V. Tetereva, and K. Junker, "Calculation of total rates for muon capture by complex nuclei," Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 40--5, 2001.
Abstract: Total rates for normal capture of muons by medium and heavy nuclei are calculated by the quasiparticle random phase approximation. It is demonstrated with the /sup 90/Zr and /sup 208/Pb nuclei that calculation with free constants of axial-vector weak interaction correctly reproduces total rates for mu capture in medium nuclei and significantly overestimates them in heavy ones. Sensitivity of total mu capture rates to the choice of nuclear residual interactions is investigated. (24 References).
V. A. Kuz'min, T. V. Tetereva, and K. Junker, "Strength of spin-isospin transitions in A=28 nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 1246--50, 2001.
Abstract: The relations between the strengths of spin-isospin transition operators extracted from direct nuclear reactions, magnetic electron scattering, and processes of semileptonic weak interaction are discussed. (16 References).
V. A. Kuz'min, T. V. Tetereva, K. Junker, and AA. Ovchinnikova, "Microscopic calculation of total ordinary muon capture rates for medium-weight and heavy nuclei," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 665--86, 2002.
Abstract: Total ordinary muon capture (OMC) rates are calculated on the basis of the quasiparticle random phase approximation for several spherical nuclei from /sup 90/Zr to /sup 208/Pb. It is shown that total OMC rates calculated with the free value of the axial-vector coupling constant g/sub A/ agree well with the experimental data for medium-size nuclei and considerably exceed the experimental rates for heavy nuclei. The sensitivity of theoretical OMC rates to the nuclear residual interactions is discussed. (36 References).
V. V. Kuzminov and YuV. Petrov, "Multiplication of fusion energy using a blanket in a hybrid muon-catalyzed reactor," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 593--605, 1988.
Abstract: The Monte Carlo code 'BLANK' was used to determine the characteristics of a hybrid muon-catalyzed fusion reactor blanket. The blanket contains natural uranium and construction elements. Calculations involve the interaction of fusion neutrons with the DT mixture and the casing of a synthesizer. Both the number of fissions and the breeding rate of plutonium and tritium was determined for the beginning of the operating period. These values agree well with earlier approximate estimates. The calculated values of neutron fluxes and the energy release are also presented. (18 References).
V. V. Kuzminov, YuV Petrov, and YuM. Shabelski, "Energy cost of negative pion production on deuterium-tritium target," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 423--37, 1993.
Abstract: The negative pion production by deuterons (T/sub 0/=0.8 GeV/nucl.) was calculated for a cylindrical gaseous deuterium-tritium target (the density of DT-mixture is phi =0.5). Revised cross sections of nucleon-nucleus interaction were used in a Monte Carlo simulation and multiple nucleon-nuclei collisons were taken into account. The energy cost of negative pion production is in /sub pi /-=5.4 GeV/ pi /sup -/ in the cylindrical target 30 m long and 0.4 m in diameter, while the energy of nucleus escaping from this target is delta /sub N/=76% of the initial energy of the deuteron beam. For the target with a shaped surface, the volume of which (V=0.32 m/sup 3/) is only 8.5% of the previous volume, the following parameters were obtained in /sub pi /-=7.6 GeV/ pi /sup -/ and delta /sub N/=78%. (18 References).
V. V. Kuzminov, YuV Petrov, and EG. Sakhnovsky, "Intense thermal neutron source based on MCF," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 655-9, 1996.
Abstract: The conceptual scheme of an ecologically clean thermal neutron source (TNS) based on muon-catalyzed fusion (MCF) is proposed. The preliminary design shows that an MCF-based TNS can produce the maximum value of unperturbed thermal neutron flux 10/sup 15/ n/cm/sup 2/ s using for muon production a beam power of about 14 MW supplied by an accelerator of the next generation. (17 References).
V. V. Kuzminov, YuV Petrov, and VYu. Petrov, "Resonant formation of dd mu molecular ions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 197-205, 1996.
Abstract: Calculations of the DD mu formation rate were performed beyond the dipole approximation. In the temperature range T=25-150 K the results are in good agreement with the Vienna-PSI fusion rate data. The calculated spin flip rate is also closer to experiment than in the dipole approximation. New experiments for the verification of the finite width theory are discussed. (26 References).
A. A. Kvitsinksy and CY. Hu, "Solution of three-dimensional Faddeev equations for three-body Coulomb bound states," Few-Body Systems, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 7--19, 1992.
Abstract: A new method of directly solving the three-dimensional Faddeev equations in the total-angular-momentum representation for the pure Coulomb bound-state problem is developed. The method is based on the tri-quintic Hermite spline expansion of the Faddeev components. The ground states of the e/sup -/e/sup -/e/sup +/ system and the pp mu /sup -/ mesic molecule are calculated. (22 References).
A. A. Kvitsinskii, V. V. Kostrykin, and SP. Merkur'ev, "Local properties of three-particle wave functions: the ternary and binary collision points," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1273--84, 1989.
Abstract: The local structure of the Faddeev components of the wave function of an arbitrary system of three particles is studied in the vicinity of the ternary and binary collision points. The asymptotic expansions of the components are derived in the bispherical basis and in the representation of the total orbital angular momentum. These results can be used for improving the accuracy of the calculations of various characteristics of light nuclei and muonic molecules. (19 References).
AA. Kvitsinskii, "Classification of the adiabatic hyperspherical potential curves for systems of the dt mu type," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 1617--27, 1990.
Abstract: A quantum system of three charged particles is studied in which the conditions m/sub 3/[left angle bracket][left angle bracket]m/sub 1/ and m/sub 3/[left angle bracket][left angle bracket]m/sub 2/ on the particle masses are satisfied. Approximate integrals of the motion classifying the adiabatic hyperspherical potential curves for small and large hyperradii are found. The complete classification of the potential curves for the mesonic molecule dt mu is constructed. (15 References).
AA. Kvitsinsky, "Classification scheme for adiabatic hyperspherical potential curves for dt mu -like systems," Few-Body Systems, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 73--85, 1991.
Abstract: A quantum three-body Coulomb system of two heavy and one light particles (m/sub 1/[right angle bracket][right angle bracket]m/sub 3/,m/sub 2/[right angle bracket][right angle bracket]m/sub 3/) is considered in the framework of the adiabatic hyperspherical approach. Two sets of approximate quantum numbers are found that specify the adiabatic hyperspherical potential curves at small and large hyperradii. A complete classification scheme is obtained for the potential curves of the mesic molecule dt mu . (21 References).
A. A. Kvitsinsky and Hu. Chi-Yu, "Low-energy scattering in the p+p mu system via the Faddeev approach: virtual-state effects," Physical Review A, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. R3476-8, 1993.
Abstract: The Faddeev approach in the total-angular-momentum representation is applied to study s-wave p+p mu scattering at very low energies. It is shown that the threshold behavior of phase shifts and cross sections is strongly affected by a virtual state leading to a significant amplification of cross sections near k=0. (12 References).
A. A. Kvitsinsky and C-Y. Hu, "Zero-energy scattering in symmetric Coulomb systems via Faddeev approach," Physical Review A, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 994--9, 1993.
Abstract: A method based on the modified Faddeev equations in the total-angular-momentum representation is developed to treat the zero-energy scattering in symmetric three-body Coulomb systems. The method is applied to calculate the s-wave scattering lengths of the systems e/sup -/+(e/sup -/e/sup +/), p+(p mu ), and d+(d mu ). A large negative value of the even-parity p+(p mu ) scattering length indicates the presence of a virtual state near threshold. (23 References).
A. A. Kvitsinsky, Hu Chi-Yu, and JS. Cohen, "Faddeev approach to scattering in atomic and mesic atomic systems," in Few-Body Systems Supplementum, pp. 84-8, 1995.
Abstract: Applications of the modified Faddeev equations to three-body Coulomb scattering problems are described. Recent results include the e/sup -/+He/sup +/ elastic scattering as well as scattering and fusion in flight in muonic atomic systems p+p mu , d+d mu , t+t mu and d+t mu . An oscillating energy dependence of the rate of fusion-in-flight for the symmetric systems is found, and a profound peak is established in the reaction d+t mu to /sup 4/He+n+ mu at E=76.3 eV. Effects due to the hyperfine interaction between nuclei and muon are also studied. (12 References).
A. A. Kvitsinsky, Hu Chi-Yu, and JS. Cohen, "Faddeev calculations of muonic-atom collisions: scattering and fusion in flight," Physical Review A, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 255--71, 1996.
Abstract: The Faddeev approach is used to study s-wave scattering and fusion in flight for the muonic-atomic systems p+p mu , d+d mu , t+t mu , d+t mu , and t+d mu in a broad energy range below the n=2 threshold of the target muonic atom. Clear manifestations of near-threshold virtual states in the p+p mu and t+t mu systems are seen, e.g., in large amplifications of the fusion-in-flight reaction rates near zero energy. Peaks and minima (essentially exact zeros for the symmetric systems) in the fusion-in-flight rates are also seen at finite energies. In the case of d+t mu , the fusion-in-flight rate (at liquid-hydrogen density) reaches a value of 3.40*10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/ for collisions at 76.3 eV, which may be compared with the rate 1.14*10/sup 5/ s/sup -1/ at thermal energies. (27 References).
A. Kvitsinsky, Chiyu Hu, and JS. Cohen, "Hyperfine transitions and fusion in flight via the Faddeev approach," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 337-47, 1996.
Abstract: The Faddeev approach, modified for long-range Coulomb forces, is used to study the s-wave scattering states of the muonic atomic systems H+H mu , D+D mu , T+T mu , T+/D mu and D+T mu . Elastic and hyperfine-transition cross sections of H+H mu are calculated with and without the hyperfine splitting. Fusion-in-flight reactions are studied. A sharp resonance of the rate of fusion-in-flight is observed for D+T mu at E=76.3 eV. A similar resonance-like behavior of the fusion-in-flight is also obtained in the symmetric mesic atomic collisions. (12 References).
N-H Kwong and JD. Garcia, "Muon capture by hydrogen in the time-dependent Hartree approximation," in Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Fourteenth International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Abstracts of Contributed Papers, (M. J. Coggiola, D. L. Huestis, and RP. Saxon, eds.), 1985.
Abstract: The capture cross sections of low-energy negative muons (E/sub cm/[left angle bracket]or approximately=0.1 a.u.) by a hydrogen atom are calculated in time-dependent scattering theory. With the proton fixed, both the muon and the electron are treated quantum-mechanically in the time-dependent Hartree approximation. Each particle is represented by an independent wave function evolving under the Coulomb field generated by the instantaneous charge density of the other plus the static field of the proton. The overlap of the asymptotic (in time) muon wave function with muon-proton bound states then gives the capture probability. (2 References).
N. H. Kwong, J. D. Garcia, and JS. Cohen, "Capture of a classical muon by a quantal hydrogen atom," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 236-8, 1988.
Abstract: Using a self-consistent method that treats the muon classically and the electron quantum mechanically, the authors have calculated the capture cross sections of mu /sup -/ by atomic hydrogen at low incident energies. (4 References).
N. H. Kwong, J. D. Garcia, and JS. Cohen, "Classical-quantal coupling in the capture of muons by hydrogen atoms," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 22, no. 22, pp. L633-8, 1989.
Abstract: The authors describe a self-consistent semiclassical approach to the problem of muon capture by hydrogen atoms. The dynamics of the heavier muon and proton are treated classically, and the electron quantally, with the potentials for both being self-consistently determined. Their numerical results are compared to classical-trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) and adiabatic ionisation (AI) results. Their capture cross sections are larger at low energy but fall more rapidly to zero. Their results provide the corrections to the dynamics beyond the adiabatic picture, which were missing in other approaches; interesting questions concerning the quantal nature of the events are discussed. (16 References).
N. H. Kwong, K. J. Schaudt, and JD. Garcia, "Solution of quantum evolution equations by finite-difference," Computer Physics Communications, vol. 63, no. 1-3, pp. 171--8, 1991.
Abstract: The authors report some improvements on the rotation-frame cylindrical-coordinate finite-difference scheme for solving quantum evolution equations in atomic collisions. A Hermitian discretization of the Coriolis term in the rotating Hamiltonian is discussed. Illustrative results from calculations of muon capture by helium atoms are also presented. In other collision calculations involving helium, parametrized Hartree-Slater wavefunctions of helium excited states are used as final projection states. The values of the parameters for states up to 1s4f are tabulated in the hope that they might be useful in other contexts. (15 References).
Kang. Kyu-Suck, "Study on the mu /sup -/ capture in /sup 165/Ho," New Physics (Korean Physical Society), vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 64--7, 1984.
Abstract: Neutrons, protons and gamma ray from the interaction of mu /sup -/ capture in /sup 165/Ho are measured in coincidence with gamma rays which provided the identification of the resulting nuclei. The results of mu /sup -/ experiment is still exploratory, but preliminary results for both neutron and proton spectra are given. The neutron TOF spectrum shows two exponential components with E/sub 0/=5.1+or-0.8 MeV from 11 to 32 MeV, and E/sub 0/=119*1 MeV extending from 32 to 80 MeV, where E/sub 0/ is used as in the expression exp(-E/E/sub 0/). The proton TOF spectrum shows an energetic component with a slope of E/sub 0/=14+or-2 MeV extending to 90 MeV. The author shows the neutron spectra in coincidence with individual nuclear states in the ground state band for the case of neutron spectra. The nuclear spin-dependence of the neutron multiplicity and spectral shape, are still uncertain. (8 References).
I. E. Lagaris, A. Likas, and DI. Fotiadis, "Artificial neural network methods in quantum mechanics," Computer Physics Communications, vol. 104, no. 1-3, pp. 1--14, 1997.
Abstract: In a previous article we have shown how one can employ Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in order to solve non-homogeneous ordinary and partial differential equations, In the present work we consider the solution of eigenvalue problems for differential and integrodifferential operators, using ANNs. We start by considering the Schrodinger equation for the Morse potential that has an analytically known solution, to test the accuracy of the method. We then proceed with the Schrodinger and the Dirac equations for a muonic atom, as well as with a nonlocal Schrodinger integrodifferential equation that models the n+ alpha system in the framework of the resonating group method. In two dimensions we consider the well-studied Henon-Heiles Hamiltonian and in three dimensions the model problem of three coupled anharmonic oscillators. The method in all of the treated cases proved to be highly accurate, robust and efficient. Hence it is a promising tool for tackling problems of higher complexity and dimensionality. (21 References).
CS. Lai, "Ground-state logarithmic perturbation theory applied to the Klein-Gordon equation," Journal of Physics A-Mathematical & General, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. L155-9, 1982.
Abstract: Three-dimensional ground-state logarithmic perturbation theory in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics is applied to the Klein-Gordon equation. The problem of pionic atoms in an external multiple field is treated in this framework. (10 References).
S. D. Lakdawala and PJ. Mohr, "Hyperfine structure in muonic helium," Physical Review A, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1572--5, 1980.
Abstract: A calculation of the ground-state hyperfine frequency in muonic helium is given. Perturbation theory is applied to the Schrodinger equation to obtain a series in m/sub e//m/sub mu /. The value obtained is 4462+or-3 MHz, which is consistent with experiments at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research and the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility. The theoretical value includes a -46-MHz contribution from excited states of the effective ( alpha mu /sup -/)/sup +/ nucleus. (22 References).
S. D. Lakdawala and PJ. Mohr, "Calculation of the muonic /sup 3/He hyperfine structure," Physical Review A, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 2224--7, 1981.
Abstract: A calculation of the ground-state hyperfine splitting in muonic /sup 3/He is given. It is based on a perturbative approach that was applied to the analogous calculation in muonic /sup 4/He. The result for the hyperfine splitting is Delta nu =4164.9+or-3.0 MHz. A semiempirical value for this splitting, based on the measured splitting in muonic /sup 4/He, is Delta nu =4166.5+or-0.4 MHz. (9 References).
S. D. Lakdawala and PJ. Mohr, "Perturbation-theory calculation of hyperfine structure in muonic helium," Physical Review A, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 1047--54, 1984.
Abstract: The lowest-order correction in the hyperfine splitting of muonic /sup 4/He due to excitation of the effective ( mu -He)/sup +/ nucleus is precisely evaluated numerically. The result is Delta nu /sub 1//sup e/=-45.670(8) MHz, in agreement with previous approximate analytic calculations. The mass-polarization correction to the hyperfine splitting is found to be Delta nu /sub 1//sup m/=0.0785(2) MHz. The total perturbation-theory value for the hyperfine splitting is Delta nu =4464.3(1.8) MHz, which is consistent with experiments at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research and at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility at Los Alamos. (15 References).
W. E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford, "Fine structure of the hydrogen atom by a microwave method," Physical Review, vol. 72, pp. 241--243, 1947.
W. E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford, "Fine structure of the hydrogen atom. Part I," Physical Review, vol. 79, pp. 549--572, 1950.
W. E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford, "Fine structure of the hydrogen atom. Part II," Physical Review, vol. 81, pp. 222--232, 1951.
W. E. Lamb, "Fine structure of the hydrogen atom. Part III," Physical Review, vol. 85, pp. 259--276, 1952.
W. E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford, "Fine structure of the hydrogen atom. Part IV," Physical Review, vol. 86, pp. 1014--1022, 1952.
E. Lambert, "Study of pi/sup -/-mesonic atoms using their scattering lengths," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 43, no. 6-7, 1970.
Abstract: From pionic atom measurements the pi -nucleus experimental scattering lengths are determined. These and p scattering lengths are then connected to those of the pi -N elementary process through a multiple scattering theory. The binding of the nucleons is neglected and the nuclear structure introduced in a simple way using the independent particle model. The absorption is treated phenomenologically by taking complex values for the pi -N scattering parameters. A set of these parameters is then adjusted to the experimental results and discussed.
RH. Landau, "The kaonic hydrogen atom in momentum space," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, 1982.
Abstract: It is well known that the strong absorption by a heavy nucleus of a negative kaon in a bound atomic state leads to unusual and sometimes unexpected dependence on the nuclear potential. In order to obtain a theoretical understanding of this problem, and try to understand recent experimental results. The author has studied kaonic hydrogen (K/sup -/p), a conceptually simpler system which nonetheless displays much of the same physics. To do this, the author has applied new momentum space methods to solve the combined Coulomb plus nuclear interactions problem. The author's procedure is an extension of the Kwon-Tabakin (1978) technique of removing the logarithmic singularity of the Coulomb potential via a subtraction procedure suggested by Lande. (3 References).
RH. Landau, "K/sup -/p bound states with coupling to hyperon channels," Physical Review C, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1324--33, 1983.
Abstract: The states of kaonic hydrogen bound by the combined Coulomb plus nuclear potentials are determined exactly in momentum space and a study is made of the dominant physics. Couplings to the Sigma pi , K/sup 0/n, and Lambda pi channels are included with different models for the strong potentials and different wave equations. The existence of both open and closed channels demands an extension of the Kwon, Tabakin, Lande treatment of the Coulomb singularity. Model studies indicate a high sensitivity to channel coupling and relativistic kinematics. The calculated K/sup -/p atomic shift and width agree in magnitude with recent experiments, but the theoretical shift is towards the less bound whereas the experimental shifts appear more bound. (24 References).
R. H. Landau and B. Cheng, "Comparison of K/sup -/p bound state calculations," Physical Review C, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 734--5, 1986.
Abstract: A previous calculation (Landau 1983) of the strong interaction shift of the 1S level in kaonic hydrogen is improved upon and compared to the results of other workers (Thaler 1984, Barrett 1982, 1983). Good agreement with other calculations-but not with experiment-is obtained. (9 References).
RH. Landau, "Kaonic hydrogen and helium," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B36, no. 8, pp. 907--10, 1986.
Abstract: The coupled channels problem for kaonic hydrogen is solved using nonlocal potentials and the Coulomb potential. This method is then applied to realistic problems for kaonic hydrogen and kaonic helium. (7 References).
RH. Landau, "Exotic Gamow states of atoms, nuclei, and particles," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 83-93, 1992.
Abstract: Results are presented showing recent progress in the momentum space computation of atomic and nuclear Gamow states. Coupled bound and reaction channels and an exact treatment of the Coulomb plus nuclear potentials are included. Three-dimensional visualizations help uncover some of the physics present on the complex energy sheets. (10 References).
R. Landua and E. Klempt, "Atomic cascade of muonic and pionic helium atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 48, no. 25, pp. 1722--5, 1982.
Abstract: The cascade of muonic and pionic helium atoms in targets of arbitrary density is investigated. The calculation does not use any free parameters except for strong-interaction effects. All measured X-ray intensities are reproduced, in particular the K/sub beta //K/sub alpha / intensity ratios in pionic helium. (22 References).
AM. Lane, "'Back-decay' of molecular resonances in muon-catalysed fusion," Physics Letters A, vol. 98A, no. 7, pp. 337--9, 1983.
Abstract: Existing discussions of muon-catalysed fusion via molecular resonances assume that resonance leads to fusion. In fact, 'back-decay' of resonances to the formation channel competes seriously with fusion, so reduces it, especially in the d+d case. It is suggested that most fusion occurs from the molecular rotation-vibration state (Jv)=(10) in the d+d case, and from (Jv)=(01) in the d+t case. (7 References).
AM. Lane, "Theory of the formation cross section of a meso-molecule inside a normal molecule," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 2911--26, 1987.
Abstract: The problem of the formation cross section of a meso-molecule inside a normal molecule is shown to be an example of the applicability of a low-energy version of the impulse approximation, related to the neutron scattering theories of Fermi (1936) and Lamb (1939). The key property is the strong short-range nature of the meso-molecular potential. Previous theories are identified within this approach. Attention is given to the relation between formation and decay widths of the resonant states. (20 References).
AM. Lane, "Correction to the binding energy of (dt mu ) meso molecules," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 289-94, 1988.
Abstract: The non-relativistic Coulomb binding energy of (dt mu ) has been cited as 660.0 meV. Spin, finite-size and relativistic corrections, treated as perturbations, lower this by about 10%. It is pointed out that, for lightly bound systems, perturbation theory needs correction, an effect known in nuclear physics. In this present case, the change is about 0.6 meV. This is significant since energies are quoted to 0.1 meV accuracy. (4 References).
AM. Lane, "A direct process for meso-molecule formation at high temperature," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 21, no. 15, pp. L489-93, 1988.
Abstract: There has been recent interest in the subject of meso-molecule (dt mu ) formation at high temperature (1 eV), and a number of complex three-body mechanisms have been examined. The authors point out that, at 1 eV, simple two-body dissociation (t mu )+D/sub 2/ to ((dt mu )e)+(de) is the dominant process with rate approximately=6.4*10/sup 9/ s/sup -1/ at liquid hydrogen density. (7 References).
AM. Lane, "A direct process for meso molecule formation at high temperature," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 226-35, 1988.
Abstract: There has been recent interest in the subject of meso-molecule (dt mu ) formation at high temperature (1 eV), and a number of complex three-body mechanisms have been examined. The author points out that, at 1 eV, simple two-body dissociation (t mu )+D/sub 2/ to ((dt mu )e)+(de) is the dominant process with rate approximately=6.4*10/sup 9/ s/sup -1/ at liquid hydrogen density. (7 References).
AM. Lane, "On the evaluation of the resonance cross section for meso-molecular formation," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 2159--75, 1988.
Abstract: In the earlier study (1987), it was pointed out that there are two equivalent formulations of the theory of the resonance cross section for forming a meso-molecule. When used for numerical evaluations they give different values, raising questions on the origin of the difference and the relative accuracy of the two forms. The present work analyses this and related issues, and gives values for cross sections and formation rates. In the (dt mu ) case, the author's estimates agree with the experimental values found in the Idaho-Los Alamos studies. (23 References).
AM. Lane, "The effect of recoil on the collision broadening of a spectral line," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 22, no. 17, pp. 2817--33, 1989.
Abstract: The standard theory of collision broadening of a spectral line involving photon emission ignores photon recoil. An extension of the theory is considered for the case when the emission involves a heavy particle, implying large recoil. This development is required for collision broadening of resonances formed by the combination of (t mu ) atoms and D/sub 2/ molecules in meso-molecular studies. The small recoil in the photon case is shown to give negligible modification to the standard theory. (15 References).
P. Langacker, "Parity violation in muonic atoms and cesium," Physics Letters B, vol. 256, no. 2, pp. 277--83, 1991.
Abstract: The physics implications of measurements of parity violation in muonic atoms at a precision of 1-10% are described, and contrasted with the results of measurements of parity violation in cesium at 1%. It is argued that both types of experiment are extremely sensitive to certain types of new physics, such as extra Z bosons with small mixing, leptoquarks, and eq contact terms associated with compositeness, and that they are complementary with the Z-pole observables at LEP and SLC. (27 References).
P. Langacker and M. Plumacher, "Flavor changing effects in theories with a heavy Z' boson with family nonuniversal couplings," Physical Review D, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 013006/1-10, 2000.
Abstract: There are theoretical and phenomenological motivations that there may exist additional heavy Z' bosons with family nonuniversal couplings. Flavor mixing in the quark and lepton sectors will then lead to flavor changing couplings of the heavy Z', and also of the ordinary Z when Z-Z' mixing is included. The general formalism of such effects is described, and applications are made to a variety of flavor changing and CP-violating tree and loop processes. Results are described for three specific cases motivated by a specific heterotic string model and by phenomenological considerations, including cases in which all three families have different couplings, and those in which the first two families, but not the third, have the same couplings. Even within a specific theory the results are model dependent because of unknown quark and lepton mixing matrices. However, assuming that typical mixings are comparable to the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix, processes such as coherent mu -e conversion in a muonic atom, K/sup 0/-K/sup 0/ and B-B mixing, epsilon , and epsilon '/ epsilon lead to significant constraints on Z' bosons in the theoretically and phenomenologically motivated range M/sub Z'/~1 TeV. (41 References).
K. Langanke, H. J. Assenbaum, and C. Rolfs, "Screening corrections in cold deuterium fusion rates," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atomic Nuclei), vol. 333, no. 3, pp. 317--18, 1989.
Abstract: The authors have recalculated the fusion rates of the free deuterium molecule, ion and mesomolecule taking into account the shielding of the Coulomb barrier by the electrons and muon. Electron screening increases the rates by several orders of magnitude. (9 References).
K. Langanke and D. Lukas, "Nuclear effects on muon-catalyzed fusion in the (dt mu ) system," Few-Body Systems, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 87--103, 1992.
Abstract: The authors have calculated the nuclear energy shifts and the nuclear decay widths of the molecular (dt mu ) levels. While the muon is described within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, the authors treat the nuclear degrees of freedom microscopically within the multi-channel resonating-group method based on many-body n+ alpha and d+/sup 3/H configurations and pseudo-states as well as on an effective nucleon-nucleon interaction containing central, spin-orbit, and tensor components. This microscopic nuclear model has been shown to reproduce the low-energy /sup 3/H(d,n)/sup 4/He fusion cross section and other properties of the 5-nucleon system very well. For nuclear separations larger than the range of the strong interaction and of the antisymmetrization their model reduces to the well-known 3-body Coulomb problem. For the (dt mu ) ground state, which is of considerable interest for muon-catalyzed fusion, they calculate a nuclear energy shift and a decay width that agree quite well with previous estimates based on less flexible nuclear models. Their calculation seems to indicate that nuclear degrees of freedom other than the radial motion between the fragments are less important for the description of the properties of the molecular levels in the (dt mu ) system. For the levels with L[right angle bracket]0 they obtain fusion rates that are noticeably smaller than those reported previously. Their in-flight d+(t mu ) to n+( alpha mu ) fusion rate agrees quite well with the results calculated by Bogdanova et al. (1981) based on a nuclear optical-model approach. (24 References).
IR. Lapidus, "One-dimensional muonic helium atom," American Journal of Physics, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 562--3, 1982.
Abstract: The author considers a one-dimensional muonic helium atom where the three-dimensional Coulomb interaction is replaced by a delta -function interaction between all of the particles. This example contains some of the interesting atomic physics found in the three-dimensional case, but the calculations may be carried out much more easily. For this reason it may be suitable as an example in an introductory quantum mechanics course. (4 References).
A. J. Larabee, G. Azuelos, R. A. Burnham, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, D. Horvath, A. J. Noble, A. Pouladdej, C. J. Virtue, B. C. Robertson, and DH. Wright, "Photon asymmetry from radiative muon capture on /sup 40/Ca," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium (WEIN-89), (P. Depommier, ed.), pp. 641--3, 1989.
Abstract: The photon asymmetry ( alpha /sub gamma /) for /sup 40/Ca has been measured at TRIUMF using the muon spin-rotation technique ( mu SR). From the asymmetry measurement, the value of the pseudoscalar coupling constant g/sub p/, can be obtained. A total of 5500 'clean' photon events were collected. The preliminary value found for the photon asymmetry of /sup 40/Ca is 1.00+or-0.23. (8 References).
G. C. Larson and P. Froelich, "A first Born approximation calculation of the total cross-section for ionization of the alpha mu /sup +/ ion by collision with a deuteron," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 381-7, 1988.
Abstract: The first-Born ionization cross-section for the post-fusion alpha mu /sup +/ is recalculated 'fusion scratch'. The results are very different from those reported by other authors. (6 References).
J. G. Larson, S. F. Fink, and Hu. Chi-Yu, "A graphical presentation of the wave functions of the (dt mu )/sup +/ molecular ion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 49--60, 1989.
Abstract: Information about the (dt mu )/sup +/ molecular ion is of considerable interest because of its important role in Muon Catalyzed Fusion. Contour plots of the s and p state muonic wave functions of the (dt mu )/sup +/ ion are given. The roles played by the various configurations of the (dt mu )/sup +/ wave functions in the fusion process are exposed. (13 References).
L. N. Latysheva, I. A. Pshenichnov, and M. Vecchi, "Negative pion production by deuterons," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101/102, pp. 669--676, 1996.
D. B. Laubacher, Y. Tanaka, R. M. Steffen, E. B. Shera, and MV. Hoehn, "Muonic X-ray measurement of the monopole and quadrupole charge parameters of /sup 154-158,160/Gd," Physical Review C, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1772--89, 1983.
Abstract: Monopole and quadrupole charge distributions of /sup 154/Gd, /sup 155/Gd, /sup 156/Gd, /sup 157/Gd, /sup 158/Gd, and /sup 160/Gd were investigated by muonic-atom K and L X-ray measurements. The model-independent Barrett charge radii R/sub k/ and the isotope shifts Delta R/sub k/ were measured, and values of (r/sup 2/) and Delta (r/sup 2/) were deduced. A pronounced even-odd staggering effect of the nuclear charge radii was observed for the series /sup 156-158/Gd. The quadrupole moments of the first excited states of the even-A Gd nuclei were determined to be Q/sup 154/(2/sup +/)=-1.82(4) e b, Q/sup 156/(2/sup +/)=-1.93(4) e b, Q/sup 158/(2/sup +/)=-2.01(4) e b, and Q/sup 160/(2/sup +/)=-2.08(4) e b, and the quadrupole moments of the /sup 3///sub 2//sup -/ ground states of the odd-A /sup 155,157/Gd nuclei were determined to be Q/sup 155/(/sup 3///sub 2//sup -/)=1.27(3) e b and Q/sup 157/(/sup 3///sub 2//sup -/)=1.35(3) e b. Comparison with a separate measurement of the odd-A ground-state quadrupole moments based on the static hyperfine splitting of the muonic M X-rays showed that the model error in the extracted quadrupole moments of these nuclei is less than 2 per cent. The quadrupole moments and the B(E2) values obtained in the present experiment for the low-lying Gd states are in satisfactory agreement with the axially symmetric rotational model. However, the /sup 154/Gd nucleus exhibits a considerable softness as indicated by the isomer shift of the 2/sup +/ excited state and by the experimental value of the ratio Q(2/sup +/)/B(E2:0/sup +/ to 2/sup +/). (27 References).
M. L. Laursen and MA. Samuel, "On the connection between the vacuum polarization potential in muonic atoms and g-2 of the muon," Zeitschrift fur Physik C-Particles & Fields, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 77--80, 1981.
Abstract: A simple connection, between the vacuum polarization potential used in muonic atoms and the muon anomaly arising from the second-order vertex graph with electron vacuum polarization insertions, is established. In particular, the leading log-term and the order m/sub e//m mu term are essentially the same in the two cases. The authors make use of this connection to determine the vacuum polarization potential in order alpha /sup 3/(Z alpha ). (8 References).
B. Lauss, "Fortran Code SPACE93", 1994.
B. Lauss, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, W. Prymas, J. Zmeskal, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, E. Jeannet, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, A. Kosak, and C. Petitjean, "Experimental observation of excited state muon transfer in mixtures of hydrogen isotopes," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 285-91, 1996.
Abstract: The first direct measurement of q/sub 1s/ and its dependence on target density and deuterium concentration was performed in H/D (protium/deuterium) mixtures. Charge coupled devices (CCDs) were employed to detect the muonic hydrogen X rays. The presented preliminary results were obtained by determining the relative K/sub alpha /-yields of both isotopes. (24 References).
B. Lauss, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, B. Gartner, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, W. Prymas, J. Zmeskal, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, E. Jeannet, H. Daniel, A. Kosak, F. J. Hartmann, and C. Petitjean, "Excited state muon transfer in hydrogen/deuterium mixtures," Physical Review Letters, vol. 76, no. 25, pp. 4693--6, 1996.
Abstract: We report the first direct observation of excited state muon transfer in hydrogen/deuterium mixtures by direct measurement of q/sub 1s/, the probability that a mu p atom, which is initially formed in an excited state, reaches the 1s ground state. The dependence of q/sub 1s/ on deuterium concentration c/sub d/ was measured for two different densities at cryogenic temperatures using charge coupled devices to detect the muonic X-rays. First results based on the analysis of the K/sub alpha / lines of the two isotopes are presented. (30 References).
B. Lauss, "Kaskade und Transfer von Myonen in Wasserstoff", 1997.
B. Lauss, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, B. Gartner, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, W. Prymas, J. Zmeskal, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, E. Jeannet, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, A. Kosak, and C. Petitjean, "X-ray emission during the muonic cascade in hydrogen," Physical Review Letters, vol. 80, no. 14, pp. 3041--4, 1998.
Abstract: We report our investigations of X-rays emitted during the muonic cascade in hydrogen employing charge coupled devices as X-ray detectors. The density dependence of the relative X-ray yields for the muonic hydrogen lines (K/sub alpha /, K/sub beta /, and K/sub gamma /) has been measured at densities between 0.00115 and 0.97 of liquid hydrogen density. In this density region collisional processes dominate the cascade down to low energy levels. A comparison with recent calculations is given in order to demonstrate the influence of Coulomb deexcitation. (46 References).
B. Lauss, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, B. Gartner, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, W. Prymas, J. Zmeskal, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, A. Kosak, and C. Petitjean, "Cascade in muonic deuterium atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 209--17, 1999.
Abstract: The cascade in muonic deuterium atoms has been investigated experimentally, employing deeply depleted charge-coupled devices as X-ray detectors. The relative X-ray yields for the muonic deuterium transitions K alpha , K beta , and K gamma and the K alpha /K beta ratios have been measured at densities between 0.0107 and 1.145 of liquid- hydrogen density. The results are compared with our measurements of the muonic X-rays in hydrogen and in liquid-hydrogen deuterium mixtures in search for an isotopic effect. A comparison of our results with recent calculations is given. (62 References).
B. Lauss, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, D. Chatellard, H. Daniel, J-P Egger, B. Gartner, F. J. Hartmann, E. Jeannet, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, A. Kosak, J. Marton, C. Petitjean, W. Prymas, and J. Zmeskal, "Hydrogen/deuterium-mixtures as a laboratory for the study of the muonic cascade and muon-catalyzed fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 79--88, 1999.
Abstract: We have performed an experiment to investigate various processes induced by muons in hydrogen-deuterium mixtures. Preliminary results are given for cascade X-ray yields, q/sub 1s/, relative yields of conversion muons and fusion gamma -rays, molecular formation and hyperfine transition rates. (37 References).
A. N. Lavrenov and GS. Shulyakovskii, "Taking finite nuclear dimensions analytically into account in calculating internal-conversion coefficients," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 2115--16, 1988.
Abstract: An analytical description of the static effect in internal-conversion processes is considered for electronic and muonic atoms. (6 References).
J. Law, M. J. Turner, and RC. Barrett, "The choice of the wave equation for kaonic atoms," in Proceedings of the International Nuclear Physics Conference, (J. L. Durrell, J. M. Irvine, and GC. Morrison, eds.), 1987.
Abstract: Most calculations of the energies of kaonic atoms have been done using the Schrodinger equation or an approximate version of the Klein Gordon equation. In the latter case the potential, which is either a scalar or the fourth component of a vector, comes in a squared term. In the vector case this gives rise to a product term or 'interference' between the strong interaction and the Coulomb force. In most previous calculations the squared and interference terms have been neglected. The author has looked for a global potential which will fit the shifts and widths in kaonic hydrogen and all known heavier kaonic atoms as well as the KN scattering lengths. The authors found it impossible to fit all the data simultaneously without the interference between the Coulomb term and the strong interaction. With this interference term it became possible to reproduce the positive sign of the strong interaction shift in kaonic hydrogen, whereas previous phenomenological potentials which fitted the scattering lengths have always produced a negative sign for this shift. (2 References).
J. Law, M. J. Turner, and RC. Barrett, "Theory of kaonic hydrogen," Physical Review C, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 305--9, 1987.
Abstract: The authors have investigated different forms of the Klein-Gordon equation using phenomenological potentials and attempted to fit the measured strong interaction shifts and widths of kaonic hydrogen and all the heavier kaonic atoms, as well as the scattering lengths obtained from the analysis of low energy KN scattering data. They find that we can fit all the data except kaonic hydrogen with various forms of the equations, but in order to fit kaonic hydrogen at the same time it is crucial to have a vector interaction term and include the interference between this and the Coulomb force. Their results explain the discrepancy in the sign of the strong interaction shift, which has been a puzzle for many years. (12 References).
G. Leander and P. Moller, "Augmentation of the barrier for prompt mu /sup -/ induced fission," Physics Letters B, vol. 57B, no. 3, pp. 245--7, 1975.
Abstract: The lowest muon energy levels in heavy muonic atoms are calculated for a sequence of distortions describing nuclear shapes on the way to fission. Higher multipole distortions are found to be of minor importance. (15 References).
F. Ledoyen, "Spin-orbit coupling force effects in giant excitations of doubly closed shell nuclei," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 52, no. 13, pp. 1228--32, 1974.
Abstract: It is shown that the spin-orbit coupling force may induce axial excitations higher in energy than the vector ones in muon capture without necessarily having mod M/sub A/ mod /sup 2// mod M/sub V/ mod /sup 2/[left angle bracket]1. (15 References).
W. Y. Lee, S. Bernow, M. Y. Chen, S. C. Cheng, D. Hitlin, J. W. Kast, E. R. Macagno, A. M. Rushton, and CS. Wu, "The resonance process and the intensity anomaly in muonic /sup 127/I," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 205-6, 1970.
Abstract: The authors have observed the muonic N, M, L and K X-rays from /sup 127/I, and have calculated a theoretical spectrum within the framework of a resonance process. The resonance is between the 2p fine structure splitting and the nuclear ground and the first excited states. A satisfactory fit to the experimental data has been obtained. From this fit the M1 and E2 hfs constants for the 1s and 2p states have been determined, and a quantitative interpretation of the observed intensity ratios have been obtained.
W. Y. Lee, S. Bernow, M. Y. Chen, S. C. Cheng, D. Hitlin, J. W. Kast, E. R. Macagno, A. M. Rushton, and CS. Wu, "The resonance process and the intensity anomaly in muonic /sup 127/I," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A167, no. 3, pp. 652--66, 1971.
Abstract: The muonic N, M, L and K X-rays of /sup 127/I have been measured and analyzed. A resonance process involving the muonic 2p levels and the nuclear ground and first excited states was included in the analysis. A satisfactory fit to the experimental spectra was achieved, at the same time, the parameters of the Fermi charge distribution, the M1 and the E2 hyperfine structure constants and the M1 and the E2 transition moments were determined. The M1 hyperfine structure constants and the M1 transition moment showed the effects of the finite distribution of the static and the transition M1 moments, while the E2 hyperfine structure constants offered an independent determination of the electric quadrupole moment. (23 References).
W. Y. Lee, M. Y. Chen, S. C. Cheng, E. R. Macagno, A. M. Rushton, and CS. Wu, "Nuclear excitation in muonic /sup 209/Bi," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A181, no. 1, pp. 14--24, 1972.
Abstract: The hyperfine spectra of muonic L and K X-rays of /sup 209/Bi have been reanalyzed by taking into account the resonance processes and the observed isomer shifts in addition to the M1 and the E2 interaction. The M1 and E2 hyperfine structure constants of the 1s, 2p and 3d muonic states and the nuclear static moments of the excited states /sup 15///sub 2//sup +/ and /sup 9///sub 2//sup +/ are determined from the best fits to the experimental spectra. The hfs constants and the M1 moments are in good agreement with theoretical predictions from the core excitation model. The quadrupole moment of the ground state remains to be 20% higher than that determined by the atomic beam method. A plausible interpretation is that this discrepancy might be due to the deformation of the lead core. (17 References).
SY. Lee, "The K/sup -/ nucleus optical potentials," Chinese Journal of Physics, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 112--15, 1976.
Abstract: A programme is developed for the K/sup -/-nucleus optical model potential to analyze K/sup -/-nucleus scattering experiments. The existence of a derivative type is specially emphasized. Finally, a schematic model for the derivative term in the K/sup -/-nucleus optical potential is given. (15 References).
Y. K. Lee, T. J. Hallman, L. Madansky, S. Trentalange, G. R. Mason, A. J. Caffrey, EK Jr McIntyre, and TR. King, "Energetic neutron emission from mu /sup -/-capture in deuterium," Physics Letters B, vol. 188, no. 1, pp. 33--7, 1987.
Abstract: The neutron spectrum from 25 to 52 MeV resulting from mu /sup -/-capture in liquid deuterium was measured by a time-of-flight technique. The spectrum near the end point exhibited an enhancement consistent with the meson-exchange-current calculations. (14 References).
R. Lefebvre, "Box quantization and collinear reactive collisions," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 123, no. 3, pp. 203--8, 1986.
Abstract: The method of box quantization is applied to the two collinear reactive systems H+H/sub 2/ and H+MuH. The resonances are easily identified on the graphs giving the energies as a function of box size. Such graphs can serve as indicators of the possibility of performing for a given system an accurate adiabatic separation of variables. (26 References).
W. Leidenmann and R. Rosenfelder, "Deuteron nuclear polarization shifts with realistic potentials," Physical Review C, vol. 51, pp. 427--430, 1995.
D. B. Leinweber and R. M. Woloshyn, "Electromagnetic structure of octet baryons," Physical Review D, vol. 43, pp. 1659--1678, 1991.
H. J. Leisi, W. Dey, P. Ebersold, R. Engfer, F. Scheck, and HK. Walter, "Nuclear spectroscopic quadrupole moments from muonic atoms and related topics," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 34, no. , pp. 355-61, 1973.
Abstract: Hfs splittings of 'highly excited' states in exotic atoms are considered. It is shown that the quadrupole splittings of the corresponding X-ray transitions yield precise values for the spectroscopic quadrupole moment of the nuclear ground state. These quantities are model independent, in contrast to the quadrupole moments deduced from X-ray transitions between lowlying states. Experimental results on the 5g-4f and 4f-3d X-ray transitions in mu /sup 175/Lu and mu /sup 235/U are discussed. The hfs components in pionic atoms show, apart from their electromagnetic splitting, a shift and a width due to the strong interaction of the pion, which is different for different angular momentum states. The effect of this phenomenon on the level positions may be described by an additional quadrupole coupling constant. An experiment on the quadrupole splitting of the 5g-4f transition in pi /sup 175/Lu is described. (10 References).
HJ. Leisi, "mu -mesic X-rays," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A335, no. 1-2, pp. 3--16, 1980.
Abstract: Gives a summary of the activities in the field of muonic X-rays since the Zurich Conference of 1977. The authors discusses a limited number of specific topics rather than attempting to give a complete presentation of an extremely versatile research field. (48 References).
W. N. Lennard and others, "Nonlinear response of Si detectors for low--Z ions," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 248, pp. 454--460, 1986.
S. Lenz and others, "A new determination of the mass of the charged pion," Physics Letters B, vol. 416, pp. 50--55, 1998.
M. Leon and H. A. Bethe, "Negative meson absorption in liquid hydrogen," Physical Review, vol. 127, pp. 636--647, 1962.
M. Leon, "X-ray yields from pionic hydrogen," Physics Letters B, vol. 37B, no. 1, pp. 87--8, 1971.
Abstract: The author has calculated the K X-ray yields from pi /sup -/ capture in gaseous hydrogen. While the calculated value for the total K yield (per pi /sup -/p reaction) agrees fairly well with the experimental value of Bailey et al. (see abstr. 574 of 1971) that for the relative K/sub alpha / yield does not.
M. Leon, "X-ray yields in muonic hydrogen," Physics Letters B, vol. 35B, no. 5, pp. 413--14, 1971.
Abstract: The author has calculated the relative yields for K X-ray from muonic hydrogen as functions of the hydrogen density. The two experimental data agree with this analysis.
M. Leon and R. Seki, "Atomic capture of negative mesons," Physical Review Letters, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 132--5, 1973.
Abstract: The Fermi-Teller model is employed in the determination of the initial capture and de-excitation of a meson and in the calculation of the initial distribution of angular momentum, P(l), of the mesons upon capture. The line intensities of mesonic X-ray lines are calculated from a quantum-mechanical cascade of a large negative energy, in the usual way. Agreement with experimental data is reasonably close. (14 References).
M. Leon and R. Seki, "Nuclear motion correction to exotic atom level widths," Physics Letters B, vol. 46b, no. 3, pp. 299--300, 1973.
Abstract: The effect of nuclear motion on exotic atom radiation rates is discussed. The inclusion of this effect is essential if nuclear absorption rates are to be derived from experimental X-ray yields. (4 References).
M. Leon, "E2 nuclear resonance effect in pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 53B, no. 2, pp. 141--2, 1974.
Abstract: The quadrupole nuclear effect in pionic atoms is considered, and the results of calculations for pionic atoms with distorted even-even nuclei are presented. (9 References).
M. Leon, "Quadrupole mixing in hadronic atoms: an additional probe of the hadron-nucleus interaction," Physics Letters B, vol. 50B, no. 4, pp. 425--8, 1974.
Abstract: The effect of the nuclear electric quadrupole moment on the yields of hadronic X-rays is calculated. For each negative hadron there are a few nuclei for which the effect is large and readily observable. Results are presented for kaonic atoms with distorted even-even nuclei. (10 References).
M. Leon and JH. Miller, "Atomic capture of negative mesons. II. Fuzzy Fermi-Teller model," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A282, no. 3, pp. 461--73, 1977.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.282, p.455 (1977). The Fermi-Teller (FT) model is extended to account for the discrete nature of the energy and angular momentum loss of negative mesons undergoing capture and deexcitation through the excitation of atomic electrons. Statistical fluctuations in the energy loss permit more mesons to be captured at high energy than predicted by the FT model. The fuzzy Fermi-Teller (FT) model enables one to calculate a number of interesting quantities (e.g. the distribution of angular momentum at various stages of the cascade, the distribution of energy and angular momentum jumps, etc.) which provide insight into the details of the deexcitation process. The effect of an energy gap and polarization potential is investigated. A parameter is introduced to alter the distribution of energy and angular momentum loss in the outer part of the atom. (8 References).
M. Leon and R. Seki, "Atomic capture of negative mesons. I. The Fermi-Teller model," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A282, no. 3, pp. 445--60, 1977.
Abstract: The authors develop the Fermi-Teller model for describing the initial atomic capture and subsequent deexcitation of negative mesons. This enables one to predict an 'initial' distribution for the lowest, quantum-mechanical part of the cascade. Results are fairly close to the traditional ad hoc 'statistical' distribution. Advantages and shortcomings of the Fermi-Teller model are discussed. (24 References).
M. Leon and R. Seki, "Dynamic electron screening in nuclear and mesonic atom E1 transitions," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A298, no. 3, pp. 333--43, 1978.
Abstract: Atomic electrons can influence the electromagnetic transition rates of nuclei and mesonic atoms. This dynamic electron screening effect is examined for E1 transitions. The screening factor is expressed in terms of the forward Rayleigh scattering amplitude, and, for easy computation, the photoelectric cross section. The effect can be large for low-energy transitions, but such transitions are rare for nuclei. The effect on mesonic atom cascades is usually small, but can be quite significant for high-precision experiments and those which look at transitions from high initial n. (20 References).
M. Leon, J. N. Bradbury, PAM Gram, R. L. Hutson, M. E. Schillaci, C. K. Hargrove, and JJ. Reidy, "Observation of the E2 nuclear resonance effect in some pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A322, no. 2-3, pp. 397--407, 1979.
Abstract: The E2 nuclear resonance effect has been studied in the pionic atoms of /sup 48/Ti, /sup 104/Ru, /sup 110/Pd, /sup 111,112/Cd, and /sup 150/Sm. For pionic /sup 111,112/Cd, where the 'mixed-in' level is directly observable, the measured effect agrees very well with theory. For pionic /sup 110/Pd, the measurement confirms for the first time the prediction of Ericson et al. (1969) that the P-wave pi -nucleus interaction becomes repulsive for large enough Z, but also implies a P-wave absorptive width smaller than predicted by standard optical potentials. The experimental results for /sup 104/Ru and /sup 150/Sm agree with simple theoretical model, while that for /sup 48/Ti does not. (19 References).
M. Leon, "Atomic capture of negative mesons in hydrogen," in Exotic Atoms '79. Fundamental Interactions and Structure of Matter. Proceedings of the Second Course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms, (K. Crowe, J. Duclos, G. Fiorentini, and G. Torelli, eds.), pp. 141-6, 1980.
Abstract: Describes the present state of theoretical understanding of atomic capture of negative mesons. The mu /sup +/ location in mu /sup +/SR studies is discussed. A very simple model calculation of mu /sup -/ capture by the simplest of all atoms, i.e. atomic hydrogen is also included. The possibility of generalizing this approach to more complicated atoms and even molecules is discussed. (11 References).
M. Leon and R. Seki, "Relativistic corrections to perturbation theory for pionic and kaonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A352, no. 3, pp. 477--84, 1981.
Abstract: The authors derive the relativistically correct perturbation theory for bound-state eigenenergies of the Klein-Gordon equation using the formation of Feshbach and Villars (1958). The relativistic corrections are of the order of (Z alpha /n)/sup 2/ approximately=( nu /c)/sup 2/, as expected, and are evaluated numerically for some pionic atom levels of interest. They also present some simple analytical expressions which give a reasonable estimate of the correction factors. (11 References).
M. Leon, "Atomic and molecular physics," Los Alamos Preprint LA--PR--83--10070, 1983.
M. Leon, "Resonant mesonic-molecule formation in muon-catalyzed D-T fusion," Physical Review Letters, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 605--8, 1984.
Abstract: In the resonant formation of dt mu mesonic molecules, the incoming orbital and molecular angular momenta contribute in an essential way. The earlier calculation of Vinitsky et al. for the resonant molecular formation rate is generalized to incorporate these effects, and the resultant contributions of hundred of resonances are included. The muon cycling rate is calculated and compared with recent experimental results. (11 References).
M. Leon, "Theory of resonant mesomolecule formation," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: Summary form only given. The calculation of resonant mesomolecule formation of Vinitsky et al (1978) has been extended to include the effects of hyperfine splitting, initial molecular angular momentum K/sub 1/[right angle bracket]0, and incoming orbital angular momentum L[right angle bracket]0. The author discusses the resulting molecular formation rates for singlet and triplet t mu -atoms colliding with D/sub 2/, DT, and DH molecules. For the canonical value of the energy of the loosely-bound dt mu -state, the author predicts that the singlet-D/sub 2/ molecular formation rate is large down to quite low target temperatures, while the other rates vanish for T[left angle bracket]or=200K. (5 References).
M. Leon and JS. Cohen, "Ortho- and paradeuterium effects in muon-catalyzed fusion," Physical Review A, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 2680--1, 1985.
Abstract: The authors point out that in experiments on muon-catalyzed d-d and d-t fusion very sensitive tests of the theory of resonant molecular formation are provided by varying the ratio of ortho- to paradeuterium in the target. Results of calculations for the temperature dependence of the molecular formation rates for three different target conditions are presented. (14 References).
M. Leon, "Back decay and resonant hyperfine quenching in $dd\mu$ fusion," Physical Review A, vol. 33, pp. 4434--4436, 1986.
M. Leon, "Calculating many-body effects in resonant ((dt mu )d2e) formation," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 163--77, 1987.
Abstract: A method is developed for calculating the effect of neighboring molecules on the resonant molecular formation reaction t mu +D/sub 2/ to ((dt mu )d2e)*, avoiding any expansion in powers of the density. Using a simplified model, the role of collisional broadening, motional narrowing, and the interference of different formation amplitudes is examined. This model is used to generate molecular formation rates as functions of density for fixed temperature. The generalization which will allow comparison with experimental data is discussed. (17 References).
M. Leon and others, "$^3$He scavenging as a source of information in muon--catalyzed $d-t$ fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, pp. 231--238, 1988.
M. Leon, "Theoretical survey of mu CF," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 94-104, 1988.
Abstract: The main steps in the muon-catalyzed d-t fusion cycle are discussed. Most of the stages are very fast, and therefore do not contribute significantly to the cycling time. Thus at liquid H/sub 2/ densities ( phi =1 in the standard convention) the time for stopping the negative muon, its subsequent capture and deexcitation to the ground state is estimated to be approximately 10/sup -11/ sec. The muon spends essentially all of its time in either the (d mu ) ground state, waiting for a transfer to a (t mu ) ground state to occur, or in the (t mu ) ground state, waiting for molecular formation to occur. Following the formation of this 'mesomolecule' (actually a muonic molecular ion), deexcitation and fusion are again fast. Then the muon is (usually) liberated to go around again. The author discusses these steps in some detail. (57 References).
M. Leon, "Three-body molecular formation in muon-catalyzed d-t fusion: the role of configuration mixing," Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 5554--9, 1989.
Abstract: Configuration mixing of the rotational states of the ((dt mu )d2e)* complex formed in t mu +D/sub 2/ collisions arises because of the torque exerted on it by any neighboring molecule. The resulting three-body term in the resonant molecular formation rate is calculated in the quasistatic picture and turns out to be comparable to the two-body term. Numerical results are presented for several values of the (dt mu )/sub 11/ binding energy. This effect may be large enough to explain the observed three-body effect in molecular formation without the collisional line-broadening contributions discussed previously. (24 References).
M. Leon, "Resonant formation of muonic molecules," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 127--39, 1990.
Abstract: "The dominant process for dd mu and dt mu formation, the resonance mechanism of Vesman (1967), is reviewed. Calculations of the binding energies of the loosely-bound J=1
M. Leon and MA. Paciotti, "Muon physics with the proposed pulsed lepton source at LAMPF," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 563--73, 1993.
Abstract: The proposed pulsed lepton source (PLS) at LAMPF is described, with special attention to the muon area. Important applications to tests of QED and muon capture physics, as well as to materials science, are discussed. (7 References).
M. Leon, "Theory of muonic molecule formation: survey of progress and open questions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 151--60, 1993.
Abstract: The Auger mechanism of muonic molecule formation is operative for all the isotopic reaction channels, and the agreement between theory and experiment is quite good for all the observable reactions. For dd mu and dt mu formation, however, the resonance mechanism of Vesman is dominant and produces some dramatic effects. For dd mu , the temperature dependences for the different hyperfine states provide a striking confirmation of the theory. For dt mu , the comparison with experimental is much more difficult, and furthermore the appearance of an evident three-body contribution to the formation cross section presents a formidable challenge to theory. A completely convincing and practical method of calculating this term has yet to be achieved, but a classical trajectory model which provides some insight into the underlying physics is presented. (28 References).
M. Leon, "Three-body molecular formation in muon-catalyzed d-t fusion: the classical-trajectory model," Physical Review A, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 4438--42, 1994.
Abstract: The three-body contribution to resonant dt mu formation, coming from the configuration mixing of the angular momentum states of the ((dt mu )d2e)* complex caused by colliding D/sub 2/ molecules, is calculated in a classical-trajectory model. The collisions bring about significant broadening of the transition energies and an important contribution to three-body molecular formation. Results are presented in terms of a universal {"}width function{"} lambda /sub ff/ for states f and f', and indicate that neither the impact approximation nor a recent quasistatic calculation of this process can be considered reliable. Furthermore, the calculated three-body molecular formation rate has the experimentally correct magnitude and temperature dependence. (17 References).
C. Leroy and L. Palffy, "Induced tensor and pseudotensor form factors in the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 12/C to /sup 12/B+ nu /sub mu /," Physical Review D, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 924--6, 1977.
Abstract: Assumes muon-electron universality and uses the experimental data on the capture rate and recoil polarization in this reaction to determine these form factors. (17 References).
B. M. Levin, V. I. Sokolov, L. V. Khabarin, and VS. Yudenich, "Comparative measurements of the isotopic composition of trace amounts of helium in deuterium after bombardment with positrons from /sup 22/Na decay," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 2604--8, 1992.
Abstract: A version of a hypothesis regarding the synthesis of light nuclei in the production of orthopositronium on D/sub 2/ has been studied experimentally at room temperature. No /sup 3/He was found among the products of this hypothesized synthesis. The negative finding rules out both a neutron channel and a tritium channel for the fragmentation of the composite nucleus /sup 4/He*. (18 References).
S. B. Levin and E. A. Yarevsky, "\={p}p and \={p}n scattering with annihilation channel," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101/102, pp. 511--515, 1996.
L. P. Levy and W. L. Williams, "Parity nonconservation in the hydrogen atom. III," Physical Review A, vol. 30, 1984.
R. A. Lewis, E. Minor, F. Persi, G. A. Smith, W. Toothacker, and J. Whitmore, "Pion (and muon) production by antiprotons on light and heavy nuclei," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 415-22, 1988.
Abstract: The possibility of producing pions (muons) for muon-catalyzed fusion by antiproton annihilation in nuclear targets is considered and compared with other method involving nuclear projectiles and targets. Although the kinematical properties of pions produced by antiproton annihilation are very attractive, the energy cost per pion is not competitive with that of the other methods. This arises from the cost of producing antiprotons. (17 References).
E. Ley-Koo, E. Castano, D. Finotello, E. Nahmad-Achar, and S. Ulloa, "Alternative form of the hydrogenic wave functions for an extended, uniformly charged nucleus," American Journal of Physics, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 949--53, 1980.
Abstract: An exact closed solution for the hydrogenic wave functions for an extended, uniformly charged nucleus was reported in this journal some time ago (see Yano and Yano, 1972). The authors present an alternative form of such wave functions which allows numerical results to be obtained more easily. They illustrate the use of this alternative form by its application to muonic atoms throughout the periodic table. (4 References).
X. Z. Li, Liu Bing, X. Z. Ren, Tian Jian, W. Z. Yu, and DX. Cao, "Study of nuclear physics for nuclear fusion," Journal of Fusion Energy, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 163--8, 2000.
Abstract: Based on the concept of {"}damp matching{"} and the famous d+t fusion data, a conventional quantum mechanics calculation shows that the plasma fusion, muon-catalyzed fusion, and the low-energy nuclear reaction are essentially same in the sense of resonant tunneling through the Coulomb barrier. The good agreement between theory and experimental data justifies the selectivity in resonant tunneling, which implies the possibility of having fusion energy with no strong neutron and gamma radiation. (15 References).
S. G. Lie and AA. Harms, "Kinetics and energetics of muon-catalyzed deuterium-tritium fusion," Nuclear Science & Engineering, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 124--9, 1982.
Abstract: The kinetic characteristics of muon-catalyzed deuterium-tritium (D-T) fission processes are considered. Rate equations for the dominant muonic and nonmuonic reactions are formulated and the associated particle densities determined as a function of time. Parametric expressions intended to provide an indication of the energetic viability of muon-aided fusion reactions are formulated and evaluated. It appears that muon-catalyzed D-T fusion at low temperature does possess the potential of energy gain under certain experimental conditions.
M. Lifshitz and P. Singer, "Charged-particle emission following muon capture in complex nuclei," Physical Review Letters, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 18--21, 1978.
Abstract: A model combining pre-equilibrium and compound-nucleus emission is used to explain the observed emission of charged particles following mu capture from nuclei with A[right angle bracket]or approximately=20. The good agreement obtained constitutes additional evidence for a recently proposed distribution of the nucleon momenta in nuclei. (24 References).
M. Lifshitz and P. Singer, "Nuclear excitation function and particle emission from complex nuclei following muon capture," Physical Review C, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 2135--50, 1980.
Abstract: A model for the calculation of the nuclear excitation function following muon capture in complex nuclei and of the ensuing emission is presented. The capturing nucleus is treated as consisting of quasifree nucleons moving in a momentum-dependent potential and having an effective nucleon-momentum distribution. The emission of protons, deuterons, alpha particles and neutrons is calculated by considering both pre-equilibrium and compound-nucleus emission. The model accounts well for the observed charged particles emission rates from capturing nuclei over the wide range 23[left angle bracket]or=A[left angle bracket]or=209. The proton emission is shown to become mainly of pre-equilibrium nature for the heavier nuclei. The results for neutron emission are also in satisfactory agreement with experimentally measured multiplicities and spectra. (52 References).
M. Lifshitz and P. Singer, "High-multiplicity neutron emission from muon capture," Physics Letters B, vol. 215, no. 4, pp. 607--10, 1988.
Abstract: The nuclear excitation function resulting from muon captures on pairs of nucleons which is induced by meson-exchange currents, is used to calculate the probabilities of high-multiplicity (X[right angle bracket]or=6) neutron emission. For muon capture in /sup 209/Bi these are found to be 8*10/sup -3/ for X=6, 3.5*10/sup -3/ for X=7 and 0.7*10/sup -3/ for X=8. Results are presented also for Pb, Ho and Ag. The agreement with existing experiments is very good. (16 References).
M. Lifshitz and P. Singer, "Meson-exchange currents and energetic particle emission from mu /sup -/ capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A476, no. 4, pp. 684--700, 1988.
Abstract: The authors consider corrections to the impulse approximation calculation of the excitation function generated by muon capture in complex nuclei, in the form of captures on pairs of nucleons induced via meson-exchange currents. Within the Fermi gas model for the nucleus, these multinucleon captures are found to account for 4-8% of the experimental muon capture rates and to produce high excitation energies. The emission of pre-equilibrium protons with energies between 40 and 90 MeV is calculated for several nuclei using the hybrid exciton model. The agreement with experiment on emission spectra and rates is generally good. The emission of neutrons at these energies is also discussed. (50 References).
M. Lifshitz and P. Singer, "Muon induced fission in high threshold nuclei," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atomic Nuclei), vol. 332, no. 3, pp. 311--15, 1989.
Abstract: Muon captures by nucleon pairs via meson-exchange currents produce a high energy excitation tail in heavy nuclei. The muon induced fission by these excitations is calculated in several subactinide nuclei with high threshold fission barriers. The probability for delayed fission ranges from 4*10/sup -5/ to 4*10/sup -3/ for the isotopes considered. (27 References).
JW Jr Lightbody, J. B. Bellicard, J. M. Cavedon, B. Frois, D. Goutte, M. Huet, Ph Leconte, A. Nakada, Xuan Ho Phan, S. K. Platchkov, S. Turck-Chieze, Jager CW de, J. J. Lapikas, and Witt Huberts PKA. de, "Elastic and inelastic electron scattering from /sup 50,52,54/Cr," Physical Review C, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 113--32, 1983.
Abstract: Elastic and inelastic electron scattering cross sections are given for /sup 50,52,54/Cr at momentum transfers between 0.15 and 2.6 fm/sup -1/. Ground state charge distributions are derived from a combined analysis of these data and muonic atom data. Deduced values of the RMS charge radii are given. Comparison is made between the experimental charge distributions and density dependent Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov calculations. Inelastic scattering form factors for 2/sup +/, 4/sup +/, and 6/sup +/ states up to 4 MeV excitation are given along with shell model and phenomenological model fits to those data, B(EL) values, multipole dependence of effective charges, and other model parameters. (18 References).
D. L. Lin and MY. Chen, "Nuclear matrix elements of neutral currents in muonic atom decays," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A251, no. 3, pp. 457--64, 1975.
Abstract: The nuclear matrix elements of the parity-violating effects of neutral currents are examined for the three light nuclei /sup 6/Li, /sup 7/Li and /sup 9/Be. These matrix elements will play important roles in the quantitative analysis of neutral currents if the hyperfine effects in parity-violating muonic atom decays are actually observed. The matrix elements are related to magnetic electron scattering data. For /sup 6/Li, for which scattering data are available, the calculated matrix elements contain the least uncertainty from nuclear physics. For /sup 7/Li and /sup 9/Be, for which data are unavailable, reasonably good models, such as the j-j coupling limit and the intermediate coupling model, are employed in computing the matrix elements. (12 References).
C. D. Lin and Liu. Xian-Hui, "Methods of solving Coulombic three-body problems in hyperspherical coordinates," Physical Review A, vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 2749--63, 1988.
Abstract: A method for solving three-body problems in mass-weighted hyperspherical coordinates in the adiabatic approximation is presented. The adiabatic channel function is expanded in terms of analytical functions expressed in different sets of Jacobi coordinates to describe each dissociation limit naturally. Evaluation of matrix elements between functions in different Jacobi coordinates is achieved through the known transformation properties of hyperspherical harmonics in these coordinates. The method is applied to study the lowest channels for various Coulombic three-body systems such as H/sup -/, e/sup -/e/sup -/e/sup +/, p/sup +/p/sup +/ mu /sup -/, d/sup +/d/sup +/ mu /sup -/, e/sup +/p/sup +/e/sup -/, p/sup +/d/sup +/ mu /sup -/, and d/sup +/t/sup +/ mu /sup -/ using only one or two analytical basis functions, and the results are compared with some known calculations. The behavior of the potential curves with respect to the variation of the masses of the three-body system is also examined. (34 References).
CD. Lin, "Hyperspherical coordinate approach to atomic and other Coulombic three-body systems," Physics Reports, vol. 257, no. 1, pp. 1--83, 1995.
Abstract: Developments in the application of hyperspherical coordinates in a unified treatment of bound states and resonances of two-electron atomic systems and other general Coulomb three-body systems are reviewed. It is shown that the nature of the internal normal modes of such three-body systems can be examined within the adiabatic approximation where the hyperradius is treated as an adiabatic parameter. From the nodal lines in the internal coordinates, it is shown how a set of new quantum numbers can be assigned. The most recent progress in the application of hyperspherical close coupling method to the photoabsorption of two-electron atoms and to rearrangement collisions is also addressed. (162 References).
KH. Lindenberger, "Measurement of neutron spectra after mu-meson capture," Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen, vol. 8, no. , pp. 908-9, 1972.
Abstract: The author considers mu-meson capture in Tl, Pb and Bi nuclei with the associated energy supply (approx. 20 MeV) resulting in neutron emission which in turn affects the capture process. By a time-of-flight spectrometer with path of 1 m, the start signal yielded gamma -quanta from the residual nucleus so that the recorded results refer to the excited state after neutron emission. The spectra consists of a damping spectrum and an additional high-energy neutron contribution. The method is discussed for checking a hypothesis advanced for light nuclei, according to which capture is preferentially via analogue states of giant resonance. (0 References).
E. Lindroth, J. Wallenius, and S. Jonsell, "Decay rates of excited muonic molecular ions," Physical Review A, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 32502--1--6, 2003.
Abstract: Muonic molecular ions in excited states have been predicted to form in collisions between excited muonic atoms and hydrogen molecules. We have calculated radiative and Coulombic decay rates for pp mu /sup */ and dd mu /sup */ molecular states located below the 2s threshold, using the complex rotation method. The X-ray spectrum from the radiative decay is shown to exhibit several maxima, corresponding to the vibrational motion of the decaying molecule. The branching ratio of the radiative decay mode was calculated to be less than 15% for pp mu /sup */, while a radiative yield of more than 80% is predicted for the decay of dd mu /sup */. Our results have a significant impact on the analysis of the muon catalyzed fusion cycle as well as on the interpretation of exotic hydrogen spectroscopy. (29 References).
Youguang Ling and Zhihong. Qiu, "Bound states of eta-/sup 24/Mg and eta-/sup 32/S," Physica Energiae Fortis et Physica Nuclearis, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1017--22, 1989.
Abstract: The eta-/sup 24/Mg mesic nucleus and the eta-/sup 32/S mesic nucleus are considered as the /sup 12/C-eta-/sup 12/C and /sup 16/O-eta-/sup 16/O three-body systems respectively. With the separable potentials which include only S-wave eta-/sup 12/C and eta-/sup 13/O effective interactions, the Schrodinger equations of the systems are solved in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. (7 References).
E. W. Lingeman and PFA. Goudsmit, "Muon and pion atomic research," Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 4--7, 1975.
Abstract: The authors review existing research data on pions, muons and kaons, with particular reference to absorption characteristics exhibited by light and heavy nuclei. They also discuss production of mesic atoms, muon and pion X-ray spectra and the theory of muonic and pionic atoms. Tables give collated energy data of 2p to 1s, 3d to 2p, 4f to 3d and 5g to 4f pion transitions for various isotopes of selected light and heavy elements. Further research is possible with the IKO's 500 MeV linear electron accelerator. (33 References).
JG. Linhart, "Energy from thermonuclear reactions," in Proceedings of the 5th Winter School on Hadronic Physics. Problems of Fundamental Modern Physics II, (R. Cherubini, P. Dalpiaz, and B. Minetti, eds.), pp. 207--15, 1991.
Abstract: The author first presents a brief review of the various possibilities for fusion (i) beam-target studies; (ii) inertial confinement fusion; (iii) magnetic confinement fusion; (iv) muon-catalyzed fusion. (7 References).
R. Link, N. Backe, R. Engfer, L. Fluri, R. Michaelsen, C. Petitjean, and H. Schneuwly, "Magnetic hyperfine splitting of the 2s/sub 1/2/-2p/sub 1/2/ transition in muonic /sup 115/In," Physics Letters B, vol. 37B, no. 1, pp. 50--2, 1971.
Abstract: In /sup 115/In a magnetic hf-splitting of the muonic 2s/sub 1/2/- 2p/sub 1/2/ transition was observed. From this the hf-constant A/sub 1/(2s/sub 1/2/)=280+or-60 eV and an improved value A/sub 1/(2p/sub 1/2/)=520+or-60 eV were deduced. The experimental results are compared to calculations on the basis of the shell model with configuration mixing. (13 References).
R. Link, L. Schellenberg, H. Backe, R. Engfer, E. Kankeleit, R. Michaelsen, H. Schneuwly, W. U. Schroder, J. L. Vuilleumier, H. K. Walter, and A. Zehnder, "Magnetic hyperfine interaction of the 2/sup +/ rotational states in muonic /sup 190,192/Os," Physics Letters B, vol. 42B, no. 1, pp. 57--9, 1972.
Abstract: In muonic /sup 190,192/Os the magnetic hf-splitting of the 2/sup +/ to 0/sup +/ nuclear transition was measured. The hf-splittings Delta E(/sup 190/Os)=665+or-80 eV and Delta E(/sup 192/Os)=800+or-80 eV of the 2/sup +/ state are reduced to 59% compared to a point-like magnetic moment in agreement with the assumption of a magnetization density distribution proportional to R/sup 2/ rho /sub charge/(R) as calculated from a rigid rotator. The influence of these results on the analysis of muonic isomer shifts is pointed out. (11 References).
R. Link, "Magnetic hyperfine interaction in muonic indium, osmium and mercury," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 269, no. 2, pp. 163--71, 1974.
Abstract: The magnetic hyperfine interaction in several muonic atoms has been measured. The magnetic splittings of the 1 s/sub 1/2/, 2s/sub 1/2/ and 2p/sub 1/2/ muon states in the 9/2/sup +/ ground state of /sup 115/In, determined by measuring muonic X rays are presented. (42 References).
R. Link, H. Backe, R. Engfer, E. Kankeleit, and HK. Walter, "Magnetic hyperfine anomaly in muonic /sup 193/Ir," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 381--7, 1977.
Abstract: The nuclear decay of the /sup 5///sub 2//sup +/ 139 keV state to the /sup 3///sub 2//sup +/ ground state was observed in muonic /sup 193/Ir. The hyperfine splitting of the /sup 3///sub 2//sup +/ state and /sup 5///sub 2//sup +/ state was determined to be 640+or-100 eV and 1280+or-160 eV, respectively. The ground state splitting is about twice that of a point nucleus, an anomaly never observed this large. This is mainly due to the different radial distribution of spin and orbital magnetization of a d/sub 3/2/ proton configuration for which these contributions nearly cancel to zero in the magnetic moment. But calculations including configuration mixing and coupling to a vibrating or a deformed core show deviations. The ground state anomaly is in line with that observed by the Mossbauer technique. (19 References).
E. Lipparini and S. Stringari, "Charge exchange excitations in N not=Z nuclei: Vlasov and hydrodynamic equations," Journal de Physique (Paris), Colloque, vol. 48, no. C-2, pp. 27-35, 1987.
Abstract: Macroscopic equations of motion for charge exchange reactions in N not=Z nuclei are derived starting from the time dependent Hartree-Fock theory. Application is made to the study of the dipole giant resonance in isospin channels and mu /sup -/ capture in N not=Z nuclei. (20 References).
E. Lipparini, S. Stringari, and R. Leonardi, "Isospin effects and dynamic correlations in inclusive muon capture in N Double Dagger Z nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 212, no. 1, pp. 6--10, 1988.
Abstract: A new sum rule approach is developed in the isospin channels and applied to the muon capture reaction in N not=Z nuclei. The approach accounts well for the effects of the isospin and of the dynamical correlations. The expression Lambda /sub mu /=20RZ/sup 3/A*(1-2.46(N-Z)/A)/sup 2/ for the capture rate is derived and successfully compared with the experimental data. (23 References).
A. S. Litvinenko, N. G. Shevchenko, AYu Buki, G. A. Savitskii, V. M. Khvastunov, and RL. Kondrat'ev, "Investigation of iron and nickel isotope nuclei by means of elastic electron scattering," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 40--6, 1971.
Abstract: Elastic cross sections of scattering of electrons with energy of 225 MeV on the isotopes Fe/sup 54,/ /sup 56,/ /sup 58/ and Ni/sup 58,/ /sup 62/ are measured. Starting from the two-parameter Fermi model the authors have determined the dependences of the charge density distribution radii, r/sub 0.5,/ the depth of the surface layer, t, and r.m.s. radii, (r/sup 2/)/sup 1/2/, on the mass number. The results of the experiment are compared with the available data on electron and proton scattering and muon capture.
A. S. Litvinenko, N. G. Shevchenko, AYu Buki, G. A. Savitsky, V. M. Khvastunov, A. A. Khomich, V. N. Polishchuk, and II. Chkalov, "Electron scattering studies of tin isotopes," Nuclear Physics A, vol. a182, no. 2, pp. 265--71, 1972.
Abstract: The elastic scattering of 225.0+or-0.2 MeV electrons by the nuclei /sup 116,118,124/Sn was measured to study the change of the charge density distribution parameters with the number of added neutrons in the nucleus. The obtained results are compared with other electron scattering experiments and muon-capture data. (11 References).
L. C. Liu and Q. Haider, "Signature for the existence of eta-mesic nucleus," Physical Review C, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 1845--54, 1986.
Abstract: It is shown that strongly-bound eta -nucleus systems, which the authors term eta -mesic nuclei, can be formed between an eta meson and nuclei of mass number A[right angle bracket]10. They show that a distinct experimental signature for the formation of the eta -mesic nucleus can be observed in ( pi /sup +/, p) reactions. The formation cross sections are predicted. Effects of higher order dynamics on the predicted width of the eta -mesic nucleus are also estimated. (29 References).
Jifeng Liu, Jianping Shen, and Guanglie. Li, "Possibility on formation of eta -meson-nucleus bound states," Physica Energiae Fortis et Physica Nuclearis, vol. 14, no. 12, pp. 1096--102, 1990.
Abstract: The formation of eta -meson-nucleus bound states is investigated, using a standard Green's function of many-body problems. Within a physically reasonable range of the parameters (coupling constants and harmonic oscillator potentials), the authors find that the eta -/sup 16/O bound state is indeed possible and depends crucially on the eta NN* (/sup 1///sub 2/, /sup 1///sub 2//sup -/) interaction being attractive. The results indicate that the widths Gamma are larger than the eta binding energy in /sup 16/O/sub eta /, which would make the observation of such states difficult. (11 References).
M. P. Locher and ME. Sainio, "Constants of pi N threshold parameters and the sigma term from measuring the polarization," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B39, no. 8, pp. 943--6, 1989.
Abstract: The authors discuss pi N polarizations and cross sections at low energies. Presently two conflicting solutions for the low energy amplitudes exist. The first one is based on low energy scattering data and disagrees with the critical sigma term while the second one, based on mesic atoms level shifts, is consistent with chiral expectations. They show that the pi /sup +or-/p polarization at T/sub pi /=5t MeV is able to distinguish these solutions. They also illustrate the sensitivity to the small P waves. (16 References).
B. A. Logan and A. Ljubicic, "A new look at radiationless transitions in muonic atoms," Applied Radiation & Isotopes, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 751--3, 1996.
Abstract: Our model of two indistinguishable quantum oscillators previously used in the analyses of nuclear excitation in an electron transition (NEET) and nuclear excitation in positron-electron annihilation (NEPEA) processes is extended to radiationless transitions in muonic atoms (RLT mu A). For the RLT mu A in muonic atoms of /sup 238/U our model predicts transition probabilities W/sub BL/ which are in very good agreement with the available experimental data. (11 References).
K. P. Lohs, G. W. Wolschin, and J. Hufner, "Nuclear Auger effect in muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A236, no. 2, pp. 457--68, 1974.
Abstract: In a muonic atom electromagnetic transitions proceed via emission of X-rays, electrons from the atomic cloud (Auger electrons), or neutrons from the nucleus (nuclear Auger effect). The authors calculate the neutron spectrum for muonic /sup 207/Pb and /sup 209/Bi within a microscopic theory of nuclear reactions. The compound nucleus mechanism is dominant. Most of the neutrons arise from the E2 transition 3d to 1s. Agreement between experiment and calculation is achieved to within a factor of 2. (16 References).
KP. Lohs, "Scattering lengths of pionic /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A312, no. 3, pp. 297--310, 1978.
Abstract: Scattering lengths of pionic /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He and the charge exchange contribution to the 1s width of pionic /sup 3/He are calculated within the fixed scatterer approximation of the multiple scattering formalism. Particular attention is focused on the nuclear physics part and on pi N p-wave contributions. For the first time triple scattering and double-spin-flip contributions have been included. Significant deviations from previous estimates and calculations are found. Good agreement is achieved with the experimental pi /sup -3/He scattering length, whereas in the case of /sup 4/He a repulsive dispersion contribution is clearly needed. The author proposes to use the measured 1s level shift of pionic /sup 3/He as a constraint to deduce a precise value of the isoscalar pi N scattering length. Furthermore, it is found that multiple scattering reduces the impulse approximation value of Gamma /sub 1s/( pi /sup -3/He to pi /sup 03/H) by more than 20%. This result casts some doubt on impulse approximation calculations of radiative pion capture as well. (27 References).
C. Longuemare and CA. Piketty, "Asymmetry of the most energetic neutrons emitted after muon capture by nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 38B, no. 3, pp. 125--8, 1972.
Abstract: The asymmetry of the most energetic neutrons emitted after mu capture by nuclei is calculated in a pure shell model to second-order nonrelativistic approximation. For closed-shell nuclei this limiting value is independent of the model used and of the nucleus considered except for a small kinematical dependence. (10 References).
De Magalhaes A. Lopes and MJ. Ramos, "Calculation of hyperfine coupling constants of muonated radicals," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 165, no. 6, pp. 528--34, 1990.
Abstract: Comparison of muon hyperfine coupling constants with the corresponding proton ones for the analogous H radicals reveals considerable isotopic shifts. On isotopic substitution the bond length expectation values vary and muonic isotopic effects should be larger than with conventional isotopes such as deuterium. INDO calculations using a geometry based on MNDO-RHF calculations (with fixed C-Mu bond length expectation values in a Morse potential) have been carried out, giving improved values for hyperfine coupling constants and for corresponding shifts upon isotopic substitution by Mu in several radicals. (10 References).
B. Lorazo and B. Goulard, "Microscopic treatment of some weak processes in the A=14 nuclei," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 388--400, 1980.
Abstract: A microscopic treatment of weak processes like the beta -decay of /sup 14/C (ground state) or /sup 14/O (ground state) and the partial muon capture by /sup 14/N (ground state) to /sup 14/C (ground state) is presented in order to detect the possible importance of the mesonic exchange currents in these unusually inhibited processes. The study shows that this possibility could occur in the muon capture process associated with the total spin J=/sup 1///sub 2/ hyperfine state. (15 References).
W. Lorenzon, O. Hausser, and T. Plettner, "Gas scintillation in He-N/sub 2/-CH/sub 4/ and He-N/sub 2/ mixtures," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 342, no. 2-3, pp. 516--20, 1994.
Abstract: A gas scintillation time projection chamber has been constructed to measure light emission in He-N/sub 2/-CH/sub 4/ and He-N/sub 2/ gas mixtures in the pressure range of 5 to 10 atm. N/sub 2/ admixtures were on the order of 0.6-1.8% and CH/sub 4/ admixtures varied between 0.06-0.18%. It is shown that in this range, an increase in N/sub 2/ and CH/sub 4/ admixtures tends to decrease the light amplification. The information gained might be useful for measurements of neutrino angular correlations via the triton asymmetry following muon capture by polarized muonic /sup 3/He. (17 References).
J. LoSecco, "Observations and applications of atmospheric neutrinos," Nuclear Physics B-Proceedings Supplements,, vol. 13, no. , pp. 359-61, 1990.
Abstract: A number of questions regarding the flux of atmospheric neutrinos are raised. Attempts are made to understand the deficiency of muon neutrinos reported by Kamioka. These reports are not confirmed by IMB or Frejus. Questions of detection efficiency, misidentification and muon capture are explored. Conclusions that the observed deficiency is due to muon neutrino oscillations are premature given the uncertainty in expected flux and detector performance. (10 References).
K. Lou, C. Petitjean, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Fuchs, S. Fussy, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, H. Bossy, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, YuS Grigoriev, A. I. Ilyin, E. M. Maev, G. E. Petrov, G. G. Semenchuk, A. A. Vorobyov, P. Baumann, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, P. Hofmann, R. Huber, R. Lipowsky, and P. Wojciechowski, "New mu CF experience with the modular LNPI ionization chamber," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 525--32, 1991.
Abstract: A method, using a modular high ionization chamber (IC) for the direct measurement of the sticking parameter omega /sub s/ in mu -catalyzed dt fusion experiment at PSI in the autumn of 1989, is described. The data analysis of the IC is discussed, including the signal parameters, event patterns, pedestal and tritium noise studies. The background reduction of the alpha pileup for the sticking mu alpha events is shown based on a shape analysis and a Monte Carlo study. The energy width of the mu alpha and the detection efficiencies of the alpha and mu alpha are discussed based on the Monte Carlo studies and a low pressure run. The results of these systematic studies are shown. (10 References).
K. Lou, "Direct measurement of the final--sticking probability in muon catalyzed dt fusion using the ``survived muon method''", 1993.
K. Lou and others, "Direct measurement of sticking in muon catalyzed DT fusion and physics of ``Hot'' µt atoms," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 147--155, 1993.
K. Lou, D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, P. Baumann, W. H. Breunlich, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, H. Daniel, YuS Grigoriev, F. J. Hartmann, A. I. Ilyin, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, B. Lauss, J. Marton, M. Muhlbauer, C. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, W. Prymas, W. Schott, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, A. A. Vorobyov, P. Wojciechowski, and J. Zmeskal, "Final dt sticking omega /sub s/ using the 'survived muon method'," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 313--25, 1993.
Abstract: A new direct measurement of the final dt sticking probability omega /sub s/ using a special data analysis called the 'survived muon method' is presented. The data were obtained at PSI using a high pressure ionization chamber with H/D/T gas mixtures. The method can provide information on final sticking d mu t to mu alpha +n independent of theoretical models of stripping and initial sticking. It was found: omega /sub s/=(0.57+or-0.07+or-0.02)%. The experiment and the analysis method are discussed in detail. (9 References).
S. W. Lovesey, Theory of neutron scattering from condensed matter, Clarendon, 1984.
J. Lowe, "Radiative kaon capture," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 102A, no. 1, pp. 167-77, 1989.
Abstract: Calculations that relate the radiative decay properties of the Lambda (1405) to measurements on the K/sup -/p atom are reviewed. (26 References).
D. C. Lu, L. Delker, G. Dugan, C. S. Wu, A. J. Caffrey, Y. T. Cheng, and YK. Lee, "New high-accuracy measurement of the pionic mass," Physical Review Letters, vol. 45, no. 13, pp. 1066--9, 1980.
Abstract: The pionic X-ray energies of the 4f-3d transition in pi -P and the 5f-4d transition in pi -Ti were measured with a bent-crystal spectrometer at the Nevis synchrocyclotron; and a new value 139567.5+or-0.9 keV, leading to an improved value for the mu -neutrino mass of m/sub nu mu //sup 2/=0.102+or-0.119 MeV/sup 2/; m/sub nu mu /[left angle bracket]0.52 MeV, at 90% confidence level. (18 References).
Y. Lu and R. Rosenfelder, "Nuclear polarization corrections for the S-levels of electronic and muonic deuterium," Physics Letters B, vol. 319, no. 1-3, pp. 7--12, 1993.
Abstract: We calculate the second-order corrections to the atomic energy level shifts in ordinary and muonic deuterium due to virtual excitations of the deuteron which are important for ongoing and planned precise experiments in these systems. We use a method for light atoms in which the shift is expressed as integrals over the longitudinal and transverse inelastic structure functions of the nucleus and employ the structure functions arising from separable NN potentials. Special emphasis is put on gauge invariance which requires a consistent inclusion of interaction currents and seagull terms. The effect of the D-wave component of the deuteron is investigated for the leading longitudinal contribution. We also estimate the shift for pionic deuterium. (19 References).
D. H. Lu and RH. Landau, "Deep pionic bound states in a nonlocal optical potential," Physical Review C, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 878--85, 1994.
Abstract: Pion-nucleus bound states are investigated in momentum space using a microscopic optical potential with energy dependences and nonlocalities arising from elementary potential models. We confirm the existence of deep, hybrid Coulomb-nuclear 1s,2s, and 2p bound states, but find them to be considerably broader ( approximately 20-300%) than reported previously for other potentials and slightly ( approximately 7%) more bound. Although the states still remain nonoverlapping, their larger widths may affect experimental searches. (35 References).
GR Jr Lucas, P. Martin, G. H. Miller, R. E. Welsh, D. A. Jenkins, R. J. Powers, and AR. Kunselman, "Neutron emission following muon capture in /sup 142/Ce, /sup 140/Ce, /sup 138/Ba and /sup 120/Sn. (Level schemes for /sup 141/La, /sup 139/La, /sup 137/Cs and /sup 119/In)," Physical Review C, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1678--86, 1973.
Abstract: Branching ratios to excited nuclear states formed after muon capture have been measured with Ge(Li) detectors. The delayed gamma rays were observed in studies of muonic /sup 142/Ce, /sup 140/Ce, /sup 138/Ba, and /sup 120/Sn, using separated isotopes. The resulting isotopes formed indicate at least a 60% probability of neutron emission upon muon capture, with the most likely product resulting from single-neutron emission. No evidence for delayed proton emission with a probability higher than 2% was found. Using the more precise energies for the observed nuclear transitions, revised energy level schemes are presented for /sup 141/La, /sup 139/La, /sup 137/Cs, and /sup 119/In. (16 References).
L. Ludhova, "Production and study of exotic atoms at DA$\Phi$NE", 2001.
J. Lukasik and J. Ducuing, "Vibrational relaxation of $\mathrmD_2$ in the range 400--50 K," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 27, pp. 203--205, 1974.
G. K. Lum, C. E. Wiegand, and GL. Godfrey, "Observed isotropy in pionic argon X-ray angular distribution," Physics Letters B, vol. 65B, no. 1, pp. 43--5, 1976.
Abstract: A measurement of the angular distribution of X-rays from pionic Ar indicated that the emission was isotropic. The results show alpha =0.01+or-0.09 where alpha is defined by P( theta )=1+( alpha /2) sin/sup 2/ theta and theta is the polar angle with respect to the incident pion beam. (2 References).
G. K. Lum, C. E. Wiegand, EG Jr Kessler, R. D. Deslattes, L. Jacobs, W. Schwitz, and R. Seki, "Kaonic mass by critical absorption of kaonic-atom X-rays," Physical Review D, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 2522--32, 1981.
Abstract: The energy of X-rays from the transition 6h to 5g in kaonic atoms of potassium falls on the K absorption edge of erbium. Measurement of the kaonic-X-ray attenuation in a precisely calibrated set of Er foils yields the X-ray energy 57458.8+or-6.3 eV. The kaon mass is related to energy through the Klein-Gordon equation plus corrections for radiative effects, electron screening, and other effects. The negative-kaon mass was found to be 493.640+or-0.054 meV/c/sup 2/ in agreement with the currently accepted value 493.669+or-0.018 MeV/c/sup 2/ which was determined from X-rays emitted by high-Z atoms where the corrections were larger than for Z=19. (30 References).
S. R. Lundeen and F. M. Pipkin, ""Measurement of the Lamb shift in hydrogen," Physical Review Letters, vol. 46, pp. 232--235, 1981.
M. Lutz, A. Steiner, and W. Weise, "Kaons in baryonic matter," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A574, no. 4, pp. 755--87, 1994.
Abstract: We investigate modifications of the kaon mass in baryonic matter. It is rigorously established that at small density the in-medium kaon masses are determined by the kaon-nucleon scattering amplitude. Using empirical numbers there is no tendency towards s-wave K/sup +/ condensation. We explore and discuss consequences of chiral symmetry for kaon-nuclear systems. (18 References).
ITs Lyast and BYa. Ladyzhinskii, "Quantum-mechanical calculation of the potential surface of a meson in the molecular system (LiH)/sup +/," Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 791--6, 1976.
Abstract: Calculations have been carried out for the large mesomolecule (LiH)/sup +/+meson by the methods of quantum chemistry in the adiabatic approximation. The potential surfaces for the motion of the meson in the field of the nuclei and the electrons have been obtained for the ground and first excited electronic states. In the ground state the region corresponding to attraction to the Li atom is much greater than the region corresponding to attraction to the H atom. Close to the H atom, the meson is in a field which has essentially Coulombic character, but with clearly defined asymmetry. Close to the Li atom, the field is a central-symmetrical field, and the dependence of the field on distance differs considerably from the Coulombic. The quantum numbers for which delocalization of the meson in the molecule becomes possible have been estimated. (10 References).
DH. Lyth, "Limits on a long range pion nucleon interaction from pionic atom and pi N scattering data," Zeitschrift fur Physik C-Particles & Fields, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 177--83, 1982.
Abstract: Experimental limits are obtained on any non-electromagnetic long range pion nucleon interaction, from accurate pi /sup +/p scattering data and from pionic atom energy levels. Such an interaction is effectively ruled out in the region r[left angle bracket]or approximately=100 fm unless its potential falls off faster than r/sup -4/. (22 References).
Z. Y. Ma, X. Z. Wu, G. S. Zhang, Y. C. Cho, Y. S. Wang, J. H. Chiou, S. T. Sen, F. C. Yang, and JO. Rasmussen, "Calculation of muon final-state probabilities after muon-induced fission," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A348, no. 4-5, pp. 446--60, 1980.
Abstract: Experiments have shown that in muonic uranium-238 fission the mu /sup -/ is bound mainly to the heavy fragment with a few percent of cases of binding to the light fragment. The authors use time-dependent perturbation theory to calculate the theoretical branching for a variety of fission asymmetries and fission fragment dynamical conditions. They go beyond earlier theoretical works in that they study extended nuclear charge distributions as well as point charges. Agreement with experiment is within the limits of error. (13 References).
Q. Ma, X. Cheng, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, and T. Watanabe, "Quantum mechanical study for the process of mu /sup +/+( mu /sup -/p) to ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/)+p," in Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Fourteenth International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Abstracts of Contributed Papers, (M. J. Coggiola, D. L. Huestis, and RP. Saxon, eds.), 1985.
Abstract: Recently classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) method has been applied to the process of mu /sup +/+( mu /sup -/p) to ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/)+p and e/sup +/+H to (e/sup +/e/sup -/)+p. The authors make a calculation in quantum mechanical way for mu /sup +/+( mu /sup -/p) to ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/)+p in order to compare the results with those by the CTMC method. (3 References).
Qiancheng Ma, Xixiang Zhang, and Yaoyang. Liu, "Formation of ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/) in mu /sup +/- ( mu /sup -/p) collision and the scaling rule," Chinese Journal of Nuclear Physics, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 351--9, 1987.
Abstract: As one of the possible ways to produce a ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/) atom, the cross section of the process mu /sup +/+( mu /sup -/p) to ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/)+p is theoretically investigated. The cross section for several channels is calculated using the first order Born approximation. When a mu /sup +/ collides with a ( mu /sup -/p)/sub 1s/ atom, the formation of ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/)/sub 1s/ is the main channel. The maximum cross section is of the order of 10/sup -20/ cm/sup 2/. Scaling relationships of the cross sections among several channels are discussed. (4 References).
E. R. Macagno, S. Bernow, S. C. Cheng, S. Devons, I. Duerdoth, D. Hitlin, J. W. Kast, W. Y. Lee, J. Rainwater, C. S. Wu, and RC. Barrett, "Muonic atoms. II. Isotope shifts," Physical Review C, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 1202--21, 1970.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.1, no.4, p.1184 (1970). Isotope shifts in the muonic spectra of /sub 20//sup 40/Ca, /sup 44/Ca; /sub 24//sup 50/Cr, /sup 52/Cr, /sup 53/Cr, /sup 54/Cr; /sub 29//sup 63/Cu, /sup 65/Cu; /sub 42//sup 92/Mo, /sup 95/Mo, /sup 96/Mo, /sup 97/Mo; /sub 50//sup 116/Sn, /sup 117/Sn, /sup 118/Sn, /sup 119/Sn, /sup 120/Sn, /sup 124/Sn; /sub 60//sup 142/Nd, /sup 143/Nd, /sup 144/Nd, /sup 145/Nd, /sup 146/Nd, /sup 148/Nd, and /sup 150/Nd have been measured using a stable high-resolution Ge(Li) spectrometer system. The results are compared with values calculated for assumed nuclear charge distributions. In the case of the Nd isotopes, the half-density radius and the skin thickness have been determined from the measured K and L X-ray energies. An interesting shell-closing effect has been observed among the Cr isotopes. The muonic isotope shifts have been used to extract specific-mass shifts from optical measurements.
M. MacCormick and others, "Total photoabsorption cross sections for $^1$H, $^2$H, and $^3$He from 200 to 800 MeV," Physical Review C, vol. 53, pp. 41--49, 1996.
R. MacDonald and others, "Charge exchange of stopped $\pi ^-$ in deuterium: Experiment and theory," Physical Review Letters, vol. 38, pp. 746--749, 1977.
R. Mach, "Invariant impulse approximation and pionic atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 638-9, 1976.
Abstract: Describes a modification of the impulse approximation which ensures the Galilean invariance of the problem. Discusses how to account for the motion of target nucleons and reports a calculation of the energy shifts and widths of /sup 4/He pionic atoms. (4 References).
R. Mach, "Galileo-invariant theory of low energy pion-nucleus scattering. III. The pi /sup -/-/sup 4/He reaction and light pi -mesoatoms," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B33, no. 7, pp. 772--86, 1983.
Abstract: For pt.II, see ibid., vol.B33, no.6, p.616 (1983). Using two versions of the Galileo-invariant optical model, pi /sup -/-/sup 4/He elastic scattering cross sections were calculated in the energy interval 50-260 MeV. Level shifts and widths of several light pi -mesoatoms were estimated in the Born approximation. Whereas the (A+1)-body model appears to be more suitable in the resonance region the two-body model yields surprisingly good results for both the low-energy scattering and the characteristics of pi -mesoatoms. (24 References).
H. Machner, P. Cloth, A. Djaloeis, D. Filges, K. Kilian, H. P. Morsch, D. Protic, G. Riepe, E. Roderburg, Rossen P. von, P. Turek, K. H. Watzlawik, L. Jarczyk, J. Smyrski, A. Stralkowski, A. Budzanowski, D. Dabrowski, I. Skwircynska, H. S. Plendl, J. Koonin, B. J. Lieb, K. Woll, and W. Meiling, "Pionic atoms in low-lying states," in Proceedings of the Workshop on Meson Production, Interaction and Decay, (A. Magiera, W. Oelert, and E. Grosse, eds.), pp. 252-8, 1991.
Abstract: Pionic atoms in low-lying states in medium heavy nuclei are discussed. A possible experiment is described where the pions will be produced with the help of recoil free kinematics at small kinetic energies in the laboratory. A dedicated detector will be applied allowing the measurement of the width as well as the energy shift of these states. (11 References).
H. Machner, "The experimental program at COSY," in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Gross Properties of Nuclei and Nuclear Excitations XXI, (H. Feldmeier, ed.), pp. 157-68, 1993.
Abstract: The new accelerator COSY at Julich is shortly described. Then the first approved experiments and their detectors will be presented. The experiments are measurements of elastic proton-proton scattering and two meson production in the proton-deuteron interactions with a /sup 3/He-recoil and in the proton-proton interactions. Further experiments make use of a time of flight apparatus. These include production of photons, associated strangeness and eta 's in proton-proton interactions. Experiments with a hybrid detector (Ge-wall plus magnet spectrometer) will search for pionic atoms in low lying states and neutral meson production in proton plus deuteron reactions. (8 References).
H. Machner, A. Budzanowski, P. Cloth, H. Dabrowski, A. Djaloeis, W. Drochner, V. Druke, W. Erven, D. Filges, D. Frekers, D. Grzonka, J. Holzer, L. Jarczyk, K. Kilian, J. Konin, M. Kystrin, B. J. Leib, W. Meiling, H. P. Morsch, H. S. Plendl, D. Protic, G. Riepe, E. Roderburg, Rossen P. von, D. Schwierz, I. Skwirczynska, J. Smyrski, A. Strzalkowski, P. Turek, and K. Zwoll, "Quasi-free production of pionic atoms in low-lying states," Physica Scripta, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 175--8, 1993.
Abstract: The motivation for the experiment is shortly discussed. In contrast to the classical method of pi /sup -/ absorption the authors will produce a pi /sup -/ directly in a bound state employing the COSY Julich proton beam. A special choice of the underlying kinematics favors the cross section. The considerations from these constraints for the detector are given together with its status. An outlook is given on further possible activities. (13 References).
R. M. Macrae, C. J. Rhodes, K. Nishiyama, and K. Nagamine, "An unusually small muon-electron coupling constant-muonium addition to biacetyl," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 259, no. 1-2, pp. 103--12, 1996.
Abstract: The room temperature muon-electron coupling constant in the 2-muoxy-3-ketobut-2-yl radical formed by muonium addition to biacetyl (butane-2,3-dione) has been measured by two separate techniques (time-differential transverse field muon spin rotation and 500 MHz RF muon spin resonance spectroscopy) and corresponds to a /sup 1/H equivalent of 0.65 MHz, the smallest room temperature alpha -hydroxyl coupling so far measured in any radical. Its value is examined in the light of ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations and commented on in the context of the electronic structure of the radical and its relation to that of the parent molecule. (30 References).
R. M. Macrae and TM. Briere, "The muonium adduct to biacetyl-ab initio calculations and vibrational averaging," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 106, no. 1-4, pp. 169--74, 1997.
Abstract: The room temperature muon-electron hyperfine coupling constant of the 2-muoxy-3-ketobut-2-yl radical formed by Mu addition to biacetyl (butane-2,3-dione) is the smallest thus far measured in any radical, with A/sub mu /' equivalent to 0.7 MHz 1. Calculations on this radical using the ROHF, UHF, and B/PW 91 formalisms are presented, with averaging performed over the C-O torsional mode using an expansion in free internal rotation eigenfunctions. UHF and B/PW 91 give similar predictions of the dependence of A/sub mu /' on the torsional angle gamma , but are strikingly different in their predictions of the torsional energetics. This difference is traced to spin contamination in the UHF wavefunction. UHF disagrees with both ROHF and B/PW 91 in its structural predictions, yielding excessive electron delocalisation into the central C-C bond. Vibrational corrections lead to a small |A/sub mu /'| with a weak temperature-dependence, and suggest that the radical may twist from the trans geometry of the parent compound into the energetically more favourable intramolecularly H-bonded cis structure. (15 References).
R. M. Macrae and I. Carmichael, "Comparative theoretical study of Mu addition to the C=O and C=S bonds," Physica B, vol. 326, no. 1-4, pp. 81--4, 2003.
Abstract: Conventional wisdom regarding the hyperfine properties of H addition products to the C=S bond is largely inferred from a knowledge base pertaining to C=O, few actual calculations or experiments having been carried out on C=S adducts. Here for the first time the energetics, optimum geometries, and hyperfine properties of radicals formed by hydrogen atom addition to several corresponding pairs of C=O and C=S bond-containing molecules are calculated using hybrid density functional methods. The results clarify the reasons for what appear to be persistent experimental misassignments in mu SR studies of C=S bond adducts. (20 References).
G. Madurga, "Asymmetry of direct neutron emission in polarized-muon capture," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 12A, no. 2, pp. 451-64, 1972.
Abstract: The rate and angular distribution of knock-on neutrons in polarized-muon capture by spinless nuclei is calculated in a simple statistical model and compared with experimental data and other calculations. (6 References).
E. M. Maev, P. Ackerbauer, D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, G. A. Beer, W. H. Breunlich, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, H. Daniel, J. Deutsch, Egidy T. Von, J. Govaerts, YuS Grigoriev, F. J. Hartmann, P. Kammel, B. Lauss, J. Marton, M. Muehlbauer, C. Petitjean, T. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, R. Prieels, W. Prymas, W. Schott, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, and P. Wojciechowski, "Measurement of the breakup channels in nuclear muon capture by /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 423-7, 1996.
Abstract: The rates of the breakup reactions Lambda /sub B/(/sup 3/He) and Lambda /sub B/(/sup 4/He) in nuclear muon capture by /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He have been measured. The measurements were performed on the muon beam of PSI with a multi-anode high-pressure ionization chamber filled with isotopically pure /sup 3/He or /sup 4/He at 120 bar. The chamber was used as a target and detector for both the incoming muons and for the charged reaction products (tritons, deuterons and protons) of the breakup reactions mu /sup -/+/sup 3/He to d+n+ nu /sub mu /, p+2n+ nu /sub mu / and mu /sup -/+/sup 4/He to t+n+ nu /sub mu /, d+2n+ nu /sub mu /, p+3n+ nu /sub mu /. Our statistics, about 5*10/sup 5/ of breakup events, provides a possibility to improve the precision of evaluated rates. The preliminary results: Lambda /sub B/(/sup 3/He)=720+or-70 s/sup -1/, Lambda /sub B/(/sup 4/He)=415+or-40 s/sup -1/ are compared to theoretical predictions and to previous experiments. (13 References).
E. M. Maev, D. V. Balin, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, Rosso A. del, V. A. Ganzha, F. J. Hartmann, S. M. Kozlov, B. Lauss, O. E. Maev, M. Muhlbauer, F. Mulhauser, C. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, S. M. Sadetsky, G. N. Schapkin, W. Schott, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, M. A. Soroka, A. A. Vasiliev, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, and J. Zmeskal, "Measurement of the muon transfer rate from deuterium to /sup 3/He at low temperature," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 121--5, 1999.
Abstract: The muon transfer rate ( lambda /sub D3He/) from deuterium to /sup 3/He at temperatures of 39.5 K and 50.0 K, respectively, has been determined as a by-product of the experiment aimed to search for muon catalyzed D/sup 3/He-fusion. The measurements were performed in the muon beam at PSI with a multi-anode high pressure ionization chamber as a target and detector of the incoming muons and the charged reaction products. The chamber was filled with the HD+/sup 3/He(5.6%) gas mixture of 9.21% LHD density. The analysis of time distributions of DD-fusion events was able to determine the transfer rates: lambda /sub D3He/(50 K)=(2.32+or-0.09)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/, lambda /sub D3He/(39.5 K)=(2.33+or-0.16).10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/. These values, normalized to liquid hydrogen density (LHD, 4.25.10/sup 22/ atoms/cm/sup 3/), significantly exceed the transfer rates at room temperature, in agreement with theoretical predictions. (7 References).
E. M. Maev, D. V. Balin, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, Rosso A. del, V. A. Ganzha, F. J. Hartmann, S. M. Kozlov, B. Lauss, O. E. Maev, M. Muhlbauer, F. Mulhauser, C. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, S. M. Sadetsky, G. N. Schapkin, W. Schott, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, M. A. Soroka, A. A. Vasiliev, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, and J. Zmeskal, "Search for muon catalyzed d/sup 3/He-fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 171--6, 1999.
Abstract: We report on the results of an experiment aimed at observing muon-catalyzed d/sup 3/He-fusion with a setup previously used for studies of the muon-catalyzed dd-fusion. The basic element of the setup is a high pressure ionization chamber operating as an active target. In this experiment the chamber was filled with an HD+/sup 3/He (5.6%) gas mixture at 13.2 bar pressure and 50 K temperature. These conditions were chosen as optimal for formation of the /sup 3/He mu d-molecules with a low level of background from the d- mu -d fusion. The chamber was exposed to the negative muon beam at PSI. During a 3-week data-taking period, 9.7*10/sup 8/ muon stops have been selected. The analysis of the data was able to determine a new upper limit for the d/sup 3/He-fusion rate in the /sup 3/He mu d-molecule ( lambda /sub f/[left angle bracket]or=6*10/sup 4/ s/sup -1/), which is more than three orders of magnitude lower than the previously existed limit. (13 References).
E. M. Maev, V. A. Andreev, T. A. Case, K. M. Crowe, P. U. Dick, A. Dijksman, J. Egger, D. Fahrni, A. A. Fetisov, V. A. Ganzha, F. J. Hartmann, P. Kammel, A. G. Krivchitch, O. E. Maev, C. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, R. Prieels, S. M. Sadetsky, G. N. Schapkin, R. Schmidt, G. G. Semenchuk, M. Soroka, A. A. Vorobyov, and NI. Voropaev, "Development of a new experimental method for studies of muon capture in hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 451--7, 2001.
Abstract: A new experiment is under preparation with the aim to improve considerably the present knowledge of the rate As, which should be measured on a level of 1% or better, for the basic electroweak capture reaction of a negative muon on the free proton mu p/sub 1s/ to n+ nu /sub mu /. The capture rate will be determined by measuring the lifetime of mu /sup -/ stopped in ultra pure hydrogen at 10 bar pressure and comparing it with the lifetime of the unbound mu /sup +/. A new experimental method was developed for this project which should allow measuring the mu /sup -/ lifetime with at least 10 ppm precision. The basic element of the detector is operating in the hydrogen gas time projection chamber (TPC) surrounded by multi-wire proportional chambers (MWPCs) and scintillator counters. The arrival times and trajectories of the incoming muons and the outgoing decay electrons are measured with this device providing effective suppression of background. Using the TPC as an active target, we can monitor on-line the protium contamination by impurities with a sensitivity better than 10/sup -8/. This can be done by detecting the charged products of the muon capture reaction on these impurities. It was demonstrated that the TPC and MWPCs can operate in pure hydrogen under 10 bar pressure providing gas gain up to 10 000. (5 References).
E. M. Maev, V. A. Andreev, T. A. Case, K. M. Crowe, P. U. Dick, A. Dijksman, J. Egger, A. A. Fetisov, V. A. Ganzha, W. D. Herold, F. J. Hartmann, P. Kammel, A. G. Krivchitch, O. E. Maev, C. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, R. Prieels, S. M. Sadetsky, G. N. Schapkin, R. Schmidt, G. G. Semenchuk, M. Soroka, A. A. Vorobyov, and NI. Voropaev, "Study of high-pressure hydrogen-operated wire chambers designed for a precision measurement of the singlet mu p capture rate," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 478, no. 1-2, pp. 158--62, 2002.
Abstract: This work was carried out as part of a project aiming at a greatly improved measurement of the muon capture rate from the singlet state of the mu p atom. The experiment will be performed at the intense muon beam of PSI using a new experimental method allowing high precision measurements of the lifetime of muons stopped in ultra-pure deuterium-depleted hydrogen (protium). The basic element of the detector is a time projection chamber operating in hydrogen Gas at 10 bar pressure. The arrival times and trajectories of the incoming muons and the outgoing decay electrons are measured with this device providing effective suppression of background. The system of chambers and electronics is designed for the large muon stop rates required for attaining high statistical accuracy. During four beam periods at PSI, data were taken. Also, various studies of the MWPC performance in hydrogen were made including ageing studies of the chambers under irradiation with stopped muons and with alpha and beta sources. It was demonstrated that the MWPCs can operate in pure hydrogen under 10 bar pressure with gas gains up to 5000, which is sufficient for the detection of relativistic electrons. (7 References).
M. Magg, K. Ringhofer, and H. Salecker, "mu -mesic hydrogen and (g-2) of the muon as possible tests of the electron propagator," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B40, no. 1, pp. 364--74, 1972.
Abstract: Since gauge invariant modifications of the electron propagator do not contribute to scattering experiments, the authors investigate the Lamb shift of the mu -mesic hydrogen and the (g-2) of the muon. Using a modified electron propagator S=1/(p-m/sub e/)+f/(p-M) where m/sub e/ is the mass of the electron, they find that for f=1 the length M/sup -1/ has to be smaller than /sup 1///sub 100/m/sub e//sup -1/ approximately=0.4*10/sup -12/ cm. They conclude that even in the case of gauge-invariant modifications of quantum electrodynamics the electron propagator can be tested quite accurately. (15 References).
A. Magnon and C. Samour, "Weak interaction study at the Saclay Linac," Bulletin D'Informations Scientifiques et Techniques, vol. 224-225, no. , pp. 115-18, 1977.
Abstract: The time structure of the Saclay Linac beam allowed the authors to make a very precise measurement of the lifetime of the positive muon using a novel technique whereby the decay electrons are observed after the beam pulse. They obtained tau /sub mu //sup +/=2.1973 (0.0003) mu s which gives for the weak coupling constant G=1.4358 erg cm/sup 3/. This technique is now being used to measure the capture rate of the mu /sup -/ by the proton by comparing the lifetime of mu /sup -/ and mu /sup +/ in liquid hydrogen. Muon capture has been studied in /sup 12/C and /sup 16/O in order to obtain an estimation of one of the weak interaction coupling constants. (0 References).
K. Maier, "Light particles in solids- mu /sup -/ in semiconductors," in Exotic Atoms in Condensed Matter. Proceedings of the Erice Workshop, (G. Benedek and H. Schneuwly, eds.), pp. 63--71, 1992.
Abstract: Crystallographic sites of muons and pions are determined using channelling effects of the charged decay particles. By means of time differential techniques at pulsed beams the fate of the particles in the crystal is followed by measuring the channelling profile as a function of time between implantation and particle decay. With negative muons mu /sup -/SR experiments were performed in Si between room temperature and 6 K. Th muon spin procession in an applied magnetic field of 0.04 T disappeared below 20 K. A zero-field measurement at 6 K revealed a mu /sup -/ spin precession frequency of 650 MHz. The muonic atom represents an aluminium acceptor in the silicon matrix, its electronic state is responsible for the mu SR signal. A possible influence of the gamma recoil produced by the X-ray cascade is discussed. (16 References).
J. M. Maier, "The Wolfenstein--Gershtein effect in solid protium--deuterium targets", 1997.
G. Maino, S. G. Mashnik, A. V. Prozorkevich, and SA. Smolyansky, "Dynamical symmetries in nuclear muon capture," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 112A, no. 12, pp. 1489--99, 1999.
Abstract: Muon capture on N not=Z nuclei is discussed within an algebraic approach in the frame of the version 3 of the interacting boson model (IBM) of nuclear structure, thus including the isospin degree of freedom. A simple formula for the capture rate is worked out and compared with experimental data. Inclusive measurements are suggested in order to verify the validity of an IBM-4 supersymmetry scheme for the sd-shell nuclei. (33 References).
M. Z. Maksimov and ZE. Chikovani, "Approximate relations for effective potentials in three-body problems," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 682--3, 1987.
Abstract: In the quantitative description of various muonic-atom processes and of muon catalysis of nuclear fusion reactions it is necessary to calculate a number of matrix elements of transitions between discrete and continuous states. The authors have proposed six interpolation relations, which can be used for approximate estimates of the effective potentials at any distances in a three-body system with Coulomb interaction in transition of the system from the ground state mod 1s sigma ) to the continuum. Similarly it is possible to calculate the effective interaction potentials for transitions from the mod 2p sigma ) state to the continuum if the leading asymptotic behavior of the corresponding matrix elements at large and small distances is constructed. (4 References).
S. Mallampalli and J. Sapirstein, "Perturbed orbital contribution to the two--loop Lamb shift in hydrogen," Physical Review Letters, vol. 80, pp. 5297--5300, 1998.
K. S. Mallesh and G. Ramachandran, "Polarization parameters in systems with spin-spin interactions," Pramana-Journal of Physics, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 43--53, 1986.
Abstract: The spin-spin interaction of two arbitrary spin systems is considered in some detail. The temporal evolution of the polarization parameters and the correlation parameters has been worked out. Applications of the formalism and the interpretation of the results to processes such as heavy-ion interactions, muon and nuclear repolarization, depolarization in muonic atoms and interactions of multilevel systems are outlined. (11 References).
J. V. Mallow, J. P. Desclaux, and AJ. Freeman, "Dirac-Fock method for muonic atoms: Transition energies, wave functions, and charge densities," Physical Review A, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1804--9, 1978.
Abstract: The authors have performed Dirac-Fock calculations for a variety of muonic atoms. The muon is explicitly included in the self-consistent field theory, and electron exchange is treated exactly. Wave functions and energies are obtained for a variety of sample systems ranging from light to heavy ions, using finite models of the nucleus. The problem of angular momentum coupling schemes for muonic atoms is discussed. Results presented include comparison of Dirac-Fock and Dirac-Slater models, the effect of the inclusion of the Breit operator and the Lamb shift as perturbations, contributions of electron screening and relaxation to muon transition energies, and the dependence of screening on muonic angular momentum. (26 References).
J. V. Mallow, J. P. Desclaux, A. J. Freeman, and M. Weinert, "Relativistic self-consistent field theory for muonic atoms: the muonic hyperfine anomaly," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 8, no. 4-6, pp. 455--62, 1981.
Abstract: Atomic Dirac-Fock theory, with the negative muon explicitly included in the self-consistent field calculation, is a useful tool for investigating muonic bound states in isolated atoms, as well as atomic-like effects for muonic atoms in solids. A dramatic example of the power of muonic Dirac-Fock theory is the calculation of muonic hyperfine anomalies. Determined from Breit interaction calculations, these anomalies turn out to be much larger than the usual electronic anomalies, and thus can provide new information about the magnetic structure of the atom. (8 References).
K. Maltman and EW. Vogt, "The atomic bound state of two pions and the pi pi scattering lengths," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 293--6, 1977.
Abstract: An upper bound for the low energy production rate of pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/ atomic bound states in NN collisions is obtained and used to investigate the feasibility of taking pi pi scattering lengths from the X-rays of this system. (22 References).
TN. Mamedov, "Measurement of the muon and muon neutrino masses," Fizika Elementarnykh Chastits i Atomnogo Yadra, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 767--84, 1992.
Abstract: The measurement of the muon and muon neutrino masses is reviewed. The corrections to the energy spectrum of the muonic atom due to the finite size of the nucleus, the vacuum polarization, the Lamb shift, screening of the nuclear charge by electrons, and so on, which are needed to determine the muon mass from the experimental data on the mesonic X-ray energy, are studied. The measured mass of the negatively charged muon is compared with the mass of the positively charged muon determined from the distance between the levels of the hyperfine splitting in muonium ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/) and by measurement of the pi /sup -/meson mass. An important contribution to the error in determining the mu /sup +/ mass comes from the inaccuracy in calculating the radiative corrections to the hyperfine-structure levels in ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/). The smallest upper limit on the muon neutrino mass is at present obtained from experiments in which the muon momentum is measured in the decay of a pi meson at rest. The prospects of raising the accuracy of the muon and muon neutrino mass measurements are discussed. (46 References).
T. N. Mamedov, V. G. Grebinnik, V. A. Zhukov, V. A. Kuz'min, A. V. Stoikov, S. G. Barsov, A. L. Getalov, V. P. Koptev, G. V. Shcherbakov, T. V. Tetereva, and RA. Eramzhyan, "Measurement of the rate of nuclear capture of negative muons in the isotopes /sup 84/Kr and /sup 136/Xe," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 302--7, 1998.
Abstract: The lifetime of a negative muon in the 1S state in the isotopes /sup 84/Kr and /sup 136/Xe was measured. The values obtained, tau (/sup 84/Kr)=139.2+or-2.9 ns and tau (/sup 136/Xe)=111.0+or-4.6 ns, correspond to total nuclear capture rates Lambda /sub c/(/sup 84/Kr)=6.75+or-0.15 mu s/sup -1/ and Lambda /sub c/(/sup 136/Xe)=8.6+or-0.4 mu s/sup -1/. Theoretical calculations of the rate of nuclear capture of a negative muon are performed for the Kr isotopes. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical calculations. (17 References).
T. N. Mamedov, V. G. Grebinnik, K. I. Gritsai, V. N. Duginov, V. A. Zhukov, V. G. Ol'shevskii, and AV. Stoikov, "Total rates of nuclear capture of negative muons in the isotopes /sup 132/Xe and /sup 40/Ar," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 181--3, 1999.
Abstract: The lifetimes of a negative muon in the isotopes /sup 132/Xe and /sup 40/Ar in the solid phase are measured. The lifetime of mu /sup -/ in the 1s state of the isotope /sup 132/Xe is tau (/sup 132/Xe)=101.7+or-1.7 ns, which corresponds to a total nuclear capture rate Lambda /sub c/(/sup 132/Xe)=9.4+or-0.2 mu s/sup -1/. The lifetime of mu /sup -/ in the isotope /sup 40/Ar, viz., tau (/sup 40/Ar)=568+or-6 ns, corresponding to a capture rate Lambda /sub c/(/sup 40/Ar)=1.31+or-0.01 mu s/sup -1/, is obtained to several times better accuracy as compared to previously published results. (13 References).
T. N. Mamedov, V. G. Grebinnik, K. I. Gritsai, V. N. Duginov, V. A. Zhukov, V. G. Ol'shevskii, and AV. Stoikov, "Isotope effect in nuclear capture of negative muons in xenon," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 71, no. 11, pp. 663--5, 2000.
Abstract: The lifetime of negative muons in the /sup 129/Xe 1s state was measured. The muon capture rate in /sup 129/Xe is compared with that in the /sup 132,136/Xe isotopes. The capture rate was found to depend on the mass number of the cited isotopes. The experimental results are compared with the results of calculations by the semiempirical Goulard-Primakoff formula. (14 References).
T. N. Mamedov, K. I. Gritsaj, A. V. Stoykov, D. G. Andrianov, V. N. Gorelkin, D. Herlach, U. Zimmermann, O. Kormann, J. Major, and M. Schefzik, "mu /sup -/SR investigations in silicon," Physica B, vol. 289-290, no. , pp. 574-7, 2000.
Abstract: Results on the temperature dependence of the residual polarization of negative muons in silicon with phosphorus (4.5*10/sup 18/, 2.3*10/sup 15/, and 3.2*10/sup 12/ cm/sup -3/) and aluminium (2.4*10/sup 18/ and 2*10/sup 14/ cm/sup -3/) impurities are presented. The muon spin rotation ( mu SR) experiments were carried out in a magnetic field of 0.2 T and in the temperature range 4.2-300 K. In all investigated samples a relaxation of the muon spin and a shift of the spin-precession frequency were observed. The frequency shift (relative to the room-temperature value) amounts to 7*10/sup -3/ at 15 K. In the sample with a high concentration of phosphorus impurity (4.5*10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/) damped and undamped components of the muon spin polarization were observed at T[left angle bracket]30 K. Hyperfine interaction between the magnetic moments of the muon and that of the electron shell of the muonic atom (acceptor centre - /sub mu /Al) is estimated on the basis of the muon spin precession frequency shift data. The temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate of the magnetic moment of the shallow acceptor centre in silicon in the absence of external stress is determined for the first time. It is found that the relaxation rate is well approximated by the power function nu (T)=CT/sup q/, where the parameter q lies between 2 and 3. (10 References).
T. N. Mamedov, D. Herlach, K. I. Gritsaj, O. Kormann, J. Major, A. V. Stoikov, and U. Zimmermann, "Measurements of the magnetic moment of the negative muon in the bound state in various atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 120, no. 5, pp. 1086--1093, 2001.
Abstract: The magnetic moment of the negative muon in the Is state was measured in carbon, oxygen, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, and zinc. The attained precision of measurements allowed the dependence of the relativistic correction to the magnetic moment of the bound muon on the charge of the nucleus to be verified. (24 References).
T. N. Mamedov, A. S. Baturin, D. Herlach, O. D. Maslov, A. V. Stoikov, and U. Zimmermann, "Measurement of the magnetic moment of a negative muon in zinc and cadmium," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 76, no. 12, pp. 821--4, 2002.
Abstract: The magnetic moment (g factor) of a negative muon on the 1s atomic levels of zinc and cadmium was measured with an accuracy higher by a factor of 7 than the accuracy achieved in other measurements. The experimental value of the g factor differs substantially from the theoretical results. Possible causes of this discrepancy are discussed. (25 References).
T. N. Mamedov, A. S. Baturin, D. Herlach, O. D. Maslov, A. V. Stoikov, and U. Zimmermann, "Measurement of the g-factor of the negative muon in the 1s-state of Zn and Cd atoms," Physica B, vol. 326, no. 1-4, pp. 15--18, 2003.
Abstract: Precise measurement of the anomalous g-value, a/sub mu /=(g-2)/2, of the negative muon bound in an atom provides a sensitive test on the validity of: (1) the relativistic correction to g; (2) the quantum electrodynamics correction in a strong Coulomb field of the nucleus. In this work the magnetic moment of the negative muon in the 1s-state of Zn and Cd atoms was measured. A substantial deviation of the experimental data from the results of theoretical calculations is found. Possible reasons of this disagreement are discussed. (20 References).
VB. Mandelzweig, "Radius perturbation theory and its application to pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A292, no. 3, pp. 333--49, 1977.
Abstract: Radius perturbation theory, starting from a variational principle, is developed for a two particle interaction, consisting of two parts, an external and the internal 'core' part. The small parameters of the theory are the ratios of the core radius to the characteristic length parameters of the outer potential, such as the radius, the size of the bound state orbits and so on. The simple formulae for core corrections to scattering amplitudes, wave functions and bound state levels of the external potential are obtained. Comparison of the approximation with exact solutions for pionic atoms and the nucleon-nucleon system, as well as with results obtained in other approximation theories, is given. (25 References).
V. B. Mandelzweig, A. Gal, and E. Friedman, "Binding in velocity dependent potentials and non-nuclear systems," Annals of Physics, vol. 124, no. 1, pp. 124--68, 1980.
Abstract: Properties of bound states in velocity-dependent potentials are discussed and the WKB approximation is established and used to derive quantization conditions for such states. The most updated zero-range optical potential for pionic atoms is reviewed and employed for the calculation of strongly bound pi /sup -/ nuclear states. Some of the several physical mechanisms, in particular the pi N finite interaction range, which affect the whole issue of bindings and critically determine the number of bound states expected, are qualitatively discussed. Unless dynamical suppression of pi /sup -/ nuclear absorption occurs below threshold, the calculated states are too wide to be considered as well-defined physical states. (25 References).
J. B. Mann and GA Jr. Rinker, "Comment on the validity of the Slater approximation in electron screening in exotic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 385--6, 1975.
Abstract: Recent Hartree-Fock calculations of the energy shifts in exotic atoms due to electron screening have used the local Slater approximation to the exchange potential. Energy shifts for selected muonic atoms are calculated using electron wave functions from a Dirac-Hartree-Fock code. Since this code includes the exact, nonlocal exchange potential, a comparison of results for Ba and Pb shows that the Slater approximation produces small errors in the screening correction. (5 References).
L. I. Man'shikov, L. I. Ponomarev, T. A. Strizh, and MP. Faifman, "Resonant formation of dd mu muonic molecules," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 1173--87, 1987.
Abstract: The rates lambda /sub dd mu / (T) of resonant formation of dd mu muonic molecules in collisions between d mu muonic atoms and D/sub 2/, HD, and DT molecules at temperatures 10[left angle bracket]or approximately=T[left angle bracket]or approximately=1000 K are calculated. The calculated rates lambda /sub dd mu / (T) for the d mu +D/sub 2/+[(dd mu )dee] reaction agree well with the measured ones in the entire range of the deuterium temperature. (48 References).
HMM Mansour and K. Higgins, "On the lifetime of the excited states of the exotic atoms," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 36A, no. 2, pp. 196-203, 1976.
Abstract: "The authors report calculations of the lifetimes of the excited states of the exotic atoms for the transitions (n
HMM. Mansour, "Lifetimes of the excited states of exotic atoms," Acta Physica Slovaca, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 633--7, 1996.
Abstract: In this work the lifetimes of the excited states of the exotic atoms are calculated using the Bethe-Salpeter equation. The level breadth is calculated to the first order, by considering interactions of higher order than the ladder-type interaction. The effects of spin, nuclear interactions and the effect of the outer electrons in a mesic atom are neglected. The results are comparable with the experimental data. (16 References).
J. Manz and J. Romelt, "On the collinear I+HI and I+MuI reactions," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 179--84, 1981.
Abstract: Exact quantum reaction probabilities for the collinear I+HI ( nu [left angle bracket]or=3) to IH( nu '[left angle bracket]or=3)+I and I+MuI ( nu [left angle bracket]or=2) to IMu ( nu '[left angle bracket]or=2)+I reactions on three different LEPS potential surfaces are evaluated by S-matrix propagation along Delves' radial coordinate. The systems are extremely adiabatic, i.e. all reactive or non-reactive vibrational nu to nu ' not= nu transitions are negligible. The nu to nu transitions have resonances exclusively close to threshold. (17 References).
W. J. Marciano, "The muon: a laboratory for 'New Physics'," J. Phys. G-Nucl. Part. Phys., vol. 29, pp. 23-29, 2003.
Abstract: The utility of electroweak radiative corrections for testing the standard model and probing 'New Physics' is reviewed. The muon lifetime's central role in those studies is explained. Alberto Sirlin's pioneering contributions to that program are recalled.
L. E. Marcucci, R. Schiavilla, S. Rosati, A. Kievsky, and M. Viviani, "Theoretical study of He-3(mu(-),nu(mu))H-3 capture," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 66, pp. art. no.-054003, 2002.
Abstract: The He-3(mu(-),nu(mu))H-3 weak capture is studied using correlated-hyperspherical-harmonics wave functions, obtained from realistic Hamiltonians consisting of the Argonne v(14) or Argonne v(18) two-nucleon, and Tucson-Melbourne or Urbana-IX three-nucleon interactions. The nuclear weak charge and current operators have vector and axial-vector components with oneand two-body contributions. The axial-vector current includes the nucleon and Delta induced pseudoscalar terms, with coupling constants g(PS) and g(PS)(*) derived from pion-pole dominance and partially conserved-axial-current hypothesis. The strength of the leading two-body operator is adjusted to reproduce the Gamow-Teller matrix element in tritium beta decay. The calculated total capture rate is within similar to0.5% of the most recent measurement, 1496+/-4 sec(-1). The predictions for the capture rate and angular correlation parameters A(v), A(t), and A(Delta) are found to be only very weakly dependent on the model input Hamiltonian. The variation of the observables with g(PS) and g(PS)(*) and the theoretical uncertainties deriving from the model-dependent procedure used to constrain the axial current are investigated.
L. E. Marcucci, R. Schiavilla, S. Rosati, A. Kievsky, and M. Viviani, "Theoretical study of /sup 3/He( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu /)/sup 3/H capture," Physical Review C, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 54003--1--10, 2002.
Abstract: The /sup 3/He( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu /)/sup 3/H weak capture is studied using correlated-hyperspherical-harmonics wave functions, obtained from realistic Hamiltonians consisting of the Argonne v/sub 14/ or Argonne v/sub 18/ two-nucleon, and Tucson-Melbourne or Urbana-IX three-nucleon interactions. The nuclear weak charge and current operators have vector and axial-vector components with one- and two-body contributions. The axial-vector current includes the nucleon and Delta induced pseudoscalar terms, with coupling constants g/sub PS/ and g/sub PS//sup */ derived from pion-pole dominance and partially conserved-axial-current hypothesis. The strength of the leading two-body operator is adjusted to reproduce the Gamow-Teller matrix element in tritium beta decay. The calculated total capture rate is within ~0.5% of the most recent measurement, 1496+or-4 sec/sup -1/. The predictions for the capture rate and angular correlation parameters A/sub v/, A/sub t/, and A/sub Delta / are found to be only very weakly dependent on the model input Hamiltonian. The variation of the observables with g/sub PS/ and g/sub PS//sup */ and the theoretical uncertainties deriving from the model-dependent procedure used to constrain the axial current are investigated. (43 References).
L. E. Marcucci, M. Viviani, A. Kievsky, S. Rosati, and R. Schiavilla, "Three-nucleon electroweak capture reactions," in Nuclear Dynamics: From Quarks to Nuclei. Proceedings of the 20th CFIF Fall Workshop. Supplement 15, (WP. Graz, ed.), pp. 87-98, 2003.
Abstract: Recent advances in the study of the p-d radiative and mu -/sup 3/He weak capture processes are presented and discussed. The three-nucleon bound and scattering states are obtained using the correlated-hyperspherical-harmonics method, with realistic Hamiltonians consisting of the Argonne v/sub 14/ or Argonne v/sub 18/ two-nucleon and Tucson-Melbourne or Urbana IX three-nucleon interactions. The electromagnetic and weak transition operators include oneand two-body contributions. The theoretical accuracy achieved in these calculations allows for interesting comparisons with experimental data. (36 References).
VE. Markushin, "Light mu /sup -/-atoms in liquid and gaseous hydrogen and deuterium," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 35--48, 1981.
Abstract: De-excitation and Stark mixing processes in mu /sup -/p- and mu /sup -/d-atoms are considered. The population of the atomic levels, X-ray transition intensities and cascade times are calculated. (19 References).
VE. Markushin, "Theoretical analysis of the X-ray spectrum of the K/sup -/p atom," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 960--5, 1984.
Abstract: A model-independent relation between the intensities of the K lines of the K/sup -/p atom in liquid hydrogen is obtained from the balance equations that take into account the radiative and Auger transitions between the atomic levels, Stark mixing, and nuclear absorption; the relation is used to verify the self-consistency of the available experimental data. (15 References).
VE. Markushin, "Recent progress in muon-catalyzed fusion theory: nuclear reactions and muon sticking," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 297--314, 1987.
VE. Markushin, "Sticking and stripping in the muon catalyzed fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 395--420, 1988.
Abstract: The modern status of the problem of muon sticking and reactivation in the muon catalyzed fusion is illuminated. New theoretical results concerning initial sticking, stripping and X-ray intensities for mu CF reactions in dt mu , dd mu , tt mu , pd mu , and pt mu mesic molecules are presented and discussed in connection with up-to-date and future experiments. (39 References).
V. E. Markushin, E. I. Afanasieva, and C. Petitjean, "Kinetics of muon catalyzed fusion in H/D/T mixtures at low deuterium and tritium concentrations," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 1-2, pp. 155--78, 1992.
Abstract: The kinetics calculations of muon catalyzed fusion in H/D/T mixtures reveal a multicomponent structure in the time spectra of dt fusion, in agreement with the recent experimental results obtained at PSI with the LNPI ionization chamber. The importance of the epithermal effects in the dt mu cycle is demonstrated. The characteristic features of the dt, dd, pd, and pt branches of the mu CF cycle are discussed, and the theoretical framework for future experimental data analysis is outlined. (51 References).
V. E. Markushin, E. I. Afanasieva, T. Case, K. Lou, and C. Petitjean, "Epithermal effects in muon catalyzed fusion in H/D/T mixtures at low deuterium and tritium concentrations," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 373--89, 1993.
Abstract: The results of a Monte Carlo simulation of muon catalyzed fusion in H/D/T mixtures at low deuterium and tritium concentrations are presented, and the kinetics of the dt branch of the mu CF cycle is discussed. It is shown that the epithermal effects in the dt mu cycle produce a multicomponent structure in the time spectra of dt fusion, in agreement with the recent experimental results obtained by the mu CF collaboration at PSI. The importance of further studies of the mu CF reactions in triple mixtures is emphasized. (33 References).
V. E. Markushin, "Kinetics of muon catalyzed fusion in H/D/T mixtures," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 267--273, 1993.
V. E. Markushin, P. Baumann, and FJ. Hartmann, "The pt mu cycle in muon catalyzed fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 77, no. 1-2, pp. 161--80, 1993.
Abstract: A detailed theoretical description of the pt mu muon catalyzed fusion cycle in H/D/T mixtures at low deuterium and tritium concentrations is presented. The experimental data on the gamma -ray time spectra from the reaction p+t to gamma +/sup 4/He in the mesic molecule pt mu obtained by the mu CF collaboration at SIN/PSI have been analyzed. The radiative pt fusion rate in the pt mu mesic molecule is found to be lambda /sub gamma /= 0.067+or-0.002/sub -0.002//sup +0.0005/ mu s/sup -1/. This corresponds to a reaction constant for the pt radiative capture of k/sub 0/=1.0*10/sup -22/ cm/sup 3/ s/sup -1/. (55 References).
VE. Markushin, "Atomic cascade in muonic hydrogen and the problem of kinetic-energy distribution in the ground state," Physical Review A, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 1137-43, 1994.
Abstract: The deexcitation of mu p and mu d atoms has been simulated within a kinetics model, taking the energy dependence of cascade processes into account. The X-ray yields and the kinetic-energy distributions for the ground and excited states have been calculated. The high-energy component produced by the Coulomb deexcitation is shown to result in noticeable effects in precise X-ray spectroscopy and muonic-atom diffusion. (39 References).
V. E. Markushin, "Muonic atom emission into vacuum from inhomogeneous mixtures of hydrogen isotopes and kinetics of muon catalyzed fusion in multilayered target systems," PSI Preprint 94--38, 1994.
V. E. Markushin and NYu. Zysina, "Kinetics of muonic hydrogen drift in axial symmetric geometry," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 163-7, 1996.
Abstract: The kinetics of muonic atoms of hydrogen isotopes in an axially symmetric trap is studied. The problem of the determination of the initial kinetic energy distribution of mu H and mu D atoms from time-of-flight spectra is discussed. The effects of the scattering of muonic atoms from gas and of the stopping distribution are evaluated. When the collision length is much larger than the target radius, the moments of the kinetic energy distribution are shown to be determined by the time-of-flight spectrum in a model-independent way. (14 References).
VE. Markushin, "Muonic atoms and muon-catalyzed fusion in inhomogeneous mixtures of hydrogen isotopes," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 55-62, 1996.
Abstract: The emission of mu D and mu T atoms from multilayer solid targets consisting of the mixtures of hydrogen isotopes has been investigated with a kinetics model. The methods to study the elastic scattering of muonic atoms, muon transfer, and molecular formation reactions with mu -atomic beams are discussed. (18 References).
VE. Markushin, "Cascade in muonic and pionic atoms with Z=1," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 11--21, 1999.
Abstract: Recent theoretical and experimental studies of the exotic atoms with Z=1 are reviewed. An interplay between the atomic internal and external degrees of freedom is essential for a good description of the atomic cascade. The perspective of ab initio cascade calculations is outlined. (56 References).
V. E. Markushin and T. S. Jensen, "Atomic cascade and X-ray yields in light exotic atoms," Nucl. Phys. A, vol. 691, pp. 318C-321C, 2001.
V. E. Markushin and T. S. Jensen, "Kinetics of atomic cascade in light exotic atoms," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 138, pp. 71-76, 2001.
Abstract: Recent results on the kinetics of atomic cascade in hydrogenlike exotic atoms are reviewed. The problem of kinetic energy distribution during the atomic cascade is studied in detail with a new Monte Carlo kinetics code. For the first time, nuclear absorption in the light hadronic atoms is treated consistently with elastic scattering and Stark mixing processes by using the collisional cross sections calculated in the close-coupling approximation [1]. The rates for the high n states are calculated with the classical-trajectory Monte Carlo method. Evidence for cascade processes beyond the extended standard cascade model is discussed.
VE. Markushin, "Cascade problems in precision physics with muonic and hadronic hydrogen," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 80, no. 11, pp. 1271--80, 2002.
Abstract: Recent progress in the theory of atomic cascade in hydrogen-like exotic atoms is reviewed from the viewpoint of precision experiments with mu /sup -/ p, pi /sup -/ p, K/sup -/ p, and pp atoms. (50 References).
G. M. Marshall, J. B. Warren, C. J. Oram, and RF. Kiefl, "Search for muonium-to-antimuonium conversion," Physical Review D, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1174--80, 1982.
Abstract: A new measurement is described which sets up an upper limit on the coupling constant for conversion of muonium ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/) to antimuonium ( mu /sup -/e/sup +/) of 42G/sub F/, where G/sub F/ is the Fermi coupling constant. Muonium atoms were formed in layers of fine silica powder separated by vacuum drift regions. The presents of mu /sup -/ was searched for using the signature of a Ca 2P-1S muonic X-ray from calcium oxide layers adjacent to the drift regions. Results were also obtained with an Ar target. (19 References).
G. M. Marshall, G. A. Beer, T. Bowen, C. A. Fry, Z. Gelbart, P. G. Halverson, B. Heinrich, T. M. Huber, A. C. Janissen, K. R. Kendall, A. R. Kunselman, G. R. Mason, K. Myrtle, A. Olin, and JB. Warren, "An improved limit for conversion of ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/) to ( mu /sup -/e/sup +/)," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 906-11, 1988.
Abstract: An improved upper limit is reported for muonium ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/) conversion to antimuonium ( mu /sup -/e/sup +/) which corresponds to a coupling strength approximately equal to that of the weak interaction. Muonium was produced in vacuum from a thin silica powder layer. The conversion signal was radioactivity induced by negative muon capture in tungsten in an adjacent surface. No events were seen, establishing an upper limit on the effective four fermion weak coupling constant for conversion of 1.1 G/sub F/ (90% confidence level). The corresponding lower limit on the mass of a possible doubly charged scalar boson in a left-right symmetric model is approximately the W boson mass. (11 References).
G. M. Marshall and others, "Reactions of Muonic Hydrogen Isotopes," Zeitschrift Für Physik C, vol. 56, pp. 44--47, 1992.
G. M. Marshall, J. L. Beveridge, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, P. E. Knowles, G. R. Mason, A. Olin, J. H. Brewer, B. M. Forster, T. M. Huber, B. Pippitt, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, L. Schellenberg, P. Kammel, J. Zmeskal, A. R. Kunselman, C. J. Martoff, and C. Petitjean, "Experiments with energetic mu d and mu t emitted from solid hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 529--38, 1993.
Abstract: A set of experiments is reviewed which makes use of the emission of muonic deuterium from the surface of a layer of solid hydrogen. The behaviour of muons in a solid target system has been studied via detection of muon decay electrons, muonic X-rays, and fusion products (neutrons and charged particles). The emission of muonic deuterium is understood to result from the Ramsauer-Townsend scattering minimum. The energy distribution of the emitted atoms ranges from tenths of eV to about 10 eV, and can be controlled to some extent. A proposal is described to use muonic tritium emission to measure the energy dependence of muonic molecular formation. (11 References).
G. M. Marshall and others, "Hot Muonic Deuterium and Tritium from cold targets," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 251--260, 1993.
G. M. Marshall, A. Adamczak, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, J. L. Douglas, M. P. Faifman, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, N. P. Kherani, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, C. J. Martoff, G. R. Mason, V. S. Melezhik, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, C. Piller, T. A. Porcelli, C. P. Steffens, Y. Zhang, and J. Zmeskal, "Time-of-flight measurement of resonant molecular formation in muon-catalyzed dt fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 47-55, 1996.
Abstract: Preliminary results are reported for an experiment at TRIUMF where a time-of-flight technique was tested for measuring the energy dependence of the rate for muon-catalyzed DT fusion. Muonic tritium atoms were created following transfer of negative muons from muonic protium in a layer of solid hydrogen (protium) containing a small fraction of tritium. The atoms escaped from the solid layer via the Ramsauer-Townsend mechanism, traversed a drift region of 18 mm, and then struck an adjacent layer of deuterium, where the muonic atom could form a molecular system. The time of detection of a fusion product (neutron or alpha) following muon arrival is dependent upon the energy of the muonic tritium atom as it traverses the drift region. By comparison of the time distribution of fusion events with a prediction based on the theoretical energy dependence of the rate, the strength of resonant formation can in principle be determined. The results extracted so far are discussed and the limitations of the method are examined. (19 References).
G. M. Marshall, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, G. R. Mason, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, L. A. Schaller, and J. Zmeskal, "Muonic processes in solid hydrogen," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 427-36 , 1998.
Abstract: Muonic hydrogen participates in many different interactions, including muon induced fusion of hydrogen nuclei. Conventional experimental techniques cannot always unravel and separate the processes of interest. Some of the most important measurements may be more reliably accomplished with the use of a unique and versatile target consisting of layers of different solid hydrogen isotope mixtures. (21 References).
G. M. Marshall, T. A. Porcelli, A. Adamczak, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, M. P. Faifman, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, G. R. Mason, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, and J. Zmeskal, "Resonant formation measurements of dt mu via time of flight," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 89--101, 1999.
Abstract: Solid hydrogen in the form of an inhomogeneous layered target offers several experimental advantages when compared with liquid or gas. Beams of non-thermalized muonic hydrogen atoms allow us to explore resonant molecular ion formation processes near eV kinetic energies. Isotopically specific layers make it possible to separate competing and confusing interactions and to employ the time of flight for comparison with predictions based on theoretical energy dependences. Unambiguous charged fusion product detection simplifies absolute intensity measurements. The systematic uncertainties encountered in resonant molecular ion formation measurements, using solid hydrogen target layers, are being investigated with simulations which use the many calculated energy-dependent rates and cross-sections which are now available. The importance of the rates for processes such as muon transfer and elastic scattering are discussed, and results of some recent analyses are presented. (32 References).
G. M. Marshall, A. Adamczak, J. M. Bailey, J. L. Beveridge, G. A. Beer, J. H. Brewer, V. M. Bystritsky, M. P. Faifman, B. M. Forster, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, K. R. Kendall, N. P. Kherani, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, V. S. Melezhik, G. R. Mason, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, L. A. Schaller, V. A. Stolupin, and J. Zmeskal, "Advantages and limitations of solid layer experiments in muon catalyzed fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 203--11, 2001.
Abstract: Since the discovery that muonic deuterium at energies near a few eV could travel distances of the order of 1 mm in condensed hydrogen, and in particular that muonic tritium and muonic deuterium could emerge from the surface of a solid hydrogen layer, the advantages of solid targets have enabled the study of several processes important in muon catalyzed fusion. A review of the results is presented, emphasizing the strengths and limitations of the use of solid hydrogen layer targets. (16 References).
P. Martin, G. H. Miller, R. E. Welsh, D. A. Jenkins, and RJ. Powers, "Electric quadrupole transitions in muonic /sup 208/Pb," Physical Review Letters, vol. 25, no. 20, pp. 1406--9, 1970.
Abstract: Electric quadrupole (4f to 2p and 3d to 1s) atomic transitions have been observed in muonic /sup 208/Pb. An identification based upon energy and relative intensity determination provides good agreement with theoretical predictions. (12 References).
P. Martin, R. E. Welsh, G. H. Miller, D. A. Jenkins, R. J. Powers, and AR. Kunselman, "Nuclear polarization and charge parameters using the muonic 2s state," Physical Review C, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2453--76, 1973.
Abstract: Precise X-ray energies for transitions to and from the 2s state were identified and measured for /sup 120/Sn, /sup 138/Ba, /sup 140/Ce, /sup 142/Ce and /sup 206/Pb using a high-efficiency Ge(Li) detector. Experimental relative intensities agree well with theory except for /sup 206/Pb. Nuclear charge parameters are deduced from these and other transition energies. For all targets except /sup 120/Sn agreement between theory and experiment is improved by giving theoretical nuclear polarization corrections to all levels with n[right angle bracket]1 and by varying the 1s state value. The fitted 1s values are compared to theory with only fair agreement. (50 References).
A. Martin and J. Stubbe, "Spacings, fine and hyperfine splittings of angular excitations, and applications to atomic and particle physics," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B367, no. 1, pp. 158--76, 1991.
Abstract: After recalling previous results on angular excitations of a particle in a potential with a laplacian of a given sign, presenting new illustrations of the results in atomic physics, and deriving very successful inequalities on ionization energies of atomic systems, the authors obtain new inequalities on the fine splittings of angular excitations of spin-1/2 particle submitted to a (vector) potential with a laplacian of a given sign to leading order in 1/c/sup 2/. Applications to muonic atoms and alkaline atoms are presented. They also obtain inequalities on the 1s wave function at the origin which are applied to quarkonium and to muonic atoms. (12 References).
M. Martini and T. A. MacMath, "Trapping and detrapping effects in lithium--drifted germanium and silicon detectors," Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 79, pp. 259--276, 1970.
J. Martino, "The isospin structure of the 3-nucleon form factors," in Three-Body Force in the Three-Nucleon System. Proceedings of the International Symposium, (B. L. Berman and BF. Gibson, eds.), pp. 129--37, 1986.
Abstract: Isospin is a good symmetry for the strong interaction. Nuclear observables are therefore easier to interpret by considering their isospin projections. The properties of the electromagnetic current of hadrons impose isospin 0 and 1 to be the relevant components for nuclear studies with electromagnetic probes. Thus, an isoscalar-isovector (S-IV) separation is not simply another way of presenting data. It helps to disentangle different physical processes that are mixed before separation. A well known example is the subject of meson-exchange corrections (MEC) where the physical processes are of different nature for the isoscalar and isovector pieces. Therefore an IS-IV separation is crucial to the understanding of the two independent isospin components. The authors gives the results of such a separation in the case of the three-nucleon form factors. This approach may also be useful for a comparison of electromagnetic and weak properties: the electromagnetic observables have both IS and IV components, whereas the charged weak interactions (such as beta-decay or muon-capture) are purely of isovector character. In the three-nucleon system, the IS-IV separation also allows a direct means of a comparison with the only other fully calculable system, the deuteron, by providing a common isospin basis. Such a separation is indeed trivial for the deuteron, where the elastic form factors are purely of IS nature and where the IV observable is provided by the electrodisintegration at threshold. (20 References).
J. Martino, "A measurement of the muon capture rate in liquid deuterium by the lifetime technique," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium, (HV. Klapdor, ed.), pp. 839--40, 1986.
Abstract: Since neutron beta -decay and muon capture on the proton define the nucleon weak form factors, muon capture on the deuteron allows study of the two-nucleon system with the weak interaction probe, investigating problems like the deuteron wave function, meson exchange currents and final state interactions. (0 References).
J. Martino, "A new measurement of muon capture in liquid deuterium," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B36, no. 3, pp. 368--71, 1986.
Abstract: The lifetime technique has been used for the first time to measure the muon capture rate in ultra-pure liquid deuterium. The result: lambda /sub c//sup D/=470+or-29 s/sup -1/, is to be interpreted as the capture rate in the mu d doublet spin state. (16 References).
C. J. Martoff, D. Pocanic, L. W. Whitlow, S. S. Hanna, H. Ullrich, S. Cierjacks, M. Furic, T. Petkovic, and HJ. Weyer, "Search for emission of nucleons and nucleon pairs following muon capture in selected light nuclei," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B36, no. 3, pp. 378--82, 1986.
Abstract: Preliminary results of measurements of proton energy spectra and search for coincident p, pair emission following negative muon capture in /sup 12/C, /sup 16/O, /sup 27/Al are given. A very clear signal for proton emission is found, which can be exploited in future detailed studies. (17 References).
C. J. Martoff, W. J. Cummings, D. Pocanic, S. S. Hanna, H. Ullrich, M. Furic, T. Petkovic, T. Kozlowski, and JP. Perroud, "Nucleon pairing in mu /sup -/ capture by /sup 40/Ca," Physical Review C, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 1106--10, 1991.
Abstract: Spectra of energetic protons above 35 MeV have been measured following negative muon capture from rest in Ca. The spectrum extends to the kinematic limit near 93 MeV, with a branching ratio of (2.3+or-0.3)*10/sup -4/ per capture above 40 MeV. Nuclear cascade calculations of the proton and neutron spectra in this energy region are presented and are consistent with the measured proton spectrum when capture on correlated pp and np pairs in the nucleus is included. The ratio of capture on np to pp pairs is 6.7+or-1.6, which is consistent with results from pion capture. (17 References).
J. Martorell and X. Campi, "Self consistent description of the nuclear monopole polarization in muonic /sup 208/Pb," Physics Letters B, vol. 46b, no. 3, pp. 296--8, 1973.
Abstract: The monopole part of the nuclear polarization energy in muonic /sup 208/Pb, 1s/sub 1/2/ level, is calculated in the Hartree Fock approximation using a number of Skyrme-type forces. The result found, -0.7+or-0.2 keV is smaller than previous estimates. (13 References).
J. Martorell and F. Scheck, "Spectroscopic quadrupole moments from muonic atoms: nuclear polarizability correction," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A274, no. 3-4, pp. 413--27, 1976.
Abstract: In extracting spectroscopic quadrupole moments from the quadrupole hyperfine structure of intermediate orbits of muonic atoms nuclear polarizability is an important theoretical correction. Whilst the electric quadrupole polarizability is fairly well understood, this is not so for the electric dipole polarizability. The latter are shown to yield a center-of-gravity shift delta /sub 0/ of the quadrupole multiplet and a shift delta A/sub 2/ of the quadrupole hyperfine constant. The quantity delta /sub 0/ is evaluated using nuclear sum rules and is found to be in good agreement with existing numerical studies. The shift delta A/sub 2/ is very small due to strong cancellations in the nuclear matrix elements. This cancellation is studied and proven in a number of nuclear models. (16 References).
J. Martorell, "Some applications of moment expansions to problems in nuclear physics," in Theory of Nuclear Structure and Reactions. Proceedings of the 2nd La Rabida Summer School on Nuclear Physics, (M. Lozano and G. Madurga, eds.), pp. 38--76, 1985.
Abstract: Examples of moment expansions appearing in selected problems are discussed. Means of improving their convergence using continued fraction expansions are presented. Applications to the deuteron form factor, muon capture and the density matrix expansion are described in detail. (52 References).
A. P. Martynenko and RN. Fanstov, "Contribution of hadronic vacuum polarization to hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 534--9, 1998.
Abstract: The contribution of hadronic vacuum polarization to hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen is calculated by taking into account data on e/sup +/e/sup $/annihilation into hadrons and by using the dipole parametrization of the proton electromagnetic form factors. (15 References).
A. P. Martynenko and R. N. Faustov, "Proton polarizability and lamb shift in the muonic hydrogen atom," Phys. Atom. Nuclei, vol. 63, pp. 845-849, 2000.
Abstract: The corrections that the structure of the proton and its polarizability induce in the Lamb shift in the muonic and till: conventional hydrogen atom are calculated on the basis of up- to-date experimental data on the structure functions in deep- inelastic scattering. Numerically, the contribution from proton polarizability to the 2P-2S shift in the muonic hydrogen atom is 4.4 GHz. (C) 2000 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica".
A. P. Martynenko and RN. Faustov, "Effects of vacuum polarization and of proton polarizability in the Lamb shift of muonic hydrogen," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 1358--63, 2001.
Abstract: The contributions to the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen from hadronic vacuum polarization and from the correction associated with electron vacuum polarization and with the proton polarizability are calculated by using present-day experimental data on the cross sections for e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation into hadrons and on structure functions for deep-inelastic ep scattering the numerical value of the total contribution to the (2P-2S) shift in muonic hydrogen is found to be 10.95 mu eV. (32 References).
A. P. Martynenko and R. N. Faustov, "One-loop corrections of orders (Z alpha)(6)m(1)/m(2) and (Z alpha)(7) to the fine structure of muonium," Phys. Atom. Nuclei, vol. 66, pp. 1719-1729, 2003.
Abstract: Corrections of orders (Zalpha)(6)m(1)/m(2) and (Zalpha)(7) from one-loop two-photon amplitudes to the energy spectra of hydrogen-like atoms are calculated by expanding the relevant integrand in a Taylor series. A method for averaging the resulting quasipotential in the d-dimensional coordiuate representation is formulated. Numerical Values are obtained for the corresponding contributions to the fine structure of the muonium, hydrogen, and positronium atoms. (C) 2003 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica".
V. I. Marushenko, A. F. Mezentsev, A. A. Ptrunin, S. G. Skornyakov, and AI. Smirnov, "A new measurement of the pi /sup -/-meson mass," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 80-3, 1976.
Abstract: Measurements were made of the energy of pi /sup -/-mesoatomic 4f-3d transitions in Ti and Ca, equal respectively to 87649.2+or-1.9 eV and 72347.0+or-1.1 eV. The standard taken in this case was the K/sub alpha 1/W energy from beta -decay of /sup 182/Ta:59318.77+0.21 eV. Employing previously derived conversion factors, a weighted average value for the dormant mass of the pi /sup -/-meson is calculated to be 139565.7+or-1.7 keV. (10 References).
GR. Mason, "The application of the absorption-edge technique to broadened pionic X-ray lines," Nuclear Instruments & Methods, vol. 153, no. 1, pp. 121--4, 1978.
Abstract: A modification of the standard absorption edge technique is shown to be useful for determining the energy of broadened X-ray lines such as are observed for the last transitions in pionic atoms, where the broadening is due to the strong pion-nucleus interaction. The technique offers an alternative and independent means of energy calibration for K-transitions in pionic helium, lithium, beryllium and boron, and hence can be used for determining the strong interaction shift for such pion-nucleus systems. (7 References).
G. R. Mason, G. A. Beer, D. A. Bryman, M. S. Dixit, S. K. Kim, J. A. Macdonald, A. Olin, R. M. Pearce, M. Krell, and JS. Vincent, "X-rays from pionic /sup 3/He," Physics Letters B, vol. 74B, no. 3, pp. 179--82, 1978.
Abstract: Pionic X-ray energies, Lorentzian widths, and relative intensities have been measured for the transitions in liquid /sup 3/He. The pion-nucleus interaction is found to result in an attractive shift of the 1s level of 27+or-5 eV and in a Lorentzian width of 65+or-12 eV. The measured K/sub beta / to K/sub alpha / intensity ratio is 1.05+or-0.07. (15 References).
G. R. Mason, G. A. Beer, M. S. Dixit, S. K. Kim, J. A. Macdonald, A. Olin, R. M. Pearce, W. C. Sperry, and JS. Vincent, "Pionic K X-rays in liquid /sup 3/He," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A340, no. 2, pp. 240--8, 1980.
Abstract: Energies and Lorentzian widths of pionic K X-ray transitions have been measured in liquid /sup 3/He with improved accuracy. The strong interaction on the pi /sup 3/He 1s level is found to be attractive and to produce an increase in the K transition energies of 34+or-4 eV; the measured Lorentzian width is 36+or-7 eV. Measured values are also presented for K X-ray energies in liquid pi /sup 3/He and mu /sup 4/He, the Lorentzian width of the 1s level in pi /sup 4/He, and relative intensities of K X-ray transitions in pi /sup 3/He, pi /sup 4/He and mu /sup 4/He. The measurements are compared with those of others and with recent theoretical calculations. (22 References).
K. Masutani and R. Seki, "Investigation of the 3d pionic atom anomaly in low-energy pion scattering," Physics Letters B, vol. 156B, no. 1-2, pp. 11--16, 1985.
Abstract: The authors find it possible to investigate the anomalously small shifts and widths observed in the 3d state of heavy pionic atoms by means of pi (particularly pi /sup -/)-nucleus scattering below 30 MeV. To achieve this goal, however, reasonably accurate data must become available and be analyzed theoretically with care. (16 References).
K. Masutani, "K/sup -/-/sup 4/He interaction at low energies," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A483, no. 3-4, pp. 565--95, 1988.
Abstract: An isobar model of the KN- pi Sigma coupled-channels system is constructed for the total isospin I=0 channel, which has an s-wave resonance, Y/sup *//sub 0/(1405) or Lambda (1405), about 30 MeV below the KN threshold. Low-energy K/sup -/-/sup 4/He elastic scattering is analyzed using the isobar-hole formalism, which can cope with the complexity of the KN- pi Sigma coupled-channels system and the singular behaviour of the scattering amplitude at the KN threshold. Various medium corrections to the Lambda propagation through the nucleus are properly taken into account and the Lambda -(residual) nucleus interaction is treated by introducing a phenomenological potential V/sub Y/. The experimental scattering data can be well reproduced with an appropriate choice of the potential V/sub Y/. A simple calculation using the isobar-hole model, however, fails to explain the kaonic helium atom data. (50 References).
K. Masutani and R. Seki, "Observation of pionic atom anomaly in low-energy pion scattering," Physical Review C, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 867--74, 1988.
Abstract: Recent pi /sup +or-/ scattering data at 20 and 30 MeV are analyzed semiphenomenologically and phenomenologically. Although the present method of extrapolation from pionic atoms to scattering is not entirely satisfactory, the scattering data presently available appear to show effects of the pionic atom anomaly. (18 References).
G. Matone, "Diffusion of the ($\mu p$) system in a gaseous hydrogen target," Lettere al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 2, pp. 151--154, 1971.
Y. Matsuda, P. Bakule, Y. Miyake, K. Shimomura, S. Makimura, P. Strasser, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, and K. Nagamine, "Generation of slow muon beam by laser resonant ionization of muonium atoms," J. Phys. G-Nucl. Part. Phys., vol. 29, pp. 2039-2041, 2003.
Abstract: We report first results of re-acceleration of thermal muons, which were generated by laser resonant ionization of muonium atoms. The re-accelerated beam (slow muon beam) has better energy resolution and space distribution compared to initial surface muon beam, and its use will extend the scope of muon spin relaxation technique from bulk material to thin film, multi-layers, surfaces and extremely small samples. The yield of slow muons obtained during the first beam time was 0.03 muons/s.
N. Matsuoka and others, "The $^12$C and $^208$Pb(p,$^2$He) reactions at 390.6MeV and the deeply bound pionic states," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 299--310, 1996.
T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, K. Nagamine, Y. Hirata, and R. Kadono, "Observation of radiative transition photons in the mu /sup -/ transfer process for liquid D/sub 2/ with /sup 4/He impurity," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 217--29, 1988.
Abstract: A radiative transition photon associated with the mu /sup -/ transfer process from ( mu /sup -/d) atom to /sup 4/He nucleus through the ( mu /sup -/d/sup 4/He) mesomolecule has been observed for the first time. The observed photon energy was (6.85+or-0.04) keV with the width of (0.74+or-0.04) keV (FWHM). This photon corresponds to a radiative transition from the mesomolecular excited state to the unbound ground state, exhibiting a direct evidence of the mu /sup -/ transfer process via the formation of ( mu /sup -/d/sup 4/He) mesomolecule. The photon spectrum itself agrees well with the theoretical calculation. From the time distribution of the photons, the transfer rate at 20 K has been determined to be (13.1+or-1.2)*10/sup 8//sec. This rate could be compared with the theoretical predictions by the Leningrad group. (11 References).
T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, K. Nagamine, S. Sakamoto, E. Torikai, H. Kudo, M. Tanase, M. Kato, and H. Umezawa, "Doubly-sealed D-T target system for mu CF experiment at UT-MSL/KEK," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 387--94, 1991.
Abstract: The liquid D-T target system at UT-MSL/KEK has been developed for a direct measurement of muon to alpha sticking probability in the muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) process, by observing 8.2 keV muonic X-rays from the ( mu /sup -/ alpha ) atom. The D-T gas (70% D/sub 2/ and 30% T/sub 2/; 800 Ci) loaded into the target at JAERI was liquefied below 20 K and served as the mu CF target. During the long mu CF experiment, no impurity muonic X-ray was observed, verifying the high purity of the liquid D-T target system. (9 References).
T. Matsuzaki, K. Nagamine, K. Ishida, S. N. Nakamura, N. Kawamura, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, M. Hashimoto, H. Sugai, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and GH. Eaton, "Muon catalyzed fusion and muon to /sup 3/He transfer in solid T/sub 2/ studied by X-ray and neutron detection," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 229--34, 1999.
Abstract: X-ray and neutron measurements were carried out for muon catalyzed fusion and related phenomena in solid T/sub 2/. The X-ray originated from the mu /sup -/ to alpha sticking in muon catalyzed fusion; t+t+ mu /sup -/ to ( mu /sup -/ alpha )+2n was measured for the first time, yielding K/sub alpha / X-ray intensity of ( mu alpha ) atom and the intensity ratio of K/sub beta / to K/sub alpha /. Utilizing the phenomena of /sup 3/He accumulation in solid T/sub 2/, the X-ray in the mu /sup -/ transfer process from (t mu ) to /sup 3/He was detected, providing a formation rate and radiative decay branching-ratio of (t/sup 3/He mu ) molecule. From fusion neutron measurements, estimated values were obtained for (tt mu ) molecular formation rate as well as sticking probability omega /sub t/ in tt mu fusion. A possible new insight in t+t fusion reaction process at a low energy limit is also obtained. (9 References).
T. Matsuzaki, K. Nagamine, K. Ishida, S. N. Nakamura, N. Kawamura, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, M. Hashimoto, H. Sugai, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and GH. Eaton, "Muon catalyzed fusion and muon to /sup 3/He transfer in solid T/sub 2/ studied by X-ray and neutron detection," Riken Review, vol. 1999, no. , pp. 18-20, 1999.
Abstract: X-ray and neutron measurements were carried out for muon catalyzed fusion and related phenomena in solid T/sub 2/. The X-ray originated from the mu /sup -/ to alpha sticking in muon catalyzed fusion; t+t+ mu /sup -/ to ( mu /sup -/ alpha )+2n was measured for the first time, yielding K/sub alpha / X-ray intensity of ( mu alpha ) atom and the intensity ratio of K/sub beta / to K/sub alpha /. Utilizing the phenomena of /sup 3/He accumulation in solid T/sub 2/, the X-ray in the mu /sup -/ transfer process from (t mu ) to /sup 3/He was detected, providing a formation rate and radiative decay branching-ratio of (t/sup 3/He mu ) molecule. From fusion neutron measurements, estimated values were obtained for (tt mu ) molecular formation rate as well as sticking probability w/sub t/ in tt mu fusion. A possible new insight in t+t fusion reaction process at a low energy limit is also obtained. (9 References).
T. Matsuzaki, K. Nagamine, K. Ishida, S. N. Nakamura, N. Kawamura, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, M. Hashimoto, H. Sugai, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and G. H. Eaton, "Muon catalyzed fusion and muon to He-3 transfer in solid T-2 studied by X-ray and neutron detection," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 118, pp. 229-234, 1999.
Abstract: X-ray and neutron measurements were carried out for muon catalyzed fusion and related phenomena in solid T-2. The X-ray originated from the mu(-) to alpha sticking in muon catalyzed fusion; t + t + mu(- -->) (mu(-)alpha) + 2n was measured for the first time, yielding K-alpha X-ray intensity of (mu alpha) atom and the intensity ratio of K-beta to K alpha. Utilizing the phenomena of He-3 accumulation in solid T-2, the X-ray in the mu(-) transfer process from (t mu) to He-3 was detected, providing a formation rate and radiative decay branching-ratio of (t(3)He mu) molecule. From fusion neutron measurements, estimated values were obtained for (tt mu) molecular formation rate as well as sticking probability omega(t) in tt mu fusion. A possible new insight in t + t fusion reaction process at a low energy limit is also obtained.
T. Matsuzaki, K. Nagamine, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, K. Ishida, S. N. Nakamura, I. Watanabe, and GH. Eaton, "Tritium gas handling system for muon catalyzed fusion research at RIKEN-RAL muon facility," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 361--3, 1999.
Abstract: For muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) experiments at RIKEN-RAL muon facility, a tritium gas handling system for a high purity D-T target, free from /sup 3/He component, has been constructed to perform precise measurements of alpha -sticking probability in the mu CF cycle. The system has been constructed to enable us to purify the target D-T gas by removing /sup 3/He component, to adjust the D/T mixing ratio, and to measure the hydrogen isotope components at the experiment site. The whole performance has been confirmed and a tritium gas with the inventory of 56 TBq (1500 Ci) has been operated in the system. (4 References).
T. Matsuzaki, K. Nagamine, K. Ishida, N. Kawamura, S. N. Nakamura, M. Kato, H. Sugai, M. Tanase, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and GH. Eaton, "Recent result of muon catalyzed t-t fusion at RIKEN-RAL," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 295--305, 2001.
Abstract: We have measured X-rays and neutrons associated with the muon catalyzed t-t fusion process at the RIKEN-RAL Muon facility. In the X-ray measurement, we observed K/sub alpha / and K/sub beta / X-rays originating from the muon sticking process in muon catalyzed t-t fusion, and obtained the K/sub alpha / X-ray yield and the K/sub beta //K/sub alpha / intensity ratio. An average recoil energy of the ( mu /sup -/ alpha ) atoms in a solid T/sub 2/ medium was determined from the observed Doppler broadening width of the K/sub alpha / X-ray line. The obtained t-t fusion neutron has shown an exponential time spectrum with a single component and a continuous energy spectrum with a maximum energy of 9 MeV. We have determined the t-t fusion neutron yield, the t-t fusion cycling rate and the muon sticking probability from the neutron data. The obtained maximum neutron energy is a very peculiar value from the view point of the reaction Q value (11.33 MeV) with the three-particle decay mode at the exit channel: t + t to alpha + n + n + Q. The obtained neutron energy distribution was analyzed by a simple model with two neutron energy components; reasonable agreement has been obtained, suggesting a strong (n- alpha ) correlation in the exit channel of the t-t muon catalyzed fusion reaction. (20 References).
T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, K. Nagamine, I. Watanabe, G. H. Eaton, and WG. Williams, "The RIKEN-RAL pulsed muon facility," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 465, no. 2-3, pp. 365--83, 2001.
Abstract: RIKEN has constructed a pulsed muon facility at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) in the UK under an international collaboration between RIKEN and RAL to promote muon science. We have confirmed that the facility produces a pulsed decay muon beam as well as a pulsed surface positive muon beam with the highest instantaneous intensity in the world and initiated the muon science research program, which includes muon catalyzed fusion, since June 1995. (29 References).
T. Matsuzaki, K. Nagamine, K. Ishida, N. Kawamura, S. N. Nakamura, Y. Matsuda, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, H. Sugai, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and GH. Eaton, "First observation of radiative photons associated with the mu /sup -/ transfer process from (t mu /sup -/) to /sup 3/He through an intermediate (t /sup 3/He mu /sup -/) mesomolecule," Physics Letters B, vol. 527, no. 1-2, pp. 43--9, 2002.
Abstract: For the first time, we have observed the 6.76 keV radiative transition photons associated with the mu /sup -/ transfer process from (t mu /sup -/) atoms to /sup 3/He nuclei through intermediate (t /sup 3/He mu /sup -/) mesomolecule formation in a solid T/sub 2/ target. The radiative decay branching ratio of the (t /sup 3/He mu /sup -/) mesomolecule and the muon transfer rate were determined and compared with theoretical values. We also studied an accumulation process of /sup 3/He atoms in a solid T/sub 2/ target by observing the neutron decay rates originating from t-t muon-catalyzed fusions. Their time dependence indicates a sudden /sup 3/He bubble formation in the solid T/sub 2/ at an atomic concentration of 130 ppm. (21 References).
T. Matsuzaki, K. Nagamine, K. Ishida, M. Kato, H. Sugai, M. Tanase, and GH. Eaton, "An in-situ tritium-deuterium gas-purification system for muon catalyzed fusion experiments at the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility," ANS. Fusion Technology, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 993-7, 2002.
Abstract: An in-situ tritium-deuterium gas-purification system has been constructed to produce a high-purity D-T target gas for muon catalyzed fusion experiments at the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility. At the experiment site, the system enables us to purify the D-T target gas by removing /sup 3/He component, to adjust the D/T gas mixing ratio and to measure the hydrogen isotope components. The system is specially designed to handle the D-T gas with a negative pressure, and the maximum tritium inventory of 56 TBq (1500 Ci) is operated. The employed combination of a palladium filter and a cryotrap has demonstrated as an efficient device to purify hydrogen gas with a negative pressure. We have completed a series of muon catalyzed d-t fusion experiments at various tritium concentrations, including an experiment with a non-equilibrium D/sub 2/-T/sub 2/ target condition. The muon catalyzed t-t fusion process has also been studied using the tritium gas supplied free of /sup 3/He by the system. (9 References).
T. Matsuzaki, K. Nagamine, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, H. Sugai, K. Ishida, S. N. Nakamura, I. Watanabe, and GH. Eaton, "A tritium gas-handling system for muon catalyzed fusion research at the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 480, no. 2-3, pp. 814--27, 2002.
Abstract: A tritium gas-handling system has been constructed to produce a high-purity D-T target gas for precise measurements of the a-sticking probability in the muon catalyzed fusion cycle at the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility in the UK. At the experiment site, the system enables us to purify the D-T target gas by removing the /sup 3/He component, to adjust the D/T gas mixing ratio and to measure the hydrogen isotope components. The system is designed to handle D-T gas with a negative pressure; the total volume is 1.1 liter. The whole performance has been confirmed, and tritium gas with an inventory of 56TBq (1500 Ci) has been operated in the system. We have completed a series of union catalyzed fusion experiments at tritium concentrations of 99%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 28%, 20% and 10%, allowing a more precise determination of the a-sticking probability. (13 References).
T. Matsuzaki, K. Nagamine, N. Kawamura, K. Ishida, Y. Matsuda, S. N. Nakamura, M. Kato, H. Sugai, M. Tanase, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and G. H. Eaton, "Evidence for strong n-alpha correlations in the t+t reaction proved by the neutron energy distribution of muon catalyzed t-t fusion," Phys. Lett. B, vol. 557, pp. 176-183, 2003.
Abstract: We conducted a neutron measurement associated with muon catalyzed t-t fusion reactions, t + t + mu --> alpha + n + n + mu(-) + Q (11.33 MeV), in a solid T-2 target formed by a high- purity tritium gas (98.9%) with a deuterium component of less than 100 ppm. The observed fusion neutrons showed a continuous energy distribution with a shoulder at 6 MeV and the maximum energy at 9 MeV. This feature is inconsistent with the reaction Q-value and three-particle decay with no particle correlations at the exit channel. The obtained neutron-energy distribution was well reproduced by a simple model with two neutron-energy components. The result suggests strong n-alpha correlations in the three-particle decay at the exit channel of the t + t reactions which proceed at an extremely low energy through ttmu mesomolecule formation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
T. Matsuzaki and others, "Doubly-sealed D--T target system for µCF experiment at UT-MSL/KEK," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5/6, pp. 387--394, 1990/91.
A. V. Matveenko and L. I. Ponomarev, "Slow collisions in a system of three bodies interacting according to Coulomb's law. II. Symmetric charge exchange," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 57, pp. 2084--2094, 1969.
A. V. Matveenko and L. I. Ponomarev, "Slow collisions in a system of three bodies interacting by Coulomb's law. III. Scattering lengths for collision processes involving mesonic hydrogen atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 58, pp. 1640--1645, 1970.
A. V. Matveenko and L. I. Ponomarev, "Slow collisions in a system of three bodies interacting in accord with Coulomb's law. IV. Mesic--atom process in hydrogen," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 59, pp. 1593--1607, 1970.
A. V. Matveenko and LI. Ponomarev, "Calculation of the p mu +He/sup ++/ reaction," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 48--52, 1972.
Abstract: The cross sections for mu /sup -/ meson capture by helium isotope nuclei from the ground state of p mu and d mu mesic atoms are calculated. The calculation results are compared with theoretical and experimental estimates. The perturbed stationary state method is employed in the calculations. (11 References).
A. V. Matveenko and LI. Ponomarev, "Slow collisions in a three-body system with Coulomb interaction. Formulation of the method," Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 64--77, 1972.
Abstract: The approach is based on the method of perturbed stationary states, i.e., the solutions of the three-body Schrodinger equation are expanded in the eigenfunctions of the quantum-mechanical two-center problem. The equations are integrated numerically by the method of phase functions. A fairly large class of problems in atomic and mesoatomic physics can be posed and solved with reasonable accuracy in this approach. Special cases of these problems have been solved in earlier papers of the authors. (14 References).
A. V. Matveenko, L. I. Ponomarev, and M. P. Faifman, "Elastic scattering with allowance for a closed channel: The processes $d\mu$ + p, $p\mu$ +p, $d\mu$ +d and $t\mu$ +t," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 68, pp. 437--446, 1973.
A. V. Matveenko, L. I. Ponomarev, and MP. Faifman, "Elastic scattering with allowance for a closed channel; the d mu +p, p mu +p, d mu +d and t mu +t processes," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 437--46, 1975.
Abstract: A technique for calculating the elastic scattering cross sections taking into account a closed channel is developed in the two-level approximation of the perturbed stationary state method. Scattering cross sections for p mu , d mu and t mu meso-atoms in the lower state of a hyperfine structure are found. Resonance effects are found in the cross sections for the d mu +p and p mu +p processes. (15 References).
AV. Matveenko, "Classification scheme for resonant states of muonic molecules," Few-Body Systems, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 31--46, 1994.
Abstract: We have performed a hyperradial-adiabatic one-state calculation of resonant states of(dd mu )/sup +/ and (dt mu )/sup +/ below the n=2 level of the muonic atoms. The results are used for a new classification scheme of these states. Comparing our calculation with a recent full variational calculation by Hara and Ishihara (1989) and opposing our findings to the analysis of Shimamura (1989) we demonstrate that the classical Born-Oppenheimer classification scheme can be misleading. The symmetry-adapted hyperradial-adiabatic potential curves provide better grounds for the classification procedure. (12 References).
AV. Matveenko, "Quantal calculation of the p mu (2s)+d to d mu (n=2)+p thermal reaction," Physics Letters B, vol. 327, no. 3-4, pp. 179--82, 1994.
Abstract: The simplest nonadiabatic calculation of the p mu (2s)+d to d mu (n=2)+p reaction in the 0[left angle bracket]E[left angle bracket]1 eV energy region was performed. The muon exchange cross-section is found to be both drastically large and abnormally behaving. (9 References).
A. V. Matveenko, "The character of the atomcule," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 241--243, 1999.
AV. Matveenko, "Excited muonic atom scattering: new adiabatic approach," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 117--20, 2001.
Abstract: Two adiabatic approaches: Born-Oppenheimer (BO) and hyperradial adiabatic (HA) are frequently used for (x mu )/sub n/ (n[right angle bracket]or=2) muonic atom scattering. In both cases the Coriolis coupling operator has the same form and is treated within the close-coupling scheme. Recently, we have developed a symmetry-adapted version of the HA approach (SAHA) in which Coriolis couplings are calculated as the {"}fast{"} component of the dynamics. In SAHA the adiabatic problem should be solved for any pair of the total angular momentum J and total parity p repeatedly but the number of adiabatic states (and the number of channels in the close-coupling calculations) is reduced by the J-factor. (7 References).
A. V. Matveenko, E. O. Alt, and H. Fukuda, "Rotational three-body resonances: a new adiabatic approach," in Few-Body Systems Supplementum. Resonances in Few-Body Systems International Workshop, pp. 140-51, 2002.
Abstract: In the standard adiabatic approach the motion of the fast, light particle (electron) is treated so as to produce an effective potential that governs the motion of the heavy particles (nuclei). The rotational degrees of freedom are then taken into account by adding the centrifugal J(J + 1)-term to the channel potentials and introducing rotational (Coriolis) couplings into conventional close-coupling calculations. Of course, a perturbative treatment of the rotational motion is justified only provided the rotational energy is sufficiently small. If, however, the rotation is as energetic as the motion of the fast particle, both motions should be treated on the same footing in order to produce symmetry-adapted effective potentials for the nuclear motion. Here, we present for the first time a set of adiabatic potentials of this type for two classical adiabatic systems, namely for H/sub 2//sup +/, for states with total angular momentum J = 35 and total spatial parity p = -1, and for the (pd mu )/sup +/ - ion for states with J = 1 and p = -1. Comparison with standard adiabatic approaches is very instructive. (13 References).
A. Di Mauro and others, "Photoelectron backscattering effects in photo-emission from CsI into gas media," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 371, pp. 137--142, 1996.
L. F. Mausner, R. A. Naumann, J. A. Monard, and SN. Kaplan, "Chemical effects in the capture of negative muons," Physics Letters B, vol. 56B, no. 2, pp. 145--7, 1975.
Abstract: Muonic Lyman-series X-ray spectra have been measured for several isoelectronic and isostructural molecular series and related pure elements. Seven muonic Lyman series lines were observed from liquid argon with relative intensities consistent with neighboring isoelectronic ions, but in stark contrast to the single line previously reported for a gaseous argon target. The measured relative capture rates and Lyman intensity correlations provide new evidence for chemical structure influences on the capture of negative muons. (11 References).
L. F. Mausner, J. D. Knight, C. J. Orth, and ME. Schillaci, "Hydrogen isotope effect on muonic X-ray spectra of (CH/sub 2/)/sub x/ and H/sub 2/O," Physical Review Letters, vol. 38, no. 17, pp. 953--5, 1977.
Abstract: The enhancement of muonic X-ray spectra caused by stopping of negative muons in a gaseous system is discussed. The enhancement of Lyman series transitions in solid or liquid systems with chemically bound hydrogen has been studied by this means, using normal and deuterated polyethylene, H/sub 2/O and D/sub 2/O. The relative intensities of the C and O muonic X-rays are presented, and the isotope effects discussed. (15 References).
L. F. Mausner, R. A. Naumann, J. A. Monard, and SN. Kaplan, "Negative-muon capture in ionic compounds and some related elements," Physical Review A, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 479--86, 1977.
Abstract: Relative measurements are reported of muon capture probabilities for the individual elements of several isoelectronic series of targets including the sequence Ar(liquid), KCl, and CaS and the sequence NaClO/sub 4/, MgSO/sub 4/, AlPO/sub 4/, and SiO/sub 2/. Relative muonic X-ray intensities are also obtained. There are similarities for the measurements on K- and L-series intensities for a single ionic species independent of its bond partner but significant differences are found for the K-series of an element depending on whether it is in an ionic or a covalent situation. Very limited agreement could be obtained with current theoretical models. (27 References).
R. J. McCarthy and GE. Walker, "Effects of ground-state correlations on muon capture matrix elements," Physical Review C, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 383--92, 1975.
Abstract: Correlated wave function functions for /sup 4/He and /sup 16/O are calculated using the linked cluster expansion including Bethe-Goldstone wave functions and the Hamada-Johnston N-N potential. The capture matrix elements M/sub V//sup 2/, M/sub a//sup 2/ and M/sub p//sup 2/ are then calculated using the closure approximation and show a reduction factor from correlations mainly arising from relatively low-lying 2p-2h g.s. admixtures induced by the tensor force component. Total capture rates are reduced by about 20% and 30% for the /sup 4/He and /sup 16/O, respectively. The sensitivity of the results to approximations concerning the Pauli operator, the Fermi energy gap and pair conservation is discussed. (23 References).
G. T. McConville, D. A. Menke, and RE. Ellefson, "Some puzzling results in measuring the reaction rate of D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ to 2DT," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 220-33, 1984.
Abstract: Reaction rates for the formation of DT have been measured in a 304 stainless steel reaction container produced and treated to produce a Fe depleted surface which inhibits protium ingrowth. The rate has been measured as a function of initial T/sub 2/ concentration and temperature using T/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/ with less than 30 ppm of any observed impurity concentrations and with concentrations of CT/sub 4/ up to several hundred ppm. At room temperature the rate increases linearly with increasing T/sub 2/ concentration containing 100 ppm CT/sub 4/ inhibitor but very much more rapidly with T/sub 2/ containing [left angle bracket]30 ppm CT/sub 4/. The decrease in rate with increasing CT/sub 4/ concentration is consistent with an ion molecule chain reaction for the production of DT. The temperature dependence of 30% initial T/sub 2/ mixtures displays a resonance in the reaction rate between 160 and 210K. The temperature resonance and very fast rates with pure initial T/sub 2/ concentrations indicate that reactions with excited state molecules are affecting the results. Some preliminary measurements in the presence of a approximately 500 Gauss magnet point to the fact that surface interactions must also be considered for this container. (6 References).
E. J. McGuire, "K-shell Auger transition rates and fluorescence yields for elements Ar--Xe," Physical Review A, vol. 2, pp. 273--278, 1970.
E. K. Mcintyre, T. J. Hallman, K. S. Kang, C. W. Kim, Y. K. Lee, L. Madansky, and GR. Mason, "Spectra of gamma rays and energetic neutrons from mu /sup -/ capture in /sup 165/Ho," Physics Letters B, vol. 137B, no. 5-6, pp. 339--42, 1984.
Abstract: The neutron spectrum resulting from mu /sup -/ capture in /sup 165/Ho has been measured with a time-of-flight spectrometer. The exponential constant between 13 and 50 MeV is 10.5+or-1 MeV. The intensity of neutrons with energy greater than 40 MeV is 0.019+or-0.004/ mu /sup -/-stop. This represents the first measurement of the neutron spectra by a system capable of resolving neutron energies near 100 MeV. Neutron spectra form final nuclear states roughly identified by NaI pulse height are presented. Above 50 MeV, these spectra do not follow a simple exponential decrease. The photon spectrum measured by Ge(Li) detectors exhibits neutron multiplicities up to 5 with an intensity greater than expected. (11 References).
DH. McIntyre, "Laser spectroscopy of very simple atoms," Comments on Atomic & Molecular Physics, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 295--305, 1988.
Abstract: High resolution laser spectroscopy is a fruitful tool for studying very simple atoms. The 1S-2S transition is particularly interesting because of its narrow natural line-width. Precision studies of this transition permit accurate measurements of fundamental physical constants and stringent tests of quantum electrodynamics. The authors review recent measurements of the 1S-2S transition frequency in hydrogen, positronium, and muonium, and discuss prospects for further improvements in laser spectroscopy of these simple atoms. (25 References).
P. McKenna and DJ. Pastine, "Qualitative properties of muonic hydrogen metals," Physical Review Letters, vol. 23, no. 26, pp. 1508--10, 1969.
Abstract: The authors calculate qualitatively the cohesive energy and density of metals which theoretically should condense in high-pressure systems containing high concentrations of muons and various isotopes of hydrogen. The resulting metallic forms are found to be thermally superstable suggesting that they may perhaps exist briefly and in small quantities in some stellar environments.
D. McKenna and B. Webster, "Non-adiabatic calculations upon the hydrogen molecular ion isotopically substituted by tritium, deuterium and muonium," Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions, vol. 80, no. , pp. 589-600, 1984.
Abstract: The theory for the calculation of the low-lying energy levels of one-electron diatomic molecules is presented with particular regard to the importance of mass dependence as shown by muonic nuclei. A comparison is given of the calculated vibrational levels with those obtained by a parameterisation in terms of the spectroscopic constants allowing for the mass dependence. Transition frequencies of some low-lying vibrational-rotational energy levels are predicted for muonic species. (18 References).
D. McKenna and B. Webster, "Muonic isotope effects and non-adiabatic natural orbitals for the isotopically substituted hydrogen molecular ion," Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions, vol. 81, no. , pp. 225-34, 1985.
Abstract: The meaning of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation with respect to muonic species is discussed. The value for D/sub 0/, the dissociation energy from the lowest rovibrational level, is calculated to be 255.758 kJ mol/sup -1/ for H/sub 2//sup +/, in comparison with an observed value for D/sub 0/ of [left angle bracket]or=255.765 kJ mol/sup -1/; for Mu/sub 2//sup +/ the value for D/sub 0/ is calculated to be 229.82 kJ mol/sup -1/. Expectation values of (R) are given for non-adiabatic wavefunctions. Nuclear and electronic natural orbitals are illustrated for the molecules T/sub 2//sup +/, H/sub 2//sup +/, Mu/sub 2//sup +/, MuT/sup +/ and MuH/sup +/. (10 References).
I. McKenzie, J. C. Brodovitch, K. Ghandi, S. Kecman, and PW. Percival, "Formation and spectroscopy of alpha -muoniated radicals," Physica B, vol. 326, no. 1-4, pp. 76--80, 2003.
Abstract: Several novel alpha -muoniated radicals have been produced by the reaction of muonium with compounds containing diazo, isocyanate or carbene functional groups. In a-muoniated radicals the muon is attached directly to the radical centre; they can be formed either directly or indirectly via a beta -muoniated radical intermediate. The hyperfine coupling constants of the resulting radicals have been measured by transverse field muon spin rotation and muon avoided level-crossing resonance. The effect of muonium substitution was investigated for cases where ESR data are available for comparison. (12 References).
JM. McKinley, "Small effects in the theory of muonic atoms. I. Exact calculation of eigenvalues for atoms with deformed nuclei," Physical Review A, vol. 183, no. 1, pp. 106--11, 1969.
Abstract: Exact numerical solutions of the coupled Dirac equations for a muon moving in the electrostatic field of a permanently deformed nucleus were obtained and compared with the solutions obtained by the perturbation technique previously employed. Expressions are given for the boundary and continuity conditions upon the exact coupled solutions. For /sup 238/U as represented by a reasonable charge distribution, the exact energy eigenvalues were shifted by the following amounts from the perturbation values: 1s binding increased by 7.46 keV, 2p increased by various amounts between 1.94 and 6.91 keV, and 3d-increased by less than 1 keV. The effect upon 2p eigenvalues cannot be duplicated by the perturbation technique by merely changing the parameters of the charge distribution.
D. McLaughlin, S. Raboy, and A. Thompson, "Distribution of electrical charge in the nucleus of /sup 181/Ta," Physical Review C, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1644--63, 1976.
Abstract: The experimentally measured energies of gamma -rays of K and L transitions in muonic /sup 181/Ta were fitted using a three parameter modified Fermi charge distribution. The details of the analysis are given in the paper. The half radius, the surface thickness and intrinsic quadrupole moment were deduced. (22 References).
R. J. McLean, P. Hannaford, P. L. Larkins, and WJ. Rowlands, "Diode laser saturated absorption measurements of isotope shifts and hyperfine structure in ZrI," Optics Communications, vol. 102, no. 1-2, pp. 43--8, 1993.
Abstract: An extended cavity diode laser system has been used to obtain optical isotope shift and hyperfine structure data on a number of 4d/sup 3/5s a/sup 5/F to 4d/sup 2/5s5p z/sup 5/F/sup o/ transitions in zirconium I by saturated absorption spectroscopy. The zirconium vapour was generated by cathodic sputtering in a rare-gas discharge. Using earlier muonic atom and electron scattering data, the specific mass and field shift components of the isotope shifts have been determined. The large positive field shifts are interpreted in terms of a reduction in screening of the s electrons associated with the 4d to 5p transition, while the large negative specific mass shifts are attributed to the reduction in the number of 4d electrons, whose momenta couple strongly with the momenta of the inner shell p electrons. (20 References).
D. McLoughlin, S. Raboy, and E. Deci, "Correction to muonic X-ray spectra for nuclear polarization and extended space," Physical Review Letters, vol. 35, no. 15, pp. 983--5, 1975.
Abstract: The authors have calculated K and L muonic X-ray corrections for nuclear polarisation and extended space in /sup 169/Tm, /sup 181/Ta and /sup 165/Ho. (6 References).
H. McManus and DO. Riska, "The repulsion in the S-wave pion-nucleus optical potential," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 7, no. 7, pp. L153-6, 1981.
Abstract: It is shown that the medium enhancement of the second-order correction to the real part of the S-wave pion-nucleus optical potential can explain most of the repulsion needed in fits of the level shifts in pionic atoms. The dispersive part of the absorptive contribution is of far smaller significance. (12 References).
J. A. McNeil and JR. Shepard, "Reply to 'relativistic nuclear model and 0/sup +/ to or from 0/sup -/ weak transitions'," Physical Review C, vol. 33, no. 3, 1986.
Abstract: The authors agree with the comment of Rood (ibid. vol.33, p.1104, 1986) that 0/sup +/ to or from 0/sup -/ weak processes are sensitive to relativistic nuclear dynamics. (4 References).
DF. Measday, "Experiments at meson factories," in Proceedings of 1971 Mont Tremblant Summer School Meeting on Dynamic Structure of Nuclear States, (D. J. Rowe, LEH Trainor, SSM Wong, and TW. Donnelly, eds.), pp. 542-60, 1972.
Abstract: The author compares the various accelerators at meson factories. He then discusses the experiments which have been done. These are divided into particle physics and nuclear physics experiments and cover pion-proton interaction, nucleon-nucleon interaction, time reversal, muonic atoms ( pi /sup +/,p) and (p, pi /sup +/) reactions, and (n,p) and (p,n) reactions. (47 References).
DF. Measday, "The nuclear physics of muon capture," Physics Reports, vol. 354, no. 4-5, pp. 243--409, 2001.
Abstract: We review the topic of muon capture in nuclei and show that significant nuclear physics is being learnt from recent experiments. The focus of many earlier experiments had been the particle physics and weak interactions aspects of the subject. Although these were useful confirmation of basic ideas, defining experiments mostly came from other areas. Thus, we focus on what can be learnt about nuclei especially 1/sup +/, 1/sup -/ and 2/sup -/ magnetic transitions. Valuable comparisons can be made to other charge exchange reactions such as ( pi /sup -/, gamma ), ( pi /sup -/, pi /sup 0/), (n,p), (d,/sup 2/He) and (t,/sup 3/He). However, all those experiments have resolutions of 300 keV to 1 MeV, or even worse, so gamma -ray studies of muon capture provide resolutions 100-1000 times better, and thus define the levels unambiguously. For even-even nuclei one can also compare to (e,e') at 180 degrees , or (p,p') at forward angles, for which the resolution is reasonable, typically 50-100 keV, but isospin mixing complicates the comparison. With the recent substantial progress in Shell Model calculations, we anticipate significant developments in our understanding of nuclear structure in the next few years. (582 References).
D. M. Meekhof, P. A. Vetter, P. K. Majumder, S. K. Lamoreaux, and E. N. Forston, "Optival--rotation technique used for a high--precision measurement of parity nonconservation in atomic lead," Physical Review A, vol. 52, pp. 1895--1908, 1995.
T. Meissner, F. Myhrer, and K. Kubodera, "Radiative muon capture by a proton in chiral perturbation theory," Physics Letters B, vol. 416, no. 1-2, pp. 36--42, 1998.
Abstract: The first measurement of the radiative muon capture (RMC) rate on a proton was recently carried out at TRIUMF. The TRIUMF group analyzed the RMC rate, Gamma /sub RMC//sup exp/, in terms of the theoretical formula of Beder and Fearing (1989), and found the surprising result that g/sub P/ identical to f/sub P/(q/sup 2/=-0.88m/sub mu /2) is 1.5 times the value expected from PCAC. To assess the reliability of the theoretical framework used by the TRIUMF group to relate Gamma /sub RMC/ to the pseudoscalar form factor f/sub P/, we calculate Gamma /sub RMC/ in chiral perturbation theory, which provides a systematic framework to describe all the vertices involved in RMC, fulfilling gauge-invariance and chiral-symmetry requirements in a transparent manner. As a first step we present a chiral perturbation calculation at tree level which includes sub-leading order terms. (19 References).
U-G Meissner and G. Smith, "Goldstone boson-nucleon dynamics: working group summary and outlook," in Proceedings from the Institute of Nuclear Theory. Chiral Dynamics Theory and Experiment III, (A. M. Bernstein, J. L. Goity, and U-G. Meissner, eds.), pp. 329--43, 2001.
Abstract: We highlight some of the recent results in chiral dynamics for systems with one nucleon/baryon presented at Chiral Dynamics 2000. We outline the most urgent experimental and theoretical challenges to be tackled in the coming years. (51 References).
A. Mekjian, "Total muon capture rates in nuclei," Physical Review Letters, vol. 36, no. 21, pp. 1242--5, 1976.
Abstract: To account for measured total muon capture rates in nuclei a new version of the non-energy-weighted phenomenological expression is developed. A term is included in which the parameters are defined by expectation values of a suitable set of operators. Unperturbed shell model wave functions are also used to evaluate the parameters, and large discrepancies are found between the unperturbed and the phenomenological values. The effects of correlations are studied microscopically. (9 References).
V. S. Melezhik and LI. Ponomarev, "Vacuum-polarization in mu -mesic molecules of hydrogen isotopes," Physics Letters B, vol. 77B, no. 2, pp. 217--19, 1978.
Abstract: The electron-positron vacuum polarization corrections to the energy levels of mu -mesic molecules are found. The calculated level shifts Delta E[left angle bracket]0.5 eV are an order less than an analogous shift in mu -mesic atoms. (19 References).
VS. Melezhik, "Effects of vacuum polarisation in dd mu and dt mu mesomolecules," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 101--3, 1982.
Abstract: Calculates the shifts Delta epsilon /sub 11//sup V.p./ of energy epsilon /sub Jv/ of weakly connected states (J=v=1) in dd mu and dt mu mesomolecules, characterised by the polarisation of the electron-positron vacuum Delta epsilon /sub 11//sup V.p./(dd mu )=10 meV, Delta epsilon /sub 11//sup V.p./(dt mu )=6.5 meV. The calculations have been made in the adiabatic approximation of the three-body problem. (8 References).
V. S. Melezhik, L. I. Ponomarev, and MP. Faifman, "Elastic scattering in a three-particles system with Coulomb interaction," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 434--6, 1983.
Abstract: A method is developed for calculation of cross sections for elastic scattering in a system of three particles at low collision energies. The method consists of expansion of the wave function of the system in an adiabatic basis and reduction of the ensuing multichannel scattering problem with a large number of closed channels (about 300) to an eigenvalue problem. The possibilities of the method are demonstrated by a calculation of the cross section for elastic scattering of mesic hydrogen by the nuclei of the hydrogen isotopes. (35 References).
V. S. Melezhik, L. I. Ponomarev, and J. Wozniak, "Scattering cross sections of muonic hydrogen atoms as applied to the muon catalysis," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: Summary form only given. Cross sections of the mesic atoms p mu , d mu and t mu in the ground state scattered on the nuclei of hydrogen isotopes p, d and t are calculated in the scattering energy range 10/sup -3/-2 eV. The cross sections of elastic scattering, isotope exchange and spin-flip processes are considered and their energy dependence is evaluated. The adiabatic representation in the three-body problem is used in which the problem is reduced to solving the multichannel scattering problem. The algorithm provides an accuracy [left angle bracket]or approximately=5%, which is sufficient for describing the kinetics of muon catalyzed fusion. (3 References).
V. S. Melezhik, L. I. Ponomarev, and J. Wozniak, "Scattering cross sections of muonic hydrogen atoms on hydrogen isotope nuclei," in Proceedings of the 10th Int. Conf. on Particles and Nuclei (PANIC). Book of Abstracts, (F. Guttner, B. Povh, and G. zu Putlitz, eds.), 1984.
V. S. Melezhik and J. Wo{\'z}niak, "Cross sections for scattering of deuterium mesic atoms on deuterium nuclei," JINR Preprint E4--85--953, 1985.
VS. Melezhik, "Continuous analog of the Newton method in the multichannel scattering problem," Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 1--17, 1986.
Abstract: A method is presented for a numerical solution of the multichannel scattering problem with a large number of closed channels ( approximately 300). The scattering problem is reduced to a nonlinear functional equation which is subsequently solved using the continuous analog of the Newton method. The efficiency of the approach is demonstrated by solving the one-channel scattering problem for which an analytic solution exists and a multichannel problem arising in the consideration of inelastic collisions in a three-body system In particular, the scattering cross sections of tritium mesic atoms in the singlet and triplet states of the hyperfine structure including the spin-flip cross sections are calculated. (26 References).
V. S. Melezhik and J. Wozniak, "Cross sections for scattering of deuterium mesic atoms on deuterium nuclei," Physics Letters A, vol. 116, no. 8, pp. 370--4, 1986.
Abstract: Cross sections have been calculated for elastic scattering of deuterium mesic atoms in ortho and para states on deuterium nuclei in the 0-50 eV energy range; cross sections for spin-flip have also been calculated. The calculations have been performed in the adiabatic representation where the initial problem of slow collisions in a three-body system is reduced to the multichannel scattering problem. The temperature dependence of the ortho-para transition rate lambda /sub hf/(T) for d mu atoms is obtained for a deuterium target. The calculated rate 37.2*10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/ (at 30K) is in good agreement with the recent experimental value, lambda /sub exp/(30K)=(37.0+or-0.74)*10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/ (Vienna-SIN group, 1983). (11 References).
V. S. Melezhik and J. Wozniak, "Cross sections for scattering of mesic atoms on hydrogen isotope nuclei," in Proc. of the 10th Intern. Conf. on Atomic Physics, ICAP-X, (H. Narumi and I. Shimamura, eds.), 1987.
VS. Melezhik, "Recent progress in the theoretical description of the mesic molecular processes in mu CF," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 205--18, 1987.
Abstract: The development of the adiabatic approach during the last two years is considered mainly for the description of slow collisions in a three-body system with comparable masses. The application of the method for the calculation of mesic atomic cross sections which characterize the efficiency of muon catalysis is discussed. The results of calculations of elastic scattering and spin flip cross sections of mesic atoms on deuterons and tritons are presented. The influence of electron screening and of molecular structure on the these processes is taken into account. (29 References).
VS. Melezhik, "Cross sections of 'mesic' atomic processes in hydrogen isotope mixture," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 117--28, 1988.
Abstract: Processes of muonic atom collisions with nuclei, atoms and molecules of hydrogen isotopes are considered. Results of recent calculations of isotope exchange cross sections for muonic atom collisions with deuterons and tritons and for muonic atom scattering on atoms and molecules are presented. Some peculiarities of the method applied for the threshold singularities description are discussed. (34 References).
V. S. Melezhik, "New Method for solving Three--Dimensional Schrödinger Equation," Nuovo Cimento B, vol. 106, pp. 537--544, 1991.
V. S. Melezhik, "New Method for solving Multidimensional scattering problems," Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 92, pp. 67--81, 1991.
V. S. Melezhik and J. Wozniak, "Differential cross sections of muonic atom scattering. I," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 203--30, 1992.
Abstract: Calculation of differential cross sections d sigma /d Omega =( sigma /2 pi ) Sigma beta /sub n/ cos/sup n/ theta for elastic and inelastic scattering of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium mu -atoms on p, d and t nuclei for CMS collision energies 0.5[left angle bracket]E[left angle bracket]50 eV are reported. Available partial phase shifts have been used in these calculations. The cross sections obtained may be used for the description of transport processes of mu -atoms in matter and particularly for the description of the kinetics of muon catalyzed nuclear fusion. (8 References).
VS. Melezhik, "Resonance amplification of the nuclear reaction X(a,b)Y near the a+X channel threshold," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A550, no. 2, pp. 223--34, 1992.
Abstract: Deviation of the cross section for the nuclear reaction X(a,b)Y from the Gamow formula due to an interaction additional to the Coulomb one in the entrance channel has been analyzed. It is shown that the reaction cross section has an oscillating structure at low energies. If the maximum of the first oscillation is close to the threshold of the channel a+X, it has a resonance behavior. To analyze the effect, simple relations between the period and the amplitude of the oscillations with parameters of the interaction have been derived. Specifically, they predict the cross-section oscillations of fusion reactions of the type X(a,b)Y for slow collisions between nuclei (a) and atomic (or molecular) targets (X), as, for example, the reaction D(d,p)T between deuterons (d) and deuterium atoms (D). The peculiarity of the cross sections leads to the resonance amplification of the rate for a muon-catalyzed fusion reaction ('in flight' fusion) t mu +d to /sup 4/He+n+ mu at the energy approximately=76 eV and may influence the mu -capture rate in a dense mixture of hydrogen isotopes. (26 References).
V. S. Melezhik, "Three--dimensional hydrogen atoms in crossed magnetic and electric fields," Physical Review A, vol. 48, pp. 4528--4538, 1993.
V. S. Melezhik, "New approach to the old problem of muon sticking in µCF," JINR Preprint E4--95--425, 1995.
VS. Melezhik, "Vacuum polarization effects in low-energy muonic atom collisions," Physical Review A, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 3751--5, 1995.
Abstract: We estimate the vacuum polarization (VP) correction to the Coulomb interaction in collisions of muonic atoms. It is shown that the VP effect, amplified by the low-lying virtual state epsilon /sub theta / approximately 10 eV, is of the order of approximately 1-2% in the s-wave cross sections for p mu +p collisions as epsilon [left angle bracket]or= epsilon /sub theta /. The VP amplitude becomes comparable to the anomalously small pure Coulomb amplitude for the singlet t/sub mu /+t scattering as epsilon to 0 and near the Ramsauer-Townsend minima in the d mu +p and t mu +p scattering. (19 References).
V. S. Melezhik, "New approach to the old problem of muon sticking in mu CF," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 102, pp. 365-374, 1996.
Abstract: A new approach is presented for evaluation of the muon ''sticking probability'' to helium in muon-catalyzed fusion reactions. Use of the ''sudden approximation'' is avoided. The probability omega(s) of muon sticking to helium in the reaction dt mu --> mu He-4 + n, calculated with the new method, agrees with previous results. Moreover, the energy and angular distributions for the emitted muon, as well as the dependence of omega(s) on the energy radiated during the muon-catalyzed fusion event, have been evaluated.
VS. Melezhik, "Time-dependent approach to atoms and muonic atoms in strong fields," in Proceedings of the 8th Joint EPS-APS International Conference on Physics Computing, PC '96, (P. Borcherds, M. Bubak, and A. Maksymowicz, eds.), pp. 254-7, 1996.
Abstract: A non-perturbative method of global approximation on a subspace grid has recently been developed by the author and applied to a few three-dimensional problems of the stationary quantum mechanics. An extension of the method to the time-dependent four-dimensional Schrodinger equation is discussed. It includes the consideration of the two actual problems solved with this approach for the first time: the computation of the polarization of harmonics generated by a hydrogen atom in a strong elliptically polarized laser field and the non-perturbative investigation of {"}shaking-off{"} processes of the {"}muon sticking{"} to helium in muon catalyzed fusion. (0 References).
V. S. Melezhik and J. Wozniak, "Differential cross-sections of muonic atoms scattering. Asymmetric collisions: p mu +(d,t),d mu +(p,t) and t mu +(p,d)," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 116, no. 1-4, pp. 17--40, 1998.
Abstract: We present the differential cross-sections d sigma (E, Omega )/d Omega for elastic and inelastic (isotopic exchange) scattering of muonic hydrogen, deuterium and tritium on hydrogen isotopes nuclei for the case of difference in masses of the projectile mu -atom and the target nucleus. Available partial phase shifts have been used in the calculations and the results are presented in tables and figures for different CMS collision energies. The cross-sections are important for description of the slowing down and diffusion of mu -atoms in matter and particularly for description of kinetics of muon catalyzed nuclear fusion. (12 References).
V. S. Melezhik and P. Schmelcher, "Magnetic field stimulated transitions of excited states in fast mu He/sup +/ ions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 147--52, 1999.
Abstract: It is shown that one can stimulate, by using the present-day laboratory magnetic fields, transitions between the lm sub-levels of fast mu He/sup +/ ions formed in muon catalyzed fusion. This gives a possibility to drive the population of the lm sub-levels by applying a field of a few Tesla, which affects the reactivation rate and is especially important to the K alpha X-ray production. Strong fields also cause the self-ionization from highly excited states of the muonic helium. (31 References).
V. S. Melezhik and P. Schmelcher, "Magnetic-field-stimulated transitions of excited states in fast muonic helium ions," Physical Review A, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 4264--9, 1999.
Abstract: It is shown that one can stimulate, by using present day laboratory magnetic fields, transitions between the lm sublevels of fast mu He/sup +/ ions formed in muon-catalyzed fusion. Strong fields also cause the self-ionization from highly excited states of such muonic ions. Both effects are the consequence of the interaction of the bound muon with the oscillating field of the Stark term coupling the center-of-mass and muon motions of the mu He/sup +/ ion due to the nonseparability of the collective and internal variables in this system. The performed calculations show a possibility to drive the population of the lm sublevels by applying a field of a few tesla, which affects the reactivation rate and is especially important to the K alpha X-ray production in muon catalyzed fusion. It is also shown that the 2s-2p splitting in mu He/sup +/ due to the vacuum polarization slightly decreases the stimulated transition rates. (30 References).
V. S. Melezhik, "Recent progress in treatment of sticking and stripping with time-dependent approach," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 351--4, 2001.
Abstract: We discuss calculation of the stripping cross sections with the time-dependent mesh method which has been developed during the last years for treating different few-body dynamics. A comparison with the data being used earlier is given. (13 References).
V. S. Melezhik, "New approach to the old problem of muon sticking in mu CF," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 365-74, 1996.
Abstract: A new approach is presented for evaluation of the muon {"}sticking probability{"} to helium in muon-catalyzed fusion reactions. Use of the {"}sudden approximation{"} is avoided. The probability omega /sub s/ of muon sticking to helium in the reaction DT mu to mu /sup 4/He+n, calculated with the new method, agrees with previous results. Moreover, the energy and angular distributions for the emitted muon, as well as the dependence of omega /sub s/ on the energy radiated during the muon-catalyzed fusion event, have been evaluated. (16 References).
B. Melic, "Zeeman splitting in neutral hydrogenic atoms with spinless nucleus," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 993--1003, 1994.
Abstract: The recently developed relativistic Hamiltonian for the atomic bound states of one spin- 1/2 and one spinless particle is issued for calculations of the relativistic Zeeman splitting of such atoms. Solutions are applied to the pi - mu atom. (12 References).
L. A. Melnikov, V. L. Derbov, I. M. Umansky, and S. I. Vinitsky, "Coherent laser spectroscopy of \={pH}e$^+$," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101/102, pp. 471--477, 1996.
K. Melnikov and T. van Ritbergen, "Three--loop slope of the dirac form factor and the 1S Lamb shift in hydrogen," Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, pp. 1673--1676, 2000.
L. I. Menshikov and L. I. Ponomarev, Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 32, 1984.
L. I. Men'shikov and LI. Ponomarev, "Effect of the reaction d mu (n)+t to d+t mu (n) on the kinetics of muon-catalysis processes in a D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ mixture," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 542-5, 1984.
Abstract: The isotope exchange reaction (d mu )/sub n/+t to d(t mu )/sub n/ from excited states with n approximately 2-5 of mesic atoms of deuterium leads to optimum conditions for muon-catalysis reactions in a deuterium-tritium mixture which are significantly different from those found previously without allowance for this isotope exchange. (11 References).
L. I. Menshikov and LI. Pnomarev, "Isotope exchange processes of hydrogen mesoatoms from excited states," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: Summary form only given. The authors have calculated cross sections sigma /sub ex/(n) and rates lambda /sub ex/(n)= sigma /sub ex/(n)V/sub o/N/sub o/ of isotope exchange processes (d mu )/sub n/+t to (t mu )/sub n/+d of d mu -mesoatoms on nuclei t from excited states n[left angle bracket]or approximately=5 (V/sub o/ is a relative velocity of a mesoatom and nuclei, N/sub 0/=4.25*10/sup 22/ s,/sup -3/ is a density of the liquid hydrogen). Evaluated rates lambda /sub ex/(n) approximately 10/sup 12/ s/sup -1/ exceed the isotope exchange rate from 1s-state of the d mu -atom, lambda /sub ex/(1s)=3*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/, by three orders of magnitude. It is necessary to take into account these processes for describing mu -catalysis kinetics. The experiment for verification of theoretical calculations is proposed. (1 Reference).
L. I. Menshikov and LI. Ponomarev, "Influence of process (d mu )/sub n/+t to (t mu )/sub n/+d on muon catalysis," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: Summary form only given. It is shown that it is necessary to take into account the isotope exchange process (d mu )/sub n/+t to (t mu )/sub n/+d from an excited d mu -mesoatom state n[left angle bracket]or=5' in muon catalysis kinetics in the mixture of D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/. The process increases multiplicity of muon catalysis in magnitude by approximately 20% and shifts the maximum to the region of smaller C/sub t/ at a tritium concentration C/sub t/[right angle bracket]or approximately=0.2 and density rho [right angle bracket]or approximately=0.2 of the liquid-hydrogen density. (2 References).
L. I. Men'shikov and LI. Ponomarev, "Charge exchange of excited mesic atoms of hydrogen isotopes in triple collisions with molecules," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 12--14, 1985.
Abstract: At high densities of deuterium-tritium mixture the probability for the occurrence of the isotope-exchange reaction (d mu )/sub n/+t to d+(t mu )/sub n/ from the excited states of n mesic atoms of deuterium is high in the triple collisions of mesic atoms with the molecules of hydrogen isotopes. This reaction should be taken into account in describing the kinetics of muon catalysis. (8 References).
LI. Men'shikov, "Corrections to the energy/levels of atoms of the type ((dt mu )e) and d mu due to the finite size of mesic molecules and nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1449--59, 1985.
Abstract: The shifts of the energy levels of atoms of the type ((dt mu )e) and d mu due to the non-pointlike nature of mesic molecules and nuclei are calculated. It is shown that the monopole correction to a level of an atom of the type ((dt mu )e) is to a considerable degree canceled by the dipole correction in second-order perturbation theory in the operator for the interaction of the electron with the dipole moment of the mesic molecule in a weakly bound state J= nu =1. (13 References).
L. I. Men'shikov and LI. Ponomarev, "Dependence of the sticking of muons to helium in the muon-catalysis reactions dt mu to mu /sup 4/He+n and dd mu to mu /sup 3/He+n on the density of the mixture D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 511--14, 1985.
Abstract: The probability for the sticking of muons to helium in the reactions dt mu to mu /sup 4/He+n and dd mu to mu /sup 3/He+n decreases with increasing density phi of the mixture of deuterium and tritium as a result of stepwise ionization of a mesic atom of helium during the collisions of muons with the d and t nuclei in the course of stopping. (10 References).
LI. Men'shikov, "Resonance production of the mesonic molecules dt mu : semi-analytic calculation," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 1184--94, 1985.
Abstract: An analytic expression for the rate of resonance production of the mesonic molecules dt mu and for its temperature dependence is obtained. The accuracy of the results obtained is approximately 1/v, where v is the vibrational excitation number of the produced mesonic molecular complex. (18 References).
L. I. Men'shikov and MP. Faifman, "A method for the calculation of quasistationary states of mesomolecular complexes," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 650--61, 1986.
Abstract: On the basis of two models of quasistationary states the authors develop a proper perturbational procedure for calculation of the decay widths of quasistationary states for a wide class of systems. A method for calculation of the decay widths of the quasistationary states of mesomolecular complexes formed in resonance production of the mesic molecules dt mu and dd mu is presented. Wave functions of the initial and final states of the mesomolecular complex and the transition operator between these states are chosen. (19 References).
L. I. Menshikov and LI. Ponomarev, "Quasiresonance charge exchange of hydrogen isotopes mesic atoms in excited states," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1--13, 1986.
Abstract: Processes of charge exchange of hydrogen isotopes mesic atoms in excited states at low collision energies 10/sup -2/[left angle bracket]or approximately=E[left angle bracket]or approximately=1 eV are studied. The cross sections calculated depend on energy like approximately E/sup -1/ and are the order of the atomic cross sections ( approximately 10/sup -16/ cm/sup 2/). The high rates ( approximately 10/sup 12/ s/sup -1/) of charge exchange and thermalization of mesic atoms in excited states at the liquid hydrogen density are comparable with the rates of cascade transitions in mesic atoms. (39 References).
L. I. Menshikov and LI. Ponomarev, "Quasiresonant formation of dt mu and dd mu mesic molecules in triple collision," Physics Letters B, vol. 167B, no. 2, pp. 141--4, 1986.
Abstract: The quasiresonant mechanism of mesic molecule formation, in triple collisions of the type t mu +D/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ to ((dt mu )d2e)/sub nu /*+D'/sub 2/ is considered. It is shown that at small resonance defects and big D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ mixture densities phi , the rate of this process is lambda /sub qr/ approximately phi /sup 2/, and it is comparable with the rate lambda /sub r/ approximately phi of the resonant formation of mesic molecules in reactions of the type t mu +D/sub 2/ to ((dt mu )d2e)/sub nu /*. the observable manifestations of the process considered and its role in muon catalyzed fusion in deuterium-tritium mixtures are discussed. (23 References).
L. I. Men'shikov and LI. Ponomarev, "Experimental limitations on the binding energy of J=v=1 states of the dt mu mesic molecule," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 471-3, 1987.
Abstract: Analysis of experimental data on the formation rates of dt mu mesic molecules at low temperatures yields an estimate of the energy of the transition from the F=0 spin state of the mesic atom t mu to the weakly bound J= nu =1 state of the mesic molecule dt mu , with a total spin S=1. This estimated transition energy is Delta epsilon =0.597+or-0.002 eV. An estimate making use of theoretical values of the relativistic corrections then leads to the following binding energy of the J= nu =1 state of the mesic molecule dt mu : mod epsilon /sub 11/ mod =0.656+or-0.002 eV. (16 References).
L. I. Men'shikov and LI. Ponomarev, "Formation of dt mu muonic molecules in three-body collisions at high temperatures," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 246-8, 1987.
Abstract: New mechanisms for the formation of dt mu muonic molecules in a deuterium-tritium plasma are analyzed and the formation rates are calculated. At temperatures T approximately 1 eV and densities N approximately 10/sup 22/ cm/sup -3/ of the mixture the formation rate of the dt mu molecules is lambda /sub dt mu /[right angle bracket]or approximately=10/sup 9/ s/sup -1/. (10 References).
L. I. Menshikov, L. I. Ponomarev, and LP. Sukhanov, "The lifetime of the ( mu He)/sub 2S//sup +/ metastable state in helium gas," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 203--11, 1987.
Abstract: The ion-clustering mechanism of the quenching of the metastable 2S-state of the muonic helium ion ( mu He)/sub 2S//sup +/ in gaseous helium is studied on the basis of quantum-chemical calculations of clusters He/sub n/( mu He)/sup +/. It is shown that the quenching rates do not depend on the cluster order n at n[right angle bracket]or=2. In the helium gas at the pressure 0.1[left angle bracket]or approximately=p(atm)[left angle bracket]or approximately=10 the quenching of ( mu He)/sub 2s//sup +/ proceeds, mainly, at the vibrationally excited levels of He( mu He)/sub 2S//sup +/ cluster, while at p[right angle bracket]or approximately=10 atm, at the ground vibrational state of the cluster He/sub 2/( mu He)/sub 2S//sup +/. At p[right angle bracket]or approximately=0.1 atm the calculated quenching rates agree with the recent experimental data. (25 References).
L. I. Men'shikov, L. I. Ponomarev, T. A. Strizh, and M. P. Faifman, "Resonant Formation of $dd\mu$ Muonic Molecules," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 92, pp. 1173--1187, 1987.
L. I. Men'shikov and LI. Ponomarev, "Superthermal mechanism for the formation of dt mu muonic molecules," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 329-32, 1987.
Abstract: The resonant formation of dt mu muonic molecules reaches a large observable value at low temperatures in a D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ mixture in the reaction t mu +D/sub 2/ to ((dt mu )dee) when the t mu atoms have a kinetic energy E approximately kT. (14 References).
L. I. Men'shikov, L. N. Somov, and MP. Faifman, "Kinetics of muon catalysis in a deuterium-tritium mixture (quasistationary state)," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 6--20, 1988.
Abstract: Quasistationary muon catalysis in a D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ mixture, established for times t much longer than the lifetime of the mesic molecule dt mu , has been investigated. The energy distribution functions for the t mu -atoms in the 1s-state have been calculated. The calculated spectrum of the mesic atoms t mu was found to differ from the Maxwellian distribution by less than 10%. The difference between the rate of resonant production of the dt mu -molecule, averaged over the calculated and the Maxwellian functions, was found to be about 5%. (36 References).
LI. Men'shikov, "Mesic atom acceleration mechanisms in cascade transitions," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 173--82, 1988.
Abstract: The mechanisms of deexcitation and acceleration of hydrogen isotope mesic atoms in excited states have been studied. The new results for Auger-transition rates are given. The mesic atom energy distribution after the deexcitation to the 1S-state have been calculated. (16 References).
LI. Men'shikov, "Mechanisms of formation of the mesic molecules dt mu and dd mu," Fizika Elementarnykh Chastits i Atomnogo Yadra, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 1349--85, 1988.
Abstract: The mechanisms of formation of the mesic molecules dd mu and dt mu in a high-density D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ mixture are considered, and the rates of these processes are found. The currently known nonlinear (in the gas density) dependences of the rates of formation follow as limiting cases from the expressions of the present paper. (27 References).
LI. Men'shikov, "Mechanisms of the mesic molecule resonant formation in a dense mixture of hydrogen isotopes," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 273--83, 1988.
Abstract: Mechanisms of dd mu and dt mu mesic molecules resonant formation in a dense gaseous and liquid deuterium-tritium mixture are considered. The mechanisms providing nonlinear gas density dependences are obtained from the formulas of this work as extreme cases. The general expression for the mesic molecule formation rate in a dense hydrogen isotope mixture is obtained. (30 References).
L. I. Men'shikov and VA. Shakirov, "Muon catalysis in a dense inhomogeneous plasma," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 95, no. 2, pp. 458--66, 1989.
Abstract: Elementary muon catalysis processes in deuterium and tritium plasmas are discussed. It is shown that, in plasmas with temperature T approximately 100 eV and density approximately 10/sup 22/ nuclei.cm/sup -3/, in which about 5% of the medium is in the form of dense cold drops (T[left angle bracket]or=2 eV), the number of muon catalysis cycles is up to about 300-500. Some mechanisms of muon stripping from alpha mu ions are examined. Attention is drawn to the advantages of Z-pinches. (21 References).
LI. Men'shikov, "Muon catalysis in d-t plasmas with short-lived droplets," Fizika Plazmy, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 386--9, 1990.
Abstract: "Muon catalysis in an inhomogeneous d-t plasma containing cold (T[left angle bracket]or approximately=2 eV) droplets of a liquid d-t mixture has been proposed and discussed in detail by the author (1988, 1989). For droplets with a diameter smaller than the slowing-down length of the alpha mu ions, nuclear reactions will occur within the droplets, while the alpha mu ions will be slowed down in the plasma and lose their muons with probabilities R/sub 0/. 1-R/sub 0/ approximately=0.4; 0.3; 0.2; 0.13 at temperatures of T=100, 150, 200, and 250 eV, respectively. It has been shown that for T approximately 100 eV
L. I. Men'shikov and LN. Somov, "Mesoatomic processes in a pinch plasma," Atomnaya Energiya, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 179--80, 1990.
Abstract: The authors discuss muonic catalysis in a plasma as well as some methods for confining pi and mu mesons with energy approximately 100 MeV in a small volume ( approximately 0.01-0.1 cm/sup 3/). They also propose experiments on muonic catalysis in plasma that can be performed in a meson factory with a storage ring and ring ultrahigh-electric-power generators for producing plasma with the required parameters. (13 References).
L. I. Men'shikov and LN. Somov, "Status of muon catalysis of nuclear fusion reactions," Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, vol. 160, no. 8, pp. 47--103, 1990.
Abstract: The results of research on muon catalysis of nuclear fusion reactions are presented. A new direction is examined-muon catalysis in plasma. Possible applications of muon catalysis are discussed. (132 References).
L. I. Men'shikov and LN. Somov, "On the possibility of measuring the muon-catalysis parameters in a deuterium-tritium mixture," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 3096--7, 1992.
Abstract: In recent years a number of experiments have been carried out to study muon-catalysis processes in a mixture of deuterium and tritium. Such experiments are interesting because a stopped mu /sup -/ meson can catalyze up to 200 nuclear fusion reactions. The possibility of measuring the muon-catalysis parameters in a DT mixture. (9 References).
L. I. Men'shikov and LN. Somov, "Stabilization of mu -molecular complexes," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 3278--81, 1992.
Abstract: It is shown that the observed rate of muon catalysis of nuclear fusion reactions in deuterium changes substantially when the deuterium is exposed to a laser beam of when BeH, BeH/sub 2/, LiBeH/sub 3/, or CD/sub 4/ molecules are added to the deuterium. It thus becomes possible to measure the rate of the nuclear fusion reaction in dd mu molecules. (13 References).
L. I. Men'shikov and LN. Somov, "The possibility of measuring the DD-fusion cross section at approximately 0.2 keV," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 1727--8, 1995.
Abstract: This article is devoted to analysis of the possibility of measuring the DD-fusion cross section in the p wave at energies of about 0.2 keV. For this purpose, we propose to measure the rate of fusion lambda /sub f/ in the dd mu molecule. In the weakly coupled state in which this molecule is formed, the orbital angular momentum of deuterons is equal to unity; for this reason, fusion occurs in the p wave. The characteristic kinetic energy of nuclei in the dd mu molecule is about 200 eV. Consequently, measurement of lambda /sub f/ in the dd mu molecule will furnish direct information about the cross section for DD fusion in the p wave for a deuteron collision energy of about 200 eV. (9 References).
L. I. Menshikov and VV. Filchenkov, "Muon catalyzed fusion in solid deuterium," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 110, no. 6, pp. 1960--6, 1996.
Abstract: The resonant dd mu molecule formation process in solid deuterium is considered. It is shown that the rate of this process does not depend on temperature and is estimated to be Lambda /sub dd mu / approximately=3 mu s/sup -1/. (15 References).
L. I. Menshikov and VV. Filchenkov, "Resonant dd mu -molecule formation in solid deuterium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 207-14, 1996.
Abstract: The resonant DD mu -molecule formation process in solid deuterium is considered. It is shown that the rate of this process does not depend on temperature and is estimated to be Lambda /sub dd mu / equivalent to 3 mu s/sup -1/. (15 References).
L. I. Men'shikov, "The nature of the $\barp$ metastability in helium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 245--250, 1999.
L. I. Men'shikov, "Cascade transitions in heavy hadronic hydrogen atoms," Phys. Atom. Nuclei, vol. 63, pp. 850-858, 2000.
Abstract: The majority of deexcited hadronic atoms (hX) (h = K-, (p) over bar,... and X = p, d, t) are accelerated up to energies of about 100 eV due to Coulomb transitions. The diffusion model of Stark transitions is developed. The resulting nuclear capture rate is higher than that in Bethe-Leon theory by a factor not less than five. Thus, only nonaccelerated atoms can survive. Therefore, the yield Y of K-alpha x rays is significantly less (by a factor of about ten) than that calculated in standard cascade models and is approximately equal to 0.2% and 1.0% for (K(-)p) atoms at hydrogen densities of N = 2 x 10(21) and 5 x 10(20) atom/cm(3), respectively. The scheme of a more accurate calculation of Y is also presented. (C) 2000 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica".
L. I. Menshikov and MK. Eseev, "Some problems of the physics of exotic atoms," Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, vol. 171, no. 2, pp. 149--85, 2001.
Abstract: The current status of the physics of exotic atoms is reviewed. The problem of the anomalous width of the kaonic helium 2p level is analyzed, experimental CPT invariance tests for the antihydrogen atom are discussed, and results of investigations on the metastability of the antiproton (as well as of pi /sup -/, mu /sup -/, K/sup -/, Sigma /sup -/...) in helium are considered. A comparison is made of the well-known Condo model and the ionic model. In the latter, the ion (paee)-a so-called {"}ioncule{"}-forms after p is stopped in its motion in helium. One of the ioncule's electrons is weakly bound, resides at one of the Efimov levels, and orbits at ~20 a.u. in the dipole field of the neutral {"}atomcule{"} (pae). The lifetime of the ioncule is long ([right angle bracket]10/sup -5/ s) and the antiproton's vibrational-rotational transition frequencies omega are practically equal to the atomcule value ( Delta omega / omega ~10-5-10/sup -6/)-in agreement with laser-spectroscopy data. While the ionic model results on the quenching cross sections of metastable states by impurity atoms and molecules in helium agree well with experiment, the atomcule-based Condo model underrates the cross sections by 3-4 orders of magnitude. The ionic model is also consistent with other experiments. Direct experimental tests of this model are discussed. A new interpretation of E. Zavattini's (1975) group's laser-spectroscopy results on the 2s-2p-splitting in muonic helium is presented. (305 References).
P. Mergell, U. G. Meissmer, and D. Drechsel, "Dispersion--theoretical analysis of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 596, pp. 367--396, 1996.
S. P. Merkur'ev and SA. Nemnyugin, "Calculation of the properties of bound states by the method of Monte Carlo Green's functions," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 50--63, 1991.
Abstract: An interpretation of the method of Monte Carlo Green's functions is given in terms that are generally accepted in the theory of quantum few-body systems and the associated domain of computational physics. Algorithms for calculating the properties of bound states are considered. Results are reported on calculations of the properties of the ground states of the muonic molecules dt mu , dd mu , pd mu and of the positronium ion, as well as the excited states of a three-dimensional anharmonic oscillator, the dt mu molecule, and a baryon with the quark composition uub. (29 References).
S. P. Merkuriev and SA. Nemnyugin, "Monte-Carlo calculation of bound-state properties," Few-Body Systems, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 191--205, 1993.
Abstract: The authors elaborate on the role of the Green's function Monte-Carlo method in connection with quantum few-body systems and their computational treatment algorithms for calculation of bound-state properties are presented. They report results obtained from Green's function Monte-Carlo calculations both of ground-state properties of the mesic molecules dt mu , dd mu , and pd mu as well as of excited states of the three-dimensional anharmonic oscillator and the dt mu molecule. (31 References).
E. Merzbacher, Quantum Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, 1970.
J. Meyer and J. Speth, "Theoretical investigations of the muonic- and Mossbauer isomer shifts in /sup 153/Eu," Physics Letters B, vol. 39B, no. 3, pp. 330--4, 1972.
Abstract: The muonic isomer shift and the change of the mean square charge radius of the /sup 5///sub 2/-(532) and /sup 3///sub 2/+(411) level in /sup 153/Eu are calculated simultaneously using the theory of finite Fermi systems. The results are compared with recent experimental data; the difference of the electron density at the nucleus in Eu/sup 2+/- and Eu/sup 3+/- compounds is deduced from the analysis. (14 References).
J. Meyer and J. Speth, "Change of nuclear radii due to rotation: calculation of Mossbauer and muonic isomer shifts," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A203, no. 1, pp. 17--41, 1973.
Abstract: Mossbauer and muonic isomer shifts of 2/sup +/ rotational states are calculated for rare-earth nuclei in good agreement with experiment using Migdal's effective p-h and p-p interactions. The second-order cranking equations are developed in the frame work of the theory of finite Fermi systems. In contrast to the pairing-plus-quadrupole model, the results of this work show a small stretching contribution for most nuclei, but a dominating role for the Coriolis antipairing effect. Shrinking charge radii are found for Dy and Os isotopes and some other nuclei as a consequence of the CAP mechanism. Detailed information is given about the redistribution of protons and neutrons due to rotation. It is seen that only a few levels within the range of the diffuse Fermi edge take part in the redistribution and determine the isomer shifts. Shrinking m.s. proton radii and, at the same time, increasing m.s. neutron radii are obtained for the 'back-bending' nuclei /sup 158,160,162/Dy, /sup 160,162/Er and /sup 164,166/Yb. (36 References).
J. Meyer and J. Speth, "Change of nuclear radii due to collective rotation," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 34, no. , pp. 569-75, 1973.
Abstract: The changes of nuclear charge radii delta (r/sub p//sup 2/) in rotational 2/sub 1//sup +/ to 0/sup +/ transitions can be extracted from isomer shifts as measured in Mossbauer experiments and in muonic atoms. These delta (r/sub p//sup 2/) arise from non-adiabatic rotational effects and contain detailed information about the intrinsic structure of rotating nuclei. In this work the delta (r/sub p//sup 2/) are calculated microscopically for even rare-earth nuclei within second order cranking theory including residual interactions in the ph- and the pp-channels. Nilsson single particle energies and Migdal's effective interactions are used. The strength of the pp-force is adjusted by an overall fit of the moments of inertia to E/sub 2+/ energies; the parameters of the ph-force are g/sub 0/=g'/sub 0/=0.5, f'/sub 0/=0.8, f/sub 0//sup ex/=-2.56, f/sub 0//sup in/=0. (4 References).
J. Meyer and J. Speth, "Distribution of magnetisation in rotating nuclei," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics, (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), 1973.
Abstract: Magnetic moments and magnetic hyperfine splitting of nuclear levels in muonic atoms yield two different moments of the nuclear magnetisation distribution: mu =g/sub R/I= integral dRR/sup 2/(M/sup Orbit/(R)+M/sup Spin/(R)) Delta E=-(5/3e mu /sub y/ integral dR.R/sup 2/(M/sup Orbit/(R).(F/sub 1/(R)+F/sub 2/(R))+M/sup Spin/(R).F/sub 1/(R)+M/sup Tensor/(R).F/sub 2/(R)). The muonic distribution functions F/sub 1/ and F/sub 2/ (f, g Dirac wavefunctions of 1s muon) test the nuclear magnetisation M(R) are shown for Rare Earth nuclei. Microscopic calculations of (M(R) for 2/sup +/ rotational levels are reported.
J. Meyer, P. Ring, and J. Speth, "Recalculation of hfs constants of muonic rotational nuclei," Physical Review A, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1803--5, 1973.
Abstract: Magnetic hyperfine splittings of rotational levels in muonic deformed nuclei are calculated microscopically within the self-consistent cranking model, taking into account the finite extension of the nucleus. A previous oversight in the theory of the magnetic interaction between the muon and the nucleus is corrected. The splittings are found to be about 25% larger than the earlier estimates. These new values seem to remove the discrepancy between muonic and Mossbauer isomer shifts in the rare-earth region.
KO. Mikaelian, "Weak transitions in mesic atoms," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 2, no. 2, pp. L11-13, 1976.
Abstract: Points out that a recent study of the 2S-1S decay of mesic atoms fails to take neutral currents into account. The modifications induced by these currents are investigated, and general results applicable to neutrino pair emission are obtained and illustrated in the Weinberg-Salam gauge theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions. (7 References).
A. I. Mikhailov and VI. Fomichev, "Electro- and photoproduction of muonic atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 445--51, 1987.
Abstract: The authors calculate the probabilities of mu -muonic atom production in the annihilation of fast positrons on atomic electrons, the scattering of ultrarelativistic electrons, and hard-photon absorption in the field of a nucleus of finite size. The dependences of the total cross sections on the incident-particle energy and the charge and state of the muonic atom are obtained. (9 References).
A. I. Mikhailov and VI. Fomichev, "Inclusion of the rotational structure of the target in the low energy scattering of muonic hydrogen on H/sub 2/ gas," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 1343--7, 1989.
Abstract: The cross sections for the low-energy scattering of isotopes of muonic hydrogen on molecular hydrogen are found taking into account the Boltzmann distribution of H/sub 2/ molecules in the rotational levels and transitions between them. The cross sections for the scattering of thermalized muonic atoms are calculated. (17 References).
A. I. Mikhailov and VI. Fomichev, "A quantum-mechanical calculation of the cross sections for quasiresonant charge exchange of the isotopes of metastable 2S muonic hydrogen on deuterium and tritium," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 118--25, 1990.
Abstract: Using the two-state approximation of the adiabatic method, a quantum-mechanical calculation of resonant charge exchange of metastable 2S muonic hydrogen on atomic hydrogen is performed. Different isotopic mixtures are considered. The calculation takes into account the electronic shell of the target and the 2P-2S shift of the levels of the muonic atom for collision energies from 0.004 to 1 eV. Agreement with the quasiclassical calculation for the d mu +t mixture is observed only in the vicinity of 0.1 eV. At other energies the quantum results exceed the quasiclassical ones by approximately a factor of two. (12 References).
A. I. Mikhailov, W. Czaplinski, and A. Gula, "Hyperfine structure effects in the collisions of the 2s metastable muonic hydrogen with hydrogen atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 77, no. 1-2, pp. 119--30, 1993.
Abstract: Cross sections for elastic and spin-flip scattering of metastable 2s muonic hydrogen on hydrogen atoms are calculated for the symmetric systems p mu +p, d mu + d and t mu +t. The calculations are performed in the two-level approximation of the adiabatic method with inclusion of the Lamb shift and electron screening. Due to the large polarizability of the 2s state, the obtained cross sections significantly exceed their counterparts for the ground-state muonic hydrogen. (19 References).
LI. Mileshina, "Longitudinal polarization of /sup 16/N nucleus for muon capture /sup 16/O+ mu /sup -/ to /sup 16/N+ nu /sub mu /," Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 933--6, 1998.
Abstract: Longitudinal polarization of the /sup 16/N nucleus formed in the capture of a muon by the /sup 16/O nucleus is calculated with the wave functions of Migdal's theory. The contribution from the capture to excited states is found to be about 2%. (11 References).
GH. Miley, "System concepts for muon-catalyzed fusion," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 131-41, 1984.
Abstract: Concepts of muon-catalyzed fusion reactors are briefly reviewed. A hybrid for fissile fuel breeding appears feasible energetically. However, a full evaluation requires further study of various new engineering problems that arise. Key issues involved in various subsystems are outlined. (7 References).
G. H. Miller, M. Eckhause, F. R. Kane, P. Martin, and RE. Welsh, "gamma -neutrino angular correlations in muon capture," Physical Review Letters, vol. 29, no. 17, pp. 1194--8, 1972.
Abstract: Doppler-broadened gamma -ray transitions have been observed for the first time in the reaction mu /sup -/+(Z,A) to (z-1,A)+ nu /sub mu /, which are suitable for analysis in terms of angular correlations between the neutrino and a de-excitation nuclear gamma -ray. The observed transitions are interpreted in terms of gamma - nu correlation coefficients which are functions of the weak-interaction coupling constants. (20 References).
G. H. Miller, M. Eckhause, F. R. Kane, P. Martin, and RE. Welsh, "Negative muon capture in carbon leading to specific final states," Physics Letters B, vol. 41B, no. 1, pp. 50--2, 1972.
Abstract: The yields of gamma rays from specific final nuclear states excited following negative muon capture in /sup 12/C have been measured. Using the values for the capture rates to excited states in /sup 12/B and the result of an earlier experiment for the total capture to all bound states in /sup 12/B, the authors obtain for the direct capture rate to the ground state of /sup 12/B, lambda (/sup 12/B/sub gs/)=(6.0+or-0.4)*10/sup 3/ s/sup -1/. This value is in agreement with theoretical predictions, but the theoretical and experimental uncertainties permit extraction of only a rather imprecise value for the weak-magnetism coupling constant in the muon capture Hamiltonian. (12 References).
RH. Miller, "Binary evolution in stellar systems," in Dynamics of Stellar Systems, (A. Hayli, ed.), pp. 95-7, 1975.
Abstract: Aarseth (1971) has shown by means of n-body calculations that, in star systems with a range of particle masses, the most massive stars quickly form a binary which soon takes up a large fraction of the total binding energy of the cluster. Similar effects appear in other kinds of physical systems as well; mesic atoms behave in much the same way. The phase volumes of two otherwise equivalent stellar systems, each dominated by a tightly bound binary, favor exchange to incorporate the more massive star in the binary by a factor equal to the cube of the ratio of masses. (4 References).
R. L. Miller and RA. Krakowski, "Power-balance analysis of muon-catalyzed fusion-fission hybrid reactor systems," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 177-86, 1984.
Abstract: A power-balance model of a muon-catalyzed fusion system in the context of a fission-fuel factory is developed and exercised to predict the required physics performance of systems competitive with either pure muon-catalyzed fusion systems or thermonuclear fusion-fission fuel-factory hybrid systems. (14 References).
T. E. Milliman, J. P. Connelly, J. H. Heisenberg, F. W. Hersman, J. E. Wise, and CN. Papanicolas, "Electron scattering from /sup 92/Mo," Physical Review C, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 2586--605, 1990.
Abstract: Differential cross sections for electron scattering from /sup 92/Mo have been measured for excitation energies less than 5.1 MeV over a range of momentum transfer of 0.5 to 3.1 fm/sup -1/. The elastic scattering data are analyzed along with existing electron and muonic atom data to provide an improved description of the ground-state charge distribution. The inelastic scattering data have been analyzed to extract electromagnetic transition densities. These densities are interpreted in terms of the underlying nuclear structure. (41 References).
R. L. Mills and SP. Kneizys, "Excess heat production by the electrolysis of an aqueous potassium carbonate electrolyte and the implications for cold fusion," ANS. Fusion Technology, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 65--81, 1991.
Abstract: According to a novel atomic model, the predominant source of heat of the phenomenon called cold fusion is the electrocatalytically induced reaction whereby hydrogen atoms undergo transitions to quantized energy levels of lower energy than the conventional ground state. These lower energy states correspond to fractional quantum numbers. The hydrogen electronic transition requires the presence of an energy hole of approximately 27.21 eV provided by electrocatalytic reactants (such as Pd/sup 2+//Li/sup +/, Ti/sup 2+/, or K/sup +//K/sup +/) and results in 'shrunken atoms' analogous to muonic atoms. In the case of deuterium, fusion reactions of shrunken atoms predominantly yielding tritium are possible. Calorimetry of pulsed current and continuous electrolysis of aqueous potassium carbonate (K/sup +//K/sup +/ electrocatalytic couple) at a nickel cathode is performed in single-cell dewar calorimetry cells. Excess power out exceeded input power by a factor of [right angle bracket]37. (10 References).
G. V. Mil'nikov and H. Nakamura, "Calculation of resonances in a dt mu molecule by the R-matrix method," Physical Review A, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 34501--1--4, 2003.
Abstract: Using the spectral representation of Green's function, we calculate the density of states and extract parameters of resonances in the scattering system. The method is implemented for the resonances in the dt mu molecule below the t mu (n=2) threshold. (28 References).
E. Milotti, "Energy levels and radiative transitions in muonic hydrogen," Atomic Data & Nuclear Data Tables, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 137--77, 1998.
Abstract: The physics of muonic hydrogen is a powerful tool to test QED at short distances and-assuming the validity of QED-to probe the properties of the proton, deuteron and triton at low momentum transfer. This paper contains several tables that are useful in planning experiments on muonic hydrogen. (24 References).
E. V. Minaichev, G. G. Myasishcheva, YuV Obukhov, V. S. Roganov, G. I. Saveliev, and VG. Firsov, "Paschen-Back effect for the muonium atom," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 1586--92, 1970.
Abstract: The polarization of mu /sup +/-mesons as a function of longitudinal magnetic field strength is measured between 0 and 3 kO3 in single crystal quartz and corundum. For quartz the experimental data are found to be in good agreement with the theory of muonium depolarization. The experimental value of the critical magnetic field strength for muonium in quartz equals within the experimental errors the value obtained in vacuum. The possibilities which the method affords for measuring the size of muonium in various media are considered. (14 References).
A. I. Mincer, M. Brennan, K. Brown, W. Morse, Y. Semertzidis, P. Yamin, J. Miller, B. L. Roberts, O. Rind, T. Liu, W. Molzon, V. Tumakov, E. Hungerford, K. A. Lan, W. Mayes, L. Pinsky, J. Wilson, V. Lobashev, A. N. Toropin, R. Djilkibaev, A. I. Mincer, P. Nemethy, J. Sculli, J. Popp, W. Wales, D. Koltick, M. Eckhause, J. Kane, and R. Welsh, "Muon conversion experiments-current and future," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 942-5, 2000.
Abstract: "Many extensions of the standard model predict muon to electron conversion in the process mu +Nucleus to e+Nucleus at ratios, R, of 10/sup -14/ to 10/sup -17/ muon captures. A long history of experiments which have improved upper limits on R, to the current value of [left angle bracket] 6.1*10/sup -13/ set by SINDRUM II, have been limited by muon statistics rather than background. A new experiment, MECO, has been proposed to search for muon to electron conversion at levels below 5*10/sup -17/. MECO takes advantage of a pulsed, high flux muon beam produced when a proton beam at the Brookhaven AGS is incident on a target in a graded solenoidal field. The detector has 800 KeV momentum resolution and is designed to minimize the background from the beam and maximize efficiency for signal electrons. With 10/sup 11/ stopped muons per second
Chen Ming-Keh and Hsue. Chen-Shiung, "Hyperfine structure in the muonic /sup 3/He atom," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 22, no. 24, pp. 3951--6, 1989.
Abstract: In order to examine the recoil effect, the authors calculate the ground-state hyperfine structure of the muonic /sup 3/He by the variational approach, employing an improved set of Hylleraas-type basis functions to deal with the non-relativistic three-body wavefunctions of the muon, electron and /sup 3/He nucleus. The convergence of the series is very fast, thus eliminating the problem with the propagation of the truncation errors of the computer machine. Using the recoil correction, delta /sub rec/= Delta nu /sub F/(3 alpha / pi )(m/sub e//m/sub mu /) ln(m/sub mu //m$0 they arrive at the value Delta nu =4166.56+or-0.05 MHz for the total hyperfine-structure splitting of the ground state of the muonic /sup 3/He atom. But if they follow the treatment of Borie (1979) for the recoil corrections by treating the ( mu -/sup 3/He)/sup +/ system as a pseudonucleus, they will arrive instead at the value Delta nu =4165.91+or-0.05 MHz. The former seems to be in slightly better agreement with the only experimental result, 4166.3+or-0.2 MHz. (13 References).
Chen Ming-Keh and Hsue. Chen-Shiung, "Theoretical hyperfine structure of the muonic /sup 4/He atom," Physical Review A, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 5520--5, 1989.
Abstract: The authors calculate the hyperfine structure of the ground state of the muonic /sup 4/He atom by the variational approach employing an improved set of the Hylleraas-type basis functions to deal with the nonrelativistic three-body wave functions of the muon, the electron, and the /sup 4/He nucleus. The convergence of the series is very fast, thus eliminating the problem with the propagation of the truncation errors of the computer machine. Using the recoil correction, delta /sub rec/= Delta upsilon /sub F/(3A/ pi )(m/sub e//m/sub mu /)ln(m/sub mu //m/sub e/), the authors arrived at the value Delta upsilon =4464.87+or-0.05 MHz for the total hyperfine-structure splitting of the ground state of the muonic /sup 4/He atom including relativistic and other radiative corrections. But if the authors follow the treatment of Borie (Z. Phys. A 291, 107 (1979)) for the recoil corrections by treating the ( mu -/sup 4/He)/sup +/ system as a pseudonucleus, they arrive instead at the value Delta upsilon =4464.00+or-0.05 MHz. The former seems to be in better agreement with the experimental result of 4464.004+or-0.029 MHz. (16 References).
Chen. Ming-Keh, "Hyperfine splitting in muonic /sup 4/He and /sup 3/He atoms: a global-operator approach," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 23, no. 21, pp. 4041--9, 1990.
Abstract: The author uses a global operator to examine the wavefunctions which he employed in calculating the ground-state hyperfine structure of the muonic /sup 4/He and /sup 3/He atoms. Using the recoil correction, delta /sup rec/=( Delta nu )/sub F/(3 alpha / pi )(m/sub e//m/sub mu /) ln(m/sub mu //m/sub e/), he arrived at the values of Delta nu =4464.907+or-0.001 and 4166.620+or-0.001 MHz respectively for the total hyperfine structure of the muonic /sup 4/He and /sup 3/He atoms including relativistic and radiative corrections up to alpha /sup 2/. Comparing with his previous works, Delta nu =4464.87+or-0.05 MHz and 4166.56+or-+or-0.05 MHz, this supports his choice of the wavefunctions and indicates that it is reasonable to find the second-order corrections. The small uncertainties, which originate from the calculation of the three-body Schrodinger wavefunctions, make it meaningful to find the second-order corrections, and provide the possibility of testing the relativistic and QED effects. (27 References).
Chen. Ming-Keh, "Correlated wave functions and hyperfine splittings of the 2s state of muonic /sup 3,4/He atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 1479--92, 1992.
Abstract: The correlated wave functions of the 2s state, (1s)/sub e/(2s)/sub mu / of muonic /sup 4/He and /sup 3/He atoms are calculated by the variational approach, employing an improved set of the Hylleraas-type basis functions to study the 2s state of muonic He atoms. The energy and radial expectation values are calculated. The author's proposed wave functions for the muonic /sup 4/He and /sup 3/He atoms are good enough to describe the electron and muon at small, intermediate, and large values of radial coordinates. The hyperfine splittings of the (1s)/sub e/(2s)/sub mu / muonic /sup 4/He and /sup 3/He atoms are also presented. Including relativistic, QED, and other corrections up to O( alpha /sup 2/), the author arrives at the values Delta nu =(4287.01+or-0.10 and 4052.64+or-0.10 MHz for the total hyperfine splittings of the 2s state of muonic /sup 4/He and /sup 3/He atoms, respectively. (32 References).
Chen. Ming-Keh, "Hyperfine splitting for the ground-state muonic /sup 3/He atom-corrections up to alpha /sup 2/," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 2263--72, 1993.
Abstract: The author examines the relativistic, QED and nuclear finite-size corrections of the hyperfine splitting for ground-state muonic /sup 3/He up to alpha /sup 2/. The author finds that the nuclear finite-size correction and the magnetic correction to the electron wavefunction of the hyperfine splitting, Delta v/sup e/, which accounts for the magnetic interaction between the electron and the /sup 3/He nucleus, are quite different from the previous results of Huang and Hughes (1979,1980,1982). The author obtains the total hyperfine splitting, Delta v=4166.540 MHz, with the uncertainty, +or-0.001 MHz, which only originates from the calculation of the Schrodinger wavefunction, and the uncertainty, +or-0.004 MHz, which originates from the neglect of order alpha /sup 3/ and above in calculating the relativistic, QED and nuclear finite-size correction, and the uncertainties of the parameters of the electric and magnetic form factors of the /sup 3/He nucleus. This result is more consistent with the experimental result, 4166.3+or-0.2 MHz, than the previous theoretical results. (30 References).
SL. Mintz, "Muon-capture in deuterium in the elementary particle treatment," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Few Particle Problems in the Nuclear Interaction, (I. Slaus, S. Moszkowski, R. Haddock, and Oers WTH. Van, eds.), pp. 902-5, 1972.
Abstract: A calculation is presented of the rates for muon-capture in deuterium, mu /sup -/+d to n+n+ nu /sub mu /, from the doublet and quartet states in the elementary particle treatment. Treatment of this process is complicated by the presence of two hadrons in the final state. (5 References).
SL. Mintz, "Muon-capture rates in deuteron and the weak form factors in the timelike region," Physical Review D, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 2946--57, 1973.
Abstract: Capture rates from the doublet and quartet states are derived using an elementary particle approach. Using the conserved vector current hypothesis the two form factors describing the matrix element of the vector current are found from data on electrodisintegration and photodisintegration in the space-like region. PCAC and the impulse approximation are used to derive the two axial current form factors in the same region. The results are Gamma /sub d/=374+or-18 and Gamma /sub q/=6.07+or-0.04 sec/sup -1/, both quantities being sensitive to the behaviour of the form factors when q/sup 2/ approximately m/sub mu //sup 2/. The value for Gamma /sub d/ is consistent with experiment. (24 References).
SL. Mintz, "Differential muon-capture rate for the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 6/Li to /sup 3/H+/sup 3/H+ nu /sub mu /," Physical Review C, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 286--9, 1979.
Abstract: The differential muon-capture rate d Gamma /d Omega (/sup 6/Li+ mu /sup -/ to /sup 3/H+/sup 3/H+ nu /sub mu /) as a function of angle between the outgoing tritons is calculated by the use of elementary particle model. The total capture rate for the same reaction but with the neutrino energy limited between 0 and 29.8 MeV is also calculated as is the rate d Gamma /d nu under the same limitation. The reaction is also discussed as a candidate for determining a better limit on the muon-neutrino mass. (14 References).
SL. Mintz, "Muon capture in /sup 6/Li in the ditriton channel by the use of the elementary particle model," Physical Review C, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 476--81, 1979.
Abstract: "The muon-capture rate for the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 6/Li to /sup 3/H+/sup 3/H+ nu /sub mu / is calculated by the use of elementary-particle model. The form factors describing the axial current matrix element are determined by pion-capture data for the reaction pi /sup -/+/sup 6/Li to /sup 3/H+/sup 3/H via the partially conserved axial vector current hypothesis and results based on the impulse approximation. The form factors describing the vector current matrix element are obtained from the reactions gamma +/sup 6/Li to /sup 3/H+/sup 3/He and /sup 3/H+/sup 3/He to gamma +/sup 6/Li via the conserved vector current hypothesis. Two results are presented for which the assumptions vary
SL. Mintz, "Pion reactions in deuterium and the muon-capture rate and weak form factors," Physical Review C, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 2507--11, 1980.
Abstract: The muon-capture rate for the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 2/H to n+n+ nu /sub mu / is calculated by the use of the elementary particle model. The form factors describing the axial current matrix element are determined from the pion photoproduction reaction gamma +/sup 2/H to n+n+ pi /sup +/ via the partially conserved axial vector current hypothesis. The form factors describing the vector current matrix element are obtained from the reactions gamma +/sup 2/H to p+n and e+/sup 2/H to p+n+e. A result of Gamma =155 sec/sup -1/ is obtained. In addition a capture rate for the reaction pi /sup -/+d to n+n+ gamma of Gamma =3.41*10/sup 14/ sec/sup -1/ is obtained. (22 References).
SL. Mintz, "Differential muon-capture rate and the deuterium form factors in the timelike region," Physical Review C, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 556--60, 1983.
Abstract: The differential muon-capture rate, d Gamma /dE/sub n/, is obtained over the total allowed range of E/sub n/, the neutron energy for both F/sub A/, the axial current form factor, analytically continued to the timelike region, and for F/sub A/ under the condition that F/sub A/(q/sup 2/, timelike)=F/sub A/(q/sup 2/, spacelike). It is found that a difference of approximately 10% exists in the extreme timelike region. The contribution from the timelike region to the muon-capture rate, Gamma , is calculated and found to be negligible. (16 References).
SL. Mintz, "Reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 6/Li to /sup 3/H+/sup 3/H+ nu /sub mu / and the axial current form factor in the timelike region," Physical Review C, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1389--92, 1983.
Abstract: The differential muon-capture rate d Gamma /dE/sub T/ is obtained for the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 6/Li to /sup 3/H+/sup 3/H+ nu /sub mu / over the allowed range of E/sub T/, the tritium energy, for two assumptions concerning the behaviour of F/sub A/, the axial current form factor, in the timelike region; analytic continuation from the spacelike region and mirror behaviour, F/sub A/(q/sup 2/, timelike)=F/sub A/(q/sup 2/, spacelike). The values of d Gamma /dE/sub T/ under these two assumptions are found to vary substantially in the timelike region as a function of the mass M/sub A/ in the dipole fit to F/sub A/. Values of d Gamma /dE/sub T/ are given for M/sub A//sup 2/=2m/sub pi //sup 2/, 4.95 m/sub pi //sup 2/, and 8 m/sub pi //sup 2/. (10 References).
S. L. Mintz and DF. King, "Neutral and charge current inclusive neutrino reactions in /sup 12/C and the pion-electroproduction cross section," Physical Review C, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1585--92, 1984.
Abstract: Total muon-capture rates and inclusive pion-electroproduction cross sections in /sup 12/C are used to obtain inclusive neutral and charged current neutrino cross sections in /sup 12/C. These results are obtained for 150 MeV[left angle bracket]or=D/sub nu /[left angle bracket]or=250 MeV for the charged current case and 50 MeV[left angle bracket]or=E/sub nu /[left angle bracket]or=150 MeV for the neutral current case. Comparison is made with other calculations. (17 References).
S. L. Mintz and M. Pourkaviani, "Inclusive neutrino reactions in nuclei," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 925--33, 1994.
Abstract: The charged-current inclusive reaction for the process nu /sub e/+/sup 12/C to e/sup -/+X is calculated from threshold to 100 MeV. The cross sections are calculated via a tensor describing the hadronic part of the interaction, the elements of which are obtained phenomenologically from the total muon capture rates and from electromagnetic-scattering data. Cross sections averaged over the Michel spectrum are also obtained and compared to the existing experimental results. (15 References).
S. L. Mintz and M. Pourkaviani, "The anti-neutrino reaction in /sup 127/I," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A589, no. 4, pp. 724--31, 1995.
Abstract: We discuss the reaction, nu /sub e/+/sup 127/I to X+e/sup +/, including its importance as a possible tool for calibrating solar neutrino detectors. We also obtain the cross section for this reaction from threshold to 53 MeV for two different assumptions concerning the q/sup 2/ dependence of the transition matrix element making use of data for the total muon capture rate in /sup 127/I. Finally, we discuss the relationship between the cross section for this reaction and the cross section for the process nu /sub e/+/sup 127/I to e/sup +/X. (12 References).
S. L. Mintz and M. Pourkaviani, "Inclusive neutrino reactions in /sup 127/I," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 584, no. 4, pp. 665--74, 1995.
Abstract: We obtain the cross section for the reaction nu /sub e/+/sup 127/I to e/sup -/+X from threshold to 53 MeV via two different models, both of which make use of data for the total muon-capture rate in /sup 127/I. The neutral-current cross section for the reaction nu +/sup 127/I to nu +X is also calculated over the same energy range. Average cross sections over the Michel spectrum are also obtained for both of these reactions. The consequences of these rates are discussed with respect to the use of /sup 127/I in neutrino detectors. (12 References).
SL. Mintz, "Inclusive neutrino reactions in /sup 13/C," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A672, no. 1-4, pp. 503--11, 2000.
Abstract: We obtain the cross sections for the reactions, nu /sub e/+/sup 13/C to e/sup -/+X and nu /sub mu /+/sup 13/C to mu /sup -/+X. For the former reaction we do this for incident neutrino energies from threshold to 100 MeV and for the latter reaction from threshold to 300 MeV. We obtain our results via a tensor model which makes use of data for the total muon capture rate in /sup 13/C. We also obtain the electron neutrino cross section averaged over the Michel spectrum and the muon neutrino reaction averaged over the LAMPF muon neutrino spectrum. We find that these cross sections will contribute only a few percent to the uncertainties in the /sup 12/C neutrino cross sections and we discuss this point in detail. (21 References).
SL. Mintz, "Inclusive neutrino and antineutrino reactions in /sup 56/Fe," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 451--61, 2002.
Abstract: We obtain cross sections for the inclusive neutrino and antineutrino reactions in /sup 56/Fe for the processes nu /sub e/ + /sup 56/Fe to e/sup -/ + X, nu /sub e/ + /sup 56/Fe to e/sup +/ + X, nu /sub mu / + /sup 56/Fe to mu /sup -/ + X and nu /sub mu / + /sup 56/Fe to mu /sup +/ + X. For the former two reactions we do this for incident neutrino energies from threshold to 240 MeV and for the latter two reactions from threshold to 300 MeV. We make use of a tensor model, which depends upon data obtained from the total muon capture rate in /sup 56/Fe, to calculate our results. We also obtain the electron neutrino cross section averaged over the Michel spectrum and the muon neutrino cross section averaged over the LAMPF muon neutrino spectrum. We find that these cross sections are substantial as would be expected from the neutron content of the /sup 56/Fe nucleus and might therefore be a serious background for nuclear neutrino experiments with substantial iron or steel shielding. We compare our calculation with the experimental results of the KARMEN Collaboration and discuss our results in light of planned experiments in iron. (24 References).
Chen. Min-yi, "The analysis of muonic X-ray spectra of deformed nuclei," in Proceedings of the international conference on properties of nuclear states, 1969.
Abstract: Abstract only given, as follows: The dynamic E2 hyperfine spectra were traditionally analyzed by diagonalizing the quadrupole interaction between the spin doublets and the lowest rotational band. The author finds that the proper inclusion of other nuclear and muonic states by perturbation method has a significant effect on the parameters of the charge distribution obtained from such analysis.
Chen Min-yi, R. Engfer, E. Kankeleit, W. U. Schroder, H. K. Walter, and K. Wien, "Measurements of excitation probabilities and isomer shifts of nuclear levels in mu -atoms," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 192-4, 1970.
Abstract: Gives a compilation of recent investigations on nuclear gamma rays from heavy mu atoms as an extension of previous results on even-even nuclei. The experiments were performed at the CERN muon channel.
Chen. Min-yi, "Radiative corrections of order alpha /sup 2/ in muonic atoms of heavy nuclei," Physical Review Letters, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 341--4, 1975.
Abstract: To reduce the discrepancies between measured and calculated energies of the 5g-4f transitions in muonic atoms of heavy nuclei the self energy radiative corrections of order alpha /sup 2/ have been calculated for Pb, Tl and Hg. (13 References).
J. Missimer and L. Simons, "Neutral current effects in muonic atoms: E1-E2 interferences," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A316, no. 3, pp. 413--36, 1979.
Abstract: The authors study the parity-violating current effects in muonic atoms which might result from an interference between E1 and E2 amplitudes in 3D to 1S transitions. They conclude that polarization asymmetries may be measurable in heavy atoms (Z approximately 70) exhibiting large nuclear deformations. (29 References).
J. Missimer and LM. Simons, "Nuclear dynamic resonance and neutral currents in muonic /sub 69//sup 169/Tm," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A356, no. 2, pp. 317--22, 1981.
Abstract: Dynamic resonance between the muon and nucleus induces an admixture of even and odd parity states much larger than naive expectations would suggest. The parity-violating admixture may induce a measurable angular asymmetry between emitted X-rays and the spins of the muon and nucleus. Such an angular correlation would be evidence for neutral currents in muonic atoms. The presently measured value of the Weinberg angle for the vector hadronic coupling implies an angular correlation asymmetry of almost 10/sup -5/. (17 References).
J. Missimer and L. Simons, "Neutral current effects in muonic atoms," in Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Weak Interactions and Neutrinos, (A. Morales, ed.), pp. 633-4, 1983.
Abstract: The author summarises the progress being made in measuring the effects of neutral currents in muonic atoms. Two types of experiments appear feasible. The measurement of a parity-odd observable in the radiative transitions between 3D- and 1S-states in muonic thulium is one possibility. The second type of experiment is the measurement of an angular asymmetry in the radiative transition between 2S- and 1S- states in light muonic atoms, proposed by several theorists eight years ago, but then abandoned as experimentally impracticable. (4 References).
J. Missimer and LM. Simons, "The neutral weak current in muonic atoms," Physics Reports, vol. 118, no. 4, pp. 179--238, 1985.
Abstract: The measurement of parity-odd observables in muonic atoms has eluded realization for ten years. Nevertheless, determination of the coupling constants which characterize the weak neutral current of muons remains an important goal. Since the muonic atom is essentially an hydrogen-like system, the precise determination of neutral current couplings and observation of higher order weak and electromagnetic corrections may be possible. Moreover, the effects of neutral currents in atomic systems are determined by a different combination of couplings than effects measured at high energy. Finally, comparison of effects in muonic and conventional atoms would confirm the university of neutral current couplings. Current proposals to measure parity-odd observables exploit the physics of nuclei and atoms as well as of muonic atoms. This report attempts a systematic presentation of the physics required to understand the proposals and the interpretation of the measurements. The three most promising measurements in thulium, neon and boron are discussed in detail. (75 References).
J. Missimer and LM. Simons, "The photo-electron correlation and the neutral current in muonic boron," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium (WEIN-89), (P. Depommier, ed.), pp. 657--9, 1989.
Abstract: The two stable isotopes of boron offer an opportunity to determine completely the neutral current couplings of the muon to nucleons. Completeness requires that individual hyperfine components of the initial or final state be distinguished. A natural method, yielding photon-decay electron asymmetries, is Fourier analysis of the muon spin procession in correlation with the emitted dipole radiation. The relationship between the asymmetries and the neutral current couplings is derived. (5 References).
J. Missimer and LM. Simons, "The photon-electron directional correlation and the weak neutral current in muonic boron," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 275--81, 1990.
Abstract: Precise determination of the four coupling constants describing the parity-odd neutral current interaction between muon and nucleons would provide a critical test of the standard model. The directional correlation between the photon emitted in the transition between 2S- and 1S-states and the decay electron provides a suitable observable. The two isotopes of boron constitute a unique system for a complete determination of the coupling constants. Completeness requires that the hyperfine components of the initial or final state of the photon transition be distinguished. An elegant method of measuring the directional correlations in the hyperfine components of the final state is the Fourier analysis of the muon spin precession in correlation with the emitted photon radiation. The authors derive the relationship between the directional correlations and the coupling constants, determine optimal energy and angular intervals for a measurement, and discuss the experimental issues which must be resolved in preparation of an experiment. (19 References).
J. H. Missimer, R. N. Mohapatra, and NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Muonic analogue of nuclear double beta decay: a new window on lepton number violation," Physical Review D, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 2067-70, 1994.
Abstract: We examine an exotic nuclear muon capture reaction mu /sup -/+(Z,A) to mu /sup +/(Z-2,A), as a means of studying possible lepton number violation. We estimate the branching ratio for this in simple extensions of the standard model and find it to be at most of the order of 10/sup -18/. (16 References).
AK. Mitra, "On a two-sphere problem and the radius of the muon," Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung Section A-A Journal of Physical Sciences, vol. 31A, no. 11, pp. 1425--6, 1976.
Abstract: The 2p-1s transition energies for a model of two bound spheres have been calculated. A hint towards the estimation of the muon radius has thus been given. (5 References).
I. A. Mitropol'skii and GE. Solyakin, "Energy spectra of recoil nuclei produced in decay of a bound mu /sup -/meson," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 18--23, 1983.
Abstract: The energy spectra of recoil nuclei arising in decay of a muon bound in a mesic atom are considered. Analytic expressions for the spectra are obtained both in the case of a point nucleus and with its finite size taken into account. It is shown that the high-energy part of the spectrum of recoil nuclei, which carries information on the charge distribution in the nucleus, in accessible to experimental measurement. (8 References).
IA. Mitropolsky, "Self-consistent pairing and anomalous properties of the monopole states in deformed nuclei," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 921--6, 1981.
Abstract: The existence of states in the excitation spectra of nuclei with anomalously large values of the parameter X is explained in the framework of a model with self-consistent pairing. The possibility of an experimental investigation of nuclear monopole states which are excited in the bound mu /sup -/-meson decay in a muonic atom is discussed. (11 References).
H. Mitter, "K-mesic atoms and hypernuclei," in Physics meeting, Hannover, 1970, pp. 121--35, 1970.
Abstract: The dissertation reports results and new developments in these two areas of interest in medium-energy nuclear physics. The former is concerned with atoms in which a kaon replaces an orbital electron; the latter deals with nuclei in which hyperons ( Lambda , Sigma , and identical to ) replace one or more nucleons. The two areas give much useful information. Spectra are examined and explained by use of these structures, some theory being given, with full consideration of the pivotal aspect of strangeness. Mesic atomic potentials also receive some attention, and reports include some of work done at CERN in this direction. The material on hypernuclei is anticipated to lead to some knowledge of fundamental relations between hyperons and nucleons. (16 References).
Y. Miyake, K. Shimomura, A. P. Mills, and K. Nagamine, "Ultra slow muons generated by laser resonant ionization of thermal muonium produced by 500-MeV protons with hot tungsten," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 106, no. 1-4, pp. 237--44, 1997.
Abstract: We report recent progress to date on the UT-MSL/KEK {"}ultra slow muon{"} project, in which thermal muonium (Mu) atoms are generated from the surface of a hot tungsten target placed at the primary 500 MeV proton beam line and resonantly ionized by intense u.v. lasers synchronized with the emission of the Mu. The positive muon ionization fragments are collected by electrostatic beam optics to form a beam of slow positive muons. (5 References).
H. Miyatake, S. C. Jeong, H. Ishiyama, Y. Ishida, H. Kawakami, N. Yoshikawa, I. Katayama, M. H. Tanaka, E. Tojyo, M. Oyaizu, S. Arai, S. Tomizawa, K. Niki, Y. Arakaki, M. Okada, Y. Takeda, M. Wada, P. Strasser, S. Kubono, and T. Nomura, "Present status of the radioactive nuclear beam facility at KEK-Tanashi and the E-arena in the KEK-JAERI joint project," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 701, no. , pp. 62c-6c, 2002.
Abstract: The performance of the RNB facility at KEK-Tanashi, which is a pilot facility for the E-arena in the KEK-JAERI joint project, is presented. The muonic X-ray spectroscopy of unstable nuclei by combining the RNB with muon-beam from the M-arena in the joint project is introduced. (10 References).
H. Miyazawa, Y. Obata, and H. Suura, "PASER and meson-catalyzed fusion," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 3361--3, 1993.
Abstract: The mechanism for producing abundant negative pions by stimulated emission is discussed. The power required to operate such a PASER is proportional to its linear dimension and is such that can be realized in practice. Possible applications to muon-catalyzed fusion are discussed. (1 Reference).
M. Mizoguchi, S. Hirenzaki, and H. Toki, "Microscopic kaonic-atom optical potential in finite nuclei with Lambda (1405) and Sigma (1385) resonances," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A567, no. 4, pp. 893--918, 1994.
Abstract: We derive kaonic-atom optical potentials in finite nuclei microscopically by taking into account the K/sup -/N Lambda (1405) and K/sup -/N Sigma (1385) interactions. Using the microscopic optical potentials we solve kaonic atoms with the Klein-Gordon equation in momentum space and obtain the kaonic-atom level shifts and the widths. The experimental data are reproduced well. We discuss also phenomenological optical potentials and compare them with the microscopic ones. In addition, we derive optical potentials in the local-density approximation with the use of the finite-matter kaon self-energy. We find a similarity with the microscopic optical potential derived with finite geometry. (21 References).
B. A. Moftah, E. Gete, D. F. Measday, D. S. Armstrong, J. Bauer, T. P. Gorringe, B. L. Johnson, B. Siebels, and S. Stanislaus, "Muon capture in /sup 28/Si and g/sub p//g/sub a/," Physics Letters B, vol. 395, no. 3-4, pp. 157--62, 1997.
Abstract: Negative muon capture in /sup 28/Si was used to determine the angular correlation between the neutrino and the 1229 keV gamma -ray from the de-excitation of the 2201 keV 1/sup +/ level in /sup 28/Al. To suppress backgrounds in the HPGe detectors, a coincidence was required with the 942 keV gamma -ray in the de-excitation cascade detected in a NaI array. The extracted angular correlation coefficient alpha is 0.360+or-0.059, consistent with previous measurements. Using a recent shell model calculation employing a full 1s-0d model space and the USD empirical interaction, this value of alpha implies a value for the induced pseudoscalar coupling of g/sub p//g/sub a/=0.0+or-3.2, substantially smaller than the prediction of PCAC and pion-pole dominance. (34 References).
J. R. Mohallem and J. G. R. Tostes, "The adiabatic approximation to exotic leptonic molecules: further analysis and a nonlinear equation for conditional amplitudes," Theochem-J. Mol. Struct., vol. 580, pp. 27-32, 2002.
Abstract: Recent successful applications of a particular kind of adiabatic approximation to complexes of muons and positrons with atoms, motivated us to perform a new analysis of the molecular approximations on this perspective. We focus our attention mainly on the various levels of the adiabatic approximation and discuss if and how it can be stressed to yield exact results. In the course of this analysis a new nonlinear equation for conditional amplitudes was obtained. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
P. J. Mohr and B. N. Taylor, "CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 1998," Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 72, pp. 351--495, 2000.
N. V. Mokhov and Ginneken A. Van, "Muons versus hadrons for radiotherapy," in Proceedings of the 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference. (Cat. No.99CH36366), (A. Luccio and W. MacKay, eds.), pp. 2525-7, 1999.
Abstract: Intense low energy muon beams-as part of a muon collider complex-may become available for use in radiotherapy. It is of interest to compare their effectiveness in this application with that of hadron beams in a setting where processes common to these beams are treated exactly alike. Detailed simulations of physics processes for muon, proton, antiproton, neutron, kaon and pion beams stopping in various media have been performed using the MARS code with newly developed weighted algorithms. Special attention is paid to mu /sup -/, pi /sup -/, and p capture on light nuclei. Calculated distributions of energy deposition and dose equivalent due to processes involving primary beams and generated secondaries are presented for a human tissue-equivalent phantom (TEP). The important ratio of dose delivered to healthy tissue vs. dose to tumor is examined within this model. The possibility of introducing heavier elements into the tumor to increase capture of stopped mu /sup -/ is briefly explored. (5 References).
W. Molzon, "Physics with low energy muons at the front end of the muon collider," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 52-65, 1998.
Abstract: The front end of the muon collider will produce extremely high fluxes of muons, and could provide the opportunity for significantly improved experiments using low energy muons. In this paper, we discuss the physics goals of experiments which could benefit from new, high intensity muon beams. We also discuss the beam requirements, which would require modifications to the source as proposed for the collider. (39 References).
W. R. Molzon, "Improved tests of muon and electron flavor symmetry in muon processes," Spring Tract Mod Phys, vol. 163, pp. 105-128, 2000.
Abstract: I review the motivation for and status of searches for violation of muon-and electron-number conservation, concentrating on muon-initiated processes. I then discuss the progress expected in the next few years, concentrating on a new experiment, E940 at BNL (the MECO experiment). It will improve the experimental sensitivity for the process mu(-)N --> e(-)N to below 10(-16), roughly 4 orders of magnitude better than the current limit.
K. Momberger, N. Grun, W. Scheid, U. Becker, and G. Soff, "Muon pair production with inner-shell capture in relativistic U/sup 92+/-U/sup 92+/ collisions," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 20, no. 9, pp. L281-5, 1987.
Abstract: Muon pair production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions with capture of the negative muon into the K shell of the target atom is studied in first-order perturbation theory by using the semiclassical approximation. Impact-parameter-dependent probabilities and cross sections are calculated for the K-shell capture in U/sup 92+/-U/sup 92+/ collisions at E/sub lab/=10 GeV amu/sup -1/. Nuclear size corrections are taken into account. (10 References).
H. J. Monkhorst, "On the wanderings of a quantum chemist in the world of fusion power and politics," Int. J. Quantum Chem., vol. 77, pp. 468-472, 2000.
Abstract: Ruminations by a quantum chemist are offered on his forays into the treacherous territory of the global fusion power research community. His and a colleague's proposal for a colliding beam fusion reactor is explained. His experiences hold general lessons about the treatment an innocent scientist can expect when he challenges the entrenched modus operandi of a large scientific/engineering establishment. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A. Montwill, P. Moriarty, D. H. Davis, T. Pniewski, T. Sobczak, O. Adamovic, U. Krecker, G. Coremans-Bertrand, and J. Sacton, "The non-mesonic to pi /sup -/ mesonic decay ratio and Lambda -neutron stimulation fraction for p-shell hypernuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A234, no. 2, pp. 413--28, 1974.
Abstract: Kinematic analysis of simple hypernuclear production reactions has produced a sample of hypernuclei of /sub Lambda /B, /sub Lambda /C and /sub Lambda /N with negligible background, and a much smaller sample of /sub Lambda /Be. The values of the non-mesonic to pi /sup -/ mesonic ratio Q/sup -/ for the above samples are 5.5+or-0.5 and 4.3+or-1.1, respectively. A sub-sample of /sub Lambda //sup 11/B hypernuclei was separated on the basis of production via an excited state of /sub Lambda //sup 12/C, giving Q/sup -/=4.8+or-1.1 for /sub Lambda //sup 11/B. Assuming the Fermi gas model is applicable to nuclei of mass A approximately=11, two independent means of analysis of the non-mesonic decays give values for the Lambda -neutron stimulation fraction n of 0.41+or-0.09 and 0.34+or-0.07 for hypernuclei of charge 5[left angle bracket]or=Z[left angle bracket]or=7. (28 References).
DL Jr. Morgan, "alpha -sticking probability," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 109-11, 1984.
Abstract: The possibility that the muon may become bound to the alpha in d+t+ mu /sup -/ to n+ alpha + mu /sup -/ limits the number of times the mu /sup -/ can catalyze d-t fusion. Hence the importance of calculating the alpha -sticking probability (W/sub s/). The sticking probability depends on the form of the mu -wave function in each of the bound states of the DT mu -molecule when the D-T separation is zero. Calculations of this wave function in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation or by minimisation of the energy of the DT mu -molecule may not be sufficiently accurate for determining the sticking probability for all bound states. Two alternatives for determining the wave function were considered. In the first, the time-dependent Schroedinger equation is solved for the mu /sup -/ wave function while the D-T motion is treated classically. In the second, an integral form of the Schroedinger equation is solved directly by a numerical-iterative technique for the complete DT mu /sup -/ wave function. (0 References).
DL Jr. Morgan, "Numerical solution of the Schrodinger integral equation for dt mu : a progress report," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 283--93, 1987.
Abstract: The Schrodinger integral equation is derived for an N-body system, and solutions for required Green functions are obtained. The initial method of numerical solution has yielded the correct ground states and lower excited S states of He (test case) and dt mu . Steps are being taken to improve the numerical accuracy. (4 References).
JD III. Morgan, "Improving the accuracy of the calculation of fusion rates and sticking fractions in muon-catalyzed fusion," Physical Review A, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 6857--62, 1989.
Abstract: Two critical quantities in muon-catalyzed d-t fusion are the d-t fusion rate ( psi mod delta /sup (3)/(r/sub dt/) mod psi ) and the alpha - mu sticking fraction mod ( phi (r)e/sup iq.r/ mod delta /sup (3)/(r/sub dt/) mod psi (r/sub dt/,r)) mod /sup 2/ ( psi mod delta /sup (3)/(Cr/sub dt/) mod psi ), where psi is a (dt mu )/sup +/ wave function and phi is a hydrogenic alpha - mu wave function. It is explained why conventional approaches to calculate these quantities directly are slowly convergent. It is suggested that the use of a basis that explicitly includes terms that appear in the Fock expansion will lead to more rapid convergence. Furthermore, an identity relating ( psi mod delta /sup (3)/(r) mod psi ) to expectation values of more diffuse operators, which was first derived by Hiller, Sucher, and Feinberg (Phys. Rev. A 18, 2399 (1978)) and then extended by Drake (Nucl. Instrum, Methods Phys. Res. B 31, 7 (1988)) in the context of atomic calculations, is generalized to the calculation of fusion rates and sticking fractions. It is anticipated that these relations will facilitate that accurate calculation of fusion rates and of sticking fractions. (17 References).
JD III Morgan and HJ. Monkhorst, "Simple model for accurate calculation of Coulomb-barrier penetration factors in molecular fusion rates," Physical Review A, vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 5175--80, 1990.
Abstract: The authors have developed a simple model that yields an approximate analytical expression for the Coulomb-barrier penetration factor in terms of the reduced mass M of the nucleon pair, the mass m of the particle that binds together the nuclei, the inner turning point r/sub i/ for the state under consideration, and the variation in the electronic or muonic contribution E/sub e/(r) to the total energy between r=0 and r/sub i/. In the case of muon-catalyzed d+t to alpha +n fusion, their model yields fusion rates within 25% of those obtained from much more elaborate calculations. The remarkable accuracy of their simple model results from the fact that it is highly accurate for small r, the region that the authors demonstrate makes the predominant contribution to Coulomb-barrier penetration factors. Furthermore, they use this observation to explain the old puzzle of why the adiabatic approximation yields such accurate fusion rates. (14 References).
D. Morgan and MR. Pennington, "Testing the nature of the f/sub 0/(S*)," in Hadron 91, (S. Oneda and DC. Peaslee, eds.), pp. 799-805, 1992.
Abstract: The authors consider how to distinguish regular quark model partonic compounds from molecular states in a model independent way. The issue arises in evaluating the proposed KK molecule assignment for f/sub 0/(S*) alias f/sub 0/(975). They describe a method whereby in favourable circumstances one can distinguish the above alternatives by objective appeal to data. Applying this to existing data, they conclude that f/sub 0/(S*) is unlikely to be a molecule. (23 References).
D. L. Morgan, L. J. Perkins, and S. W. Haney, "Antiproton--catalyzed fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101/102, pp. 503--509, 1996.
M. Morita, M. Hirooka, and M. Soga, "Shell model for /sup 12/C and /sup 12/B," in Proceedings of the international conference on properties of nuclear states, 1969.
Abstract: Abstract only given, as follows: Nuclear wave functions are found for the lowest T=J=0 and T=J=1 levels of the A=12 system, in the framework of general p-shell, from theoretical investigation of the muon capture in /sup 12/C, the beta decay of /sup 12/B, and the inelastic electron scattering with an excitation of the 15.1 MeV level in /sup 12/C.
M. Morita, H. Ohtsubo, and A. Fujii, "Muon capture and nuclear structure," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 180-1, 1970.
Abstract: The authors have studied the fundamental muon-nucleon interaction from the muon capture in gaseous and molecular hydrogen and the nuclear structure problem based on this knowledge from muon captures in /sup 12/C and /sup 16/O.
M. Morita, M. Yamada, J. I. Fujita, A. Fujii, H. Ohtsubo, R. Morita, K. Ikeda, Y. Yokoo, M. Hiro-Oka, and K. Takahashi, "Nuclear structure studied from weak and related processes," Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement, vol. 48, no. , pp. 41-100, Japan, 1971.
Abstract: A review is made on the nuclear structure studied from weak and related processes. The nuclear beta decay, muon capture, electron scattering and internal conversion are discussed. (211 References).
M. Morita, "Weak interactions and nuclear structure studied in the A=12 system," New Physics (Korean Physical Society), vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 328--38, 1983.
Abstract: Theoretical investigations on the structure of weak currents in the nuclear beta decays of /sup 12/B and /sup 12/N and the muon capture in /sup 12/C are introduced. Extensive studies on the weak magnetism, second-class induced tensor, and induced pseudoscalar currents have been performed. The works have been extended to the time component of the main axial vector term with detailed nuclear wave functions, by taking into account exchange-current and core-polarization effects. Experimental data of beta-ray spectra, beta-ray angular distribution, muon-capture rate, average and longitudinal polarizations of the recoil nucleus in muon capture in various laboratories are in an excellent agreement with the authors' theory for the standard magnitude of weak magnetism, no induced tensor, and the canonical value of the induced pseudoscalar coupling. The beta-ray anisotropy is greatly affected by the exchange current and core polarization. The resultant effects of these two are, however, practically cancelled. This is not the case in the average and longitudinal polarization. (34 References).
M. Morita, "Weak nucleon currents in beta decay and muon capture," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 21, no. 1-4, pp. 143--58, 1985.
Abstract: The author has made extensive investigations on the weak charged nucleon currents and structure of complex nuclei in weak nuclear processes. Using a new formalism, which has almost no approximation as far as the lepton part is concerned, he has studied the beta-ray spectra and beta-ray angular distributions in the /sup 12/B and /sup 12/N beta decays. The weak magnetism predicted by CVC is in excellent agreement with the experimental data on beta-ray spectra given by the Columbia and Heidelberg groups. It is noticed that the difference alpha /sub -/- alpha /sub +/ of the coefficients in the beta-ray angular distributions in aligned /sup 12/B and /sup 12/N is free from ambiguity of the nuclear model. Practically no second-class induced tensor current with the data given by the Osaka, Louvain and Zurich groups was found. On the other hand, the sum alpha /sub -/+ alpha /sub +/ of the coefficients represents the time component of the main axial vector current, and it is free from weak form factors. With this sum the author studied the exchange-current and core-polarization effects. These two effects are large, and they are almost cancelled out by each other in this case. He also finds the strength of the induced pseudoscalar form factor which is generally consistent with PCAC, from nuclear polarizations of /sup 12/B in muon capture of /sup 12/C performed by the Zurich and Tokyo groups. These nuclear polarizations are insensitive to the nuclear model, if the exchange-current and core-polarization effects are properly taken into account. (43 References).
M. Morita, "Weak nucleon currents in light nuclei," Few-Body Systems Supplementum, vol. 5, no. , pp. 165-74, 1991.
Abstract: The author has studied the axial vector current in nuclear weak processes. The strengths of the main axial vector and induced tensor currents are well established. As compared with these, the strength of the induced pseudoscalar current has been not too well known yet. He has studied it by analyzing the experimental data on nuclear recoil polarizations in muon capture and ft values and beta-ray angular distributions in the A=12 system. The nucleon current in light nuclei can be assumed to have the same form as that of the free nucleon except for the difference in the momentum transfer, if one adopts reasonable nuclear wave functions and takes into account effects of the exchange currents. He has adopted the general Op-shell wave functions together with the full effects of the core polarization of 2 h(cross) omega . The Hartree-Fock condition is also taken into consideration. The result gives the ratio, g/sub p//g/sub A/, which is very close to the canonical value based on PCAC. The experimental data on the ft value and axial charge are well reproduced. This means that the renormalization mechanism for g/sub A/ and g/sub p/ can be mostly understood in terms of meson exchange currents in light nuclei like A=12. (20 References).
M. Morita, R. Morita, M. Doi, T. Sato, H. Ohtsubo, and K. Koshigiri, "Induced pseudoscalar interaction in weak nucleon current and muon capture in hyperfine states of muonic deuterium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 78, no. 1-4, pp. 85--9, 1993.
Abstract: Muon capture rate in muonic deuterium can be calculated with less ambiguities in nuclear wave functions, since we know the bound and scattering states of the two nucleons with higher accuracy theoretically. It is, however, dependent on the pion-nucleon-delta coupling constant through the exchange current effect. This dependence is considerably reduced for the ratio of the capture rates from two hyperfine states of muonic deuterium. This ratio is, therefore, useful to study the strength of the induced pseudoscalar term. Several other physical quantities in light nuclei are also introduced here for the same purpose. (15 References).
N. Morita and others, "First observation of laser-induced resonant annihilation in metastable antiprotonic helium atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 72, pp. 1180--1183, 1994.
M. Morita, R. Morita, and K. Koshigiri, "Induced pseudoscalar term in weak nucleon current," in Pan XIII, (A. Pascolini, ed.), pp. 607-9, 1994.
Abstract: Strength of the induced pseudoscalar term in the weak axial vector current in nuclei is derived from the experimental data on the ratio of average and longitudinal polarizations of /sup 12/B in the muon capture in /sup 12/C. The nuclear model is chosen so as to fit the axial charge obtained from a new experimental data on the beta-ray angular distribution in aligned /sup 12/B and /sup 12/N, together with our formalism. Exchange currents effects and all-order effects of the core polarization are considered with the Hartree-Fock condition. A result is expected that the numerical value of g/sub P//g/sub A/ seems to be very close to that in the case of muon capture in the proton. (6 References).
M. Morita, R. Morita, and K. Koshigiri, "Induced terms of weak nucleon currents in light nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A577, no. 1-2, pp. 387--91, 1994.
Abstract: Vector and axial vector currents of the weak interactions in light nuclei are reviewed. Induced terms of the nucleon currents are discussed. Our recent analysis of the new experimental data on the beta-ray angular distribution in the aligned /sup 12/B and /sup 12/N given by the Osaka group finds a new limit for the induced tensor current and a slightly larger value of the axial charge y. This brings the strength of the induced pseudoscalar current very close to the PCAC value in the muon capture on /sup 12/C. (14 References).
M. Morita, R. Morita, and K. Koshigiri, "Weak nucleon currents studied from beta decay and muon capture in light nuclei," Chinese Journal of Physics, vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 1261-70, 1994.
Abstract: Vector and axial vector currents of the weak interactions in light nuclei are reviewed. We have studied the experimental data on the beta-ray angular distribution in the aligned /sup 12/B and /sup 12/N recently given by the Osaka group with our formulas to find a new limit for the induced tensor current and to find the magnitude of the axial charge y. The latter is also used to obtain the strength of the induced pseudoscalar current in the muon capture on /sup 12/C, and we have found a very close value to the one given by PCAC. A possible difference in the axial charge between the beta decays of /sup 12/B and /sup 12/N is investigated theoretically in connection with the ft-value asymmetry, since it affects the evaluation of the strength of the induced tensor current. (36 References).
AN. Moskalev, "Parity nonconservation effects due to neutral weak currents in mu-mesic atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 394-8, 1974.
Abstract: Examines the P-odd parity correlation in a single quantum 2S/sub 1/2/-1S/sub 1/2/ transition for mesic atmos, created by the interaction of the neutral weak currents of mu-mesons and nucleons which disturbs the parity. The circular polarisation of gamma-quanta and the asymmetry of the emission of gamma quanta relative to the residual polarisation of the mu-mesons are related to these correlations. It is shown that mesic atoms having 1[left angle bracket]Z[left angle bracket]or=10 is more suitable for the experimental detection of these correlations. (6 References).
AN. Moskalev, "Weak neutral currents in atoms and mu -mesonic atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 229-32, 1974.
Abstract: Weak neutral ee currents are shown to cause circular polarisation of the photons in a single quantum transition 2S/sub v2/ to 15/sub 1/2/ in a hydrogen atom. The polarisation is -0.25*10/sup -3/G/sub o//G where G/sub o//G is the ratio of the constants of the interaction of the neutral and charged currents. The polarization of gamma-quanta for the analogous transition in a mu -mesonic atom of hydrogen is 5*10/sup -2/ G/sub 0//G. (2 References).
A. N. Moskalev and RM. Ryndin, "Parity nonconservation in mu mesoatoms with hyperfine splitting," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 147--56, 1975.
Abstract: The circular polarization and angular asymmetry of the gamma quanta emitted in electro-magnetic transitions between separate hyperfine components of 2S and 1S levels of mu mesoatoms with Z[left angle bracket]or=5 are considered. Measurements of such correlations would make it possible to find the spin structure of the weak interaction of neutral currents. (12 References).
A. N. Moskalev, R. M. Ryndin, and IB. Khriplovich, "Possible lines of research into weak-interaction effects in atomic physics," Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 409--51, 1976.
Abstract: Considers phenomena associated with parity nonconservation in atomic transitions. Firstly the general form of the electron-nucleon weak interaction is considered and then possible effects in hydrogen atoms, two electron ions, heavy atoms and muonic atoms are discussed. (92 References).
M. Muehlbauer, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, P. Hauser, F. Kottmann, C. Maierl, V. Markushin, C. Petitjean, W. Schott, D. Taqqu, and P. Wojciechowski, "Frictional cooling: latest experimental results and first application," Nuclear Physics B-Proceedings Supplements, vol. 51, no. A, pp. 135--42, 1996.
Abstract: Frictional cooling-that is cooling a beam of very low-energy charged particles by moderation in matter and simultaneous acceleration in an electrostatic field-has been shown to be feasible during our experiments in 1994/1995 at PSI. As indicated by our previous closed-form and Monte-Carlo calculations we found a significant increase in spectral density and a decrease in the angular spread for a beam of negative muons. With the help of the cooled muons we were able to measure the diffusion times for p mu and d mu atoms in low-pressure (0.25 to 12 mbar) hydrogen gas. From this the mean kinetic energy of p mu and d mu atoms at the end of the cascade in 1 mbar hydrogen gas was determined to be (2.6+or-0.6) eV (preliminary value). (22 References).
R. O. Mueller, V. W. Hughes, H. Rosenthal, and CS. Wu, "Collision quenching of the metastable 2S state of muonic hydrogen and the muonic helium ion," Physical Review A, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1175--86, 1975.
Abstract: Calculations of the cross-section for quenching of metastable muonic hydrogen in collision with hydrogen at low energies are reported. The calculations are based on the adiabatic approximation, neglecting inelastic excitations. Semi-classical, impact-parameter calculations as well as calculations using the quantum-mechanical, partial-wave approach, with WKB phase shifts, are given. The results from the two sets of calculations are in satisfactory agreement. Below the threshold for inelastic 2S-2P excitation the main quenching process is so-called Stark-mixing of 2S and 2P states, with radiative transition to the 1S state also occurring. Similar calculations for the muonic helium ion, ( mu /sup -/ alpha )/sup +/, in collision with helium are included and in this case comparison with experiment is possible, the calculated quenching rate being higher by more than an order of magnitude. The discrepancy is attributed to uncertainties in the assumed inter-atomic potential at small separations. (24 References).
F. Muheim, "Search for mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion with SINDRUM II," in Proceedings of the XXVIth Rencontre de Moriond. Series: Moriond Particle Physics Meeting. '91 Electroweak Interactions and Unified Theories, (Thanh Van J. Tran, ed.), pp. 347-55, 1991.
Abstract: In the second half of 1989, a search for the lepton-family-number violating coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the presence of a nucleus mu /sup -/(Z,A) to e/sup -/(Z,A) was carried out at PSI (formerly SIN) with the magnetic spectrometer SINDRUM II. The motivation for this experiment, the design and performance of the detector, and the preliminary results of this first run are presented. In total 4.2*10/sup 12/ muons were stopped in a titanium target, and the decay electrons were measured with the spectrometer. No candidate for mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion was observed. The result can be expressed as an upper limit for the branching ratio B/sub mu e/ of coherent muon-electron conversion relative to muon capture in titanium B/sub mu e/[left angle bracket]4.4.10/sup -12/ (90 % confidence level). The SINDRUM II spectrometer reached this experimental sensitivity for detecting mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion in the effective measuring time of one month. The sensitivity is limited only by the number of stopped muons, and it is planned to improve the sensitivity in 1991-2 with a muon stop rate which will be four times higher, and with a measuring time of three months. (16 References).
M. Muhlbauer, H. Daniel, and FJ. Hartmann, "Beam cooling by frictional forces: Monte Carlo calculations and design studies," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 459--67, 1993.
Abstract: The design of a device for cooling a beam of very low-energetic charged particles by moderation in matter and simultaneous acceleration in an electrostatic field has been studied both by closed form and Monte Carlo calculations. These calculations show that an increase in spectral density of roughly a factor of 7 can be obtained. (11 References).
M. Mühlbauer, H. Daniel, and F. J. Hartmann, "A device for cooling charged particle beams by moderation and acceleration," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 325--330, 1993.
M. Muhlbauer, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, P. Hauser, F. Kottmann, C. Maierl, V. Markushin, C. Petitjean, W. Schott, D. Taqqu, and P. Wojciechowski, "Frictional cooling: Latest experimental results and first application," Nucl. Phys. B, pp. 135-142, 1996.
Abstract: Frictional cooling - that is cooling a beam of very low-energy charged particles by moderation in matter and simultaneous acceleration in an electrostatic field - has been shown to be feasible during our experiments in 1994/1995 at PSI. As indicated by our previous closed-form and Monte-Carlo calculations we found a significant increase in spectral density and a decrease in the angular spread for a beam of negative muons. With the help of the cooled muons we were able to measure the diffusion times for p mu and d mu atoms in lowpressure (0.25 to 12 mbar) hydrogen gas. From this the mean kinetic energy of p mu atoms at the end of the cascade in 1 mbar hydrogen gas was determined to be (2.6 +/- 0.6) eV (preliminary value).
M. Mühlbauer and others, "Frictional cooling: experimental results," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 305--310, 1999.
N. C. Mukhopadhyay and MH. Macfarlane, "Transition rate for ground state to ground state in the capture of negative muons by /sup 12/C," Physical Review Letters, vol. 27, no. 26, pp. 1823--6, 1971.
Abstract: Analysis of /sup 12/C ground-state mu /sup -/ capture leading to the ground state of /sup 12/B reveals that (1) the induced tensor contribution is negligible, the induced pseudoscalar contribution marginal ([left angle bracket]5% of the capture rate), and the weak-magnetism contribution sizable ( approximately 20%); and (2) the Gamow-Teller operator sigma is the only nuclear multipole ( approximately 99%) effective in the process. A more accurate measurement of the transition rate may yield a useful independent determination of the weak-magnetism form factor. (16 References).
NC. Mukhopadhyay, "On the impulse-approximation treatment of allowed muon capture in /sup 6/Li," Physics Letters B, vol. 40B, no. 2, pp. 157--60, 1972.
Abstract: The rate of the reaction /sup 6/Li+ mu /sup -/ to /sup 6/He(g.s.)+ nu /sub mu / is calculated with Cohen-Kurath shell-model wave functions. Calculated without the tensor term, it agrees with experimental if the oscillator root- mean-square radius is within the range 2.10 fm[left angle bracket]or=r/sub 0/[left angle bracket]or=2.76 fm. The axial- vector form factor and Gamow-Teller operator dominate the reaction. (15 References).
NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Giant magnetic dipole analog excitations by the allowed muon capture in 1p-shell nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 45B, no. 4, pp. 309--12, 1973.
Abstract: The distributions of the allowed muon capture strengths in 1p-shell nuclei are shown to exhibit a tendency to concentrate in a few low-lying daughter states. These strong excitations are analogs of the giant magnetic dipole transitions, predicted by Kurath, and observed in inelastic electron scattering. Similar excitations are expected in 1S radiative pion capture and low-energy charged pion photoproduction processes. (16 References).
NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Nuclear structure effects in the allowed muon capture in /sup 14/N," Physics Letters B, vol. 44B, no. 1, pp. 33--5, 1973.
Abstract: Influences of nuclear structure on the allowed muon capture processes in /sup 14/N are studied. The first 2/sup +/ (T=1) state in /sup 14/C is found to be strongly excited, followed by a moderate excitation of 1/sup +/ state and a weak excitation of the ground state of /sup 14/C. The ground state transition exhibits interesting effects of its dominance by ( sigma *Y/sup 2/ (r))/sup 1/ operator. The (2s-1d)/sup 2/ nuclear excitations may be responsible for the reallocation of the allowed strength to 2/sup +/(T=1) states. (17 References).
NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Roles of weak hadron form factors in the allowed muon capture processes in light nuclei," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 460-4, 1973.
Abstract: The allowed muon capture transitions in the 1p-shell nuclei are examined to determine the relative contributions of various weak hadron terms in these processes. It is found that the rates for the dominant allowed transitions in the 1p-shell nuclei can be broken into percentage contributions from various form factors in a way that is qualitatively independent of the properties of the nuclear states. An attempt is made to understand this result on the basis of the Fujii-Primakoff approximation (FPA), emphasizing the dominance of the Gamow-Teller (GT) operator in these transitions. (10 References).
N. C. Mukhopadhyay and F. Cannata, "The persistence of supermultiplet selection rules in nuclear weak and electromagnetic transitions," Physics Letters B, vol. 51B, no. 3, pp. 225--8, 1974.
Abstract: The nuclear supermultiplet symmetry, although broken, is shown to be useful in interpreting the existence of the isovector giant magnetic dipole resonances. Supermultiplet doorways are responsible for the saturation of the magnetic dipole strength. Persistence of the nuclear SU(4) selection rules in light nuclei and its relevance to the allowed muon capture and related processes are examined. (24 References).
NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Nuclear muon capture," Physics Reports. Physics Letters Section C, vol. 30C, no. 1, pp. 1--144, 1977.
Abstract: Our present knowledge of the nuclear muon capture reactions is surveyed. Starting from the formation of the muonic atom, various phenomena, having a bearing on the nuclear capture, are reviewed. The nuclear reactions are then studied from two angles-to learn about the basic muon+nucleon weak interaction process, and to obtain new insights on the nuclear dynamics. Future experimental prospects with the newer generation muon 'factories' are critically examined. Possible modification of the muon+nucleon weak interaction in complex nuclei remains the most important open problem in this field. (380 References).
N. C. Mukhopadhyay and J. Martorell, "An improved impulse approximation treatment of the 'allowed' weak and analogue electromagnetic transitions in /sup 12/C," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A296, no. 3, pp. 461--78, 1978.
Abstract: Weak and electromagnetic transitions between the /sup 12/C ground state and 1/sup +/ members of the T=1 isomultiplet are studied in the framework of the impulse approximation. Uncertainties due to the nuclear configuration mixing and radial effects are examined, the former in the framework of the Cohen-Kurath and Migdal models, and the latter in the density-dependent Hartree-Fock approach. Within the uncertainties of the models, the weak and electromagnetic observables at low momentum transfer ([left angle bracket]or=0.5 fm/sup -1/) are reasonably well reproduced. The inelastic electron scattering form factor at higher momentum transfer shows strong deviations from the impulse approximation estimates. (40 References).
NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Nuclear muon capture-theoretical aspects," Progress in Particle & Nuclear Physics, vol. 1, no. , pp. 253-78, 1978.
Abstract: The author discusses what can be learned about the particle physics and nuclear structure aspects from the study of the nuclear muon capture. The adequacy of the naive impulse approximation approach in describing the capture reaction in complex nuclei and related processes, is examined. (48 References).
N. C. Mukhopadhyay and A. Hintermann, "Repolarization of atomic muons by polarized nuclei of arbitrary spin," Physics Letters B, vol. 86B, no. 2, pp. 137--40, 1979.
Abstract: Repolarization of the muon in the 1S atomic state by the hyperfine interaction with the polarized and oriented nucleus of arbitrary spin is discussed in determining the time dependence of the vector polarizations. (12 References).
N. C. Mukhopadhyay, H. Toki, and W. Weise, "Spin-isospin polarizability of nuclear matter and renormalization of weak currents," Physics Letters B, vol. 84B, no. 1, pp. 35--40, 1979.
Abstract: The authors present a systematic scheme for renormalization of weak and electromagnetic currents due to spin-isospin correlations in a nuclear medium at arbitrary frequency omega and momentum transfer k. It is shown that knowledge of the many-body renormalization of the Gamow-Teller operator, sigma /sub i/ tau /sub lambda /e/sup iqx/, in terms of a spin-isospin polarization tensor is sufficient to determine the renormalization of all types of spin-isospin operators. Illustrations will be given for kinematic conditions encountered in nuclear muon capture. (17 References).
NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Nuclear muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A335, no. 1-2, pp. 111--35, 1980.
Abstract: The author gives a survey of the present knowledge of nuclear muon capture reaction, from the particle physics and nuclear physics angles. Developments since the Zurich Conference (1977) are stressed. (87 References).
N. C. Mukhopadhyay and A. Hintermann, "Physics with muons stopped in polarized nuclear targets," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 1068-79, 1980.
Abstract: Two possible applications of polarized nuclei in the physics of muonic atoms are discussed in the context of nuclear muon capture experiments. These should allow the separate determination of hyperfine capture rates in light nuclei and enhancement of the muon residual polarization in the 1S atomic state. (17 References).
N. C. Mukhopadhyay, J. Hadermann, and P. Singer, "Study of nuclear response tail by high threshold reactions in muon capture," Physical Review Letters, vol. 44, no. 25, pp. 1653--6, 1980.
Abstract: Demonstrates the importance of two reactions with high threshold-fission of nuclei around the lead region and high-multiplicity nucleon emission-in studying the high-energy tail of the nuclear response function in muon capture. Conventional impulse approaches and the recently proposed absorption model of the nonimpulse variety are shown to give significantly different yields for these reactions. (15 References).
NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Study of fundamental interactions with nuclear muon capture," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium (WEIN-89), (P. Depommier, ed.), pp. 51--85, 1989.
Abstract: Studies of normal and radiative muon capture reactions, and searches for muon-electron (positron) conversions are reviewed in the context of standard model of electroweak interaction and going beyond it. In complex nuclei, question of possible renormalization of hadronic weak couplings is examined, taking into account uncertainties of nuclear structure. Novel nuclear phenomena, such as contributions of meson exchange terms in time components of axial-vector current, and 'high-energy' response tail, are stressed. Availability of new tools in experiments and prospects for big augmentation in stopped muon rates at meson factories call for renewed research efforts in this field. (110 References).
NC. Mukhopadhyay, "Test of standard model in nuclear muon capture," in Pan XIII. Particles and Nuclei. 13th International Conference, (A. Pascolini, ed.), pp. 613-16, 1994.
Abstract: We examine here the reaction /sup 6/Li( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu /)/sup 6/He/sub g.s./, to look for informations on the weak hadron form factors in nuclei. This is of interest to nuclear chromodynamics, which, in turn, test the ability of the standard model to describe nuclear phenomena. (15 References).
N. C. Mukhopadhyay and K. Junker, "Precise determination of the pion-nuclear coupling parameter from weak processes in /sup 3/He," Physical Review Letters, vol. 77, no. 27, pp. 5342--5, 1996.
Abstract: We utilize precise weak interaction experiments on atomic muon capture and beta decay in the A=3 nuclei and take into account the effects of nuclear {"}anomalous thresholds{"} to extract the pseudoscalar pi -/sup 3/He-/sup 3/H coupling parameter, G/sup eff/(m/sub pi //sup 2/)=45.8+or-2.4. This is an order of magnitude improvement in precision over that from the use of pion-nuclear scattering data and dispersion relations. (21 References).
N. C. Mukhopadhyay, H. C. Chiang, S. K. Singh, and E. Oset, "Inclusive muon capture in light nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 434, no. 1-2, pp. 7--13, 1998.
Abstract: We study total muon capture rates in light (A~6-18) nuclei, taking into account renormalizations of the nuclear vector and axial vector strengths. We estimate the influence in the results of uncertainties of the spin-isospin interaction parameter g' and nuclear densities. A few of these reactions are theoretical benchmarks for physics involving searches for neutrino oscillations. New experiments in muon capture in several targets are suggested, in the light of some discrepancies with theory, crudeness of some experimental results and relevance to neutrino physics. (21 References).
F. Mulhauser, "Etude de l'oxygène muonique formé par capture directe et par transfert dans le $SO_2$", 1988.
F. Mulhauser, H. Schneuwly, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, and L. Schellenberg, "Charge transfer from muonic hydrogen to sulphur and oxygen in a H/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ gas mixture," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 365--97, 1989.
Abstract: Negative muons have been stopped in H/sub 2/+0.4%SO/sub 2/ gas mixtures at 13.3 bar and 14.9 bar, and in pure SO/sub 2/ at 2.4 bar. Energy and time spectra of the muonic X-rays have been measured. The time distributions of the muonic sulphur X-rays have the expected structure, and the deduced muon transfer rates agree with rough estimates. The oxygen X-rays show in both H/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ mixtures a double exponential structure, which is not yet understood. The intensity patterns, not only of the muonic sulphur X-rays but also of both time components of the oxygen X-rays, are in good agreement with predictions for muon transfer from the ground state of mu p atoms. It is as if two kinds of mu p atoms would exist, where one kind would transfer its muon only to oxygen and the other to both oxygen and sulphur. (52 References).
F. Mulhauser, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Charge transfer from muonic hydrogen to elements with 8<or=Z<or=18," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 101--7, 1990.
Abstract: The muon transfer process in binary and ternary gas mixtures with hydrogen looks like a well-known process. The muon transfer to sulphur dioxide revealed a completely unexpected phenomenon. Since then, new measurements have fully confirmed the first ones. Until now, this phenomenon has not been unexplained. (15 References).
F. Mulhauser, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, M. Mallinger, C. Piller, W. Reichart, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, Bumpliz VIP von, and G. Torelli, "Muon transfer in H/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ gas mixtures," Psi Nuclear & Particle Physics Newsletter, no. , pp. 53-4, 1990.
Abstract: The muon transfer process in binary and ternary gas mixtures with hydrogen looks like a well known process. From the ground state of the mu p atom, where the muon has a binding energy of about 2.6 keV, the muon is transferred to higher Z elements onto atomic orbits with much smaller radii than the outer electron shells of the atom Z, and where the muon has a comparable binding energy. The transfer process does, therefore, not depend on chemical structures and bonds in which the element, to which the muon is transferred, is involved. (4 References).
F. Mulhauser and others, "Muon transfer in H$_2$ + SO$_2$ gas mixtures," in Electromagnetic Cascade and chemistry of exotic atoms, (L. M. Simons, D. Horváth, and G. Torelli, eds.), (New York, USA), pp. 217--221, 1990.
F. Mulhauser and others, "Muon transfer in H$_2$ + SO$_2$ gas mixtures," Helvitica Physica Acta, vol. 63, pp. 545--546, 1990.
F. Mulhauser and others, "Comparison of muon transfer from muonic protium and deuterium to sulphur dioxide," Helvitica Physica Acta, vol. 64, pp. 203--204, 1991.
F. Mulhauser and others, "Muon transfer in H$_2$ + SO$_2$ gas mixtures," Helvitica Physica Acta, vol. 64, pp. 932--933, 1991.
F. Mulhauser and H. Schneuwly, "Muon transfer to sulphur dioxide," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 26, no. 22, pp. 4307--32, 1993.
Abstract: A systematic study of muon capture and muon transfer has been performed in seven different H/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ gas mixtures. From the single-exponential time structure of the muonic sulphur X-rays, one determines the lifetime of the mu p atoms under the given experimental conditions. The reduced muon transfer rates to the sulphur dioxide molecule, deduced from these lifetimes, all agree well with each other. The muonic oxygen time spectra show an additional structure as if mu p atoms of another kind were present. Comparable time structures are observed in a D/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ mixture. For lack of a reliable theory, the data were analysed in the framework of the models of 'black and white' and 'ephemeral' muonic hydrogen atoms. The systematic study revealed an unexplained concentration dependence of the ratio of prompt muonic X-ray events between sulphur and oxygen. (39 References).
F. Mulhauser and H. Schneuwly, "Systematic study of muon transfer to sulphur dioxide," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 507--12, 1993.
Abstract: In a systematic study of the transfer process to sulphur dioxide, in seven different H/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ gas mixtures, the time spectra of the muonic sulphur X-rays yield muon transfer rates to the SO/sub 2/ molecule, deduced from the lifetimes of the mu p atoms, which agree all well with each other. The muonic oxygen time spectra show an additional structure as if mu p atoms of another kind were present. Reduced transfer rates Lambda '/sub O/ are reproducible if one uses the model of 'ephemeral' mu p atoms. The intensity ratios between the different kinds of mu p atoms are also discussed in the framework of this model and the one of 'black and white' mu p atoms. (10 References).
F. Mulhauser and others, "On the time spectra of Muonic X--Rays in $\mathrmH_2+\mathrmSO_2$," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 193--198, 1993.
F. Mulhauser and others, "Muon catalyzed fusion at very low temperature," in Third international Symposium on the interaction of muons and pions with matter, (Dubna), pp. 227--232, 1995.
F. Mulhauser, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Beveridge, J. L. Douglas, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, P. E. Knowles, S. K. Kim, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, C. J. Martoff, G. R. Mason, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, and J. Zmeskal, "Measurement of muon transfer rate lambda /sub pt/ and molecular formation rate lambda /sub pp mu / in solid hydrogen targets," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 229-37, 1996.
Abstract: The knowledge of muon transfer from protium to tritium is essentially theoretical and the different theoretical values disagree partially. Using solid hydrogen-tritium targets, with different tritium concentrations, we obtained precise experimental results for the transfer rate to tritium and the HH mu molecular formation rate. The time spectra of neutrons and alpha particles produced after DT mu fusion are used to determine the transfer rate lambda /sub pt/ and the molecule formation rate lambda /sub pp mu /. (27 References).
F. Mulhauser, J. L. Beveridge, G. M. Marshall, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, P. E. Knowles, G. R. Mason, A. Olin, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, J. Zmeskal, S. K. Kim, A. R. Kunselman, V. E. Markushin, C. J. Martoff, and C. Petitjean, "Measurement of muon transfer from proton to triton and pp mu molecular formation in solid hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 53, no. 5, pp. 3069--80, 1996.
Abstract: An alternate approach was used to study the reactions of muonic atoms and molecules in solid layers of hydrogen isotopes. Muons stopped in a protium layer with a small admixture of tritium producing mu p atoms. Muon transfer from a proton to a triton generated mu t atoms, which were emitted into a deuterium layer. Subsequent epithermal dt mu molecular formation followed by mu t fusion gave a prompt signal for the mu t emission. Fusion time spectra at various tritium concentrations were measured by detecting neutrons and alpha particles and the mu p disappearance rates were determined. The rates of mu p to mu t transfer and pp mu formation were measured to be lambda /sub pt/=[5.86+or-(0.10)/sub stat/+or-(0.15)/sub syst/(/sub -0//sup +0.30/)/sub model/]*10/sup 9/ s/sup -1/ and lambda /sub pp mu /=[3.21+or-(0.10)/sub stat/+or-(0.14)/sub syst/(/sub -0.06//sup +0/)/sub model/]*10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/, respectively. Comparisons are made with the most recent theoretical values. (45 References).
F. Mulhauser, A. Adamczak, G. A. Beer, V. M. Bystritsky, M. Filipowicz, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, V. A. Stolupin, J. Wozniak, and J. Zmeskal, "Scattering of muonic hydrogen atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 35--44, 1999.
Abstract: Our measurement compares the energy dependence of the scattering cross-sections of muonic deuterium and tritium on hydrogen molecules for collisions in the energy range 0.1-45 eV. A time-of-flight method was used to measure the scattering cross-section as a function of the muonic atom beam energy and shows clearly the Ramsauer-Townsend effect. The results are compared with theoretical calculations by using Monte Carlo simulations. The molecular pd mu and pt mu formation creates background processes. We measure the formation rates in solid hydrogen by detecting the 5.5 MeV (pd mu ) and 19.8 MeV (pt mu ) gamma -rays emitted during the subsequent nuclear fusion processes. (34 References).
F. Mulhauser, A. Adamczak, G. A. Beer, V. M. Bystritsky, M. Filipowicz, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, V. A. Stolupin, J. Wozniak, and J. Zmeskal, "Ramsauer-Townsend effect in solid hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 41--6, 2001.
Abstract: The TRIUMF E742 experiment has measured the energy dependence of the scattering cross-sections of muonic deuterium and tritium on hydrogen molecules for collisions in the energy range 0.1-45 eV. The experimental setup permits the creation of muonic atom ( mu d or mu t) beams. The multilayered target system gives the possibility to choose the type of interactions to study and to isolate a particular interaction. The scattering of mu d or mu t beams on H/sub 2/ is analyzed via the muon transfer reaction to neon. The time-of-flight method is used to measure the scattering cross section as a function of the energy of the muonic atom beam. The results are compared, using Monte Carlo simulations, with theoretical calculations which have been recently performed with high accuracy. (19 References).
B. Muller, J. Rafelski, M. Jandel, and SE. Jones, "Possible influence of vacuum polarization on q/sub 1s/ in muon catalyzed d-t fusion," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 105-10, 1988.
Abstract: The vacuum polarization splitting of the M-shell states in muonic hydrogen can have a profound influence on the muonic de-excitation cascade in deuterium and tritium targets. The cascade also shows sensitive dependence on the precise rate of transfer processes between certain excited muonic deuterium and tritium atoms. Recent experimental data, where a much greater population of the (d mu ) 1s state (q/sub 1s/) was found than previously predicted, can be explained if the transfer rates from the (d mu ) M-shell are assumed to be strongly suppressed. (9 References).
B. Muller, H. E. Rafelski, and J. Rafelski, "Muon spectrum and convoy effects after muon-catalyzed fusion," Physical Review A, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 2839--42, 1989.
Abstract: The authors study final-state interactions of the muon after muon-catalyzed D-T fusion reaction with the alpha particle and with target matter. The yield of convoy muons, traveling with the alpha particle but remaining unbound, is calculated. Energy loss in the dense target may lead to capture of a fraction of these muons into outer shells of the alpha particle. They show that the final capture probability can be strongly density dependent. (8 References).
R. Müller and A. Weis, "Laser frequency stabilization using selective reflection spectroscopy," Appl. Phys. B, vol. 66, 1998.
H-J Mundinger, K-P Arnold, M. Gladisch, J. Hofmann, W. Jacobs, H. Orth, Putlitz G. Zu, J. Rosenkranz, W. Schafer, W. Schwarz, and KA. Woodle, "First observation of the free pionium atom in vacuum," Europhysics Letters, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 339--44, 1989.
Abstract: Pionium (Pi), the Coulomb bound state of a positive pion pi /sup +/ and an electron e/sup -/, has been formed with the beam-foil technique in vacuum with a total yield of 4.4(4)*10/sup -5/ per incoming pion. Neutral Pi was selected by a combined technique of magnetic sweeping and time-of-flight separation from the charged pi /sup +/ beam. Pi was identified by the characteristic decay chain pi /sup +/ to mu /sup +/ nu /sub mu / plus mu /sup +/ to e/sup +/ nu /sub e/ nu /sub mu / and the velocity distribution of the slow pions and neutral Pi. This distribution was calculated with a Monte Carlo simulation and is in good agreement with the measurements. (15 References).
V. D. Mur and VS. Popov, "Coulomb problem with short-range forces (exact solution)," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1470--9, 1985.
Abstract: The nonrelativistic Coulomb problem with short-range interaction is considered. The model chosen for the strong potential V/sub s/(r) is the delta -function interaction on a sphere r-r/sub 0/, and this makes it possible to solve the Schrodinger equation exactly and to find explicit analytical expressions for the scattering lengths, effective ranges, phase shifts, etc. Detailed comparison of the exact solutions with approximate formulas obtained previously for an arbitrary potential V/sub s/ makes it possible to establish the limits of the range of applicability of these approximations. (19 References).
S. E. Murav'ev and MG. Urin, "Electric multiple giant resonances and the reverse muon conversion," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 344--9, 1984.
Abstract: The authors report on an analysis of EL giant resonances within the optical shell model of nuclear reactions. The force functions corresponding to isoscalar and isovector monopole and quadrupole resonances were calculated for a series of rigid spherical nuclei. As an example of its applications, the cross section was calculated for nonradiative capture of the muon from the continuum in the mesoatom 1s state with EL excitation (reverse conversion), as well as the E2 photoabsorption cross section. (14 References).
H. V. Mweene, D. F. Jackson, M. R. Hartson, M. Yahiro, and M. Kamimura, "A variational investigation of the ppK system," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 23, no. 13, pp. 2425S-31, 1990.
Abstract: The kaonic hydrogen molecular ion has been studied by the variational method. Binding energies and strong interaction effects are reported. It is found that the ion has only one bound state. (16 References).
G. G. Myasishcheva, YuV Obukhov, V. S. Roganov, and VG. Firsov, "Investigation of mu /sup +/ meson depolarization in scintillation plastics in variously oriented magnetic fields," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1199--1203, 1969.
Abstract: The dependence of mu /sup +/ meson polarization on the field strength of a longitudinal, transverse or 45 degrees (135 degrees ) magnetic field was studied experimentally in samples of a characteristic structure. A qualitative description is proposed of the behavior of muonium interacting with substances capable of forming molecular and radical products along independent channels. The results are analyzed within the framework of the concept of chemical interactions of muonium. (11 References).
F. Myhrer, "The K-mesic atom (kaon-nucleus optical potential)," Physics Letters B, vol. 45B, no. 2, pp. 96--8, 1973.
Abstract: Assuming that the Y/sub 0/*(1405) resonance dominates the KN system at threshold, it is shown that in a three-body K/sup -/d model that to get the correct sign of the real part of the kaon-nucleus optical potential an off shell KN amplitude must be used and that higher KN multiple scattering including intermediate nuclear excitations are important. (13 References).
Ki Cheoun Myung and Cheon. Il-Tong, "An analysis of the models for the radiative muon capture on a proton," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 293--301, 2003.
Abstract: The recent TRIUMF experiment for mu /sup -/p to n nu /sub mu / gamma gave a surprising result that the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant g/sub p/ was larger than the value obtained from mu /sup -/p to n nu /sub mu / experiment by as much as 44%. Subsequent debates on the result gave rise to many theoretical calculations. Most of them were skeptical for the enlarged coupling constant g/sub p/. Therefore, one needs to reexamine the theoretical analysis of the matrix element of Beder and Fearing which was exploited for the extraction of the value in the experiment. In this report we analyse the matrix element from the viewpoint of electro-magnetic coupling schemes and suggest an additional term. This additional term plays an important role in restoring the standard value of g/sub p/. (21 References).
E. G. Nadjakov, K. P. Marinova, and YuP. Gangrsky, "Systematics of nuclear charge radii," Atomic Data & Nuclear Data Tables, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 133--57, 1994.
Abstract: A least-squares method for the combined analysis of two types of experimental data on nuclear charge radii has been developed. The data types are (1) radii measured from electron scattering and muonic atom spectra and (2) radii changes determined from optical isotope shifts. The nuclear charge radii systematics thus derived exhibit the following essential features: (i) the independently measured radii for the individual isotopes of an element are additionally constrained by the high accuracy of the extended isotopic chain of radii change values, (ii) unknown nuclear radii values are predicted for many isotopes of that element, and (iii) the accuracy of the fitted nuclear radii values is higher than that of the original independently measured values. The table presents a new set of nuclear radii systematics for 42 elements from /sub 11/Na to /sub 95/Am. These are elements for which there exist both types of experimental data. The range of isotopic numbers covered is determined by the range of the second type of data available. (57 References).
R. Nag, S. N. Mukherjee, and S. Sanyal, "Energy levels of a muonic hydrogen atom with the use of a quark model," Physical Review C, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 1709--12, 1991.
Abstract: The energy levels of the muonic hydrogen atom are calculated using proton charge distribution due to the nonrelativistic quark model. The charge form factor of the proton calculated in the model is in reasonable agreement with electron-scattering measurements. The effect of two orders of vacuum polarization and the finite size of the proton is included. The authors find good agreement with the results of earlier works, especially where the experimental charge distribution of the proton was employed. This calculation provides a useful test of nonrelativistic quark models. (16 References).
Y. Nagai and others, "Fast neutron capture reactions in nuclear astrophysics," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 43--48, 1996.
Y. Nagai, T. Kikuchi, T. Kii, T. S. Suzuki, T. Murakami, T. Shima, and T. Ohsaki, "/sup 127/I(n, gamma )/sup 128/I reaction in NaI(Tl) due to cosmic-ray muon capture by Pb," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 368, no. 2, pp. 498--502, 1996.
Abstract: A gamma -ray from a neutron-capture reaction on /sup 127/I in an NaI(Tl) detector was observed in background measurement. The neutrons were considered to be produced by cosmic-ray muon captured by Pb, which was used for shielding the spectrometer against gamma -ray background. The observed gamma -ray yield of the reaction was compared with the value calculated by assuming that the fast neutrons produced in the Pb were thermalized while they passed through a plastic scintillation counter, which surrounded the NaI(Tl) detector, and these thermal neutrons were captured by /sup 127/I in the detector. They agree with each other, supporting the present interpretation. The gamma -ray energy from the capture state to the ground state in /sup 128/I was different from the previously measured value using thermal neutrons; the difference could be due to a nonuniformity of the detector. The present result has important implications for developing a low-background gamma -ray spectrometer for studying rare physical phenomena. (21 References).
K. Nagamine and T. Yamazaki, "Magnetic HFS of muonic atoms with polarized nuclei," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 34, no. , 1972.
Abstract: Static magnetic moments in the closed shell region have revealed the anomalous orbital g-factor due to the mesonic exchange current. The magnetic h.f.s. of muonic atoms especially of Bi will give further information on the role of this effect. So far, the h.f.s. coupling constants A/sub 1/, for the muonic 1s/sub 1/2/ and 2p/sub 1/2/ states of Bi have been measured, but because of too small h.f.s. splitting they are not accurate enough. Aiming at precise determination of the A/sub 1/'s, the authors propose an experiment using a polarized /sup 209/Bi target and polarized muons. They populate selectively one of the two F states by changing the relative polarization direction. A practical polarized /sup 209/Bi target is realized as bulk material in a form of the BiMn compound. (6 References).
K. Nagamine, H. Koyama, N. Nishida, M. Takizawa, K. Nakai, and T. Yamazaki, "Nuclear structure studies with polarized /sup 207/Bi, /sup 210/Bi(RaE) and polarized /sup 209/Bi targets," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 34, no. , pp. 113-17, 1973.
Abstract: Studies of polarized radioactive Bi isotopes have been performed at low temperature in a ferromagnetic BiMn compound where Bi nuclei were found to feel a large hyperfine field around 1 MGauss. An application of the polarized /sup 209/Bi target to the study of magnetic hfs in a muonic atom is discussed. (14 References).
K. Nagamine and T. Yamazaki, "Polarized muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A219, no. 1, pp. 104--14, 1974.
Abstract: A new type of muonic X-ray spectroscopy with use of polarized muons and polarized nuclear targets is proposed in order to determine precisely the magnetic hyperfine coupling constants in muonic atoms. The principle and formalism underlying the proposed experiments are presented together with numerical calculations for the case of the muoni /sup 209/Bi atom. (11 References).
K. Nagamine, "Negative muon spin rotation in solids," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 347--55, 1979.
Abstract: Experimental advances in solid state physics research using polarized negative muons (in the ground state of muonic atoms) are reviewed. The main subject is studies of mu /sup -/ hyperfine interactions in magnetic materials. Basic principles and distinctive features in the mu /sup -/SR method are also presented, and possible future developments are briefly discussed. (32 References).
K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, Y. Hirata, Y. Watanabe, R. Kadono, Y. Miyake, K. Nishiyama, S. E. Jones, and HR. Maltrud, "Muonic X-ray measurement on the mu /sup -/ sticking probability for muon catalyzed fusion in liquid d-t mixture," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 137--50, 1987.
Abstract: A measurement was for X-rays from muonic ( mu /sup -/ /sup 4/He) atoms in order to obtain the mu /sup -/ sticking probability for /sup 4/He following muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) in a liquid d-t mixture with a high T/sub 2/ fraction (30%). A pulsed muon beam was successfully applied to suppress the radiation background due to tritium beta decay. Combined with the neutron time spectrum data, a weak K/sub alpha / X-ray peak intensity was converted into an upper limit of the sticking probability of 0.40% with the assumed probability of 25% for the excited states formation in muonic ( mu /sup 4/He) atoms after mu CF. (14 References).
K. Nagamine, "Nuclear fusion catalyzed by muons," Solid State Physics, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 871--7, 1988.
Abstract: Negative muon ( mu /sup -/) with the mass of 207 times electron mass, when it is injected into a mixture of D/sub 2/ and T/sub 2/, can take a small molecular orbit around the nuclei d and t, causing a nuclear fusion reaction by suppressing a Coulomb repulsion. After this fusion reaction catalyzed by the mu /sup -/, it is liberated and forms a small molecule again, . . . and finally the fusion reaction can be repeated up to more than 100 times. The status of experimental studies is reviewed with a special emphasis on condensed matter effects. (15 References).
K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, Y. Hirata, Y. Watanabe, Y. Miyake, and R. Kadono, "Status of muon catalyzed fusion experiments at UT-MSL/KEK," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 23-37, 1988.
Abstract: Since 1986, the experimental studies on muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) have been extensively in progress utilizing sharply pulsed negative muon available at the Meson Science Laboratory of the University of Tokyo (UT-MSL) located at KEK in Japan. Two major results have already been achieved; (a) the first observation of radiative transition photons in the boundless decay from the (d/sup 4/He mu ) molecule during the process of muon transfer reaction from (d mu ) to He impurity in liquid D/sub 2/; (b) X-ray measurement on the alpha sticking probability ( omega /sub S/) in the mu CF for high C/sub T/ and liquid D/sub 2//T/sub 2/, placing an upper limit on the omega /sub S/. New directions of experiments are now in preparation based upon these two achievements; (a) search for the intermolecular transition in (dHe mu ) and possible fusion process in (d/sup 3/He mu ) molecules and (b) precise X-ray experiments on the omega /sub S/ in (dt mu ) mu CF and its C/sub T/ dependence. (22 References).
K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Ishida, "The UT-MSL X-ray experiment on alpha -sticking probability for muon-catalyzed fusion in liquid D/sub 2//T/sub 2/ with high T/sub 2/-concentration," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 73--84, 1988.
Abstract: Experimental studies on muon catalyzed fusion have been developed utilizing sharply pulsed muons available at the Meson Science Laboratory of the University of Tokyo located at KEK. An instantaneously intense event rate is quite helpful either to overcome white-noise type background or to measure muon-associated delayed events more precisely. The authors obtained the upper limit of the ( mu He) X-ray yield in the dt mu -fusion at liquid density with high tritium concentration (C/sub T/=0.30) to be below 0.36%, placing an upper limit on the alpha -sticking probability. Several back-up experiments as well as data-analysis have been made and are also under investigation. Among them, the authors observed the radiative transition photons from the (d/sup 4/He mu ) molecule determining unambiguously the transfer rate to the He impurity in liquid D/sub 2/. (15 References).
K. Nagamine, "Ultra-slow negative muon production via muon catalyzed fusion," Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B-Physical & Biological Sciences, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 225--8, 1989.
Abstract: Difficulties encountered in the production of an intense slow negative muon ( mu /sup -/) are examined. It is shown that it is possible, using the phenomenon of muon catalyzed fusion, to overcome the problem of muonic atom formation and the consequence that the stopped mu /sup -/ cannot be liberated from the stopping material after thermalization. A bright intense 10 keV source of mu /sup -/ can be produced but its efficiency of production remains low due to the large mu /sup -/ sticking probability to /sup 3/He. (10 References).
K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, Y. Watanabe, S. Sakamoto, M. Iwasaki, Y. Miyake, K. Nishiyama, E. Torikai, H. Kurihara, H. Kudo, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, H. Sugai, M. Fujie, and H. Umezawa, "X-ray observation of alpha -sticking phenomena in muon catalyzed fusion for a high density D-T mixture with 30% tritium concentration," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 289--95, 1990.
Abstract: With the help of a pulsed muon beam, the characteristic X-ray for the ( alpha mu ) atom formed as a result of muon to alpha sticking phenomena in muon catalyzed fusion was successfully observed for a liquid D-T mixture with 30% T-concentration. The observed X-ray intensity is converted to an effective sticking probability of around 0.3%. (15 References).
K. Nagamine, "X-ray spectroscopy of exotic atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 524-37, 1990.
Abstract: Research activities of the X-ray spectroscopy on atomic/molecular states formed by an exotic elementary particle of mu /sup -/ are reviewed both in fundamental physics and application fields. As for fundamental physics, the alpha -sticking probability which places a limit on the energy production capability in the muon catalyzed D-T fusion was directly measured by detecting X-rays from ( alpha , mu )/sup +/ atoms. Also, a radiative transition photon from a muon molecule of (dHe mu ) as well as (d mu ) X-rays were observed to give new insights in the (d mu ) to He transfer reaction for mu /sup -/ in liquid D/sub 2/ with He impurity. In applied science, muonic X-rays have been extensively used for the nondestructive element analysis to probe the internal structure of archaeological materials as well as biological/medical substances. (26 References).
K. Nagamine, P. Strasser, and K. Ishida, "Proposal for slow mu /sup -/ production via muon catalyzed fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 371--6, 1991.
Abstract: Some detailed calculations are done to estimate the efficiency of slow (around 10 keV) mu /sup -/ production via muon catalyzed fusion. After optimization of the thickness of the solid D-T layer, it is shown that the efficiency may become a few percent. A proposal for the initial test experiment is also presented. (8 References).
K. Nagamine, "Recent progress in low energy muon physics," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 192-211, 1991.
Abstract: The paper summarizes recent activities in low energy muon physics with a special emphasis on (1) mu SR studies on high T/sub c/ superconductor, (2) thermal muonium in vacuum, (3) muon catalyzed fusion and (4) repolarization of the negative muon. Also, a status of the ultra-slow muon facility as well as perspective for a new accelerator plan is presented. (33 References).
K. Nagamine, "Condensed matter studies with polarized bound negative muons," in Exotic Atoms in Condensed Matter. Proceedings of the Erice Workshop, (G. Benedek and H. Schneuwly, eds.), pp. 73--82, 1992.
Abstract: Experimental advances in solid state physics research using polarized negative muons (in the ground state of muonic atoms) are reviewed. The main subjects are studies of mu /sup -/ hyperfine interactions in magnetic materials, electronic structure around oxygen, and some exotic bonding effects, etc. Basic principles and distinctive features of the mu /sup -/SR method are also presented. Furthermore, possible future developments are briefly discussed. (20 References).
K. Nagamine, "Future mu CF program with pulsed muons at UTMSL/KEK and RIKEN/RAL," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 551--61, 1993.
Abstract: The present paper summarizes new experimental proposals on muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) research with a sharply pulsed negative muon beam now available at the UTMSL/KEK facility and soon to be available in a more extensive way at the RIKEN/RAL facility. Special emphasis is placed on (1) mu CF studies on ultra-pure D-T mixture, (2) slow mu /sup -/ beam production via mu CF, and (3) some exotic mu CF phenomena. (14 References).
K. Nagamine, "Slow and monoenergetic (/sup 3/He mu /sup -/)/sup +/ beam production and novel applications," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 539--42, 1993.
Abstract: Based upon the recent discovery at UT MSL/KEK, a new idea is proposed for producing a slow and monoenergetic (3.2 keV) (/sup 3/He mu /sup -/)/sup +/ ion beam by using particle decay of the (d/sup 3/He mu ) muon molecule formed during the (d mu ) to /sup 3/He transfer reaction. The proposed intense (/sup 3/He mu ) beam as well as the less intense (/sup 4/He mu ) beam will open up way to various new types of important mu CF experiments. (10 References).
K. Nagamine, K. Ishida, S. Sakamoto, Y. Watanabe, and T. Matsuzaki, "X-ray measurement on muon to alpha sticking in muon catalyzed d-t fusion; present and future," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 343--53, 1993.
Abstract: Among a series of X-ray experiments on the muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) carried out by using pulsed muons at UTMSL/KEK, a direct knowledge of alpha -sticking probability ( omega /sub s/) in mu CF of high density D-T mixture with high T concentration has been obtained by measuring a characteristic muonic X-ray from the ( alpha mu ) atoms (central energy of 8.2 keV with a correct Doppler broadening). Combining the recent X-ray measurements in (d mu ) to /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He impurities, new insight is now obtained for the detailed background structure in the X-ray spectrum, suggesting the future direction for the X-ray measurements. (18 References).
K. Nagamine and others, "Ultraslow positive--muon generation by laser ionization of thermal muonium for hot tungsten at primary proton beam," Physical Review Letters, vol. 74, pp. 4811--4814, 1995.
K. Nagamine, "Generation of ultra--slow muons for large--scale future applications," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 123--136, 1996.
K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, I. Watanabe, S. N. Nakamura, R. Kadono, N. Kawamura, S. Sakamoto, M. Iwasaki, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, G. H. Eaton, H. J. Jones, G. Thomas, and WG. Williams, "New RIKEN-RAL pulsed mu CF facility and X-ray studies on DT- mu CF," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 521-38, 1996.
Abstract: In November 1994, the construction of a new superconducting muon channel of the RIKEN-RAL muon facility at ISIS of Rutherford Appleton Laboratory was completed. Subsequently, important features, such as the highest instantaneous intensity with a single-pulse structure and a high purity have been confirmed. Along with the installation of advanced mu CF experimental equipment, including a high-purity D-T mixture target system with an in situ /sup 3/He removal capability and a 4 T confinement magnet, an advanced mu CF experiment, e.g. a precise X-ray measurement on mu - alpha sticking in DT mu - mu CF will be realized. An account of the commissioning experiments, a plan for the earliest phase of the mu CF experiment and possible future directions are reported. (12 References).
K. Nagamine, "Exotic applications of muons: from fusion to the life sciences," in Muon Science.Muon in Physics, Chemistry and Materials, (S. L. Lee, S. H. Kilcoyne, and R. Cywinski, eds.), pp. 313-41, 1998.
Abstract: The author provides an overview of applications of muons, in particular muon catalysed fusion ( mu CF) and biomedical imaging. (42 References).
K. Nagamine and M. Kamimura, "Muon catalyzed fusion: Interplay between nuclear and atomic physics," Advan Nucl Phys, vol. 24, pp. 151-206, 1998.
K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, S. N. Nakamura, and N. Kawamura, "Implications of the recent D-T mu CF experiments at RIKEN-RAL and near-future directions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 273--80, 1999.
Abstract: The paper describes physics implications obtained through the recent experimental results on D-T mu CF at RIKEN-RAL. Smaller sticking and larger cycling rates in solid/liquid D-T mixture than the theoretical predictions were observed, suggesting needs of further theoretical understandings. Some possible future directions in D-T mu CF experiments are also described. (18 References).
K. Nagamine, F. L. Pratt, S. Ohira, I. Watanabe, K. Ishida, S. N. Nakamura, and T. Matsuzaki, "Intra- and inter-molecular electron transfer in cytochrome c and myoglobin observed by the muon spin relaxation method," Physica B, vol. 289, pp. 631-635, 2000.
Abstract: Rapid electron motion in the proteins, cytochrome c and myoglobin has been studied using muon spin relaxation. Measurements between 5 and 300 K show that the inter-site diffusion rate for the topologically 1D motion along the polypeptide chain is only weakly dependent on temperature, Evidence for an increase in higher dimensional motion is seen around 200 K in cytochrome c, apparently reflecting structural change. For myoglobin the variation with temperature is different, reflecting the different protein dynamics of this molecule. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
K. Nagamine, "Review of muon catalyzed fusion experiments-Activities after EXAT98 and future perspectives," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 5--13, 2001.
Abstract: Since EXAT98 at Ascona, significant progress has been marked for experimental investigations of the fundamental understanding of muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) phenomena in D-T, D/sub 2/ and other hydrogen systems. Future progress in the mu CF studies is now guaranteed due to the successful launching of advanced accelerator projects such as JAERI-KEK Joint Proton Accelerator project and the RI Beam Factory project at RIKEN. Also, the start of the next-phase thermal nuclear fusion project of ITER becomes promising so that some future contributions from ITER to mu CF or vice-versa can be expected for various physical or technological aspects of fusion research. The future progress of mu CF studies will also be promoted because of the growth of various other scientific research using muons. The essence of all these subjects is reviewed. (17 References).
K. Nagamine and L. Ponomarev, "Recent progress in muon catalyzed fusion," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A721, no. , pp. 863c-6c, 2003.
Abstract: In these several years, new discoveries have been undertaken in the mu CF experiments such as (a) anomalous condensed-matter effect in both molecular formation (D/sub 2/, D-T) and mu /sup -/ regeneration from the alpha sticking (D-T), (b) high temperature and energetic (t mu ) effect in molecular formation (D/sub 2/), (c) ortho-para effect in molecular formation (D/sub 2/) etc. Also significant progress has been marked in theoretical studies regarding 1) calculation of the loosely bound states of muonic molecules, 2) molecular formation rate in solid D/sub 2/ and 3) description of cascade process in muonic atoms. The recent mu CF researches open the way to use this phenomenon for construction of the intense 14-MeV neutron source and the effective breeder. (12 References).
S. Nagamiya, "Towards exotic nuclear matter," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 81--98, 1996.
N. Nagele, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, H. Fuhrmann, P. Kammel, J. Marton, P. Pawlek, A. Scrinzi, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, W. Bertl, and C. Petitjean, "Experimental investigation of muon-induced fusion in liquid deuterium," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A493, no. 3-4, pp. 397--411, 1989.
Abstract: The authors present an accurate determination of the absolute values of the formation rates of muonic molecules from both hyperfine states of the muonic atoms in liquid deuterium (23.8 K) by measuring the absolute yield and time distribution of 2.45 MeV neutrons from dd fusion. The resulting d mu d formation rates are lambda /sub 1/2/=(5.00+or-0.34 (stat.)+or-0.22 (syst.))*10/sup 4/ s/sup -1/ and lambda /sub 3/2/=(3.25+or-0.23 (stat.)+or-0.23 (syst.))*10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/, respectively. In addition, the hyperfine transition rate between the upper and the lower hyperfine state was determined to be lambda /sub hf/=(3.05+or-0.04 (stat.)+or-0.06 (syst.))*10/sup 7/ s/sup -1/. All results are normalized to the density of liquid hydrogen. (40 References).
I. Nagy, B. Apagyi, J. I. Juaristi, and P. M. Echenique, "Consistent model for the screening of slow muons in metals," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 60, pp. R12546-R12548, 1999.
Abstract: By using a sum rule for scattering phase shifts at the Fermi level, a consistent screened potential of a slow positive muon in an electron gas is constructed. This consistent model potential is applied in the theoretical characterizations of the overlap parameter in muon quantum diffusion, the retarding force of the electron gas, and the Knight shift. Comparisons with available experimental results are made, and a good agreement is found. [S0163-1829(99)50542-0].
S. T. Nakagawa and T. Joh, "Nuclear effect on antiproton trapping in liquid /sup 4/He," Gordon & Breach. Radiation Effects & Defects in Solids, vol. 141, no. 1-4, pp. 63--71, 1997.
Abstract: It is known that when antiprotons p's are implanted into liquid /sup 4/He with a low energy of 5.6 MeV, a very small fraction, 3.6% of them, has an extraordinary long lifetime in the order of a few microseconds at the longest. This delayed fraction {"}q{"} should reflect the distribution of angular momentum l of p, f(l), with respect to a /sup 4/He atom or the annihilation center of each p. The present concerns are whether f(l) is a statistical distribution or not, how does the interaction potential influence f(l), and how small the q-value is. Taking into account the energy dissipation by means of the measured electronic stopping power and an interaction potential derived by the Molecular-Orbital theory, we simulate the classical trajectories of p's implanted into /sup 4/He with an energy of 1 MeV. From the f(l) obtained we obtained three conclusions: the statistical distribution contributes 68%; the interaction potential decisively determines the f(l), especially on the profile of nonstatistical distribution; the delayed fraction is evaluated as q=3%. (11 References).
S. N. Nakamura, M. Iwasaki, H. Outa, R. S. Hayano, Y. Watanabe, T. Nagae, T. Yamazaki, H. Tada, T. Numao, Y. Kuno, and R. Kadono, "Negative-pion trapping by a metastable state in liquid helium," Physical Review A, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 6202--8, 1992.
Abstract: The authors have found a long-lived metastable state of stopped pi /sup -/ in liquid helium by measuring the time spectra of two different delayed products: (i) protons emitted after pi /sup -/ absorption by /sup 4/He nuclei and (ii) 70-MeV electrons originating from free pi /sup -/ to e/sup -/v/sub e/ decay. The lifetime and fraction of delayed pi /sup -/ absorption obtained by using the emitted protons are 7.26+or-0.12 nsec and 1.66+or-0.05%, respectively. The free-decay fraction of a pion in liquid helium was obtained to be 0.64+or-0.03% from this result, which is consistent with the observed free- pi /sup -/ decay fraction. These results imply that 2.30+or-0.07% of stopped pi /sup -/ are trapped in the metastable state which have an overall lifetime of 10.1+or-0.2 nsec. The same experimental and analysis were performed for stopped pi /sup -/ in liquid neon, where no evidence for trapping was found. (15 References).
S. N. Nakamura and M. Iwasaki, "A new data acquisition system for the RIKEN-RAL mu CF experiment," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 388, no. 1-2, pp. 220--5, 1997.
Abstract: A new data acquisition system has been installed for a muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) experiment at the RIKEN-RAL muon facility. Detector signals are digitized in a CAMAC-based system and accumulated by a CAMAC one board computer with MC68030 CPU (Kinetics K3976-Z1A). The accumulated data are transferred to a workstation (DEC Alpha-station 200) through a SCSI crate controller (Kinetics 3929-Z1B). On-line and off-line data analyses are performed on the workstation with the PAW++ package developed at CERN. This DAQ system is easy to use and highly flexible so that it could fit any general application for CAMAC data acquisition. (3 References).
S. N. Nakamura, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, N. Kawamura, S. Sakamoto, M. Iwasaki, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, H. Sugai, I. Watanabe, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and G. H. Eaton, "Measurement of the K-beta/K-alpha ratio for muon alpha sticking X-rays in muon catalyzed d-t fusion at the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 118, pp. 209-212, 1999.
Abstract: At the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility, mu(-) to alpha sticking K-beta X-rays were observed for the first time taking advantage of the pulsed beam structure. The precision of the present measurements was insufficient to distinguish between theoretical models, however the observed K-beta/K-alpha X-ray intensity ratio tends to be smaller than most of these theoretical predictions.
S. N. Nakamura, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, N. Kawamura, S. Sakamoto, M. Iwasaki, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, H. Sugai, I. Watanabe, K. Kudo, N. Takeda, and GH. Eaton, "Measurement of the K/sub beta //K/sub alpha / ratio for muon alpha sticking X-rays in muon catalyzed d-t fusion at the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 209--12, 1999.
Abstract: At the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility, mu /sup -/ to alpha sticking K/sub beta / X-rays were observed for the first time taking advantage of the pulsed beam structure. The precision of the present measurements was insufficient to distinguish between theoretical models, however the observed K/sub beta //K/sub alpha / X-ray intensity ratio tends to be smaller than most of these theoretical predictions. (8 References).
S. N. Nakamura and others, "Observation of kaonic hydrogen atom x--rays," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, pp. 45--51, 1999.
S. N. Nakamura, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, N. Kawamura, Y. Matsuda, M. Tanase, M. Kato, K. Kurosawa, H. Sugai, and GH. Eaton, "The first observation of muon-to-alpha sticking K/sub beta / X-rays in muon catalyzed D-T fusion," Physics Letters B, vol. 473, no. 3-4, pp. 226--32, 2000.
Abstract: At the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility, we have observed K/sub beta / (3p to 1s) mu alpha sticking X-rays from muon catalyzed D-T fusion with various tritium concentrations (C/sub t/=0.1-0.7) and high density solid and liquid phases. Statistics of K/sub beta / X-rays were not enough to determine the peak shape, but the intensity was obtained with an adequate constraint to the K/sub beta / shape using the theoretically calculated peak shape. No significant dependence of the K/sub beta //K/sub alpha / ratio on these target conditions was found, and our results (Y(K/sub beta /)/Y(K/sub alpha /)~7%) gave smaller values than the existing theoretical calculations. It suggests an existence of unexplained atomic process in the collision processes between ( alpha mu )/sup +/ and condensed media. (19 References).
K. Nakanishi, T. Watanabe, A. Ohsaki, and K. Iguchi, "Classical trajectory Monte Carlo calculation for mu /sup +/+( mu /sup -/p) to ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/)+p and e/sup +/+(e/sup -/p) to (e/sup +/e/sup -/)+p," in Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Fourteenth International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Abstracts of Contributed Papers, (M. J. Coggiola, D. L. Huestis, and RP. Saxon, eds.), 1985.
Abstract: The formation of ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/) has not yet been succeeded experimentally, but it is highly desired from the viewpoint of exotic atom physics. One of the possible way for ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/) production is to make use of the collision process of mu /sup +/+( mu /sup -/p) to ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/)+p. As one of the methods to solve a three-body problem, the classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) method has been developed and applied to many cases. The authors have made a CTMC calculation for this process together with a breakup process of mu /sup +/-( mu /sup -/p) collision as mu /sup +/+( mu /sup -/p) to mu /sup +/+ mu /sup -/+p and positron impact process on hydrogen as e/sup +/+(e/sup -/p) to (e/sup +/e/sup -/)+p, and to e/sup +/+e/sup -/+p for comparison of the accuracy of the method. (3 References).
O. Nalcioglu, A. Goswami, and RD. Graves, "Muon capture in /sup 16/O and nuclear coexistence," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 7, no. 17, pp. 897-901, 1973.
Abstract: It is shown that the nuclear shape coexistence can resolve most of the experimental-theoretical discrepancies for muon capture on /sup 16/O. The muon capture is a weak-interaction process where a muon ( mu /sup -/) from the atomic orbit is captured by a proton in the nucleus converting it into a neutron, and a muon neutrino ( nu /sub mu /) is emitted. The final nucleus may be left in an excited state or in the ground state. The approach taken is to assume that the weak-interaction part of the process is known better than the nuclear-structure part and use the mu /sup -/ capture process for obtaining information about the nuclear wave functions. (13 References).
O. Nalcioglu, D. J. Rowe, and C. Ngo-trong, "Excitation of the T/sub >/ components of the giant dipole states in N>Z nuclei by muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A218, no. 3, pp. 495--503, 1974.
Abstract: Muon capture on N[right angle bracket]Z nuclei is proposed as means of studying the T/sub [right angle bracket]/ isospin component of giant dipole states. Calculations for nickel isotopes (except /sup 56/Ni) indicate that these states are strongly excited by muon capture. Possible experiments to detect these states are discussed. (16 References).
P. F. Nali and P. Quarati, "Polarizability of deformed nuclei and energy shifts in muonic atoms," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 57A, no. 2, pp. 145-56, 1980.
Abstract: Calculates polarizability and nuclear-polarization energy shifts of nuclei composed of closed shells plus valence nucleons in muonic atoms: the harmonic-oscillator results of the El polarizability and the energy shifts have been corrected by means of a perturbative approach, which takes into account the effects introduced by the deformation Nilsson potential. Furthermore, to take into account the core polarization effect, different harmonic-oscillator parameters for the core and the valence nucleons have been assumed. The energy shifts of a sequence of states occupied by the muon during its atomic electromagnetic cascade for the nuclei /sup 17/O and /sup 17/F, /sup 41/Ca and /sup 41/Sc have been calculated. (16 References).
R. A. Naumann and H. Daniel, "A model requiring constant negative muon Coulomb capture ratios for simple ionic crystals," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 291, no. 1, pp. 33--4, 1979.
Abstract: A model is developed which suggests slow muon flux spectra of similar shapes in all alkali halides. The model is based on experimental values of muonic Lyman series intensities and Coulomb capture ratios. It is in good agreement with all the experimental information available at present. (11 References).
R. A. Naumann, G. Schmidt, J. D. Knight, L. F. Mausner, C. J. Orth, and ME. Schillaci, "Negative-muon capture ratios for alloys and alkali halide solid solutions," Physical Review A, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 639--44, 1980.
Abstract: Negative-muon capture ratios have been determined at three different concentrations for each of the following solid solutions: Cu-Al, Ag-Zn, NaCl-NaBr, KCl-KBr. Over a concentration ratio range of approximately 50 for the alloy systems and 400 for the alkali halide solutions, the data show that the per-atom capture ratios are essentially independent of atomic concentration, in agreement with some recent theoretical models. (19 References).
J. Navarro, J. Bernabeu, JMG Gomez, and J. Martorell, "Total muon capture rates for N=Z nuclei in the 1p shell," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A375, no. 3, pp. 361--80, 1982.
Abstract: The approach to total muon capture rates by means of sum rule techniques is applied systematically to 1p shell nuclei. Explicit calculations involve ground-state wave functions extracted from Cohen-Kurath effective interactions. For the double commutator expectation value the authors use a form of the potential consistent with the effective interaction and the giant dipole resonance energy. Results are given for N=Z nuclei, studying the minimal sensitivity with the parameter of the improved closure approach. The manifestations of SU(4) breaking are quantitatively shown. Within the uncertainties of the model the rates thus obtained compare reasonably well with experiment. (24 References).
J. Navarro and H. Krivine, "A sum rule approach to total muon capture rates," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A457, no. 3-4, pp. 731--41, 1986.
Abstract: The total muon capture rate is expanded in terms of sum rules and the convergence of such an expansion is analyzed. It results that the energy-weighted and the inverse-energy-weighted sum rules provide an accurate estimate for the total rate in agreement with a complete RPA calculation through the response function. The static polarizability of the isovector dipole mode turns out to be the relevant quantity to determine the total muon capture rate, in light and medium nuclei. (19 References).
J. Navarro and F. Roig, "Some relations for radiative-pion-capture and muon-capture rates," Physical Review C, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 302--4, 1989.
Abstract: Using sum rules techniques to calculate the radiative-pion-capture rate Lambda /sub g//sup pi /(nl) and the muon-capture rate Lambda /sub mu /, two results are obtained. First, the ratio Lambda /sub gamma //sup pi /(nl) over the experimental absorption width Gamma /sub nl//sup pi / is independent of the nl atomic level from which the pion is captured in each nucleus. Second, the authors explain empirical observation that the radiative branching ratio scaled with the width Gamma /sub ls//sup pi / is nearly equal to Lambda /sub mu / multiplied by 2.33*10/sup 12/. This constant is basically determined by coupling constants and masses. (11 References).
F. Nebia, H. Beaumevilles, and S. Ouichaoui, "Charge symmetry non-violation in the two fusion reactions D(d,p)T and D(d,n)/sup 3/He at stellar energies," in Proceedings of the Sixth School Non-Accelerator Astroparticle Physics, (R. A. Carrigan, G. Giacomelli, A. Masiero, and N. Paver, eds.), 2002.
Abstract: The experimental or theoretical study of the mirror nuclear reactions D(d,p)T and D(d,n)/sup 3/He shows a noticeable anisotropy of their differential cross sections indicating a significant p-wave contribution. Also, the anisotropy coefficients for these two reactions are strongly different. Finally, the branching ratio for the L = 1 wave extracted from muon catalyzed fusion experimental data amounts to 1.39 +or- 0.04. These different features have been interpreted as signs of charge symmetry violation in the p-wave amplitudes of these reactions. To investigate the astrophysical factors for these fusion reactions, we use the WKB approximation to evaluate the Coulomb penetrabilities PL(E). The s and p partial wave decomposition of the astrophysical S(E) factor is presented; the anisotropies are also investigated. The fusion rates for the muonic molecular ddmu are also deduced from this partial waves decomposition. The S1n(0)/S1p(0) branching ratio extracted from this analysis is 1.49 +or- 0.10, values which are consistent with the values deduced from muon catalyzed fusion experiments (1.39 +or- 0.04). The S1i(E) (i = n or p) factor can be interpreted by taking into account the two 1/sup -/ levels in /sup 4/He at 23.64 MeV (T = 1) and 24.25 MeV (T = 0), respectively. Using the Breit-Wigner formula and assuming charge symmetry, we obtain for the corresponding deuteron reduced-width amplitudes -0.192 MeV/sup 1/2/ and 1.475 MeV/sup 1/2/, respectively, there is good agreement with the value reported in Tiley's compilation conclusion; the interference of two 1/sup -/ levels (T = 1 and T = 0) of /sup 4/He around the threshold of the (d + d) channel yields the S1n(0)/S1p(0) ratio for the L = 1 wave as well as the neutron and proton anisotropies, the charge symmetry being preserved. (1 Reference).
Y. Nedjadi and JR. Rook, "Relativistic description of 0/sup +/ to or from 0/sup -/ weak-axial transitions in A=16 nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A528, no. 3-4, pp. 537--56, 1991.
Abstract: The authors consider 0/sup +/ to or from 0/sup -/ weak-axial transitions in A=16 nuclei using the Dirac equation with real Lorentz scalar and time-like vector potentials as the relevant nucleon wave equation. They first examine the /sup 16/N(0/sup -/) to /sup 16/O(0/sup +/) first-forbidden beta -decay using the theory of Schopper (1966) and show that the relativistic dynamics strongly enhances the anomalously reduced non-relativistic beta -decay rate bringing it closer to the experimental rate. The sensitivity of the beta -decay rate to the nuclear model parameters is discussed. They study the inverse process, the /sup 16/O(0/sup +/) to /sup 16/N(0/sup -/) muon capture, using a new formalism and show that the mu -capture rate may be reproduced simultaneously with the beta -decay rate. An analysis of the sensitivity of the mu -capture rate to the induced pionic term and to nuclear model parameters is also made. Overall, although the relativistic effects are appreciable and produce new qualitative features which improve on the standard non-relativistic approach, no conclusive empirical evidence supporting the necessity of adopting the relativistic framework can be inferred. (55 References).
JW. Negele, "Analysis of electron scattering and muonic X-rays for /sup 208/Pb," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A138, no. 2, pp. 401--11, 1969.
Abstract: Recent electron scattering and muonic X-ray data are simultaneously analysed using a three-parameter parabolic Fermi distribution, the same distribution with a realistic exponential tail and a theoretical distribution from density dependent Hartree-Fock theory. Inclusion of the known muonic X-ray corrections is shown to give a slightly inconsistent fit to the four lowest muon energy levels. chi -square contours for electron scattering and muonic X-rays are shown to overlap somewhat better for distribution with a wine-bottle shape, but a completely satisfactory simultaneous fit is not obtained. (11 References).
LL. Nemenov, "Atomic decays of K/sub L//sup 0/-mesons," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 125--8, 1972.
Abstract: The probability of K/sub L//sup 0/ decay into neutrino and an atom, formed by a pion and mu -meson has been calculated. It has been exhibited that relative probability of this process is sensitive to the magnitude xi (0)=f/sub -/(0)/f/sub +/(0) and weakly dependent on the value of the parameter lambda /sub +/. A version of the experiment, where one may observe K/sub L//sup 0/ decay into a neutrino and a mesonic atom is being discussed. (6 References).
LL. Nemenov, "Elementary relativistic atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 980--90, 1985.
Abstract: The production of atoms formed by ( pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/), ( pi /sup -/K/sup +/), ( pi /sup +/K/sup -/), and (K/sup +/K/sup -/) mesons is considered. The conclusion is drawn that it is possible to observe these atoms and to measure their lifetime and the value of the square of the wave function for zero distance between the particles. (24 References).
L. Nemenov, "Search for atoms consisting of positive and negative pions," in Proceedings of the XXVIIth Rencontre de Moriond. Series: Moriond Particle Physics Meetings. Perturbative QCD and Hadronic Interactions, (Thanh Van J. Tran, ed.), pp. 519-52, 1992.
Abstract: An experiment is described in which a search was performed for atoms consisting of pi /sup +/ and pi /sup -/ mesons. The atoms were produced by 70 GeV protons interacting with a tantalum target. The relative momentum resolution of the apparatus was equal to dQ=1, 5 MeV/c. An excess amount of pion pairs (240+or-63) with small relative momenta (Q[left angle bracket]2 MeV/c) was detected. These pairs are most probably due to production of atoms in p-Ta interactions and their subsequent breakup in the target. (10 References).
S. A. Nemnyugin and SP. Merkuriev, "Modified Green's function Monte Carlo calculation of dt mu ground state properties," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 195--205, 1989.
Abstract: "Basic properties of the J=0
S. A. Nemnyugin and SP. Merkuriev, "Improving the efficiency of the Green's function Monte Carlo method in the calculation of fusion characteristics," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 1-2, pp. 37--46, 1992.
Abstract: A systematic method of improving the Green's function Monte Carlo method in the calculation of mesic molecular ground-state properties is presented. This method consists of building the guidance function by some variational method and correcting its behaviour near the triple coalescence point by Fock asymptotics. It is shown, after examining a few possible forms of guidance functions, that variational functions must be used with care when evaluating the fusion characteristics. Numerical arguments are presented. (8 References).
S. Nemnyugin, "Green's function Monte Carlo calculation for helium muonic molecules considered as purely Coulombic," in Proceedings of the 8th Joint EPS-APS International Conference on Physics Computing, PC '96, (P. Borcherds, M. Bubak, and A. Maksymowicz, eds.), pp. 251-3, 1996.
Abstract: The work deals with the application of the Green's function Monte Carlo (GFMC) method to the evaluation of some ground state characteristics of muonic molecules. Muonic molecules are positive ions (AH mu )/sup +/, where A is a light nucleus (for example, hydrogen or helium isotopes), H is hydrogen isotope and mu is mu -meson. (4 References).
S. A. Nemnyugin and AM. Petrov, "Monte Carlo calculation of muonic molecules," Computer Physics Communications, vol. 97, no. 1-2, pp. 175--84, 1996.
Abstract: In this paper we report the results of the Green function Monte Carlo calculation of ground state parameters for a wide set of muonic molecules. Properties of muonic molecules attract a lot of attention due to several reasons. The main one is related to the hope on efficiency of muon catalyzed thermonuclear fusion. The ground state energy, sticking probability for dt mu , pd mu and dd mu molecules have been estimated. Also more exotic complexes including light nuclei /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He were considered. It was supposed that only Coulomb interactions act between particles. In all cases geometric parameters of the molecule were calculated. Graphs of ground state wave functions obtained by the GFMC make it possible to compare the structure of the bound state in different cases. Despite the yet unsolved problem of the influence of nuclear forces on the fusion characteristics, this kind of calculations help to evaluate the contribution of Coulombic interactions into the physical picture of muon catalysed fusion. (22 References).
K. F. Ness and RE. Robson, "Motion of muons in heavy hydrogen in an applied electrostatic field," Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 6596--9, 1989.
Abstract: Transport and reactive properties of a muon swarm in deuterium gas in an electrostatic field are analyzed by solving Boltzmann's equation over a wide range of E/n/sub 0/ (ratio of the applied electric field to the gas number density). The authors find that both the muon-capture rate and the recoil energy of the deuterium molecule after muon capture show significant variation with E/n/sub 0/. The implications for muon-catalyzed-fusion research are outlined. Muon transport properties are given as functions of E/n/sub 0/. (23 References).
N. R. Newbury, A. S. Barton, P. Bogorad, G. D. Cates, M. Gatzke, B. Saam, L. Han, R. Holmes, P. A. Souder, and J. Xu, "Laser polarized muonic helium," Physical Review Letters, vol. 67, no. 23, pp. 3219--22, 1991.
Abstract: The authors have formed polarized muonic /sup 3/He by stopping unpolarized negative muons in a gaseous /sup 3/He target which was polarized by spin exchange with laser optically pumped Rb vapor. They measured P/sub mu //sup N/, the resulting muon polarization normalized to the nuclear polarization of the /sup 3/He. In addition to being a property that characterizes the muon cascade in the mu -/sup 3/He system, P/sub mu //sup N/ is of practical value for future experiments on nuclear muon capture. The result, P/sub mu //sup N/=0.072+or-0.008, is a factor of 2 smaller than predicted by simple atomic cascade theory. (25 References).
JN. Ng, "Some simple extensions of the standard model and muon member violation," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 781-4, 1995.
Abstract: A brief discussion of a systematic study of simple particle extensions to the standard model (SM) is given. The effects of such extensions in lepton number violation processes such as mu to e gamma , 3e and mu -e conversion nuclei is given. It is found that mu to e gamma and mu -e conversion offer the best opportunities for the discovery of this kind of new physics. (5 References).
Tien Nguyen. Nguyen, "Neutrino disintegration and muon capture in the deuteron," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A254, no. 2, pp. 485--92, 1975.
Abstract: Neutrino and antineutrino disintegration of the deuteron and muon capture in the deuteron are studied. The final-state interaction between the nucleons is considered. The two-nucleon final state is found for the realistic potentials suggested by Reid and Ulehla et al. (16 References).
Van Giai Nguyen, N. Auerbach, and AZ. Mekjian, "Self-consistent random-phase-approximation calculations of muon capture rates," Physical Review Letters, vol. 46, no. 22, pp. 1444--7, 1981.
Abstract: Total muon capture rates on nuclei are calculated for /sup 16/O and /sup 40/Ca. The distribution of muon capture strength is calculated with use of random phase approximation and Tamm Dancoff approximation methods in a response function approach. The random-phase-approximation calculation is in excellent agreement with data. (19 References).
G. J. Ni and J. Yan, "Lamb shift calculated by simple noncovariant method," quant--ph Preprint, vol. 9901016, 1999.
M. Nielsen, "Phonons in solid hydrogen and deuterium studied by inelastic coherent neutron scattering," Physical Review B, vol. 7, pp. 1626--1635, 1973.
M. Niering and others, "Measurement of the hydrogen 1S-2S transition frequency by phase coherent comparison with a microwave cesium fountain clock," Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, pp. 5496--5499, 2000.
MM. Nieto, "Hydrogen atom and relativistic pi-mesic atom in N-space dimensions," American Journal of Physics, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 1067--72, 1979.
Abstract: The author derives in simple analytic closed form the eigenfunctions and eigenenergies for the hydrogen atom in N dimensions. A section is devoted to the specialization to one dimension. Comments are made on the relation to the harmonic oscillator, the ground-state energy per degree of freedom, the raising and lowering operators, and the radial momentum operators. By particular changes of variables, the relativistic pi-mesic atom is resolved in the same functional form. (45 References).
J. Nieves and E. Oset, "Production of pionic atoms in (n,p) reactions," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A518, no. 4, pp. 617--38, 1990.
Abstract: The authors make a theoretical study of the (n,p) reaction leading to the production of deeply bound nuclear pionic states. The cross sections obtained for the excitation of the 1s and 2p states in /sup 208/Pb are found to be very small compared to the background at T/sub n/=400 MeV. At energies around T/sub n/=1000 MeV the chances are better but the ratio of signal to background is still only around 5% for the 2p states and 0.4% for the 1s state. The possibility of performing some extract coincidence test to reduce the background is indicated. (26 References).
J. Nieves and E. Oset, "Production of pionic atoms with the ( gamma , pi /sup +/) reaction," Physics Letters B, vol. 244, no. 3-4, pp. 368--72, 1990.
Abstract: The authors propose the gamma +A to pi /sup +/+(A pi /sup -/) with the pi /sup -/ bound in the nucleus, as a useful experimental tool to produce deeply bound pionic states in nuclei. The discrete peaks in d sigma /d Omega dE( pi /sup +/) corresponding to the bound pi /sup -/ states show up clearly over the inclusive ( gamma , pi /sup +/) background. Further checks to separate the bound state signals from the background are also discussed. (21 References).
J. Nieves, E. Oset, and C. Garcia-Recio, "Microscopic study of pionic atoms and methods of production," Few-Body Systems Supplementum, vol. 5, no. , pp. 281-9, 1991.
Abstract: The authors have constructed a theoretical optical potential for pionic atoms and low energy pions based on the first and second order terms of a many body expansion on the number of ph excitations. The new density dependence of the potential produces notoriously improved results in the problem of the anomalies. On the other hand they have separated the different contributions to the imaginary part of the potential and relate them to the different reaction channels, quasielastic and absorption. The agreement with the data for different channels, energies and nuclei is rather good with some isolated discrepancies. With this potential they have also investigated the deeply bound pionic states in heavy nuclei so far unobserved and they propose a new direct reaction to create these states. (19 References).
J. Nieves and E. Oset, "Production of deeply bound pionic states in heavy nuclei," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 290-1, 1991.
Abstract: The authors have investigated several reactions in order to produce deeply bound pionic states so far unobserved. These are states like the 1s or 2p in the Pb region for which standard potentials provide widths which are smaller than the separation between the levels. This is particularly true of a new potential which solves the anomalies in the pionic atoms. They have investigated the (n, p), ( gamma , pi /sup +/), ( pi /sup -/, pi /sup +/), (e, e') reactions, all of them producing an extra pi /sup -/ bound in the nucleus. (4 References).
J. Nieves and E. Oset, "Production of pionic atoms with the (e,e') reaction," Physical Review C, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 1937--41, 1991.
Abstract: The authors study the reaction e+A to e'+(A pi /sup -/) with the pi /sup -/ bound in the nucleus as a means of producing deeply bound pionic states of heavy nuclei so far unobserved. Although the cross sections found can be rather large, they are overwhelmed by the background from the inclusive (e,e') reaction, which makes the reaction not well suited for the investigation of these pionic states. However, the ratio of signal to background is much bigger in light nuclei and the reaction could be used to observe pionic states of unstable light nuclei, provided the resolution in the beam and detectors is of the order of the width of the pionic state. (26 References).
J. Nieves and E. Oset, "Deeply bound pionic states with the ( Sigma /sup -/, Lambda ) reaction," Zeitschrift fur Physik A-Hadrons & Nuclei, vol. 343, no. 4, pp. 477--81, 1992.
Abstract: The authors study the reaction Sigma /sup -/+A to Lambda +(A pi /sup -/) with the pi /sup -/ bound in the nucleus, as a means of producing deeply bound pionic states in nuclei, so far unobserved. The reaction is similar to the (n, rho ) reaction but, because of the Sigma /sup -/, Lambda mass difference, it allows the reaction to occur with smaller momentum transfer, thus increasing the transition probability and reducing the effects of distortion. The ratios of signal to background are one to two orders of magnitude better than in the (n, rho ) reaction. (26 References).
J. Nieves and E. Oset, "Direct production of pionic atoms from radiative trapping of pions in flight," Physics Letters B, vol. 282, no. 1-2, pp. 24--30, 1992.
Abstract: The reaction pi /sup -/A to ( pi /sub b//sup -/A) gamma with T/sub pi /=10-30 MeV producing a pi /sup -/ bound in the nucleus is studied to see its viability as an instrument to produce deeply bound pionic atoms in nuclei. The authors obtain cross sections of the order of tens of mu b/(sr MeV) for the production of the 1s and 2p states of /sup 208/Pb and negligible background from radiative pion capture and the other sources. The negligible background expected in the reaction is unique among all other reactions so far proposed. The cross sections obtained are three orders of magnitude bigger than those in the best electromagnetic reactions previously proposed. The small background, the large cross sections and the available fluxes and resolution of low energy pion beams make this reaction ideal for producing deeply bound pionic states. (39 References).
J. Nieves, "New reactions for the detection of deeply bound pionic atoms," in International Workshop on Pions in Nuclei, (E. Oset, Vacas MJ Vicente, and Recio CG. Garcia, eds.), pp. 355-62, 1992.
Abstract: A considerable amount of work (experimental and theoretical) has been invested in order to produce deeply bound pionic states so far unobserved. These are states like the 1s or 2p in the Pb region for which standard potentials provide widths which are smaller than the separation between the levels. This makes a clear case for their experimental observation in some nuclear reactions. The author studies the characteristics of the more interesting reactions suggested up to this moment. (14 References).
J. Nieves, E. Oset, S. Hirenzaki, H. Toki, and MJ. Vicente-Vacas, "Pion double charge exchange reactions leading to double pionic atoms," Modern Physics Letters A, vol. 7, no. 32, pp. 2991--8, 1992.
Abstract: The authors study theoretically pion double charge exchange reactions leading to double pionic atoms. The reaction cross-sections with two pions in the deeper bound pionic orbits in /sup 208/Pb are calculated with realistic pionic atom wave functions and distortion effects. The cross-sections are found to be d/sup 2/ sigma /dEd Omega approximately 10/sup -3/-10/sup -4/ mu b/srMeV, which are only a small fraction of the double charge exchange background. (23 References).
J. Nieves, E. Oset, and H. Sarafian, "Resonant formation of pionic atoms with neutron collisions," Physical Review C, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 158--63, 1992.
Abstract: The authors study the n+A to (A' pi /sub b//sup -/) to n+A reaction, or resonant formation of pionic atoms, with neutron scattering. They evaluate the contribution of the interference of this reaction channel in /sup 40/Ca and /sup 208/Pb to the elastic scattering amplitude at backward angles. The ratio of signal to the background at 80 degrees is about 10/sup -3/, and they estimate that the ratio does not improve at higher angles, hence making this reaction impractical. Their findings have repercussions on a similar reaction now running at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility. (22 References).
J. Nieves, E. Oset, and MJ. Vicente-Vacas, "Recoilless and resonant production of double-pion atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A541, no. 4, pp. 687--98, 1992.
Abstract: The authors exploit two ideas found successful in the direct production of pionic atoms: recoilless condition and resonance production, in order to produce atomic systems with two bound pi /sup -/. As an example of recoilless reaction they study pi /sup -/+/sup A/X to p(/sup A-1/X, pi /sup -/, pi /sup -/), and as an example of resonant reaction they study pi /sup -/X to ( pi /sup -/ pi /sup -/X') to pi /sup -/X. In both cases the signals are found to be only a small fraction of the background indicating the big experimental difficulties that one is facing in producing these states. (24 References).
J. Nieves, E. Oset, and RC. Carrasco, "Deeply bound pionic atoms with resonant Compton scattering," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A565, no. 4, pp. 785--96, 1993.
Abstract: We study the contribution to ordinary Compton nuclear scattering of the resonant channel gamma +A to (A' pi /sup -/) to gamma +A with the pi /sup -/ bound in the nucleus. We show that the interference of this resonant channel with background amplitudes produces significant peaks in the elastic backward differential cross section as a function of the incoming photon energy for light and medium-size nuclei. We also find that for light nuclei the signals in forward Compton scattering or in the total photonuclear cross section are big enough to be observed, provided there is a good resolution in the photon beam. The reaction is particularly suited to find deeply bound pionic states in medium-size nuclei, or ordinary levels in unstable light nuclei. (33 References).
J. Nieves and E. Oset, "Direct production of pionic atoms from radiative trapping of pions in flight," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 553, no. , pp. 595c-8, 1993.
Abstract: The reaction pi /sup -/A to ( pi /sub b//sup -/A) gamma with T/sub pi /=10-30 MeV producing a pi /sup -/ bound in the nucleus is studied to see its viability as an instrument to produce deeply bound pionic atoms in nuclei. The small background, the large cross sections and the present available fluxes and the resolution of low energy pion beams make this reaction ideal for producing deeply bound pionic states. (11 References).
J. Nieves and E. Oset, "Production of pionic atoms with the ( pi /sup -/, gamma ) reaction," Physica Scripta, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 173--4, 1993.
Abstract: The authors study the feasibility of using the /sup 208/Pb( pi /sup -/, gamma ) reaction at low energy to search for deeply bound pionic states in nuclei. They show that this reaction offers the most favourable conditions for observing these states. The measurement of their excitation energy and width is an experimental challenge. (11 References).
J. Nieves, E. Oset, and C. Garcia-Recio, "A theoretical approach to pionic atoms and the problem of anomalies," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A554, no. 4, pp. 509--53, 1993.
Abstract: The authors have constructed a theoretical optical potential for pionic atoms based on the first- and second-order terms of a many-body expansion on the number of ph excitations. The p-wave parts are very much influenced by the medium polarization. The quenching at large densities produced by this phenomenon, together with the one from the Lorentz-Lorenz effect, and modifications over standard potentials due to the isospin dependence, lead to a new potential which produces notoriously improved results in the problem of anomalies. A clearer definition of this problem is proposed as the inability of standard potentials to reproduce simultaneously the data for light and heavy nuclei. Finally a semiphenomenological potential is obtained by adding some small terms to the theoretical potential which are fitted to the data and by means of which a good overall fit to the data is obtained. This potential is then used to make predictions for energies and widths of deeply bound pionic states so far unobserved. (79 References).
J. Nieves, "Quantum field theoretical methods in many body systems," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. 46, no. 7-8, pp. 673-720, 1996.
Abstract: We study the way the nucleon-nucleon interaction is modified inside of a nuclear medium, paying special attention to the spin-isospin channel. Several physical processes which are particularly sensitive to this part of the interaction are reviewed and the importance of the medium corrections to describe their dynamics is analyzed. (53 References).
N. N. Nikolaev and MZh. Shamatikov, "Lepton charge and model of weak interactions with mu -e transitions," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B72, no. 3, pp. 502--8, 1974.
Abstract: The gauge model of weak interactions is proposed and mu /sup +or-/ from or to e/sup -or+/ transitions predicted by the model are discussed. Estimates are given for mu /sup +or-/ to e-or+ transitions on hadrons like K/sup +/ to pi /sup -/ mu /sup +/e/sup +/ with Gamma (K/sup +/ to pi /sup -/ mu /sup +/e/sup +/) approximately=10/sup -11/ Gamma (K/sup +/) and mu /sup -/ capture on nuclei with W( mu /sup -/ to e/sup +/) approximately=10/sup -12/W( mu /sup -/ to nu ). Single mu /sup +or-/ production in e-or+ beams with a cross section delta approximately 10/sup -42/-10/sup -41/ cm/sup 2/ is predicted. (29 References).
N. N. Nikolaev and MZh. Shmatikov, "Lepton charge and mu -e transitions in gauge models of weak interactions," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 360--5, 1974.
Abstract: A gauge model of weak interactions is proposed and mu /sup +or-/ to e/sup -or+/ transitions, predicted by the model, are discussed. The estimates are given for mu /sup +or-/ to e/sup -or+/ transitions on hadrons like K/sup +/ to pi /sup -/ mu /sup +/e/sup +/ with Gamma (K/sup +/ to pi /sup -/ mu /sup +/e/sup +/) approximately=10/sup -11/ Gamma (K/sup +/) and for mu /sup -/ capture on nuclei with W( mu /sup -/ to e/sup +/) approximately=10/sup -12/W( mu /sup -/ to nu ). Single mu /sup +or-/ production in e/sup -or+/ beams with cross sections sigma approximately 10/sup -41/-10/sup -42/ cm/sup 2/ is predicted. (25 References).
N. Nishida, "Lifetime of long--lived antiprotonic helium in liquid and solid helium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 321--328, 1996.
K. Nishimoto, H. Ohtsubo, and H. Narumi, "Contribution of absorption-reemission process to the complex level shift in the pionic atom," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 135--47, 1971.
Abstract: Calling attention to the pion-nucleon interaction at low energy, the authors derive an absorptive interaction including a rescattering process on the basis of the dispersion relation. The cross section for the reaction pi /sup +/+d to p+p is calculated for the s-wave pion at low energy in order to verify the approach, and the value is in good agreement with the recent experimental result. Then it is shown that the real part of the two-nucleon amplitude associated with the absorption is attractive and about twice as large as the imaginary amplitude. From this consideration the pionic complex level shift is predicted for the deuteron.
H. Nishiura, K. Matsuda, and T. Fukuyama, "Constraints of mixing angles from lepton number violating processes," Modern Physics Letters A, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 433--45, 1999.
Abstract: We discuss the constraints of lepton mixing angles from lepton number violating processes such as neutrinoless double beta decay, mu /sup -/-e/sup +/ conversion and K decay, K/sup -/ to pi /sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/ which are allowed only if neutrinos are Majorana particles. The rates of these processes are proportional to the averaged neutrino mass defined by [left angle bracket]m/sub nu /[right angle bracket]/sub ab/ identical to | Sigma /sub j=1//sup 3/U/sub aj/U/sub bj/m/sub j/| in the absence of right-handed weak coupling. Here a, b(j) are flavor (mass) eigenstates and U/sub aj/ is the left-handed lepton mixing matrix. We give general conditions imposed on [left angle bracket]m/sub nu /[right angle bracket]/sub ab/ in terms of m/sub i/, lepton mixing angles and CP violating phases (three phases in Majorana neutrinos). These conditions are reduced to the constraints among m/sub i/, lepton mixing angles and [left angle bracket]m/sub nu /[right angle bracket]/sub ab/ which are irrelevant to the concrete values of CP phases. Given a [left angle bracket]m/sub nu /[right angle bracket]/sub ab/ experimentally, these conditions constrain m/sub i/ and the lepton mixing angles. Though these constraints are still loose except for neutrinoless double beta decay, they will become helpful through rapid improvements of experiments. By using these constraints we also derive the limits on averaged neutrino masses for mu /sup -/-e/sup +/ conversion and K decay, K/sup -/ to pi /sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/, respectively. We also present the bounds for CP phases in terms of m/sub i/, mixing angles and [left angle bracket]m/sub nu /[right angle bracket]/sub ab/. (16 References).
D. R. Noakes, E. J. Ansaldo, S. R. Kreitzman, and GM. Luke, "The (F mu F)/sup -/ ion in solid fluorides," Journal of Physics & Chemistry of Solids, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 785--92, 1993.
Abstract: The (F mu F)/sup -/ ion, through its production of a distinctive zero-field positive-muon spin relaxation signal, has been observed for muons stopped in a variety of solid fluoride insulators. (30 References).
T. Nomura, "Possible new approaches to superheavy elements--- the (HI,$\alpha x$n) reaction and the neutron--rich beam," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 33--42, 1996.
S. Nozawa, Y. Kohyama, and K. Kubodera, "Weak processes in the A=12 nuclei with finite momentum transfer," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 892--5, 1983.
Abstract: The elementary particle treatment of the process mu /sup -12/C to nu /sub mu //sup 12/B is re-examined. Specifically, the authors check the basic assumption that the axial and weak magnetism nuclear form factors scale in the same manner. The relevance of neutrino reactions in a model-independent test of CVC for finite momentum transfer is also discussed. (23 References).
S. Nozawa, K. Kubodera, and H. Ohtsubo, "Exchange currents and configuration-mixing effects in the /sup 16/O(0/sup +/)-/sup 16/N(0/sup -/) transitions," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A453, no. 4, pp. 645--84, 1986.
Abstract: In order to provide further information on the exchange currents in A/sub 0/ (the time component of the axial current), a detailed study is made of the 0/sup +/-0/sup -/ transitions in A=16: /sup 16/N(0/sup -/) to /sup 16/O(0/sup +/)+e/sup -/+ nu /sub e/ and /sup 16/O(0/sup +/)+ mu /sup -/ to /sup 16/N(0/sup -/)+ nu /sub mu /. Possible corrections to the usual treatment of the one-body processes are examined, such as the effects of higher-order terms in the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation, the small component of the lepton wave function, and the difference in the radial behavior of the single-particle orbits. The interplay between exchange currents and configuration mixing is investigated at length. The relative importances of the soft-pion exchange currents A/sub 0//sup soft/ and other exchange currents are evaluated to demonstrate the dominance of A/sub 0//sup soft/. The results of the present study support the conclusion obtained earlier that A/sub 0//sup soft/ is important in explaining the experimental data on the 0/sup +/-0/sup -/ transitions in A=16. (31 References).
E. M. Nyman and M. Rho, "Probing the pion field in nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A287, no. 3, pp. 390--8, 1977.
Abstract: It is suggested that muon absorption and doubly radiative pion absorption in nuclei can complement each other in probing the pion field in the nuclear medium. The issues considered are possible pion condensation and nuclear 'renormalization' of weak and electromagnetic vertices, the adequate understanding of which is necessary to extract from nuclear experiments useful information on basic form factors in the weak Hamiltonian. (12 References).
V. E. Oberacker, A. S. Umar, J. C. Wells, M. R. Strayer, and C. Bottcher, "Study of nuclear dissipation via muon-induced fission. A relativistic lattice calculation," Physics Letters B, vol. 293, no. 3-4, pp. 270--4, 1992.
Abstract: Excited muonic atoms in the actinide region may induce prompt nuclear fission via inverse internal conversion. The authors solve the time-dependent Dirac equation for a state describing a muon in the Coulomb field of the fissioning nucleus on a three-dimensional lattice and demonstrate that the muon attachment probability to the light fission fragment decreases with the energy dissipated during fission. (12 References).
V. E. Oberacker, A. S. Umar, J. C. Wells, C. Bottcher, M. R. Strayer, and JA. Maruhn, "Muon-induced fission: a probe for nuclear dissipation and fission dynamics," Physical Review C, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 1297--306, 1993.
Abstract: Excited muonic atoms in the actinide region may induce prompt fission. Following atomic muon capture, some of the inner-shell transitions proceed by inverse internal conversion, i.e., the excitation energy of the muonic atom is transferred to the nucleus. In particular, the (E2 : 3d to 1s) muonic transition energy is close to the peak of the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance in actinide nuclei which exhibits a large fission width. Prompt fission in the presence of a bound muon allows us to study the dynamics of large-amplitude collective motion. We solve the time-dependent Dirac equation for the muonic spinor wave function in the Coulomb field of the fissioning nucleus on a three-dimensional lattice and demonstrate that the muon attachment probability to the light fission fragment is a measure of the nuclear energy dissipation between the outer fission barrier and the scission point. (51 References).
V. E. Oberacker, A. S. Umar, J. C. Wells, C. Bottcher, M. R. Strayer, and JA. Maruhn, "Theoretical study of fission dynamics with muons," in International Symposium on Nuclear Physics of our Times, (AV. Ramayya, ed.), pp. 392-402, 1993.
Abstract: Following muon capture by actinide atoms, some of the inner shell muonic transitions proceed by inverse internal conversion, i.e. the excitation energy of the muonic atom is transferred to the nucleus. In particular, the muonic E2:(3d to 1s) transition energy is close to the peak of the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance in actinide nuclei which exhibits a large fission width. Prompt fission in the presence of a bound muon allows us to study the dynamics of large-amplitude collective motion. We solve the time-dependent Dirac equation for the muonic spinor wave function in the Coulomb field of the fissioning nucleus on a 3-dimensional lattice and demonstrate that the muon attachment probability to the light fission fragment is a measure of the nuclear energy dissipation between the outer fission barrier and the scission point. (25 References).
V. E. Oberacker, "Prompt muon-induced fission: a probe for nuclear energy dissipation," Acta Phys. Hung. New Ser.-Heavy Ion Phys., vol. 10, pp. 221-230, 1999.
Abstract: We solve the time-dependent Dirac equation for a muon which is initially bound to a fissioning actinide nucleus. The computations are carried out on a 3-D Cartesian lattice utilizing the Basis-Spline collocation method. The muon dynamics is sensitive to the nuclear energy dissipation between the outer fission barrier and the scission point, From a comparison with experimental data we find a dissipated energy of about 10 MeV and a fission time delay due to friction of order 2 x 10(-21) s.
B. D. Obreshkov, V. I. Korobov, and DD. Bakalov, "Metastable states of the condo type in exotic helium atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 42502--1--6, 2003.
Abstract: We present a precise calculation of the nonrelativistic energies and Auger decay widths for the Condo-type metastable states of exotic helium atoms He/sup +/X/sup -/, where X/sup -/ stands for one of the negatively charged heavy particles mu /sup -/, pi /sup -/, or K/sup -/. It has been found that some of the states in muonic and pionic atoms have an anomalously small Auger rate and decay predominantly via slow radiative transitions with the time up to a few hundreds of nanoseconds (muonic atoms) or via a pion decay {"}at rest{"} (He/sup +/ pi /sup -/). (20 References).
A. Ohsaki, T. Watanabe, K. Nakanishi, and K. Iguchi, "Classical-trajectory Monte Carlo calculation for collision processes of e/sup +/+(e/sup -/p) and mu /sup +/+( mu /sup -/p)," Physical Review A, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 2640--4, 1985.
Abstract: "Classical-trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) method is applied to the pickup process, A+(BC) to (AB)+C, of a bound light particle in a heavy particle by an incident light particle as well as the breakup process A+(BC) to A+B+C. Calculation has been made for the cross sections of the processes in the case of A=e/sup +/, mu /sup +/
A. Ohsaki, H. Nakamura, and M. Baer, "Chemical reaction theoretical approach to muon transfer process," in Electronic and Atomic Collisions. XV ICPEAC Brighton '87. Abstracts of Contributed Papers. Fifteenth International Conference (papers in summary form only received), (J. Geddes, H. B. Gilbody, A. E. Kingston, C. J. Latimer, and HRJ. Walters, eds.), 1987.
Abstract: The concept of muon catalyzed fusion has attracted the attention of many atomic and nuclear physicists. The muon transfer between deuteron and triton. d mu +t to d+t mu is one of the important processes in the chain reaction cycle of muon catalyzed fusion. This process has been investigated mainly by the method appropriate for ion- atom charge transfer process, in which a muon is treated just like an electron. However, since the mass of muon is about two-hundred times heavier than the mass of electron, the validity of this approximation is questionable. (3 References).
A. Ohsaki, T. Watanabe, K. Nakanishi, and K. Iguchi, "mu /sup -/-transfer cross sections from ( mu /sup -/d) to t and a in high velocity region using classical trajectory Monte Carlo method," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 245--52, 1987.
Abstract: The classical trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) method is applied to mu /sup -/-transfer processes: t+( mu /sup -/d) to ( mu /sup -/t)+d and alpha +( mu /sup -/d) to ( mu /sup -/ alpha )+d. The cross sections of the t+( mu /sup -/d) system and of the alpha +( mu /sup -/d) system have values of 1.0*10/sup -4/ pi a/sub 0//sup 2/ and 2.0*10/sup -4/ pi a/sub 0//sup 2/ at impact velocities of 1.0 a.u. and 0.5 a.u., respectively. The cross section of the d+( mu /sup -/t) system has almost the same values as the t+( mu /sup -/d) system within the velocity range of present calculation. (6 References).
A. Ohsaki, T. Watanabe, K. Nakanishi, and K. Iguchi, "$\mu ^-$--transfer cross sections from ($\mu ^- d$) to $t$ and $\alpha$ in high velocity region using classical trajectory Monte Carlo method," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, pp. 245--252, 1987.
A. Ohsaki, H. Nakamura, and M. Baer, "Chemical-reaction-theoretical approach to the muon-transfer process," Physical Review A, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 2798--803, 1988.
Abstract: In view of the fact that the mass of the muon is only one-ninth of the mass of the proton, the authors propose to use a chemical-reaction-theoretical approach to investigate muon ( mu /sup -/) transfer between two nucleons such as d(deuteron), t(triton), and p(proton). In this paper the authors apply the recently proposed new implementation of the adiabatic approximation (with respect to hindered rotation) to the process d mu +t to d+t mu . Cross sections are calculated at collision energies E equivalent to 5-100 eV and are found to be in good agreement with the recent accurate quantum-mechanical calculations at E[left angle bracket]or approximately=10 eV. This indicates the usefulness of the present approximation. (17 References).
K. Ohta and M. Wakamatsu, "Effects of exchange currents on muon capture," Physics Letters B, vol. 51B, no. 4, pp. 337--40, 1974.
Abstract: It is shown that the one-pion exchange current renormalizes the axial and induced pseudoscalar form factors of the weak axial current. The effect decreases total muon capture rate about 13% and the branching ratio of radiative-to-ordinary muon capture rate about 12%. (6 References).
K. Ohta, "Effect of N*(1236) on radiative muon capture in calcium," Physical Review Letters, vol. 33, no. 25, pp. 1507--10, 1974.
Abstract: It is shown for the reaction Ca( mu , gamma ), that an inclusion of the pion exchange current effect removes the discrepancy between experiment and partial conservation of axial vector current theory. (18 References).
K. Ohta, "Isobaric model for the P-wave pion-nucleon scattering volumes in pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 56B, no. 4, pp. 339--42, 1975.
Abstract: The effective Lagrangian model is studied for construction of the P-wave interaction volumes in free space and in nuclear medium. The mass shift of the N* isobar arising from the Pauli correction and the local field correction is calculated allowing the pi and rho exchange to be responsible for the NN* to N*N transition potential. (16 References).
H. Ohtsubo, "Hyperfine splitting in muonic atom and nuclear electromagnetic form factors," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1115--28, 1975.
Abstract: Formulae for the hyperfine splitting of levels in a muonic atom are obtained in momentum space, which can be applied for the phenomenological determination of the nuclear electromagnetic form factors from the experimental data. For example, the nuclear form factors of /sup 205/Tl and /sup 209/Bi are investigated. (20 References).
H. Ohtsubo, "Muon capture in nuclei and determination of weak coupling constants," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium, (HV. Klapdor, ed.), pp. 816--21, 1986.
Abstract: The author discusses the beta-ray angular distribution and nuclear polarization in muon capture in order to determine the coupling constant ratio g/sub p//g/sub A/. It should be emphasized that g/sub p//g/sub A/ cannot be determined by only the muon capture, unless nuclear matrix elements of vector and axial-vector currents are confirmed to be correct. Therefore, the beta-decay plays an essentially important role in testing these matrix elements. (42 References).
N. Ohtsuka, K. Kume, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Direct neutron emission in polarized muon capture by /sup 40/Ca," in Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement, pp. 192-202, 1976.
Abstract: Direct neutron emission process in polarized muon capture by /sup 40/Ca is studied by the use of the formalism similar to the theory of beta decay leaving the lepton part relativistic. The formulas for the asymmetry and longitudinal polarization of the emitted neutrons are explicitly given by the interferences between two transitions whose forbiddeness differ by one unit. A large neutron asymmetry and its strong energy-dependence are successfully explained by a realistic treatment of the final state interactions. The effect of these interactions on the longitudinal polarization is also investigated. (29 References).
N. Ohtsuka, K. Kume, and H. Ohtsubo, "Longitudinal polarizations of the emitted neutron in muon capture on /sup 40/Ca," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 1978--80, 1976.
Abstract: The authors study the longitudinal polarization of the emitted neutron after unpolarized muon capture on /sup 40/Ca by taking into account the same effects as in the asymmetric angular distribution. (9 References).
N. Ohtsuka, "Energy spectra of neutrons emitted following muon capture in /sup 16/O and /sup 12/C," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A370, no. 3, pp. 431--44, 1981.
Abstract: The energy spectra of neutrons emitted following muon capture in /sup 16/O and /sup 12/C are investigated using the continuum shell model. Nuclear wave functions, which have been shown by Ohtsubo and the author to describe the radiative pion capture reaction in the above nuclei well, are adopted. The calculated neutron energy spectra explain well the observed main peaks, at 5 MeV for /sup 16/O and 4 MeV for /sup 12/C, which are considered to be the giant resonances excited in the muon capture reaction. These peaks are interpreted as the 2/sup -/ state at 20.3 MeV for /sup 16/O and the 1/sup -/ state at 22.5 MeV for /sup 12/C. Comparisons with phonon spectra in radiative pion capture reactions are also made. The calculated total capture rates exceed the experimental values by a factor of 2.5 for /sup 16/O and by 30-40% for /sup 12/C. (35 References).
M .Oka, "QCD analysis of the H dibaryon," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 275--284, 1996.
L. B. Okun and VI. Zakharov, "Anomalous interaction of muons and muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B57, no. 1, pp. 252--62, 1973.
Abstract: Restrictions for the constants of possible anomalous interactions of muons with nucleons which follow from available muonic-atom data are obtained. The possible contribution of anomalous interactions to (a) difference between radii of nuclei obtained from the data on muonic atoms and from electron scattering, (b) fine and (c) hyperfine splitting of muonic-atom levels, is discussed. (16 References).
L. B. Okun, "Comments on testing charge conservation and the Pauli exclusion principle," Comments on Nuclear and Particle Physics, vol. 19, pp. 99--116, 1989.
P. Olanders, S. G. Nilsson, and P. Moller, "Muon excitation probabilities in muon-induced fission of uranium nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 10B, no. 3, pp. 193--6, 1980.
Abstract: A fissioning muonic atom is represented by two point charges. The time-dependent Schrodinger equation for the muon in the field generated by the two separating point charges is studied. Results of the study indicate that the muon excitation probability is of the order of a few percent. Some of the excited states would correspond to orbits around the lighter fragment. (6 References).
B. H. Olaniyi, G. A. Beer, A. Fry, J. A. Macdonald, G. R. Mason, A. Olin, R. M. Pearce, and PR. Poffenberger, "Pionic K/sub alpha / X-ray energy and linewidth in /sup 20/Ne and /sup 22/Ne," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A384, no. 3, pp. 345--52, 1982.
Abstract: The authors have measured the energies and linewidths of the pionic K/sub alpha / X-rays for /sup 20/Ne and /sup 22/Ne using a natural liquid-neon target. The results are in reasonably good agreement with optical model predictions. (15 References).
K. O'Leary and DF. Jackson, "Intensity patterns of pionic X-rays emitted from simple molecules," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 320, no. 4, pp. 551--6, 1985.
Abstract: Intensity patterns in the Balmer series of pionic X-rays emitted from carbon and oxygen in simple molecules are reported and analysed using a cascade code. It is shown that modifications are needed in the angular momentum distribution at the beginning of the cascade calculation in order to fit the data. (26 References).
A. Olin, G. A. Beer, D. A. Bryman, M. S. Dixit, J. A. Macdonald, G. R. Mason, R. M. Pearce, and PR. Poffenberger, "Pionic 2p-1s X-ray transitions in /sup 19/F and /sup 23/Na," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A312, no. 3, pp. 361--7, 1978.
Abstract: Pi-atomic 2p-1s transitions have been studied in /sup 19/F and /sup 23/Na. The measured energies are 195.17+or-0.16 and 275.75+or-0.26 keV, and the Lorentzian full-widths as half-maximum are 10.12+or-0.74 and 12.0+or-1.2 keV respectively. A comparison is made with optical model calculations. (15 References).
A. Olin, P. R. Poffenberger, G. A. Beer, J. A. Macdonald, G. R. Mason, R. M. Pearce, and WC. Sperry, "Measurement of pionic and muonic X-rays in /sup 10,11/B," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A360, no. 2, pp. 426--34, 1981.
Abstract: The energies of muonic 2p-1s X-rays in /sup 10/B and /sup 11/B have been measured to be 52217(8) eV and 52279(5) eV, from which the RMS nuclear charge radii were calculated to be 2.44(6) fm and 2.38(4) fm. The energies and widths of pionic 2p-1s X-rays have been measured in /sup 10/B to be 65901(13) eV and 1780(30) eV, and in /sup 11/B to be 65120(26) and 1720(80) eV. The sensitivity of the strong interaction shift to the neutron matter distributions has been investigated using an optical-model approach. The results of these calculations are not in good agreement with the experimental results when reasonable values of the nuclear matter distributions are used. (25 References).
A. Olin, J. W. Forsman, J. A. Macdonald, G. M. Marshall, T. Numao, P. R. Poffenberger, Esbroek P. Van, G. A. Beer, D. I. Britton, G. R. Mason, A. R. Kunselman, and BH. Olaniyi, "Pionic 4f-3d X-rays from /sup 208/Pb and /sup 209/Bi," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A439, no. 4, pp. 589--97, 1985.
Abstract: The X-ray energies and widths of the pionic 4f-3d and 5g-4f transitions have been measured in /sup 208/Pb and /sup 209/Bi. The 3d widths obtained are in reasonable agreement with theory, and do not support the anomalously small values previously reported. (17 References).
A. Olin and others, "Study of µ--Catalyzed fusion in pd mixtures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, pp. 163--170, 1999.
A. Olin, A. Adamczak, G. A. Beer, V. M. Bystritsky, M. Filipowicz, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, F. Mulhauser, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, V. A. Stolupin, J. Wozniak, and J. Zmeskal, "Study of mu -catalyzed fusion in H-D mixtures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 163--70, 1999.
Abstract: Muon-catalyzed fusion was first observed in the pd mu system, and remains a good test of our understanding of the underlying molecular and nuclear processes. In contrast to the dd mu and dt mu systems, no resonant behavior is expected, which considerably simplifies the dynamics. We will discuss data taken with solid H-D mixtures of 0.05%, 2%, 15% and 75% D/sub 2/. In these measurements we observed simultaneously muons from pd mu to mu +/sup 3/He and gamma s from pd mu to mu /sup 3/He+ gamma . A simulation code incorporating the relevant physics processes has been developed for the analysis of this data. Preliminary results are presented for the fusion and molecular formation rates. This new data stringently tests the currently-accepted fusion scheme. A new value of the astrophysical S-factor is derived. (18 References).
JGJ Olivier, M. Thies, and JH. Koch, "Anomalous widths in pionic atoms and the problem of s-wave repulsion," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A429, no. 3, pp. 477--88, 1984.
Abstract: An attempt is made to relate the anomalously small widths observed in the 3d levels of heavy pionic atoms to a property of the phenomenological pion-nucleus optical potential. Qualitatively, a strong enhancement of the repulsive s-wave potential inside the nucleus is required. This leads to a slower increase of the 3d widths with Z, without, however, producing saturation. The long-standing problem of the increased s-wave repulsion in low-energy pion-nucleus interactions thus becomes even more acute. (31 References).
K. Omidvar and HM. Eiserike, "Formation of the exotic atoms by high energy rearrangement collisions," in 8th International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions (Extended abstracts), (B. C. Cobic and MV. Kurepa, eds.), pp. 774--5, 1973.
Abstract: The formation of the 'exotic atoms' through the ion-atom or atom-atom collisions is considered. For the low energy collisions the methods of potential curve crossing have extensively been used to find the cross section. For the laboratory and cosmological problems it is also of interest to find the cross section as a dynamical variable of the incident energy and to carry out calculations for the intermediate and high impact energies. Knowledge about the formation of the arbitrary states of the exotic atoms is also of interest. A calculation in the Born approximation is undertaken for the following two processes: Charged particle-hydrogen-like atom collisions, and H+H to P/sub n/+P/sub s/ process. (2 References).
M. S. Onegin, Y. V. Petrov, E. G. Sakhnovsky, Y. M. Shabelski, V. V. Korshakov, V. G. Krasnoperov, and L. I. Ponomarev, "Mesocatalitical neutron source for testing of materials in a mirror trap with strong magnetic fields," Plasma Devices Oper., vol. 6, pp. 27-35, 1998.
Abstract: Proposals for the conceptual design of an intense source of 14 MeV neutrons based on the muon-catalyzed fusion (MCF) for fusion materials testing is presented. The results of the Monte-Carlo simulation of particle trajectories are given. In the case of mirror trap with strong fields in the source provides a flux of mono-energetic neutrons about Phi(n) = 1 x 10(14) n/sm(2) x s.
P. T. Ong and H. Stock, "Density oscillations due to pion condensation in pionic atoms," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 46A, no. 1, pp. 111-20, 1978.
Abstract: The assumption of the existence of pion condensation leads to the presence of oscillations in the density distribution of nuclear matter. The energy levels of pionic atoms are calculated by using an optical potential which takes into account these density oscillations. In this sense, the electromagnetic interaction plays an insignificant role; however, the energy shift due to the strong interaction depends mainly upon the parameters which are introduced for the oscillations. (15 References).
V. V. Orlov, G. E. Shatalov, and KB. Sherstnev, "Version of a hybrid reactor based on muon catalysis of the D-T reaction," Atomnaya Energiya, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 391--5, 1983.
Abstract: The regeneration of interest in the concept of a mu -meson catalysis (MC) of a nuclear fusion reaction in a 'cold' D-T mixture is due to the papers of Gershtein and Ponomarev (1977) who predicted a resonance mechanism for the formation of dt mu molecules. The high velocity of this process has been verified experimentally, and Petrov (1980), by means of estimate calculations showed the feasibility in principle of creating a system consisting of a hybrid MC-reactor and several nuclear reactors, and having approximately twice as good an energy balance by comparison with the similar electronuclear system. In this case, the design of a hybrid MC-reactor requires more detailed consideration. It is well known that new power concepts must possess a considerable 'margin of stability' because after the first usually idealized physical estimates they must first of all pass a successful approval at the stage of technical realization of the concept, and then demonstrate their economic applicability. The problem considered consists of estimating the energy balance of a hybrid MC-reactor, taking account, if only in general outline, of a number of factors associated with the technical application of this system. (8 References).
H. Orth, K-P Arnold, P. O. Egan, M. Gladisch, W. Jacobs, J. Vetter, W. Wahl, M. Wigand, V. W. Hughes, and Putlitz G. zu, "First observation of the ground-state hyperfine-structure resonance of the muonic helium atom," Physical Review Letters, vol. 45, no. 18, pp. 1483--6, 1980.
Abstract: The first measurement of the HFS interval Delta nu for the muonic helium atom (/sup 4/He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/e/sup -/)/sup 0/ is reported. In terms of its electronic structure, it is a heavy isotope of hydrogen. Polarized atoms are formed by stopping polarized negative muons in a helium-gas target at 19.4 atm with a 1.5% admixture of Xe. The ground-state HFS splitting Delta nu was measured through observation of a microwave magnetic-resonance transition at zero magnetic field. After correction for the HFS pressure shift, the authors determine Delta nu =4464.95(6) MHz (13 ppm). (17 References).
H. Orth, "Muonium and neutral muonic helium," in Present Status and Aims of Quantum Electrodynamics. Proceedings of the Symposium, (G. Graff, E. Klempt, and G. Werth, eds.), pp. 173--200, 1981.
Abstract: Muonium ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/) is the atom consisting of an electron and a positive muon, and neutral muonic helium ( alpha mu /sup -/e/sup -/) is the atom consisting of a negative muon bound toa /sup 4/He nucleus and a electron. These atoms are isotopes of hydrogen since each contains one electron and a positively charged muonic core. To study these simple atoms gives information of the electromagnetic interactions of two different leptons, testing the viewpoint that the muon behaves like a heavy electron. Measurements of the atomic structure can be compared to calculations very precisely and a value of the fine structure constant alpha can be determined. In addition the properties of both the positive and the negative muon such as the magnetic moment and the mass can be accurately measured by independent experiments. (37 References).
C. J. Orth, M. E. Schillaci, J. D. Knight, L. F. Mausner, R. A. Naumann, G. Schmidt, and H. Daniel, "Muonic Lyman X-ray intensities in pure elements," Physical Review A, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 876--80, 1982.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray intensity ratios (I(Ki)/I(K alpha )) have been measured for 21 pure elements in the range 4[left angle bracket]or=Z[left angle bracket]or=48. The cyclic variation of these ratios with Z is clearly seen to follow the pattern of the periodic table of the elements over this range. The product of I(K beta )/I(K alpha ) and nearest-neighbor distance in the pure-element lattices varies approximately linearly with Z within each period. (25 References).
H. Orth, "mu /sup -/SR-spectroscopy on light neutral muonic atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 19, no. 1-4, pp. 829--44, 1984.
Abstract: In the past few years mu /sup -/SR-spectroscopy has been successfully applied to the simple muonic atoms, namely muonic helium: He mu /sup -/e/sup -/. Here the theoretical and experimental progress in understanding this atomic system consisting of a nucleus, a muon and an electron is reviewed. The various effects contributing to the ground state hyperfine structure are explained. The experiments are described and are compared with the theoretical calculations. (22 References).
C. J. Orth, "$\mu ^-$SR--spectroscopy on light neutral muonic atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 17/19, pp. 829--844, 1984.
E. Oset, J. Nieves, and Recio C. Garcia, "Microscopic approach to pionic atoms and low-energy pion scattering," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 188--94, 1993.
Abstract: The authors briefly describe the microscopic theoretical ingredients which enter the evaluation of the pion self-energy in a nuclear medium, and then apply it to describe pionic atoms and low-energy pion-nucleus reactions. They also show that through a careful analysis one can use the data on pionic atoms to extract information on neutron distributions in nuclei. Finally, they describe a recent experimental proposal to detect deeply bound pionic states so far unobserved. (10 References).
E. Oset, de Cordoba P. Fernandez, H. C. Chiang, and SK. Singh, "Microscopic many body approach to inclusive weak reactions in nuclei," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 609-14, 1993.
Abstract: The authors present results for several inclusive reactions involving weak currents in nuclei: muon capture, tau capture and neutrino scattering. The widths and cross sections are calculated in infinite nuclear matter and translated into nuclei by means of the local density approximation. The technique has proved to be very reliable and allows one to perform accurate calculations of these magnitudes with a minimum of technical complications. Comparison with recent neutrino experiments is done. (13 References).
E. Oset, "New developments in pion-nuclear physics below and above the Delta region," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. 24, no. 10-11, pp. 1709--21, 1993.
Abstract: A brief review and discussion is made of a few topics concerning the pion-nucleus interaction at low energies and above the delta region. A many-body description of the pion nuclear optical potential at low energies is presented by means of which one obtains a fair reproduction of the data of pionic atoms, including the former 'anomalous atoms', and of the scattering data at low energies in all different reaction channels: elastic, quasielastic and absorption. A connection between the second order optical potential and the 'absorption contribution' to the double charge exchange process is made and results are shown for this latter reaction. Of particular interest is the application made of pionic atom data to extract information on neutron distributions in nuclei. At high energies we show some small but systematic discrepancies between theory and experiment which call for some explanation. On the other hand the former and large discrepancies between theory and experiment in single and double charge exchange find a natural explanation by means of the core polarization which renormalizes the isovector pi N scattering amplitude. (39 References).
E. Oset and J. Nieves, "Deeply bound pionic atoms: the story of an ongoing race," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 285--290, 1996.
V. N. Ostrovskii and VI. Ustimov, "Rotational relaxation of isotope-substituted molecules and excited complexes produced during muon catalysis," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 1228--38, 1980.
Abstract: The cross sections for electron-rotational transitions in collisions between isotope-substituted molecules and atomic particles are expressed within the framework of the adiabatic approximation in terms of the transition cross sections for the corresponding homonuclear molecules. The general formulas are employed to calculate the rate of rotational relaxation of excited complexes produced during muon catalysis of nuclear reactions. The relaxation rate is mainly determined by transitions involving an odd change in the rotational quantum number, such transitions being forbidden in homonuclear molecules. It is shown that in the experiments relaxation de-excitation of the complexes is more rapid than their breakup into the initial products, thus creating favorable conditions for the nuclear synthesis reaction. (21 References).
VN. Ostrovsky, "Mechanisms of the rearrangement processes in the dt mu system: Nonadiabatic transitions and interference effects," Physical Review A, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 032505/1-9, 2000.
Abstract: For the rearrangement process d mu (n/sub i/)+t to d+t mu (n/sub f/), results of high-precision numerical calculations for the zero total orbital momentum of the system are compared with those obtained from the analytical Demkov model. The latter is widely used in atomic collision theory to describe rearrangement processes with small energy defects. A specific feature of the studied system is that the energy defect has a purely isotopic nature. Muon transfer within the n/sub i/=n/sub f/=1 and n/sub i/=n/sub f/=2 manifolds is analyzed. In the latter case the natural reaction channels correspond to Stark states in the limit of separated atoms. Efficient transitions occur between Stark states with the muon cloud stretched toward (opposite to) the collision partner both in the initial and final states. An overall good agreement with accurate results sustains the relevance of the Demkov model for the studied process, and clarifies the reaction mechanisms. The interference effects strongly suppress the reaction probability within the n/sub i/=n/sub f/=1 manifold, and enhance it for n/sub i/=n/sub f/=2. Some intriguing although yet unexplained features of the interference phases are revealed and discussed: they are almost energy independent and close to integer multiples of 1/2 pi. (36 References).
E-W. Otten, "Coupling of muonic and electronic hyperfine structure in an atom," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 225, no. 5, pp. 393--406, 1969.
Abstract: In calculating the hyperfine structure interaction between a muonic atom and a valence electron, the former can be treated as a pseudonucleus of charge (Z-1), since its radius is very small as compared to that of the electronic wave function. The consequences of this concept are discussed in detail. The experimental possibility of rf-spectroscopy of this hyperfine structure is pointed out. It is based on the destruction of the beta -decay asymmetry of stopped polarized muons at resonance. Special attention is paid to the one-electron system (He/sup ++/ mu /sup -/)e/sup -/. (21 References).
EH. Ottewitte, "Efficient pion/muon production and use for muon-catalyzed fusion," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 158-62, 1984.
Abstract: The author looks at means of efficiently producing muons and introducing them into a muon-catalyzed fusion reactor. In general, the efficiency of pi /sup -/ production increases markedly near nucleon energies of 2 GeV/nucleon (compared to 500-800 MeV at present meson factories). Furthermore, pions created with sufficiently high energy in deuterium-tritium gas mixtures will decay to muons before they slow down enough to undergo atomic capture and subsequent parasitic nuclear capture. This might allow muon production and catalyzed fusion in the same chamber. (5 References).
H. Outa, "Exotic bound states of light hypernuclei," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 226--236, 1996.
D. A. Owen and WW. Repko, "Vacuum-polarization corrections to the hyperfine structure of the mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/ bound system," Physical Review A, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1570--2, 1972.
Abstract: The frequency shift Delta v due to vacuum polarization by electron pairs and hadrons is calculated for the hyperfine interval of the mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/ bound system. These corrections contribute at the part-per-thousand level and lead to a total triplet-singlet splitting of v+ Delta v=4.220*10/sup 7/ MHz. (7 References).
DA. Owen, "On quantum electrodynamics of two-particle bound states containing spinless particles," Foundations of Physics, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 273--96, 1994.
Abstract: We develop here the general treatment arising from the Bethe-Salpeter equation for a two-particle bound system in which at least one of the particles is spinless. It is shown that a natural two-component formalism can be formulated for describing the propagators of scalar particles. This leads to a formulation of the Bethe-Salpeter equation in a form very reminiscent of the fermion-fermion case. It is also shown, that using this two-component formulation for spinless particles, the perturbation theory can be systematically developed in a manner similar to that of fermions. Quantum electrodynamics for scalar particles is then developed in the two component formalism, and the problem of bound states, in which one of the constituent particles is spinless, is examined by means of the means of the Bethe-Salpeter equation. For this case, the Bethe-Salpeter equation is cast into a form which is convenient to perform a Foldy-Woutyhuysen transformation which we carry out, keeping the lowest-order relativistic corrections to the nonrelativistic equation. The results are compared with the corresponding fermion-fermion case. It is shown, as might have been expected, that the only spin-independent terms that occur for the fermion-fermion system which do not occur for bound scalar particle cases, is the zitterbewegung contribution. The relevance of the above considerations for systems that are essentially bound by electromagnetic interactions, such as kaonic hydrogen, is discussed. (14 References).
Z. Ozevich and A. Pikul'ski, "On corrections of the order alpha Z to the mu /sup -/ capture by C/sup 12/ nucleus," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1046--9, 1969.
Abstract: Results are presented of calculations of probability of the partial transition C/sup 12/ to B/sup 12/ to ground state of the B/sup 12/ nucleus with all the correction of the order alpha Z in the interaction Hamiltonian included. It is shown that at C/sub P/=8C/sub a/ the corrections contribute -10% to the transition probability and +2% to the Morita-Fujii (1960) result.
Z. Oziewicz and NP. Popov, "Gamma-gamma correlation in radiative nuclear muon capture," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 185-7, 1970.
Abstract: Summarizes calculations on the angular gamma- gamma correlation after radiative partial muon capture with daughter nucleus excitation mu /sup -/+/sup A/Z to /sup A/(Z-1)*+ nu + gamma /sub r/ /sup A/(Z-1)+ gamma /sub n/.
Z. Oziewicz, "On kinematics of three body decay: application to muon capture with neutron emission," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. B8, no. 7, pp. 563--9, 1977.
Abstract: The angular distributions in the three body decay followed by nuclear gamma radiation are analysed in a model independent way in terms of the corresponding helicity decay amplitudes. This analysis is applied to muon capture processes with neutron emission. Comparison of the giant dipole resonance model with the direct process is given. Many conclusions about separation of the nuclear and weak interactions can be easily found from the results. (9 References).
Z. Oziewicz, "Redistribution of the muon and nucleus polarizations due to the hyperfine interaction," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. B16, no. 10, pp. 959--62, 1985.
Abstract: The redistribution of the muon and nuclear polarizations in the 1s orbit of muonic atoms due to the hyperfine interaction is calculated for arbitrary nuclear spin. The results due to Hambro and Mukhopadhyay (1977) are corrected and generalized. (8 References).
Z. Oziewicz, "Spin-density operator for the interacting two-spins systems," Journal of Physics A-Mathematical & General, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 671--704, 1985.
Abstract: For the system of the two arbitrary spins on the K-shell the author derives the multipole expansions of the spin-density operator in terms of the total spin operator as well as in terms of the individual spin operators. The density operator is described by means of the truly independent set of parameters: the populations, degrees of orientation and the directions of orientation. For the case of the cylindrical symmetry, the degrees are expressed by means of the moments. The paper contains many examples which are important for applications in muon and nuclear physics. The results should serve for the phenomenological analysis of the decays of the muonic atoms and other nuclear reactions. The detailed discussion of the simplest model of the depolarisation due to the spin-spin hyperfine interaction is also included. (32 References).
Z. Oziewicz and N. Popov, "On T-violation in muon capture by oxygen," Physics Letters B, vol. 324, no. 1, pp. 10--13, 1994.
Abstract: Possible CP- and T-violation in muon capture are analyzed. With the help of the first forbidden nuclear muon capture both T-violating semileptonic weak interaction and T-violating nuclear forces can be investigated. As follows from our calculations only one phase of possible T-violating nuclear forces is important in muon capture by O/sup 16/. (28 References).
K. Pachucki, "Complete two--loop binding correction to the Lamb Shift," Physical Review Letters, vol. 72, pp. 3154--3157, 1994.
K. Pachucki and others, "Theory of the energy levels and precise two--photon spectroscopy of atomic hydrogen and deuterium," Journal of Physics B, vol. 29, pp. 177--195, 1996.
K. Pachucki, "Theory of the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 2092--100, 1996.
Abstract: Muonic hydrogen ( mu H) is a unique tool to study the low-energy properties of the proton form factors. The energy levels of mu H are very sensitive to QED, recoil, and proton finite-size effects. We calculate the corrections to the Lamb shift and also to the fine and hyperfine structures that contribute at the 0.01 meV precision level. This result may allow for the precise determination of the proton charge radius from measurements of the 2P-2S transition energy in mu H. A more accurate value for the proton radius is necessary for further improvements of QED tests based on the hydrogen atom. (22 References).
K. Pachucki and S. G. Karshenboim, "Complete result for positronium energy levels at order $\alpha ^6$m," hep--ph Preprint, vol. 9709387, 1997.
K. Pachucki, "Effective hamiltonian approach to the bound state: positronium hyperfine structure," pra, vol. 56, pp. 297--304, 1997.
K. Pachucki and S. G. Karshenboim, "Higher--order recoil corrections to energy levels of two--body systems," Physical Review A, vol. 60, pp. 2792--2798, 1999.
K. Pachucki, "Proton structure effects in muonic hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 3593--8, 1999.
Abstract: Proton structure effects, including finite size, polarizability, and self-energy are considered and their influence on energy levels of muonic hydrogen is recalculated. A theoretical prediction for the Lamb shift is presented together with improved values of all known QED contributions for muonic hydrogen. This would allow for the substantial improvement of the proton charge radius determination. (17 References).
K. Pachucki, "Improved result for helium $2^3 S_1$ ionization energy," Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, pp. 4561--4564, 2000.
K. Pachucki and J. Sapirstein, "Relativistic and QED corrections to the polarizability of helium," Physical Review A, vol. 63, 2000.
K. Pachucki, "Hyperfine structure of muonic helium," Physical Review A, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 032508/1-2, 2001.
Abstract: The hyperfine structure of ground-state muonic helium is calculated numerically using the variational approach. Comparison to former theoretical and experimental results is made and prospects for the high-precision determination of related physical constants are drawn. (11 References).
M. A. Paciotti, O. K. Baker, J. N. Bradbury, J. S. Cohen, M. Leon, H. R. Maltrud, L. L. Sturgess, S. E. Jones, P. Li, L. M. Rees, E. V. Sheely, J. K. Shurtleff, S. F. Taylor, A. N. Anderson, A. J. Caffrey, J. M. Zabriskie, F. D. Brooks, W. A. Cilliers, J. D. Davies, JBA England, G. J. Pyle, GTA Squier, A. Bertin, M. Bruschi, M. Piccinini, A. Vitale, A. Zoccoli, V. R. Bom, Eijk CWE van, Haan H. de, and GH. Eaton, "First direct measurement of alpha - mu sticking in dt- mu CF," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 38-51, 1988.
Abstract: Both ( alpha mu )/sup +/ and alpha particles have been observed in coincidence with fusion neutrons in a gaseous D-T target at 2.8*10/sup -3/ liquid-hydrogen density. The initial muon sticking probability in muon-catalyzed d-t fusion, measured directly for the first time, is (0.80+or-0.15+or-0.12 systematic)% in agreement with 'standard' theoretical calculations. However, this measured value does not support those theories that invoke special mechanisms to alter the initial sticking value. (33 References).
RT. Pack, "Adiabatic theory of symmetry breaking and dipole moments of isotopic molecules. Correct dissociation of their electronic and muonic ions," Physical Review A, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 2022--9, 1985.
Abstract: To calculate the nonzero dipole moment of isotopic molecules such as HD or the correct dissociation limit of ions such as HD/sup +/ via the usual approach requires cumbersome, expansive nonadiabatic corrections to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Such a complication is herein shown unnecessary; the 'best adiabatic' approximation of Pack and Hirschfelder (J. Chem. Phys. 52, 521 (1970)) provides a single straightforward formalism which gives such effects correctly and yet retains the potential energy curve concept. Simple example calculations show the size of these symmetry-breaking effects to be at the level of high-resolution spectroscopy for HD/sup +/ but very large in ions such as dt mu , which contains a deuteron, a triton, and a negative muon. (25 References).
N. T. Padial, J. S. Cohen, and M. Leon, "Impact broadening of the dt mu formation resonances," Physical Review A, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 1172--6, 1988.
Abstract: The density dependence of dt mu molecular formation has been treated as a line-broadening process in the impact approximation. In the present paper, elastic cross sections and their coherent difference are calculated for D/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ and (dt mu )dee+D/sub 2/ collisions. Together with the rotationally inelastic cross sections previously calculated (ibid., vol.37, p.329 (1988)) using the same accurate intermolecular potential, this provides all cross sections needed for evaluation of the width in the impact approximation. The impact width is dominated by elastic scattering and, at the temperature 23 K and liquid-hydrogen density, has the value 14 meV, which is more than three times the previously calculated value. (13 References).
N. T. Padial, J. S. Cohen, and RB. Walker, "Rotational transitions in compound muonic molecules," Physical Review A, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 329--39, 1988.
Abstract: Cross sections and rate constants are calculated for collision-induced rotational transitions of compound muonic molecules, which determine relaxation rates important to muon-catalyzed fusion processes. The interaction potential is derived from the H/sub 2/-H/sub 2/ potential, and the R-matrix propagation method is used to solve the set of coupled collisional equations for the systems D/sub 2/+((dt mu )dee), D/sub 2/+((dd mu )dee), T/sub 2/+((dt mu )dee), D/sub 2/+((dt mu )tee), and H/sub 2/+((dd mu )pee). Calculations are also done on H/sub 2/+HD and D/sub 2/+HD for comparison with previous work. (24 References).
H. Paganetti, P. David, H. Hanscheid, J. Konijn, Laat CTAM de, W. Lourens, F. Risse, C. Rosel, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, and A. Taal, "Muon capture on heavy nuclei/the reactions ( mu /sup -/, f/sub 1/f/sub 2/) and ( mu /sup -/, gamma gamma ) on /sup 209/Bi," Psi Nuclear & Particle Physics Newsletter, vol. 49, no. , 1991.
Abstract: Lifschitz and Singer 1988 have shown that, apart from the main process of muon absorption on a single quasi-free proton, muon capture on two nucleons accounts for 4-9% of the experimental rate of the capture probability. Muon capture on two nucleons, correlated via meson exchange currents (MEC), leads to a large energy transfer in the final nuclear state. (6 References).
H. Paganetti, P. David, H. Hanscheid, J. Konijn, Laat CTAM de, W. Lourens, F. Risse, C. Rosel, L. A. Schaller, and A. Taal, "Delayed muon induced fission of /sup 209/Bi and the role of meson-exchange currents," Zeitschrift fur Physik A-Hadrons & Nuclei, vol. 343, no. 1, pp. 113--18, 1992.
Abstract: The probability for delayed muon induced fission of /sup 209/Bi has been determined from a ( mu /sup -/,f/sub 1/f/sub 2/) measurement. The measured fission probability P/sub f/=(4.2+or-0.7)*10/sup -5/ is compared with theoretical predictions. The high fission threshold reaction seems well suited for studying the influence of two-body meson-exchange currents in nuclear muon capture. (38 References).
H. Paganetti, P. David, H. Hanscheid, J. Konijn, Laat CTAM de, W. Lourens, F. Risse, Ch Rosel, L. A. Schaller, and A. Taal, "Radiationless transition probabilities in muonic /sup 209/Bi," Zeitschrift fur Physik A-Hadrons & Nuclei, vol. 342, no. 2, pp. 245--6, 1992.
Abstract: The probability for non-radiative (n.r.) excitations in muonic /sup 209/Bi was determined from a ( mu -, gamma gamma )- measurement by comparing the intensities of muonic X-ray transitions in single and coincidence spectra. The values of P/sub n.r./(3p to 1s)=(17.9+or-2.0)% and P/sub n.r./(3d to 1s)=(3.0+or-2.2)% were measured for the first time. The strength of the n.r. decay of the 2p-level was found to be (4.2+or-2.2)%. The n.r. transition probabilities of two subcomplexes of the (2p to 1s)-transition leading to different mean excitation energies are (3.2+or-1.8)% and (5.0+or-2.0)%, respectively. (16 References).
L. Palffy, J. P. Deutsch, L. Grenacs, J. Lehmann, and M. Steels, "Comparison of the /sup 16/N/sup m/(O/sup -/) beta -decay rate with the inverse muon-capture rate: the induced pseudoscalar form factor in nuclei," Physical Review Letters, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 212--15, 1975.
Abstract: An experiment to measure the rate lambda /sub beta / of the weak decay /sup 16/N/sup m/(O/sup -/, 120 keV) to /sup 16/O(O/sup +/, g.s.)+ beta /sup -/+ nu is described. The results are combined with the rate lambda /sub mu / for the inverse reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 16/O(O/sup +/, g.s.) to /sup 16/N/sup m/(O/sup -/, 120 keV)+ nu mu to yield a value for g/sub p/ the inverse-pseudoscalar form factor. The result suggests an upward renormalisation. (20 References).
M. Palomba, G. D'Erasmo, and A. Pantaleo, "The Monte Carlo code CSSE for the simulation of realistic thermal neutron sensor devices for Humanitarian Demining," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 498, pp. 384-396, 2003.
Abstract: The CSSE code, a GEANT3-based Monte Carlo simulation program, has been developed in the framework of the EXPLODET project (Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 422 (1999) 9 18) with the aim to simulate experimental set-ups employed in Thermal Neutron Analysis (TNA) for the landmines detection. Such a simulation code appears to be useful for studying the background in the gamma-ray spectra obtained with this technique, especially in the region where one expects to find the explosive signature (the gamma-ray peak at 10.83 MeV coming from neutron capture by nitrogen). The main features of the CSSE code are introduced and original innovations emphasized. Among the latter, an algorithm simulating the time correlation between primary particles, according with their time distributions is presented. Such a correlation is not usually achievable within standard GEANT-based codes and allows to reproduce some important phenomena, as the pulse pile-up inside the NaI(Tl) gamma-ray detector employed, producing a more realistic detector response simulation. CSSE has been successfully tested by reproducing a real nuclear sensor prototype assembled at the Physics Department of Bari University. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
J. J. Pan, M. Senba, D. J. Arseneau, J. R. Kempton, D. G. Fleming, S. Baer, A. C. Gonzalez, and R. Snooks, "Muonium atom spin exchange with alkali-metal vapors: Mu+Cs," Physical Review A, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 1218--26, 1993.
Abstract: The thermally averaged total electron spin-flip cross sections ( sigma /sub SF/) for Mu-Cs have been measured in a 2 atm, N/sub 2/ moderator, at 543, 566, and 643 K using the muon-spin-rotation technique. Within an overall experimental error of +or-15%, the measured cross sections can be taken as temperature independent, sigma /sub SF/=39.7+or-6.0+or-10/sup -16/cm/sup 2/, though there may be a trend to decreased values at the lower temperatures. This average value is considerably lower than either the early calculated results of Dalgarno and Rudge (Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 286, 519 (1965)) or the more recent ones of Coles and Olson (Phys. Rev. A 31, 3137 (1985)) for the corresponding H-Cs collisions, indicating a dramatic isotope effect. (55 References).
J. J. Pan, D. G. Fleming, M. Senba, D. J. Arseneau, R. Snooks, S. Baer, M. Shelley, P. W. Percival, J. C. Brodovitch, B. Addison-Jones, S. Wlodek, and SFJ. Cox, "Spin relaxation of muonated radicals in the gas phase," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 87, no. 1-4, pp. 865--70, 1994.
Abstract: We report on recent results obtained for longitudinal field (T/sub 1/) spin relaxation of the muonium-substituted ({"}muonated{"}) free radicals MuCO, MuC/sub 2/F/sub 4/, MuC/sub 2/H/sub 3/F, and MuC/sub 4/H/sub 8/ (t-butyl), comparing with results reported earlier for MuC/sub 2/H/sub 4/ (and MuC/sub 2/D/sub 4/). Some comparison with transverse field (T/sub 2/) data is also given. These data are fitted to a phenomenological model based on NMR theory of spin relaxation in gases. The parameters of these fits are presented and discussed. (16 References).
J. J. Pan, D. J. Arseneau, M. Senba, M. Shelley, and DG. Fleming, "Addition reactions and longitudinal field spin relaxation of small radicals in gases: Mu+CO and Mu+N/sub 2/O," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 106, no. 1-4, pp. 181--6, 1997.
Abstract: Muon spin relaxation has been measured in longitudinal magnetic fields for Mu+CO and Mu+N/sub 2/O reactions. The interpretation of the results for these small molecules, which are quite different than those obtained in larger molecule systems (e.g., Mu-ethyl and Mu-t-butyl radicals), are made with the phenomenological model for Mu-radical spin relaxation previously proposed. Proper fitting procedures are important in these cases and are discussed in the present paper. (15 References).
P. Papatzacos, "The Z/sup 2/ alpha /sup 4/ correction to the transition energy in muonic X-rays," Arkiv for Det Fysiske Seminar i Trondheim, no.4, 1975, pp.1-7, vol. 4, no. , pp. 1-7, 1975.
Abstract: An approximate calculation of the Z/sup 2/ alpha /sup 4/ correction to the transition energies in muonic atoms confirms the earlier results of Chen (see Phys. Rev. Lett., vol.34, p.341, 1975). (3 References).
P. Papatzacos, "The large-distance behaviour of the virtual Delbruck effect," Physica Scripta, vol. 14, no. 1-2, pp. 15--18, 1976.
Abstract: It is found that, when the distance from a nucleus is large compared to the electron Compton wave length, the virtual Delbruck effect is equivalent to a potential. The analytic expression for this potential is given in coordinate space. An expression is found for the electric polarizability of the vacuum around a charged point particle. (22 References).
F. Parmigiani and PG. Sona, "Theoretical considerations on the cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica D-Condensed Matter Atomic Molecular & Chemical Physics Fluids Plasmas Biophysics, vol. 11D, no. 6, pp. 913-19, 1989.
Abstract: This paper shows that a pseudomesic molecule with two negative quasi-particles of few electron masses could give rise to cold fusion rates comparable with those recently observed. It is also shown that such a condition can be easily reached in Pd-D/sub x/, with x[right angle bracket]1 via an 1s-4d orbital hybridization. When these two bands are coupled, electrons involved in the Pd-D-D bonds could have effective mass as large as about 20 m/sub e/. This result can explain the observed fusion rates in condensed matter. (15 References).
Z. Parsa, "Muon sources," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 831-40, 2000.
Abstract: A full high energy muon collider may take considerable time to realize. However, intermediate steps in its direction are possible and could help facilitate the process. Employing an intense muon source to carry out forefront low energy research, such as the search for muon number nonconservation, represents one interesting possibility. For example, the MECO proposal at BNL aims for 2*10/sup -17/ sensitivity in their search for coherent muon electron conversion in the field of a nucleus. To reach that goal requires the production, capture and stopping of muons at an unprecedented 10/sup 11/ mu /sec. If successful, such an effort would significantly advance the state of muon technology. More ambitious ideas for utilizing high intensity muon sources are also being explored. Building a muon storage ring for the purpose of providing intense high energy neutrino beams is particularly exciting. We present an overview of muon sources and example of a muon storage ring based neutrino factory at BNL with various detector location possibilities. (33 References).
A. Partensky and C. Thevenet, "Hyperfine structure of /sup 17/o pi-mesic atom," Physics Letters B, vol. 56b, no. 3, pp. 258--62, 1975.
Abstract: The optical potential which describes the strong interaction between the pion and the nucleus contains a spin dependent term which gives rise to a hyperfine level splitting. This effect has been investigated in /sup 17/o. It is small and mixed with the electromagnetic hyperfine effects. Nevertheless it may induce an observable broadening of the 2p level of the pi mesic atom. (8 References).
R. Parthasarathy, "Supermultiplet breaking in nuclear muon capture," Journal de Physique I, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 1063--6, 1975.
Abstract: Supermultiplet symmetry is broken in the muon capture by /sup 40/Ca with the emission of neutrons when the final state interaction is taken into account. This breaking of symmetry is attributed to the spin-orbit term in the optical potential and is found to be large at lower neutron energies ([left angle bracket]30 MeV). However, it is found that high energy neutrons seem to be unaffected by the spin-orbit interaction, and the symmetry is good in this case. (17 References).
R. Parthasarathy, "Neutron spectrum in muon capture by /sup 40/Ca," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 3, no. 8, pp. L185-8, 1977.
Abstract: A new simple-pole model for muon capture by /sup 40/Ca with emission of neutrons is suggested, in close analogy with radiative pion capture, and the calculated energy spectrum of the emitted neutron agrees well with the experimental results of the Columbia group for higher neutron energies. (10 References).
R. Parthasarathy and VN. Sridhar, "Gamma-neutrino angular correlation in muon capture by /sup 28/Si," Physical Review C, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1796--802, 1978.
Abstract: The theory of gamma -neutrino angular correlation in nuclear muon capture is developed using the density matrix technique. A closed expression for the correlation coefficient, for unpolarized muon capture and including relativistic terms, is obtained in the particle-hole model for the nucleus. An interesting relation between the correlation coefficient and the longitudinal polarization of the recoil nucleus in muon capture is established. This relation is independent of nuclear models and the muon capture coupling constants, and its importance in connection with time-reversal invariance is pointed out. Utilizing the close analogy between muon capture and inelastic electron scattering, the numerical results for the process mu /sup -/+/sup 28/Si(0/sup +/) to /sup 28/Al*(1/sup +/)+ nu /sub mu /, /sup 28/Al*(1/sup +/) to /sup 28/Al(0/sup +/)+ gamma are presented. It is found that the correlation coefficient is extremely sensitive to the nuclear model, contrary to common belief, and also sensitive to the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant in muon capture. The results are compared with the available experimental data and a range for g/sub P//g/sub A/ is obtained as 3[left angle bracket]g/sub P//g/sub A/[left angle bracket]20, in agreement with other predictions, indicating a remote possibility of the quenching of g/sub P/ due to virtual pion effects in the A=28 system. With the 'canonical' value for g/sub P/, the results give g/sub T//g/sub A/=+4.5+or-7.5 due to the large uncertainty in the experimental data. (32 References).
R. Parthasarathy and VN. Sridhar, "Quenching of the Cabibbo angle and total muon capture rates," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 1606--9, 1978.
Abstract: The results of the calculations of the total muon capture rates in heavy nuclei taking into account the hyperfine effects and nucleon-velocity terms in the muon capture Hamiltonian are presented along with the experimental data to test the Salam-Strathdee (1975) idea of vanishing of the Cabibbo angle at large electromagnetic fields. It is shown that for heavy nuclei, both the above corrections are negligible and hence the anomalous capture rates on /sup 93/Nb, /sup 235/U, and /sup 239/Pu could be largely due to the vanishing of the Cabibbo angle. (11 References).
R. Parthasarathy, "On weak from factors in nuclear muon capture," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. B9, no. 6, pp. 483--9, 1978.
Abstract: The roles of the various weak hadronic form factors in the ground to ground state transition rate and the recoil polarization in muon capture by /sup 12/C and /sup 16/O are analysed using best available nuclear wave functions and compared with the conventional Fujii-Primakoff approximation. It is concluded that the recoil nuclear polarization of /sup 12/B(1/sup +/) can safely be used to examine the induced pseudoscalar and tensor form factors. A plausible value for the induced tensor form factor is obtained by comparing with the experimental value for the /sup 12/B(1/sup +/) average polarization and is in agreement with the recent beta -decay experimental results. (15 References).
R. Parthasarathy and YR. Waghmare, "Effect of correlations on nuclear muon capture," Pramana-Journal of Physics, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 457--73, 1979.
Abstract: The process mu /sup -/+/sup 12/C to /sup 12/B+ nu /sub mu / is studied using the modified Hartree Fock wavefunction obtained with the unitary-model-approach starting from the realistic hardcore nucleon-nucleon interaction, with the aim of testing the wavefunctions and obtaining a numerical value for the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant (g/sub P/). These observables, namely, the partial capture rate to the /sup 12/B(1/sup +/; g.s.), its recoil nuclear polarisation and the total capture rate, which exhaust the available experimental data in the above process have been calculated and compared with the other theoretical and experimental results. The effect of strong configuration mixing in the ground state of /sup 12/C is taken into account by introducing a scale factor. The /sup 12/B(1/sup +/; g.s) recoil polarisation is found to be insensitive and the total capture rate is found to be sensitive to the use of the unitary-model-operator-approach wave functions which contain the effect of nucleon-nucleon short range correlations. (43 References).
R. Parthasarathy and VN. Sridhar, "A note on the induced pseudo-scalar coupling constant in mu /sup -/+/sup 12/C(g.s) to /sup 12/B(1/sup +/,g.s)+ nu /sub mu /," Physics Letters B, vol. 82B, no. 2, pp. 167--9, 1979.
Abstract: The sum of the induced pseudo-scalar g/sub P/ and the second-class induced tensor g/sub T/ couplings in muon capture is found to be (g/sub P/+g/sub T/)/g/sub A/=(13.3+1.8) by comparing with recent data on the recoil polarisation of /sup 12/B(1/sup +/) in the mu /sup -/+/sup 12/C to /sup 12/B+ nu /sub mu / process, even after taking into account the corrections due to the gamma decay of the excited states of /sup 12/B to /sup 12/B(1/sup +/;g.s.). With the canonical value for g/sub P/ and in the absence of meson exchange effects, results indicate a large positive value for g/sub T/ which is in strong contradiction with the conclusion of the Louvain-Saclay-ETH experiment. (16 References).
R. Parthasarathy and VN. Sridhar, "Effect of meson exchange corrections on allowed muon capture," Physics Letters B, vol. 106B, no. 5, pp. 363--6, 1981.
Abstract: Corrections to the impulse approximation calculation of the gamma - nu angular correlation coefficient and recoil nuclear polarization in allowed muon capture transitions, arising from meson exchange effects, are studied and the value for the induced pseudoscalar coupling consistent with both observables is found to be (13.3+3)g/sub A/, to a large extent free from nuclear wave function uncertainties. (15 References).
R. Parthasarathy and VN. Sridhar, "Gamma-neutrino angular correlations in muon capture by /sup 28/Si. II," Physical Review C, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 861--8, 1981.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.C18, p.1796 (1978). The authors report here the results of the numerical calculations of the gamma-neutrino angular correlation coefficients in the capture of polarized muons by the /sup 28/Si nucleus. Closed expressions for these coefficients are derived taking into account the relativistic terms in the muon capture Hamiltonian, in the impulse approximation. Relations among these coefficients, the average and the longitudinal polarization of the recoil nucleus in muon capture, are derived and are shown to be independent of nuclear models and muon-capture coupling constants. By comparing with experimental data, they obtain a value for the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant g/sub p/, as (13.5+3.5,-5.5)g/sub A/, indicating a possible absence of quenching of g/sub p/ in the /sup 28/Si nucleus. The effect of meson exchange currents on these correlation coefficients are discussed. (31 References).
R. Parthasarathy and VN. Sridhar, "Muon capture form factors in vector dominance model," in Nuclear Physics and Solid State Physics Symposium (papers in summary form only received), 1983.
Abstract: Using the generalized vector dominance model, the strong interaction induced weak hadronic form factors in muon capture have been calculated and in particular the second class axial vector form factor is discussed.
P. Pascual and A. Fujii, "Elementary-particle approach to some nuclear pion reactions," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. Feb., no. , pp. 411-20, 1970.
Abstract: An elementary-particle approach is applied to the nuclear pionic pion capture and charge-exchange pion-nucleus scattering under the soft-pion hypothesis. A relation between the muon capture, radiative pion capture and pionic capture is discussed.
P. Pascual, "Muon capture in hydrogen: radiative corrections," Anales de Fisica, vol. 67, no. 5/6, pp. 197--211, 1971.
Abstract: A calculation of muon capture rate in hydrogen is presented, taking into account the radiative corrections and radiative muon capture in both hyperfine states. (24 References).
P. Pascual, R. Tarrach, and F. Vidal, "Muon capture in deuterium," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 12A, no. 1, pp. 241-8, 1972.
Abstract: The muon capture in deuterium is studied by means of the impulse approximation with relativistic corrections. The deuteron is described by means of the S- and D-wave. (11 References).
P. Pascual, "Elementary particle approach to beta -decay and muon capture in the A=12 nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A300, no. 2, pp. 253--64, 1978.
Abstract: A test of CVC is presented for the nuclear system A=12 based on the f tau /sub 1/2/ value of the beta /sup -/ decay of /sup 12/B, the muon capture rate on /sup 12/C and the average nuclear polarisation of the recoiling nucleus in this last process. The nuclei are treated as elementary particles and in this way all problems related to the calculation of nuclear matrix elements are avoided. Furthermore these experimental values and the use of PCAC allow one to draw some conclusions on the shape factor slope and asymmetry parameter of the beta /sup -/ decay of /sup 12/B. (29 References).
SH. Patil, "The scattering of e/sup -/ by the mu /sup -/p ground state," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1115--20, 1982.
Abstract: The scattering amplitude for the scattering of e/sup -/ by the mu /sup -/p ground state is analysed by carrying out an expansion in powers of m/sub e//m/sub mu /. The analysis includes corrections due to the finite mass of the proton. The first two terms in the series provide the bounds -1.718*10/sup -13/ cm[left angle bracket]or=a[left angle bracket]or=-1.677*10/sup -13/ cm for the scattering length, with corrections of order m/sub e//m/sub mu /. The dependence of the differential cross section on the scattering angle, though small, is not insignificant. (2 References).
F. S. Pavone, F. Marin, P. De Natale, M. Inguscio, and F. Biraben, "First pure frequency measurement of an optical transition in helium: Lamb shift of the $2^3S_1$ metastable level," Physical Review Letters, vol. 73, pp. 42--45, 1994.
"Review of Particle Physics," Physical Review D, vol. 54, pp. 1--720, 1996.
"Review of Particle Physics," European Physical Journal C, vol. 3, pp. 1--794, 1998.
"Review of Particle Physics," European Physical Journal C, vol. 15, pp. 1--794, 2000.
A. Peacock and others, "Performance characteristics of a gas scintillation spectrometer for x--ray astronomy," Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 169, pp. 613--625, 1980.
R. M. Pearce, H. Backe, R. Engfer, U. Jahnke, E. Kankeleit, K. H. Lindenberger, C. Petitjean, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, W. V. Schroder, and HK. Walter, "Nuclear charge distribution and polarization in mu Tl," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 44, no. 5, 1971.
Abstract: Abstract only given as follows. The sizes of the nuclei /sup 203/Tl and /sup 205/Tl have been determined from five accurately measured muonic X-rays, and by solving the Dirac equation with an assumed Fermi-type charge distribution. The observed weak transitions 2s/sub 1/2/ to 2p/sub 1/2/, 3p/sub 3/2/ to 2s/sub 1/2/ and 3p/sub 1/2/ to 2s/sub 1/2/ are particularly useful, since their energies have different functional dependence on the parameters of the charge distribution than do the transitions involving the 1s/sub 1/2/ level. A large polarization of the nucleus by the 1s muon would make it impossible to include the 2p to 1s transition in the fit to the nuclear parameters. The existence of this polarization is discussed. Isotope shift data are given.
R. M. Pearce, G. A. Beer, M. S. Dixit, S. K. Kim, J. A. Macdonald, G. R. Mason, A. Olin, C. Sabev, W. C. Sperry, and C. Wiegand, "The variation of pionic X-ray intensity with atomic number," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 2084--92, 1979.
Abstract: Pionic X-ray intensities have been measured for 57 elemental targets. For each transition, in addition to the broad maximum as a function of Z expected from the Auger effect and the strong absorption, local intensity maxima are observed near Z values of closed atomic shells. (24 References).
DC. Peaslee, "Elementary particle scattering lengths and resonances," Australian Journal of Physics, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 13--20, 1974.
Abstract: An investigation is made of the relation between scattering lengths and resonances in a two-nucleon system. For resonances E/sub 0/ near zero energy the usual determination of an effective optical potential in mesonic atoms is limited, and it is shown here that the scattering length can only be represented usefully as a sum over resonances of the compound system if the condition mod E/sub 0/ mod D mod [right angle bracket][right angle bracket]( rho Omega /sub 0/)/sup 1/2/ is satisfied, where D is the average spacing of s-wave states, rho the density of target nucleons and Omega /sub 0/ the Compton volume of the reduced system. This condition is seen to be valid for pi pi , pi K and KK interactions and these systems are considered in some detail. It is shown that knowledge of the level shifts of each of these examples can help resolve present uncertainties in associated boson structure. (17 References).
E. Pedretti, "Some introductory notes on the problem of nuclear energy by controlled fusion reactions," Vuoto: Scienza e Tecnologia, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 79--152, 1988.
Abstract: Written for scientists and technologists interested in, but unfamiliar with nuclear energy by controlled fusion reactions, this 'sui generis' review paper attempts to provide the reader, as shortly as possible, with a general idea of the main issues at stake in nuclear fusion research. With the purpose of keeping this paper within a reasonable length, the various subjects are only outlined in their essence, basic features, underlying principles, etc., without entering into details, which are left to the quoted literature. Vacuum problems and/or aspects of fusion research anyhow related with vacuum science and technology are evidentiated. After reviewing fusion reactions' cross sections, fusion by accelerators and muon catalyzed fusion are described, followed by mention of Lawson's criteria and of plasma confinement features. Then, inertial confinement fusion is dealt with, also including one example of laser system (Nova), one of accelerator facility (PBFA-II) and some guesses on the classified Centurion-Halite program. Magnetic confinement fusion research is also reviewed, in particular reporting one example of linear machine (MFTF-B), two examples of toroidal machines other than Tokamak (ATF and Eta-Beta-II) and various examples of Tokamaks, including PBX and PBX-M: TFTR, JET, JT-60, T-15 and Tore-Supra (large machines); Alcator A, FT, Alcator C/MTX, Alcator C-Mod and T-14 (compact high field machines). Tokamaks under design for ignition experiments (Ignitor, CIT, Ignitex and NET) are also illustrated. Thermal conversion of fusion power and direct generation of electricity are mentioned; conceptual design of fusion power plants are considered and illustrated by four examples (STARFIRE, WILDCAT, MARS and CASCADE). The D/sup 3/He fuel cycle is discussed as an alternative more acceptable than deuterium-tritium, and the Candor proposal is reported. After recalling past experience of the fission power development, some conclusions are drawn and some possible evolutions are envisioned. (191 References).
Li Pei-Jin, Tan Zhen-Qiang, and Wu. Chong-En, "Weak decays of polarised muonium and polarised pionium," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 525--34, 1988.
Abstract: Using the theory of weak interactions, several decay channels of muonium ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/)/sub JM/ (J=0, 1) and pionium ( pi /sup +/e/sup -/)/sub 1/2M/ with zero orbital angular momentum are calculated systematically. The decay probabilities, the angular distributions, the selection rules and the energy spectra are obtained. (13 References).
FM. Pen'kov, "Nuclear transitions from molecular resonances," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1003--10, 1997.
Abstract: The relation between the wave functions of narrow resonances and scattering wave functions is considered. The rates of nuclear transitions are determined, and the Jackson formula for molecular resonances is generalized. The rates of nuclear reactions occurring from the /sup 3/He- mu -d resonance are estimated. (16 References).
G. Penn, "Muon capture and cooling dynamics, capture in solenoidal channels," in PACS2001. Proceedings of the 2001 Particle Accelerator Conference (Cat. No.01CH37268), (P. Lucas and S. Webber, eds.), pp. 132-6, 2001.
Abstract: Ionization cooling is a crucial component of either a muon collider or a neutrino factory based on muon decays. It determines the number of muons, per proton on target, that fall into the acceptance of the accelerator and storage ring. Current studies of cooling channels predominantly use simulations which track many particles, an often time consuming procedure. Analytic models [K.-J. Kim and C.X. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(4):760-763; G. Penn and J.S. Wurtele, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85(4):764-767] using equations for the beam moments have been developed. These dynamic equations, similar to the Courant-Snyder description of quadrupole focusing, incorporate the basic aspects of ionization cooling: energy loss and scattering in material, acceleration by radio frequency (RF) cavities, and focusing in solenoid magnets. The moments method is compared to simulations and shown to provide for a reasonable prediction of the percentage of muons captured within a defined lattice acceptance, which is the figure of merit that is customarily used for evaluating the performance of cooling channels in simulations. The moments method is used to evaluate the impact on channel performance of engineering constraints and beam structure. (10 References).
P. W. Percival and J. Hochmann, "Formation of muonic radicals," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 421--4, 1979.
Abstract: Intensities of muonic radical spectra are compared with theoretical predictions to determine whether the radicals form epithermally or via thermal muonium. (5 References).
P. W. Percival, R. F. Kiefl, R. Kreitzman, D. M. Garner, SFJ Cox, G. M. Luke, J. H. Brewer, K. Nishiyama, and K. Venkateswaran, "Muon level-crossing spectroscopy of organic free radicals," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 133, no. 6, pp. 465--70, 1987.
Abstract: Muon level-crossing spectroscopy has been applied to the study of muonium-substituted radicals formed in liquid benzene, hexadeuterobenzene, furan, 2-methylpropene, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene, and gaseous ethene. The magnitudes and signs of the proton and deuteron hyperfine constants are reported, and are discussed in terms of isotope effects and intramolecular motion. (34 References).
P. W. Percival, J-C Brodovitch, Leung Siu-Keung, D. Yu, R. F. Kiefl, D. M. Garner, D. J. Arseneau, D. G. Fleming, A. Gonzalez, J. R. Kempton, M. Senba, K. Venkateswaran, and SFJ. Cox, "Hyperfine constants for the ethyl radical in the gas phase," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 163, no. 2-3, pp. 241--5, 1989.
Abstract: Muon spin rotation and level-crossing spectroscopy have been used to measure the muon, proton, deuteron and /sup 13/C hyperfine coupling constants for the isotopically substituted ethyl radicals CH/sub 2/CH/sub 2/Mu, CD/sub 2/CD/sub 2/Mu and /sup 13/CH/sub 2//sup 13/CH/sub 2/Mn in the gas phase. (17 References).
P. W. Percival and S. Wlodek, "The structure of C/sub 60/Mu and other fullerenyl radicals," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 196, no. 3-4, pp. 317--20, 1992.
Abstract: The structures of the radicals exo-C/sub 60/Mu, endo-C/sub 60/Mu, and (Mu@C/sub 60/) are discussed, with particular reference to the spin distribution of the unpaired electron in the most stable isomer (exo). The magnitude of the measured muon hyperfine interaction indicates partial spin delocalization in this radical. This is supported by semi-empirical calculations on C/sub 60/H. Calculations also show that there is a significant energy barrier between the endo radical and (Mu@C/sub 60/), supporting the assignment of the pseudo-free muonium signal to the latter structure. (12 References).
P. W. Percival, B. Addison-Jones, J-C Brodovitch, Ji Feng, P. J. Horoyski, MLW Thewalt, and TR. Anthony, "/sup 13/C hyperfine coupling constants in MuC/sub 60/," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 245, no. 1, pp. 90--4, 1995.
Abstract: /sup 13/C hyperfine coupling constants of the MuC/sub 60/ radical have been measured by muon level-crossing spectroscopy, using a dilute solution of 99% enriched /sup 13/C/sub 60/ in decalin. The signs as well as the magnitudes of the hyperfine constants were determined. The results range from 52.6 to -25.4 h MHz and support those calculations which predict an extended distribution of unpaired electron spin density in radical adducts of fullerenes. The hyperfine constants are consistent with published electron spin resonance results for (CD/sub 3/)/sub 3/CC/sub 60/, but contradict a recent report for HC/sub 60/, when a considerably smaller value is reported for the largest splitting. (21 References).
P. W. Percival, B. Addison-Jones, J-C Brodovitch, and S. Sun-Mack, "Radio-frequency muon spin resonance studies of endohedral and exohedral muonium adducts of fullerenes," Applied Magnetic Resonance, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 315--23, 1996.
Abstract: The radio-frequency muon spin resonance technique (RF- mu SR) is described, with examples drawn from muon studies of fullerenes. Two distinct species can be detected by RF- mu SR when solid C/sub 60/ is irradiated with positive muons. Endohedral muonium (Mu@-C/sub 60/) is characterized by a muon hyperfine constant (A/sub mu /) close to the vacuum value. A remarkable feature of the RF- mu SR spectrum is the double quantum transition, which appears when the allowed transitions are saturated. The exohedral muonium adduct (C/sub 60/Mu) is also detected, and has a much smaller value of A/sub mu / typical of a carbon-centred organic radical. It has been studied by RF- mu SR in dilute solution, which is not possible for transverse field muon spin rotation (TF- mu SR). There is a significant difference in A/sub mu / of C/sub 60/Mu in the solid and in solution, a result of great import to the analysis of avoided-level crossing experiments on /sup 13/C/sub 60/Mu. (19 References).
P. W. Percival, J. C. Brodovitch, D. J. Arseneau, M. Senba, and DG. Fleming, "Formation of the muoniated ethyl radical in the gas phase," Physica B, vol. 326, no. 1-4, pp. 72--5, 2003.
Abstract: The precession signals of the muoniated ethyl radical have been studied as a function of ethene pressure in pure ethene, ethene/nitrogen mixtures and ethene/helium mixtures. The purpose was to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the radical formation process. It is possible to fit the signal amplitudes with a model involving a single reaction step-Mu addition to ethene. However, the rate constant deduced from the model fit is significantly higher than the literature value for a thermal reaction, as determined by direct study of Mu decay in low partial pressures of ethene. The conclusion is that at partial pressures above I bar the reaction occurs before the incoming (beam) muons are fully thermalized. (12 References).
A. N. Perevesenzev, B. M. Andreev, and I. L. Selivanenko, Vysokochistye Veschestva, vol. 1, 1990.
V. V. Perevozchikov, A. A. Yukhimchuk, N. S. Ganchuk, V. G. Grebinnik, S. K. Grishechkin, D. L. Demin, V. G. Zinov, P. D. Ishkov, V. N. Lobanov, I. L. Malkov, V. I. Tikhonov, and YuA. Khabarov, "A high-pressure tritium target for muon-catalysed fusion," Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, vol. 1999, no. , pp. 28-33, 1999.
Abstract: The design of a high-pressure tritium target with 16.5-cm/sup 3/ volume, developed at the All-Russia Research Institute of Experimental Physics (VNIIEF), is presented. The target is used to study the muon-catalysis processes of nuclear fusion reactions in a mixture of H/D/T hydrogen isotopes at pressures up to 120 MPa in a temperature range of 300-800 K. Operation of the refrigeration, heating, exhaustion, radiation-safety, and performance-monitoring systems of the target is described. (8 References).
V. V. Perevozchikov, A. A. Yukhimchuk, D. L. Demin, N. S. Ganchuk, V. G. Grebinnik, S. K. Grishechkin, P. D. Ishkov, YuA Khabarov, V. N. Lobanov, I. L. Malkov, V. I. Tikhonov, and VG. Zinov, "Tritium high pressure target," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 353--5, 1999.
Abstract: The design of a tritium high pressure target with a volume of 16.5 cm/sup 3/, developed at the RFNC-VNIIEF for research of muon fusion catalyzed in a H-D-T hydrogen isotopic mixture at pressures up to 120 MPa in the range of operating temperatures 300-800 K, is presented. (7 References).
V. V. Perevozchikov, A. A. Yukhimchuk, YuI Vinogradov, V. D. Vikharev, N. S. Ganchuk, A. N. Golubkov, S. K. Grishechkin, A. M. Demin, D. L. Demin, A. A. Kononenko, V. N. Lobanov, I. L. Malkov, S. A. Yukhimchuk, and VG. Zinov, "Deuterium high-pressure target," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 417--20, 2001.
Abstract: The design of deuterium high-pressure target of 76 cm/sup 3/ volume developed to study muon catalyzed fusion in diffusion-pure deuterium over an 80-800 K temperature range at up to 150 MPa pressure is presented. (12 References).
V. V. Perevozchikov, A. A. Yukhimchuk, YuI Vinogradov, M. D. Vikharev, N. S. Ganchuk, A. N. Golubkov, S. K. Grishechkin, A. M. Demin, A. A. Kononenko, V. N. Lobanov, I. L. Malkov, D. L. Demin, V. G. Zinov, and SA. Yukhimchuk, "A deuterium high-pressure target [for muon-catalyzed fusion reactions]," Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, vol. 2002, no. , pp. 155-60, 2002.
Abstract: A design of the deuterium high-pressure target is presented. The target of a 76-cm/sup 3/ volume is intended to study muon-catalyzed fusion reactions in ultrapure D/sub 2/ (the concentration of impurities with Z[right angle bracket]1 is under 0.2 ppm) at temperatures of 80-800 K and up to 150-MPa pressures. The operation of the main target systems is described: the generation and purification of deuterium gas, refrigeration, heating, evacuation, control, and automated data acquisition. The target was used to determine the parameters of the muon-catalyzed fusion reactions in ultrapure D/sub 2/ at temperatures of 300 to 800 K and pressures up to 150 MPa. (17 References).
P. Petelenz and VH Jr. Smith, "Binding energies of muonic molecules," Physical Review A, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 4078--80, 1987.
Abstract: The integral-transform (generator-coordinate) method has been applied to calculate the binding energies of the lowest S states of a set of muonic molecules. The wave functions obtained are both compact and accurate, as indicated by energy eigenvalues. The calculated values of the energies of dd mu , tt mu , and tt mu * are the lowest reported so far, and they lead to a new estimation of the corresponding asymptotic values for a saturated basis set. (11 References).
P. Petelenz and VH Jr. Smith, "Exact matrix elements of the Uehling potential in a basis of explicitly correlated two-particle functions," Physical Review A, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 4055--9, 1987.
Abstract: Exact analytical expressions are derived for the matrix elements of the Uehling potential in a basis of explicitly correlated two-particle wave functions (geminals) used for the approximate solution of the quantum-mechanical three-body problem within the framework of the integral transform method. The derived formulas may be used to include corrections due to polarization of the vacuum in calculations of the binding energies of muonic molecules. (20 References).
P. Petelenz and VH Jr. Smith, "Vacuum-polarization correction in muonic molecules," Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 1016--19, 1989.
Abstract: The vacuum-polarization correction (given by the expectation value of the Uehling potential) to the energies of the S states of muonic molecules is calculated using very accurate wave functions. The present results indicate that the values accepted so far in the literature for this correction had been underestimated by a factor of 2-8 (depending on the state of interest) due to insufficient quality of the wave functions used. Expectation values of the interparticle distances, the distances squared, and the inverses of the distances are presented. (19 References).
C. Petitjean, H. Backe, R. Engfer, U. Jahnke, K. H. Lindenberger, H. Schneuwly, W. U. Schroder, and HK. Walter, "Muon capture in /sup 151/Eu and /sup 153/Eu," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 178, no. 1, pp. 193--200, 1971.
Abstract: Delayed gamma -rays from mu -capture in natural europium were measured with a Ge(Li) detector. From absolute gamma -intensities, populations of individual final levels were deduced. In (81+or-12)% of the mu -capture process, an excited final nucleus was detected. The distribution of excited nuclei is compatible with the neutron multiplicity distribution calculated by Singer (1962), however, the predicted zero neutron emission has not been found. (24 References).
C. Petitjean and others, "Sticking in muon catalyzed D--T fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, pp. 89--107, 1987.
C. Petitjean, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, A. Scrinzi, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, J. Bistirlich, K. M. Crowe, M. Justice, R. H. Sherman, H. Bossy, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, H. Plendl, W. Schott, and W. Neumann, "New experimental results on muon catalyzed DT fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 37--51, 1988.
Abstract: Muon catalyzed fusion was investigated at SIN in many isotopic mixtures of hydrogen by the VIENNA-SIN-BERKELEY-LANL-MUNICH collaboration. New experimental methods were developed for precision measurements of energies, absolute yields and time correlations between muons, fusion products (n, gamma , X) and electrons from muon decay. A special apparatus was designed to provide and control ultraclean deuterium tritium molecular compositions in a large range of concentrations and densities, mostly at cold temperatures (10 K-50 K). The authors present first results on muon catalyzed DT fusion from a new series of experimental runs conducted March/April 1987. Cycle rates are reported with values up to 1.9*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ and a yield of 124+or-10 fusions per muon. The normalized cycle rates shows at c/sub t/=40% a strong dependence on density (exhibiting 2 components) and on the molecular composition (equilibrated-non equilibrated). Sticking of muons to the alpha fusion product is confirmed to be (0.45+or-0.05)%, with no strong dependence on either tritium concentration or density. (28 References).
C. Petitjean, "Muon catalyzed fusion," Fusion Engineering & Design, vol. 11, no. 1-2, pp. 255--64, 1989.
Abstract: Muon catalyzed fusion or 'cold fusion' has become a research topic of great new interest. Due to a resonance mechanism in d mu t mesic molecule formation, fusion yields exceeding 100 per muon were observed in experiments at LAMPF and PSI. mu alpha sticking after dt fusion seems presently to be the main limitation of fusion output. An introduction to this field is given and recent development in theory and experiments presented. The kinetics of the d mu t cycle is rather complex and poses several open questions with respect to muon transfer, mesic molecule formation and sticking. Recent measurements show the temperature and density dependence of fusion rates. The results for sticking are somewhat controversial and indicate lower values than theoretically expected. Reactivation of the mu alpha system may be the crucial process to reduce sticking. Several schemes of possible future exploitation are discussed. (50 References).
C. Petitjean, K. Lou, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Fuchs, S. Fussy, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, H. Bossy, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, YuS Grigoriev, A. I. Ilyin, E. M. Maev, G. E. Petrov, G. G. Semenchuk, A. A. Vorobyov, P. Baumann, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, P. Hofmann, R. Huber, R. Lipowsky, and P. Wojciechowski, "Direct measurement of DT sticking," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 261--75, 1990.
Abstract: The authors report a new direct measurement of sticking omega /sub s/ in muon catalyzed dt fusion. The charges of alpha and mu alpha particles from the dt reaction are collected in a high pressure ionization chamber and analyzed with flash ADCs. Distinction between alpha and mu alpha is made due to the different charge recombination effect and by track length. The neutrons from dt fusion are detected simultaneously with a large counter array surrounding the chamber. The apparatus and its performance are described and the results of a five weeks` data run are presented and discussed. The preliminary analysis for final dt sticking yields omega /sub s/=0.59+or-0.07%. (25 References).
C. Petitjean, K. Lou, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Fuchs, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Nagele, J. Werner, J. Zmeskal, V. Markushin, H. Bossy, K. M. Crowe, R. H. Sherman, P. Baumann, H. Daniel, Egidy T. von, S. Grunewald, F. J. Hartmann, R. Lipowsky, E. Moser, and W. Schott, "The p mu d fusion cycle," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 199--208, 1990.
Abstract: The p mu d fusion cycle is discussed in terms of a new interpretation of the Wolfenstein-Gerstein (WG) effect, explaining the observed fusion yields by the existence of two pd fusion rates lambda /sub f, gamma //sup S/, with S=1/2 and S=3/2 nuclear spin overlaps. The authors report a series of new measurements in liquid H-D mixtures of various concentrations and molecular compositions. The energy-time spectra of 5.5 MeV gamma `s from p mu d fusion and 2.5 MeV neutrons from d mu d fusion were measured simultaneously and analyzed with a new kinetics code. The results confirm the new interpretation of the WG effect, giving the fusion rates lambda /sub f, gamma //sup S/=0.35(2)*10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/ (S=1/2) and 0.11(1)*10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/ (S=3/2), in very good agreement with new theoretical calculations by Friar et al. (22 References).
C. Petitjean, "Progress in Muon catalysed fusion," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A543, no. 1-2, 1992.
Abstract: The state of the art and the recent progress made in mu CF is reviewed. Resonant d mu d formation is now quantitatively understood, but the d mu t kinetics is more complicated and full interpretation still difficult. Experiments demonstrated 100 to 150 dt fusions per muon. The most reliable value for dt sticking is approximately 0.6%. New theoretical results extending over the full energy range, describe now most kinetic processes with high precision and yield ultra large rates for d mu t formation at collision energies epsilon approximately=0.1-2 eV. For future exploration the use of H/D/T triple mixtures is discussed. In energy applications, the concept of Yu. Petrovs mu CF Hybrid Reactor is sketched, in the context of combining it for uranium breeding with the electronuclear channel. There are prospects for using mu CF for intense neutron sources. (110 References).
C. Petitjean, D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, P. Baumann, W. H. Breunlich, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, H. Daniel, YuS Grigoriev, F. J. Hartmann, A. I. Ilyin, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, B. Lauss, K. Lou, E. M. Maev, J. Marton, M. Muhlbauer, G. E. Petrov, W. Prymas, W. Schott, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, P. Wojciechowski, and J. Zmeskal, "Experimental survey of the sticking problem in muon catalyzed dt fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 273--93, 1993.
Abstract: The 'sticking' process dt mu to alpha mu +n, which constitutes the most severe limit to the number of fusions which a muon can catalyze, is reviewed. Many attempts were made to determine by calculations and measurements the probability for initial sticking omega /sub s//sup 0/ (immediately after dt mu fusion) and for final sticking omega /sub s/ (after the alpha mu came to rest). Previous results based on neutron disappearance rates and on the observation of alpha mu -X-rays were controversial and also in some disagreement with theory. New data are reported from PSI on direct observation of final sticking, using a setup with the St. Petersburg ionization chamber. These data mark a significant improvement in reliability and may clarify questions concerning previous discrepancies. The new result is omega /sub s/ approximately (0.56+or-0.04)%, lower than the theory prediction omega /sub s/=(0.65+or-0.03)%, at medium density. (71 References).
C. Petitjean and others, "A 14--MeV high--flux nu=eutron source based on muon catalyzed fusion. A design study," PSI Preprint 93--09, 1993.
C. Petitjean, "Muon beam facilities," PSI Preprint 94--35, 1994.
C. Petitjean, F. Atchison, G. Heidenreich, H. K. Walter, F. Amelotti, R. Andreani, Marco F. De, S. Monti, M. Pillon, M. Vecchi, V. E. Markushin, L. I. Ponomarev, and C. Niebuhr, "A 14-MeV high-flux neutron source based on muon-catalyzed fusion-a design study," ANS. Fusion Technology, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 437--50, 1994.
Abstract: A design study is presented for an intense 14-MeV neutron source based on muon-catalyzed fusion to be used for first-wall and blanket material research for future fusion reactors. Negative pions are produced inside a 5- to 10-T magnetic field by an intense deuteron beam interacting with a 30- to 50-cm-long carbon target. The pions and the muons resulting from the decay of pions in flight are collected in the backward direction and stopped in a high-density deuterium-tritium (D-T) target. With an 18-MW deuteron beam at 1.5 GeV (12 mA=7.5*10/sup 16/ d/s), approximately 10/sup 16/ pi /sup -//s can be generated, which will decay to muons of which up to 10/sup 15/ mu /sup -//s stop in the D-T mixture. Assuming X/sub c/=100 fusions per muon, muon-catalyzed fusion produces 14-MeV neutrons with a source strength of up to 10/sup 17/ n/s, i.e., a neutron power of 200 kW. A neutron flux of up to 10/sup 14//cm/sup 2/.s (10 dpa/yr) can be achieved in test volumes of several litres. These numbers, however, do not represent a technological limit. This source has about the same power efficiency for neutron generation as low-energy beams (d-Li stripping). If also has the advantage of producing the original 14-MeV fusion spectrum without tails, isotropically into a 4 pi solid angle. In addition, the power density and heat load of the primary target are a considerably smaller problem. The environment of the secondary target, the neutron source itself, can be made to resemble part of the tokamak ring to be simulated. The noninteracting part of the beam (30 to 40%) can be disposed of separately or reused for another facility (e.g., a spallation neutron source). (34 References).
C. Petitjean, W. H. Breunlich, and others, "Study of ddµ and pdµ fusion in D$_2$ and H/D mixtures," PSI Proposal, vol. R--94--05, 1994.
C. Petitjean, "Muon catalyzed fusion," Few-Body Systems Supplementum, vol. 8, no. , pp. 235-47, 1995.
Abstract: Reviewing the discoveries of muon catalyzed fusion and resonant mesomolecule formation, the data on d mu d and d mu t fusion are presented and the fast d mu t fusion cycle is discussed in detail. The newest developments in mu alpha sticking, muon transfer and resonant d mu t formation are shown. Epithermal mu t atoms and large resonances at eV energies play the dominant role for the d mu t kinetic cycle. These phenomena are enhanced in triple mixtures due to the Ramsauer-Townsend effect. In solid targets, mu d and mu t beams can be produced in vacuum allowing direct studies of mu CF reactions. (36 References).
C. Petitjean and L. Ponomarev, "Muon catalyzed fusion - Proceedings of the International Symposium on Muon Catalyzed Fusion and the Physics of Exotic Atoms and Molecules (mu CF-95) - Dubna, Russia, June 19-24, 1995 - Preface," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 102, pp. R11-R12, 1996.
C. Petitjean, P. Ackerbauer, D. V. Balin, W. H. Breunlich, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, H. Daniel, Egidy T. von, B. Gartner, F. J. Hartmann, P. Kammel, G. Kminek, B. Lauss, E. M. Maev, V. E. Markushin, J. Marton, M. Muehlbauer, G. E. Petrov, W. Prymas, W. Schott, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, and J. Zmeskal, "New precision measurements of d mu d fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-103, no. , pp. 1-11, 1996.
Abstract: A new experiment was started at PSI aiming for high-precision and complete studies of D mu D fusion in D/sub 2/, HD and D/sub 2//H/sub 2/ gas mixtures. A high-pressure ionization chamber surrounded by a set of neutron counters is used to observe dd-fusion at temperatures between 25 and 350 K. Here we report preliminary results from the first test run with pure D/sub 2/ filling. (37 References).
C. Petitjean, W. H. Breunlich, and others, "Search for muon catalyzed d$^3$He fusion," Addendum to PSI Proposal, vol. R--94--05, 1997.
C. Petitjean, D. V. Balin, W. H. Breunlich, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, H. Daniel, M. P. Faifman, V. A. Ganzha, B. Gartner, F. J. Hartmann, P. Kammel, S. Kozlov, B. Lauss, E. M. Maev, V. E. Markushin, YuA Misko, M. Muhlbauer, G. E. Petrov, W. Prymas, G. N. Schapkin, W. Schott, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, V. A. Trofimov, A. A. Vasiliev, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, and J. Zmeskal, "Muon catalyzed fusion in deuterium gas," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 127--33, 1999.
Abstract: We present the results of an experiment performed at PSI to investigate muon catalyzed fusion in pure deuterium gas of 5% density (LHD) at temperatures ranging from 28 K to 350 K. Using a new high pressure ionization chamber the reactions dd to n+/sup 3/He and dd to p+t were observed with 100% detection efficiency. The rates of d mu d formation were measured with the absolute precision of 1% and the mu d spin-flip rates with 0.5%. The temperature dependence of molecular formation and spin-flip rates display pronounced resonance structures. A preliminary fit based on the Vesman mechanism of resonant muonic molecule formation was carried out yielding a dd fusion rate of 3.5.10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ and a hfs splitting energy delta epsilon /sub d mu d/ of 24.3 meV, both in good agreement with the theory. (31 References).
C. Petitjean, "The mu CF experiments at PSI-a conclusive review," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 191--201, 2001.
Abstract: During 25 years pioneering mu CF experiments were performed at PSI. After initial study of the Wolfenstein-Gershtein effect in H/D, an intense research program on d mu d fusion led to the early discovery of resonant d mu d formation at low temperature and to the first direct observation of mu d spin flip. With the Gatchina ionisation chamber absolute precisions of ~1% on the determination of d mu d formation and spin flip rates were recently obtained in good agreement with the theory. In a very large effort the highly resonant d mu t fusion cycle was investigated. Record cycle rates up to 2*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ and yields up to 124 fusions per muon were measured. By slope analysis and by direct observation, effective sticking omega /sub s/=(0.505+or-0.029)% is the final PSI result. Clear experimental evidence of large epithermal resonances in D/T and H/D/T mixtures was found. (42 References).
C. Petrascu and others, "Disentangling the K--comple of kaonic hydrogen with DEAR," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, pp. 53--57, 1999.
V. I. Petrosyan, V. N. Slonov, and YuV. Gulyaev, "Exact solution of the Schrodinger equation with combined oscillator-Coulomb potential," Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 286, no. 1-3, pp. 99--102, 1986.
Abstract: The authors have found an exact analytic solution to the generalized Schrodinger equation with a combined oscillator-Coulomb potential with the use of the Kummer functions. In the limiting cases, the solution contains the solutions for the hydrogen-like atom and the spherical harmonic oscillator. The results may be of a general theoretical interest as well as being applicable to the physics of mesic atoms and various ultradisperse media, including colloids and molecular and biological crystals. The atomic-like properties of the model of ultradisperse particles may explain their enhanced chemical activity and the nature of the interaction. (4 References).
YuV. Petrov, "Muon catalysis for energy production by nuclear fusion," Nature, vol. 285, no. 5765, pp. 466--8, 1980.
Abstract: The suggestion that muons would be suitable as catalysts of deuterium-tritium fusion was first made by A.D. Sakharov and Ya.B. Zeldovich (1960). It is shown here that the use of the muon catalysed DT fusion combined with the fissile nuclides blanket can provide a positive energy gain. (16 References).
YuV Petrov and EG. Sakhnovsky, "Model calculations for the muon production efficiency," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: The results of calculations of a converter/synthesizer model are reported. The calculations have yielded the value of the pion-to-stopped-muon conversion factor psi /sub s/=0.75+or-0.04. This value is not in contradiction with the idea of using muon catalysed fusion for energy production.
YuV. Petrov, "Influence of finite lifetime of the mesic molecular complex on the resonance mechanism of its formation," Physics Letters B, vol. 163B, no. 1-4, pp. 28--30, 1985.
Abstract: The non-zero decay width of the muonic molecular complex yields the Breit-Wigner behaviour of its formation cross section. Therefore, both the absolute value of the formation probability and its dependence on temperature and density are quite different from the zero-width case considered by Vesman, (1967). (24 References).
YuV Petrov and EG. Sakhnovsky, "Model calculations for the muon production efficiency," Atomkernenergie Kerntechnik, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 25--8, 1985.
Abstract: The results of calculations of a converter/synthesizer model are reported. The calculations give a value of the pion-to-stopped-muon conversion factor of 0.75+or-0.02. This value supports the idea of using muon-catalyzed fusion for fissile-fuel breeder systems. (33 References).
YuV. Petrov, "Conceptual scheme of a hybrid mesocatalytic fusion reactor," Atomnaya Energiya, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 333--41, 1987.
Abstract: The authors develop the idea for a hybrid mesocatalytic fusion reactor, where muon catalysed fusion reactions produce neutrons which enrich a uranium blanket for use in a fission reactor. This enables a positive power output in spite of the high energy cost of muon production. (55 References).
YuV. Petrov, "The influence of finite lifetime of mesic molecular complex on the resonance mechanism of its formation," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 219--24, 1987.
Abstract: The non-zero decay width of the mesic molecular complex results in the Breit-Wigner behaviour of its formation cross section. Therefore, both the absolute value of the formation probability and dependence on temperature and density are quite different from the zero-width case considered by Vesman. (25 References).
YuV. Petrov, "A muon-catalyzed reactor concept," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 351--74, 1987.
Abstract: The author considers the concept, the design and the efficiency of different units of a muon-catalyzed reactor, i.e. the accelerator, the pion-producing target, the pi to mu converter, the synthesizer, the blanket, etc., from the present technology standpoint. Engineering requirements on the conditions of the muon catalysis are discussed, as well as related topics (the purification from helium, etc.). The economy restrictions are considered. Being satisfied, the energy production from 'cold fusion' becomes profitable. (63 References).
Yu. V. Petrov and Yu. M. Shabelski, "Angular and energetical distributions of $\pi ^-$ mesons produced on extended $^7$Li and $^9$Be targets at energy $\sim$1 GeV," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, pp. 545--550, 1988.
Yu. V. Petrov and E. G. Sakhnovsky, "Efficiency estimates of two ways of muon production in HMC--reactor," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, pp. 571--576, 1988.
VYu Petrov and YuV. Petrov, "Formation of hydrogen mesic molecules at moderate gas densities," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 124-44, 1988.
Abstract: Formation probability is calculated for mesic molecular complexes of heavy hydrogen isotopes. Account is taken of the contribution by binary elastic collisions with surrounding molecules. Equations are obtained that describe deformation of the resonance contour due to collisions. The resonance shift and width are calculated as function of density. Energy behaviour of the complex formation cross-section far from resonance centre is discussed. The low density limit is considered. (30 References).
YuV Petrov, VYu Jr Petrov, and AI. Shlyakhter, "Low energy cross section of mesic molecules formation," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 261--72, 1988.
Abstract: Cross section of the formation of mesic molecular complex (MMC) in the reactions (t mu )/sub F/+(D/sub 2/)/sub nu K/ to ((dt mu )/sub S//sup J nu /dee)/sub nu K/ is calculated at low energies (E[left angle bracket]100 K). The authors assume the Breit-Wigner energy dependence of the cross section. In calculating the entrance widths the electron screening and various orbital moments of the incident t mu -atom were taken into account. Owing to anharmonic corrections to a purely harmonic approximation the reduced entrance width remains nonzero at E to 0. As the result the conventional 1/ nu law for energy dependence of the MMC formation cross section is restored. The entrance width for the transition ( nu /sub i/=0, K/sub i/=0) to ( nu /sub f/=2, K/sub f/=1) proves to be the most important. The wave functions of D/sub 2/ and MMC were calculated in the Morse potential which proves to give the level positions with a high precision and includes anharmonic corrections to full extent. Accounting for the anharmonism modifies considerably both the energy dependence and the value of the MMC formation cross section. Comparing calculated rates with the experimental data one can estimate the positions of the resonance levels. (24 References).
Yu. V. Petrov, "On the practical use of the cold fusion (problems and prospects)," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, pp. 525--536, 1988.
VYu Petrov and YuV. Petrov, "Formation of hydrogen mesic molecules at moderate gas densities," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 73--85, 1989.
Abstract: Formation probability is calculated for mesic molecular complexes of heavy hydrogen isotopes. Account is taken of the contribution by binary elastic collisions with surrounding molecules. Equations are obtained that describe deformation of the resonance contour due to collisions. The resonance shift and width are calculated as function of density. Energy behaviour of the complex formation cross-section far from the resonance centre is discussed. The limit low densities is considered. (30 References).
YuV Petrov and VYu. Petrov, "Formation of dt mu mesic molecules via subthreshold resonances," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 56--74, 1991.
Abstract: "A mechanism for the formation of mesic molecules via negative subthreshold resonances is described. At low temperatures and densities, the formation of the dt mu mesic molecule results primarily from a transition of the D/sub 2/ molecule into a mesic-molecule complex with rotational and vibrational quantum numbers K=0 to 1
YuV Petrov and EG. Sakhnovsky, "Muon production in a finite gaseous target," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 533--6, 1991.
Abstract: The limit of muon production efficiency was estimated by the Monte Carlo method. The calculations were carried out for a deuterium-tritium gaseous target with and without a decay vacuum gap (converter). It was shown that the gain due to the converter is not high and decreases with decreasing gas density. It becomes negligible at a density equal to 0.3 of the liquid hydrogen density. (8 References).
YuV. Petrov, "Resonant production of mesic molecules above thermal energies," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 556--9, 1992.
Abstract: A formula is derived for the resonance production of mesic molecules in the epithermal energy region. The 'swallowing' of the spectrum of moderated mesic molecules is taken into account. Doppler broadening of the levels is also taken into account. (20 References).
YuV Petrov, VYu Petrov, and HH. Schmidt, "Mesomolecule formation in t mu +HD(D/sub 2/) reactions," Physics Letters B, vol. 331, no. 3-4, pp. 266--70, 1994.
Abstract: Mesomolecule formation rates are calculated in thermal and epithermal regions without recourse to the standard dipole approximation. Natural widths of all resonances are taken into account. The contribution of subthreshold resonances is also taken into consideration. Our results sizeably differ from previous estimates. (26 References).
YuV Petrov and VYu. Petrov, "Formation of dt mu mesomolecules at small gas densities," Physics Letters B, vol. 378, no. 1-4, pp. 1--4, 1996.
Abstract: The dt mu resonance formation rate is calculated including subthreshold resonances and without multipole expansion of perturbation potential. The calculated rate is compared with experimental data at T=30 K at small D/sub 2/ gas density. For the first time the quantitative agreement for the dt mu formation rate is achieved. (20 References).
YuV Petrov and EG. Sakhnovsky, "On a 14-MeV neutron source based on MCF for fusion materials research," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 647-54, 1996.
Abstract: Recently it has been proposed to use the 14-MeV neutrons produced in the muon-catalyzed DT fusion reaction for the thermonuclear reactors {"}first wall{"} materials testing. The results of the Monte Carlo computations of some of the most interesting conceptual schemes of such a source are presented. It was shown that a neutron flux of about 10/sup 14/ n/cm/sup 2/ s, can be achieved in the case of a scheme based on a mirror trap with strong magnetic fields, as proposed in this work. (28 References).
YuV Petrov, V. V. Kuzminov, VYu Petrov, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, J. Marton, and J. Zmeskal, "Resonant formation of dd mu mesomolecules at low D/sub 2/ gas density," Physical Review A, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 1636--45, 1998.
Abstract: "We present a comparison of the calculated resonant dd mu formation, dd fusion, and spin-flip rates with recent precise data from PSI for D/sub 2/ gas ( Phi =0.05
V. I. Petrukhin and Yu. D. Prokoshkin, "Pion absorption in hydrogenous substances," Nuovo Cimento, vol. 28, pp. 99--106, 1963.
V. I. Petrukhin, Yu. D. Prokoshkin, and A. I. Filippov, "Atomic capture of stopped $\pi ^-$ mesons in a mixture of He$^3$ and N$_2$," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 6, pp. 1108--1109, 1967.
V. I. Petrukhin, Yu. D. Prokoshkin, and V. M. Suvorov, "Transfer of $\pi ^-$ mesons in mixture of hydrogen with other gases," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 55, pp. 2173--2180, 1968.
V. I. Petrukhin, V. E. Risin, and V. M. Suvorov, "The role of transfer in suppression of $\pi ^-$--meson capture by bound hydrogen," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 19, pp. 626--629, 1973.
V. I. Petrukhin, V. E. Risin, and VM. Suvorov, "On interception effect in the damping of the pi /sup -/ capture by bound hydrogen," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 626--9, 1974.
Abstract: It is shown experimentally that along with the principal mesomolecular mechanism of damping of the pion capture by bound hydrogen there is also a damping caused by the capture of pions from the hydrogen atoms of the hydrogenous molecules to other atoms. (11 References).
V. I. Petrukhin, V. E. Risin, I. F. Samenkova, and VM. Suvorov, "Study of pi /sup -/-meson capture by carbon atoms in organic molecules," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 1883--7, 1975.
Abstract: A difference is established in the intensity of pi /sup -/-meson capture by carbon in C/sub m/H/sub n/ hydrocarbons or in gas mixtures of H/sub 2/+C/sub m/H/sub n/. It is suggested that this difference is due to the difference in excitation energy of the hydrogen mesic atoms produced in free (H/sub 2/) or chemically bound (Z-H) hydrogen. The atomic group Z in the molecule, its hydrogen environment and also the nature of the chemical bond of the Z atoms do not affect appreciably the capture probability. (13 References).
V. I. Petrukhin and VM. Suvorov, "Atomic capture and transfer of pi /sup -/ mesons in mixtures of hydrogen and other gases," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 1145--51, 1976.
Abstract: Atomic capture and transfer of pi /sup -/ mesons is studied in H/sub 2/+Z mixtures where Z is He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and N/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/. The relative probabilities for atomic capture of pions by the components of the mixture are measured. The relative constants Lambda /sub z/ for transfer of pions from hydrogen atoms to Z atoms are measured. It is shown that the relative stopping powers S/sub 0//sup H/ of Z atoms for pion energies at which atomic capture occurs and the transfer constants Lambda /sub z/ both weakly depend on Z:S/sub 0//sup H/=(7.1+or-0.1).(Z/sup 1/2/-1) and Lambda =S/sub 0//sup H/C/sup 1/3/. The transfer constants weakly depend on the impurity concentration C=n/sub z//n/sub H/. (16 References).
V. A. Petrun'kin and SA. Startsev, "Correction of mu -mesic energy levels for nuclear polarization in the adiabatic approximation," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 628--31, 1972.
Abstract: Points out that the dipole-polarization correction to the energy of mu -mesic atomic levels with l[right angle bracket]or=1 can be calculated with the aid of a simple adiabatic approximation by using the potential V/sup pol/( rho )=(-1/2) alpha e/sup 2// rho /sup 4/ for the polarization interaction between the muon and the nucleus ( rho [right angle bracket]or=R, R is the dimension of the nucleus, and alpha is the coefficient of static dipole polarizability of the nucleus). It can be shown rigorously that for not too heavy nuclei, so long as the orbit of the muon in the state mod n, l[right angle bracket]or=1 mod lies outside the nuclei, the characteristic energy 10-20 MeV of the nuclear dipole transitions is much higher than the characteristic energy of the mu -mesic atomic transitions. (8 References).
H-J Pfeiffer, K. Springer, Egidy T. von, and H. Daniel, "Electric charge radii of rare argon isotopes measured with muonic X-rays," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics, (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), 1973.
Abstract: The new method of muon transfer in a 1000 atm. pressure hydrogen target makes it possible to measure muonic X-rays of only about 10 milligrams of material. The 2p/sub 3/2/-1S/sub 1/2/ transitions of the three stable isotopes of argon have been measured. The nuclear charge r.m.s. radii were calculated from these energies assuming a two-parameter Fermi-type charge-distribution and including corrections for vacuum polarization, nuclear polarization and Lamb shift. (0 References).
H-J Pfeiffer and H. Daniel, "Intensities of muonic X-ray lines in SF/sub 6/ and H/sub 2/ plus SF/sub 6/," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 275, no. 4, pp. 313--18, 1975.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray spectra from S and F in SF/sub 6/ and H/sub 2/+SF/sub 6/ have been measured with a high-pressure gas target. Strong differences between the observed intensities of corresponding lines were found for the two cases. The results are compared with cascade calculations. The per-atom ratio between Coulomb capture in F and S was determined to be 0.96+or-0.09 and 1.04+or-0.24 for SF/sub 6/ and H/sub 2/+SF/sub 6/, respectively. (11 References).
H-J Pfeiffer, K. Springer, and H. Daniel, "Intensity of muonic X-ray lines in argon, in hydrogen plus argon and in argon plus neon," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A254, no. 2, pp. 433--44, 1975.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray spectra from Ar and H/sub 2/+Ar have been measured with a high-pressure gas target. Strong differences between the observed intensities of corresponding lines were found for the two cases. The results are compared with cascade calculations. The ratio between Coulomb capture in Ar and in Ne for an Ar-Ne mixture (atomic ratio 1:1) was determined to be 1.11+or-0.14. (14 References).
H-J Pfeiffer and H. Daniel, "Electromagnetic nuclear radius of stable argon isotopes," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A264, no. 3, pp. 498--506, 1976.
Abstract: The energies of muonic (2p-1s) X-ray lines in Ar isotopes have been measured making use of mu -transfer from H/sub 2/ to Ar in a high pressure gas target. The r.m.s. radii and model-independent radii were determined for /sup 36/Ar, /sup 38/Ar and /sup 40/Ar. The radii increase monotonically from /sup 36/Ar through /sup 40/Ar, but to a much smaller degree than A/sup 1/3/ (A=mass number). (23 References).
T. Q. Phan, P. Bergem, A. Ruetschi, L. A. Schaller, and L. Schellenberg, "Nuclear polarization in muonic /sup 90/Zr," Physical Review C, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 609--19, 1985.
Abstract: The energies of muonic X-ray transitions sensitive to the nuclear charge parameters have been measured with a precision up to 9 p.p.m. in muonic /sup 90/Zr. Combining the muonic-atom results for the equivalent nuclear charge radii R/sub k, alpha / with recent elastic electron scattering data, the RMS radius of /sup 90/Zr could be determined as (r/sup 2/)/sup 1/2/=4.2726(9) fm. In addition to the nuclear monopole charge distribution, nuclear polarization correlations between the muonic 1s and 2s and the 1s and the two 2p states could be determined. With additional constraints from elastic electron scattering and theory, the nuclear polarization corrections of the four lowest-lying states could be evaluated with precisions of the order of 15%. Of particular significance is the result for the two 2p states, because the experimentally determined 2p/sub 1/2/ correction is smaller than the nuclear polarization correction in the 2p/sub 3/2/ state, in contrast to current theoretical models. (44 References).
X. H. Phan, H. G. Andresen, L. S. Cardman, J-M Cavedon, J-C Clemens, B. Frois, M. Girod, D. Godny, D. Goutte, B. Grammaticos, R. Hofmann, M. Huet, P. Leconte, S. K. Platchkov, I. Sick, and SE. Williamson, "Electron scattering studies of the ground state rotational band of /sup 152/Sm," Physical Review C, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 1173--89, 1988.
Abstract: Electron scattering cross sections have been measured for the 0/sup +/, 2/sup +/, 4/sup +/, and 6/sup +/ levels of the ground state rotational band of /sup 152/Sm for effective momentum transfers between 0.3 and 2.9 fm/sup -1/. The charge and transition charge densities for these states have been inferred from a combined analysis of electron scattering, muonic atom, and Coulomb excitation data. These densities are compared to the predictions of a mean field theory that describes this nucleus by a triaxial microscopic calculation in the hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation using a density-dependent force. The densities have been determined with a precision that is sufficient for the comparison of theoretical calculations with the measured densities to be sensitive to the pairing and surface properties of the effective interaction. (52 References).
A. C. Philips and others, Nuclear Physics A, vol. 237, 1975.
A. C. Phillips, F. Roig, and J. Ros, "Muon Capture in /sup 3/He," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A237, no. 3, pp. 493--506, 1975.
Abstract: The partial capture rates for mu /sup -/+/sup 3/He to /sup 3/H+ nu , nd+ nu and nnp+ nu are calculated. The predictions of the impulse approximation and the elementary particle method for the /sup 3/H nu channel are compared. When relativistic corrections and meson interaction effects are included the predictions agree. The theoretical capture rates obtained using both methods and the PCAC values for the induced pseudoscalar form factors agree with the experimental data, but substantial deviations from the PCAC values cannot be ruled out. The capture rates for the nd nu and nnp nu channels are calculated using the impulse approximation and the Amado model. With the exception of the result of Wang et al (1965) the limited experimental results on the break-up reactions are in agreement with the theoretical calculations. (23 References).
J. Picard, A. Placci, E. Polacco, E. Zavattini, G. Carboni, U. Gastaldi, G. Gorini, G. Stefanini, G. Torelli, J. Duclos, and A. Magnon, "Transfer rate of negative pions from gaseous hydrogen to argon," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 2, no. 18, pp. 957-9, 1971.
Abstract: The transfer rates of negative muons from the stable ( mu p) atom to other elements mixed with the hydrogen target gas have been extensively measured. The authors report here the first measurement of the transfer rate lambda /sup pi //sub T/ of pions stopped in gaseous hydrogen at 1 absolute atmosphere to argon according to the reaction ( pi /sup -/p)*+A to ( pi A)+p, where the atomic system ( pi /sup -/p)* can be in any atomic level of principal quantum number n[left angle bracket]or approximately=17.
M. Piccinini, "Selected topics on the physics of negative muons at rest," in Hadronic Physics at Intermediate Energy, II. inter School, Second Course, (T. Bressani, B. Minetti, and G. Pauli, eds.), pp. 219--29, 1987.
Abstract: It is shown that studying the interactions of muons slowed down in matter allows one to obtain information on a wide range of problems in fundamental physics. The author discusses some of these problems, with particular regard to the physics of negative muons, underlining future perspectives in this field. (19 References).
O. Piccioni, "The discovery of the leptonic property," in Conference Proceedings Vol.15. Present Trends, Concepts and Instruments of Particle Physics, (G. Baroni, L. Maiani, and G. Salvini, eds.), pp. 171-93, 1988.
Abstract: Describes the experimental work that Conversi, Pancini and the author carried out in Rome, mainly during the war, on the decay and capture of the muons. He also narrates episodes of personal life and of research. He emphasizes that the conclusion of the experiments conduced to the discovery of the lepton quantum number beside posing 'a puzzle which was solved by the Bristol group'. (25 References).
C. E. Picciotto and MS. Zahir, "mu /sup -/ conversion via doubly charged Higgs scalar," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 489--92, 1983.
Abstract: A new mechanism is used to calculate mu /sup -/ to e/sup +/ conversion in nuclei, based on the existence of a doubly charged Higgs scalar. The scalar is part of a triplet which generates the spontaneous breakdown of B-L symmetry in an extension of the standard model, as proposed by Gelmini and Roncadelli (1981). The authors find a limit for conversion rates which is comparable with those of earlier calculations. (16 References).
C. A. Piketty and J. Procureur, "Relativistic corrections to the asymmetry of high-energy neutrons emitted in polarized muon capture by nuclei," Nuclear Physics B, vol. b26, no. 2, pp. 390--412, 1971.
Abstract: The authors have studied the effects of relativistic corrections on neutron asymmetry in polarized mu-capture by light nuclei (/sup 12/c-/sup 28/si-/sup 32/s-/sup 40/ca). By describing the nucleus by the fermi-gas model, for which the relativistic problem can be treated exactly, they have shown that relativistic corrections up to the (inverse nucleon mass)/sup -2/ (and only) contribute appreciably. Next, using the harmonic-oscillator shell model for the nucleus, we have shown that the m/sup -2/ corrections do increase significantly the asymmetry that gets positive, increasing with energy and in qualitative agreement with recent experiments. The asymmetry turns out to be rather insensitive to both spin-orbit coupling and final-state interaction. On the contrary, the neutron spectrum depends strongly on the final-state interaction; when included (even in a very crude way), the calculated spectrum fits closely the experiments. (18 References).
H. Pilkuhn and HG. Schlaile, "Tables of vacuum polarization of excited states of light mesic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 321--5, 1990.
Abstract: The authors present tables of vacuum polarization energies for light mesic atoms (p,d,/sup 3/He and /sup 4/He) with a precision of 10/sup -4/ for all values of n and l. (5 References).
C. Piller, C. Gugler, R. Jacot-guillarmod, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, G. Fricke, T. Hennemann, and J. Herberz, "Nuclear charge radii of the tin isotopes from muonic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 182--9, 1990.
Abstract: The muonic atom 2p/sub 1/2/-1s/sub 1/2/ and 2p/sub 3/2/-1s/sub 1/2/ transition energies were measured with an experimental accuracy of better than 20 p.p.m. for the isotope chain /sup 112,114,116,117,118,119,120,122,124/Sn. Precise values for the Barrett equivalent nuclear radii R/sub k alpha / and their differences as well as root-mean-square radii were deduced. The Delta N-2 isotope shifts between the even Sn isotopes show a subshell effect at the neutron number N=64. Otherwise, there is a nearly linear decrease with increasing N, in accordance with the general systematics of nuclear charge radii. These muonic atom results are in a good agreement with recent optical data, including odd-even staggering. Hartree-Fock calculations reproduce the general trend but not the subshell effect. Regarding the nuclear polarization corrections, the problem in the 2p splitting found earlier in mu /sup -/-Zr and mu /sup -/-Pb seems also to persist in mu /sup -/-Sn. (32 References).
C. Piller and others, "Muon transfer rates to helium in H$_2$ + He + Ar gas mixtures: a new evaluation," Helvitica Physica Acta, vol. 67, pp. 779--780, 1994.
A. Pineda, "Renormalization-group improvement of the spectrum of hydrogenlike atoms with massless fermions," Physical Review A, vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 62108--1--5, 2002.
Abstract: We obtain the next-to-next-to-leading-logarithmic renormalization-group improvement of the spectrum of hydrogenlike atoms with massless fermions by using potential NRQED. These results can also be applied to the computation of the muonic hydrogen spectrum where we are able to reproduce some known double logarithms at O(m alpha /sub s//sup 6/). We compare with other formalisms dealing with logarithmic resummation available in the literature. (21 References).
A. Pineda, "Leading chiral logarithms to the hyperfine splitting of the hydrogen and muonic hydrogen," Physical Review C, vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 25201--1--9, 2003.
Abstract: We study the hydrogen and muonic hydrogen within an effective field theory framework. We perform the matching between heavy baryon effective theory coupled to photons and leptons and the relevant effective field theory at atomic scales. This matching can be performed in a perturbative expansion in alpha , 1/m/sub p/, and the chiral counting. We then compute the O(m/sub li//sup 3/ alpha /sup 5//m/sub p//sup 2/*logarithms) contribution (including the leading chiral logarithms) to the hyperfine splitting and compare with experiment. They can explain about 2/3 of the difference between experiment and the pure QED prediction when setting the renormalization scale at the rho mass. We give an estimate of the matching coefficient of the spin-dependent proton-lepton operator in heavy baryon effective theory. (33 References).
V. Pisano, G. Puddu, P. Quarati, and L. Sulis, "The use of the master equation in the cascade of exotic systems in a pure Coulomb field," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 72A, no. 1, pp. 27-39, 1982.
Abstract: The authors describe the electromagnetic cascade of an exotic system by means of a master equation that one can solve exactly. They consider, as samples, two particular bound systems, the ( mu /sup -/p) system and the muonium ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/) system, composed of a negative and a positive particle, without the electronic cloud, which, instead, is present in a real exotic atom. Taking as initial populations the pure Coulomb recombination cross-sections which they evaluate exactly, after preparing a computer code, they can calculate wave-lengths and intensities of the lines of the X-ray spectrum, emitted by the captured particle during the atomic cascade. (24 References).
L. Pittner, "Rigorous estimates of the elastic e/sup -/( mu /sup -/p) scattering amplitude," Acta Physica Austriaca Supplementum, vol. suppl.23, no. , pp. 671-8, 1981.
Abstract: The author considers rigorous estimates of the scattering amplitude for charged particles off muonic hydrogen atoms below the excitation threshold. In this low energy region non-relativistic quantum mechanics may be used. Since the Coulomb potential of the proton is screened by the ground state muon, time-independent scattering theory can be applied without any long range troubles. In order to avoid the difficulties arising from the so-called Hughes-Eckart term, the proton is kept fixed throughout the investigations. (10 References).
L. Pittner, "Rigorous estimates of the e/sup -/( mu /sup -/p) scattering amplitude below the mu /sup -/ excitation threshold," Reports on Mathematical Physics, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 179--204, 1984.
Abstract: Starting from an operator formulation of Kohn's variational principle, the authors derives an estimate of the non-relativistic e/sup -/( mu /sup -/p) scattering amplitude for scattering energies below the mu /sup -/ excitation threshold. The investigation proceeds via an appropriate several-step Born expansion of this scattering amplitude. In order to construct majorants of these Born expansions, the author performs estimates of certain operator norms by means of rearrangement inequalities and an extension of Hilbert's inequality. (13 References).
R. Pla and J. Bernabeu, "Nuclear size effect in muon capture," Anales de Fisica, vol. 67, no. 11-12, pp. 455--60, 1971.
Abstract: The correction to the muon capture rate by nuclei due to the presence of the muon wave function in the nuclear matrix elements is studied. Two models of nuclear charge distribution are considered, and numerical results for nuclei with A[left angle bracket]or=80 are given.
A. Placci, E. Zavattini, A. Bertin, and A. Vitale, "Transfer rates of negative muons from deuterium mesoatoms to helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and nitrogen atoms," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 52, pp. 1274--1286, 1967.
A. Placci, E. Zavattini, A. Bertin, and A. Vitale, "Direct measurement of the transfer rates of muons from mu p muonic atoms to argon, krypton and Xenon atoms," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 64a, no. 4, pp. 1053--67, 1969.
Abstract: The authors have measured the rates of the muon transfer reaction mu p+/sub z/Y to mu /sub z/Y+p in a target of ultra-pure gaseous hydrogen at 10 atmospheres contaminated by a small proportion of the /sub Z/Y element (/sub z/Y stands here for argon, krypton and xenon). The results are compared with preceding experimental data and discussed in connection with those obtained for the reaction mu d+/sub z/Y to mu /sub z/Y+d.
A. Placci, E. Zavattini, A. Bertin, and A. Vitale, "Measurement of the nuclear capture rate of muons by free deuterons," Physical Review Letters, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 475--8, 1970.
Abstract: The authors have measured the nuclear capture rate of negative muons by deuterons in mu d atoms. The experiment was performed by stopping negative muons in a target of ultrapure gaseous hydrogen at 7.6 atm with 5.2% deuterium and looking at the outgoing neutrons. The result is Lambda /sub expt/=451+or-70 sec/sup -1/. (19 References).
A. Placci, E. Polacco, E. Zavattini, K. Ziock, C. Carboni, U. Gastaldi, G. Gorini, and G. Torelli, "Observation of muonic X-rays in hydrogen gas," Physics Letters B, vol. 32B, no. 5, pp. 413--15, 1970.
Abstract: Using a proportional gas counter, de-excitation muonic X-rays from a mu p atom, formed by stopping negative muons in a hydrogen gas target, have been detected.
A. Placci, E. Polacco, E. Zavattini, K. Ziock, G. Carboni, U. Gastaldi, G. Gorini, G. Neri, and G. Torelli, "Observation of muonic X-rays in helium gas and measurement of the two-photon decay rate of the 2s metastable state," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 1a, no. 3, pp. 445-66, 1971.
Abstract: The authors have measured the yield of the k and l lines of the muonic helium system stopping negative muons in a gaseous helium target (7 atm, 293 degrees K). They have also observed the two-photon decay of the ionic metastable 2s state and found that this system is formed in (3.4 +or- 0.7)% of the stopped muons. (14 References).
M. E. Plett and SE. Sobottka, "Effects of the giant resonance on the energy spectra of neutrons emitted following muon capture in /sup 12/C and /sup 16/O," Physical Review C, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1003--10, 1971.
Abstract: The spectra of neutrons emitted following muon capture in carbon and oxygen are presented with a resolution of 6.5% at 5 MeV and a precision of 5%. The carbon spectrum is dominated by a broad peak at 4.2 MeV, while the oxygen spectrum is dominated by a narrower peak at 5.1 MeV. Partial transition rates for these two peaks are given. This structure supports theoretical predictions of the excitation of the giant resonance in the capture process.
G. Poelz, H. Schmitt, L. Tauscher, G. Backenstoss, S. Charalambus, H. Daniel, and H. Koch, "Nuclear gamma -rays produced by pi mesons," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 227, no. 4, pp. 311--19, 1969.
Abstract: Energies and yields of nuclear gamma -rays accompanying pi -mesic X-ray spectra have been measured. The gamma -lines are either in nuclei of the atomic number of the target. or in nuclei of smaller atomic numbers. The first kind of gamma -rays are due mainly to inelastically scattered neutrons produced by pion capture in another target nucleus (secondary process), whilst the second kind are due to ordinary nuclear capture (primary process). (31 References).
R. Poggiani, "A possible gravity measurement with antihydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 76, no. 1-4, pp. 371--7, 1993.
Abstract: A neutral probe such as antihydrogen offers appealing experimental advantages, compared to a charged probe such as antiproton, for a measurement of the gravitational behaviour of antimatter. The feasibility of this approach is preliminarily investigated. A direct extension of the sextupolar ring technique used by Paul is not feasible but the use of a straight sextupole seems to be promising. (4 References).
R. Pohl, T. W. Hansch, F. J. Hartmann, P. Hauser, F. Kottmann, G. Llosa, C. Petitjean, W. Schott, and D. Taqqu, "Long-lived population of the metastable 2s state in muonic hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 77--81, 1999.
Abstract: Preliminary experimental results of the search for long-lived metastable mu p(2s) are presented. The mu p(2s) are identified via muon transfer to neon in a gas mixture of hydrogen and several percent of neon at mbar pressures. An energy-dependent 1s transfer rate to neon has been observed. The time spectra can only be explained assuming a nonzero mu p(2s) population. (10 References).
R. Pohl, F. Biraben, CAN Conde, C. Donche-Gay, T. W. Hansch, F. J. Hartmann, P. Hauser, V. W. Hughes, O. Huot, P. Indelicato, P. Knowles, F. Kottmann, Y-W Liu, F. Mulhauser, F. Nez, C. Petitjean, P. Rabinowitz, Santos JMF dos, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, W. Schott, L. M. Simons, D. Taqqu, F. Trehin, and JFCA. Veloso, "Experiment to measure the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 127, no. 1-4, pp. 161--6, 2000.
Abstract: The contribution of the root mean square (RMS) proton charge radius to the Lamb shift (2S-2P energy difference) in muonic hydrogen ( mu p) amounts to 2%. Apart from the uncertainty on this charge radius, theory predicts the Lamb shift with a precision on the ppm level. We are going to measure Delta E (2 S/sub 1/2/(F=1)-2 P/sub 3/2/(F=2)) in a laser resonance experiment to a precision of 30 ppm (i.e., 10% of the natural linewidth) and to deduce the RMS proton charge radius with 10/sup -3/ relative accuracy, 20 times more precise than presently known. The most important requirement for the feasibility of such an experiment, namely the availability of a sufficient amount of long-lived metastable mu p atoms in the 2S state, has been investigated in a recent experiment at PSI. Our analysis shows that in the order of one percent of all muons stopped in low-pressure hydrogen gas form a long-lived mu p(2S) with a lifetime of the order of 1 mu s. The technical realization of our experiment involves a new high-intensity low-energy muon beam, an efficient low-energy muon entrance detector, a randomly triggered 3-stage laser system providing the 0.5 mJ, 7 ns laser pulses at 6.02 mu m wavelength, and a combination of a xenon gas-proportional-scintillation-chamber (GPSC) and a microstrip-gas-chamber (MSGC) with a CsI-coated surface to detect the 2 keV X-rays from the mu p(2P to 1S) transition. (24 References).
R. Pohl, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, P. Hauser, Y. W. Liu, F. Kottmann, C. Maierl, V. E. Markushin, M. Muhlbauer, C. Petitjean, W. Schott, and D. Taqqu, "Observation of the molecular quenching of mu p(2S) atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 35--40, 2001.
Abstract: Kinetic energy distributions of muonic hydrogen atoms mu p(1S) have been obtained by means of a time-of-flight technique for hydrogen gas pressures between 4 and 64 hPa. A high energy component of ~900 eV observed in the data is interpreted as the signature of long-lived mu p(2S) atoms, which are quenched in a non-radiative process leading to the observed high energy: the collision of a thermalized mu p(2S) atom with a hydrogen molecule H/sub 2/ results in the resonant formation of a {[(pp mu )/sup +/]*pee}* molecule. Then the (pp mu )/sup +/ complex undergoes Coulomb de-excitation and the ~1.9 keV excitation energy is shared between a mu p(1S) atom and one proton. The preliminary analysis of the time spectra gives a long-lived mu p(2S) population of ~1% of all stopped muons, and a quenching rate of ~4.10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/. (20 References).
S. Polikanov, "Muon-induced fission," in Physics and Chemistry of Fission, 1979. Proceedings of an International Symposium. Part II, pp. 3--11, 1980.
Abstract: A review of recent experimental results on negative-muon-induced fission, both of /sup 238/U and /sup 232/Th, is given. Some conclusions drawn by the author are concerned with muonic atoms of fission fragments and muonic atoms of the shape isomer of /sup 238/U. (16 References).
E. Pollak, "Classical analysis of collinear light atom transfer reactions," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 1228--36, 1983.
Abstract: A classical direct reaction theory is formulated and shown to account for the recently observed quantal oscillations in the reaction probability of light atom transfer reactions. Quasiperiodic orbits and irregular orbits are found for the systems although the potential energy surfaces used have only saddle points in the interaction region. These orbits imply the existence of a new type of bound species-an adiabatic molecule. (23 References).
LI. Ponomaev, "The unsolved problems of muon catalyzed fusion," in Seventh International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems, ICENES '93, (H. Yasuda, ed.), pp. 163-7, 1994.
Abstract: The essence, key points, status today and new insights of Muon Catalyzed Fusion are presented. The unsolved problems of MCF are outlined. The strategy of the future R&D of MCF and its possible applications are discussed. (18 References).
L. I. Ponomarev and T. P. Puzynina, "The two--center problem in quantum mechanics," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 52, pp. 1273--1282, 1967.
L. I. Ponomarev, "Configuration interaction of terms in the system ZeZ'," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 55, pp. 1273--1282, 1968.
L. I. Ponomarev, I. V. Puzynin, and TP. Puzynina, "Continuous analog of Newton's method as applied to the calculation of the binding energy of mesic molecules," Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1--14, 1973.
Abstract: "On the basis of the continuous analog of Newton's method, a method of numerical solving of Sturm-Liouville's problem is suggested, which has some advantages compared with the hitherto known ones. This method is used for calculating the binding energies of all the vibrational states of the mesic molecules pp mu , dd mu and tt mu . In particular, one has first succeeded in calculating the binding energy of the highly excited level with L=1
L. I. Ponomarev, I. V. Puzynin, and TP. Puzynina, "Calculation of the energy levels of hydrogen mesic molecules by taking into account adiabatic corrections for nuclear motion," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 28--34, 1973.
Abstract: The binding energy of all known vibrational levels of the hydrogen mesic molecules pp mu , dd mu , tt mu , pd mu , pt mu and dt mu are calculated. A new vibrational level nu =1 with a low binding energy epsilon =0.7 eV is found for the dd mu -mesic molecule in the state with an angular momentum L=1. First order adiabatic corrections to the nuclear motion are taken into account in the calculations. (14 References).
LI. Ponomarev, "Molecular structure effects on atomic and nuclear capture of mesons," Annual review of nuclear science, (E. Segre, ed.), vol. 23, no. , pp. 395-430, Annual Reviews. Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1973.
Abstract: This review paper presents a brief survey of experimental studies in which the effects of the chemical structure of matter on the meson capture process are detected and analysed. Some theoretical ideas currently used for the analysis of the experimental results are also given. (84 References).
LI. Ponomarev, "Mesoatomic processes in light atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 563-86, 1975.
Abstract: The influence of chemical structure on these processes and on the probability of nuclear reactions with mesons is demonstrated experimentally and theoretically. Research trends under the general heading of 'mesic chemistry' are listed and their application to analysis of the structure of matter is discussed, with special reference to the charge exchange reaction of negative pions on the nuclei of chemically bonded hydrogen and investigation of the muonic X-ray series of elements in chemical compounds. Mesoatomic processes in a mixture of hydrogen isotopes are examined as a prerequisite for the exact measurement of the constants of the weak interaction of negative muons with protons. (57 References).
L. I. Ponomarev, I. V. Puzynin, and TP. Puzynina, "Continuous analog of Newton's method for the calculation of quasibound states of hydrogen mu -molecules," Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 125--30, 1976.
Abstract: The energies, widths and wavefunctions of quasibound states of hydrogen mu -molecules are calculated using the CAMEN scheme. (11 References).
L. I. Ponomarev and MP. Faifman, "Calculation of the rates of hydrogen mu mesic molecule formation," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 1689--99, 1976.
Abstract: The rates of formation of the pp mu , pd mu , pt mu , dd mu , dt mu and tt mu mesic molecules are calculated and their dependences on energy of the colliding mesic atoms are studied. Good agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of the formation rates of the pp mu and pd mu mesic molecules is achieved. (27 References).
L. I. Ponomarev and SI. Vinitsky, "Adiabatic representation in the three-body problem with the Coulomb interaction. I. The choice of the effective Hamiltonian," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 567--84, 1979.
Abstract: A correct dissociation limit for the exchange reaction (a,c)+b to a+(b,c) has been obtained in the adiabatic representation of the three-body problem (a,b,c). As an example, the energy level calculations of mesic molecules pp mu and dd mu , and the system e/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup +/ are presented. Relations between various difficulties of the adiabatic method and the ways of overcoming them are discussed. (54 References).
LI. Ponomarev, "Mesic atomic and mesic molecular processes in the hydrogen isotope mixtures," in Atomic Physics 6, (R. Damburg, ed.), pp. 182-206, 1979.
Abstract: In recent years much attention has been focused on the physics of mu -atomic phenomena which occur during deceleration and stopping of muons in matter. From the theoretical viewpoint all the mu -atomic processes are particular cases of the three-body problem with the Coulomb interaction. mu -atomic physics can be treated as a unique laboratory for checking the most refined methods of calculation of different characteristics of the three-body system. The review is devoted to the theoretical description of mu -atomic processes in hydrogen isotope mixtures (H/sub 2/, D/sub 2/ and T/sub 2/). (51 References).
L. I. Ponomarev, L. N. Somov, and MP. Faifman, "A simple approach to three-body system in mesoatomic physics," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 133--7, 1979.
Abstract: A simple approach to the three-body problem is suggested to obtain good results in the adiabatic two level approximation. The binding energies of the mesomolecules and various characteristics of the scattering processes p mu +p and d mu +d are calculated. Comparison with previous calculations is carried out. (10 References).
LI. Ponomarev, "Muon catalysis of nuclear fusion in deuterium-tritium mixture," in 10th European Conference on Controlled Fusion and Plasma Physics, pp. 223--42, 1981.
Abstract: The author surveys the muon catalysis investigated in D-T reactions carried out since 1977. The author also studies: i) how many DT reactions one muon can catalyse; ii) energy necessary to produce one muon; and iii) the net energy output per one muon, the multiplication of fusion neutrons in the U blanket being taken into account. (38 References).
LI. Ponomarev, "Muon catalyzed fusion," Atomkernenergie Kerntechnik, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 175--9, 1983.
Abstract: At stopping of mu /sup -/ in the mixture of deuterium and tritium, there takes place the production of mesic atoms d mu and t mu and of mesic molecules dd mu , dt mu and tt mu and other processes, the most interesting of which is the muon catalysis of nuclear fusion. In recent years the phenomenon of mu -catalysis is widely discussed from the point of view of the possibilities of its practical use for the production of nuclear energy and neutrons and also the experimental study of this phenomenon has been started. The report presents the results of recent theoretical and experimental studies of the mu -catalysis. Experiments and theoretical calculations are discussed, required for determining main characteristics of the mu -catalysis and most favourable conditions for it. (66 References).
L. I. Ponomarev and G. Fiorentini, "µCF Theory: History and Recent Developments," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, pp. 3--20, 1987.
L. I. Ponomarev, "Summary talk," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, pp. 629--654, 1988.
LI. Ponomarev, "Muon catalysed fusion," Contemporary Physics, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 219--45, 1990.
Abstract: One muon is a deuterium-tritium mixture can catalyse more than 100 nuclear fusion reactions and that this phenomenon could be used for the production of nuclear fuel and energy. This review presents the state of the art of muon catalysed fusion studies and its place among alternative methods of nuclear breeding. The main unsolved problems of muon catalysed fusion and its application in the solution of different problems of nuclear and atomic physics, quantum electrodynamics and computational physics are discussed. (80 References).
L. I. Ponomarev and C. Petitjean, "Muon Catalyzed Fusion," International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems, 1991.
L. I. Ponomarev, "µ--capture in the mesic molecule ppµ," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 129--136, 1993.
LI. Ponomarev, "Muon catalyzed fusion: the status and perspectives," Transactions of the American Nuclear Society, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 323-8, 1994.
Abstract: The main features and the state of the art of muon catalyzed fusion (MCF) are presented. The different applications of MCF in atomic, molecular and nuclear physics are discussed. The possible practical applications of MCF for the production of an intense 14 MeV neutron source and nuclear fuel are outlined. (17 References).
L. I. Ponomarev and EA. Solov'ev, "Acceleration of p pi -atoms in a Coulomb de-excitation cascade," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 129--33, 1996.
Abstract: An improved adiabatic approach (IAA) previously proposed in atomic physics is extended to the case of collisions of mesic atoms in excited states n[right angle bracket]or=2. The computed rates lambda /sub nn'//sup C/(E) of the Coulomb de-excitation processes (p pi )/sub n/+p to (p pi )/sub n'/+p are substantially different from the IAA results. It is shown that the Coulomb de-excitation rates lambda /sub nn'//sup C/(E) are high enough to explain the appearance of p pi mesic atoms with kinetic energy ~70 eV, which were observed by Crawford et al. (1988 and 1991). (20 References).
LI. Ponomarev, "Muon-catalyzed fusion and fundamental physics," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, no. 1-4, pp. 137--45, 1996.
Abstract: The essence and main features of muon-catalyzed fusion are exposed. Some important and interesting applications of muon-catalyzed fusion in fundamental physics are presented: nuclear physics, quantum electrodynamics, weak interaction physics, the Coulomb three-body problem and the physics of exotic atoms. (28 References).
LIA Ponomarev and EA. Solov'ev, "Low-energy inelastic collisions of excited hydrogen mesic atoms," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 9--14, 1998.
Abstract: The advanced adiabatic approach (AAA) previously proposed for the description of collision problems in atomic physics is extended to the specific case of mesic atom collisions in excited states n[right angle bracket]or=2. Calculations of the muon transfer and Coulomb deexcitation rates in collisions of (p mu )/sub n/,(d mu )/sub n/, and (t mu )/sub n/ muonic atoms in excited states n=3,4,5 with hydrogen isotopes p,d,t are presented. (17 References).
L. I. Ponomarev and EA. Solov'ev, "Charge exchange and Coulomb de-excitation of muonic atoms in low energy collisions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 55--62, 1999.
Abstract: The muon transfer and Coulomb de-excitation rates at the collisions of (p mu )/sub n/, (d mu )/sub n/ and (t mu )/sub n/ muonic atoms in excited states n=3, 4, 5 with hydrogen isotopes p, d, t are calculated for all possible combinations of hydrogen isotopes. The advanced adiabatic approach is adapted and used to the specific case of muonic atom collisions. (18 References).
LI. Ponomarev, "Review of the mu CF theory after EXAT-98," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 15--23, 2001.
Abstract: A review of the Muon Catalyzed Fusion theory after the International Symposium EXAT98 is presented. The main results obtained are discussed. Special attention is paid to the unsolved problems of the mu CF phenomenon and its applications. (24 References).
L. I. Ponomarev and EA. Solov'ev, "Advanced adiabatic approach to superlow-energy inelastic collisions of mesic atoms in excited states," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 1615--28, 2002.
Abstract: The advanced adiabatic approach previously proposed for describing collision problems in atomic physics is extended to the specific case of mesic-atom collisions in the excited states n[right angle bracket]or=2. The method and the algorithm of the calculations are described. The calculations of the charge-exchange and Coulomb deexcitation rates in collisions of (p mu )/sub n/, (d mu )/sub n/, and (t mu )/sub n/ muonic atoms in the excited states n=3, 4, 5 with the hydrogen isotopes p, d, t are presented in comparison with the conventional adiabatic approach. (18 References).
LI. Ponomarev, "High power accelerators in fundamental physics and nuclear technology," Progress in Nuclear Energy, vol. 40, no. 3-4, pp. 655--60, 2002.
Abstract: The trends of the high power accelerators development are outlined. The natural examples of their applications in nuclear physics and technology are discussed: muon physics, physics of rare decays, intense 14 MeV - neutron source based on muon catalyzed fusion (INS-MCF) and accelerator driven system (ADS) for nuclear waste incineration. The accelerator with power ~10 MW and particle energy ~1 GeV/nucl is considered as the best candidate for these purposes. (15 References).
NP. Popov, "Particle correlations and hyperfine effects in muon capture," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 188-91, 1970.
Abstract: The time dependence of the particle correlations in muon capture is considered. The calculations demonstrate that the dependence may by rather considerable at the time interval of the order of 1/R, where R is conversion rate.
V. S. Popov, A. E. Kudryavtsev, V. I. Lisin, and VD. Mur, "Shallow nuclear levels and radiative transitions in hadronic atoms," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 715--27, 1985.
Abstract: The position of a nuclear level perturbing the Coulomb spectrum can be calculated in the analytic theory of nuclear level shifts from the level shift of a hadronic atom. The is illustrated by the example of the K/sup -4/He atom. Experimental 2p-level shifts suggest that this system may have a weakly-bound p-state with binding energy and width epsilon approximately gamma approximately 0.5 MeV. The probabilities of radiative transitions to this level and the cross section for its creation in nuclear reactions on /sup 6/Li are calculated. The possible existence of states in which K/sup -/ and p are weakly bound to other light nuclei is examined. An exact solution is obtained for a model Coulomb problem with short-range interaction, and is used to determine the range of validity of the initial approximations. (28 References).
VS. Popov, "Zel'dovich effect in atomic and nuclear physics," in Eighth Balaton Conference on Nuclear Physics, (Z. Fodor, ed.), pp. 257-65, 1987.
Abstract: In systems bound by the coulomb interaction distorted at short distances there may arise a rearrangement of the atomic spectrum (or the Zel'dovich effect). Specific features of this effect are considered both in the absence and presence of absorption. The Coulomb renormalization of scattering lengths and effective ranges for any l is briefly discussed as well as some examples of the Zel'dovich effect in the physics of hadronic atoms and mesomolecules. (20 References).
NP. Popov, "The scattering of 'mesic' hydrogen isotopes on light nuclei," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 207--16, 1988.
Abstract: The elastic scattering and charge exchange of muonic hydrogen on light nuclei is considered. Both processes influence the kinetics of the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion. The calculations of the elastic cross sections for muonic hydrogen scattering on hydrogen and helium targets proved the important role of the electron shell of the target atom. Charge exchange of muonic hydrogen in the ground and excited states on helium nuclei is considered. The connection between the elastic and inelastic channels is traced. The calculated rates on the isotopic exchange reaction in the hydrogen mixture are discussed. The calculated rates and cross sections are compared with the experimental data. (42 References).
NP. Popov, "Muonic atom-atom collision processes," in High-Energy Ion-Atom Collisions, (D. Berenyi and G. Hock, eds.), pp. 347--50, 1991.
Abstract: Elastic and inelastic interaction processes of mesohydrogen in a mixture of hydrogen isotopes with light nuclei are considered. The role of electron screening in the elastic scattering is shown to be very important. Isotopic exchange reactions as well as muon transfer to light nuclei are considered. Kinetics of the excited mesohydrogen in the hydrogen isotope mixture are considered. (20 References).
NP. Popov, "Charge exchange processes," in Exotic Atoms in Condensed Matter, (G. Benedek and H. Schneuwly, eds.), pp. 151--7, 1992.
Abstract: Negative muon (pion) transfer from mesic hydrogen to the nucleus of heavier hydrogen isotopes or of elements with Z[right angle bracket]1 is investigated. Direct charge exchange as well as the molecular mechanism are considered, the latter going via a quasistationary intermediate molecular state. Both processes are analyzed for the ground state and excited states of the mesic atom. (40 References).
N. Popov, "Calculation of deexcitation and muon transfer rates in collisions of excited muonic atoms in hydrogen mixtures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 83--90, 1993.
Abstract: The competition of the processes responsible for muonic hydrogen deexcitation and charge exchange is considered for various isotopic mixtures. The energy dependence as well as the n-dependence of the process rates are analyzed in the framework of the WKB method. Electron screening is taken into account. (34 References).
V. S. Popov, B. M. Karnakov, and V. D. Mur, "A model--independent description of dt and d$^3$He systems near low--energy resonances," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101/102, pp. 401--411, 1996.
V. P. Popov and VN. Pomerantsev, "Stark transitions and elastic scattering of excited muonic hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 133-9, 1996.
Abstract: The quantum mechanical approach for the description of Stark mixing and elastic scattering of excited muonic hydrogen in collision with hydrogen atoms is developed in the adiabatic approximation. For principal quantum number n[left angle bracket]or=12 and collision energies 0.1[left angle bracket]or=E[left angle bracket]or=10 eV the partial sigma /sub n/(l to l'; E), total sigma /sub n/(l; E) and l-averaged sigma /sub n/(E) cross sections are calculated. The differential and transport cross sections for the elastic scattering are also obtained. (9 References).
V. P. Popov and VN. Pomerantsev, "Collisional Stark mixing in excited muonic hydrogen isotope atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 133--6, 1999.
Abstract: The quantum mechanical approach previously proposed by the authors is applied for the description of the Stark mixing in collisions of (H mu )/sub n/, (D mu )/sub n/ and (T mu )/sub n/ muonic atom in excited states n=2-10 with hydrogen isotope atoms. The partial, sigma /sub n/(l to l'; E), total, sigma /sub n/(l; E), and l-averaged on the initial angular momentum l, sigma /sub n/(E), cross-sections are calculated in the energy range 0.01 eV[left angle bracket]or=E[left angle bracket]or=15 eV. The strong dependence of the Stark cross-sections for muonic hydrogen collision on the isotope mass is obtained. (5 References).
V. P. Popov and VN. Pomerantsev, "Differential elastic cross-sections of excited exotic hydrogen atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 137--9, 1999.
Abstract: Differential cross-sections for the elastic scattering of excited exotic hydrogen atoms by hydrogenic atoms are calculated for the first time. The calculations are performed for exotic atoms ( mu a, pi a; a=p, d, t) in the states with the principal quantum numbers n=2-10 at relative motion energies E=0.001-15 eV and at scattering angles theta =0-180 degrees. (3 References).
V. P. Popov and VN. Pomerantsev, "Scattering processes of excited muonic atoms by molecular hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 109--12, 2001.
Abstract: The coupled-channel approach of an excited exotic atom scattering from a hydrogen molecule in the rigid-rotator approximation is developed. The K-matrix method is used to solve the set of coupled collisional equations in the space-fixed (SF) framework for the systems p mu +H/sub 2/, d mu +D/sub 2/, p mu +D/sub 2/, and d mu +H/sub 2/. The elastic and Stark mixing cross-sections for scattering on molecular ortho- and para-states are calculated for the principle quantum number n=2 and collisional energies E[right angle bracket]or=0.1 eV. (4 References).
JL. Popp, "The MECO experiment: a search for lepton flavor violation in muonic atoms," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 472, no. 3, pp. 354--8, 2001.
Abstract: MECO will search for direct evidence of muon and electron flavor violation in the decay of muons in Coulomb bound states via coherent recoil of the nucleus and decay electron. The expected sensitivity to the mu /sup -/N to e/sup -/+N branching fraction relative to muon capture mu /sup -/N(A, Z) to nu /sub mu /+N(A, Z-1) is R/sub mu e/[left angle bracket]5*10/sup -17/ at 90% confidence level, roughly 3-4 orders of magnitude lower than current limits. This article provides an overview of the experiment. (4 References).
D. I. Porat and DA. Ouimette, "Track correlator as a fast trigger in the detection of pi - mu Coulomb bound states," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. ns-26, no. 1st1, pp. 209--11, 1979.
Abstract: The circuit generates a fast ( approximately=200 ns) trigger in response to two particles (one pi and one mu ) passing through two scintillation hodoscopes and satisfying criteria of direction and spatial separation. The selection of 4-fold coincidences identifying the relevant tracks is effected by simultaneous RAMs in coincidence with SSI logic. (2 References).
T. A. Porcelli, "Measurements of Muon Catalyzed dt Fusion in Solid HD", 1999.
T. A. Porcelli, A. Adamczak, J. M. Bailey, G. A. Beer, J. L. Douglas, M. P. Faifman, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, G. R. Mason, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, and J. Zmeskal, "Measurement of the resonant d mu t molecular formation rate in solid HD," Physical Review Letters, vol. 86, no. 17, pp. 3763--6, 2001.
Abstract: Measurements of muon-catalyzed dt fusion (d mu t to /sup 4/He+n+ mu /sup -/) in solid HD have been per formed. The theory describing the energy dependent resonant molecular formation rate for the reaction mu t+HD to (d mu t)pee* is compared to experimental results in a pure solid HD target. Constraints on the rates are inferred through the use of a Monte Carlo model developed specifically for the experiment. From the time-of-flight analysis of fusion events in 16 and 37 mu g.cm/sup -2/ targets, an average formation rate consistent with 0.897+or-(0.046)/sub stat/+or-(0.166)/sub syst/ times the theoretical prediction was obtained. (17 References).
RD. Poshusta, "Nonadiabatic singer polymal wave functions for three-particle systems," International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 65--77, 1983.
Abstract: A method for nonadiabatic many-particle quantum-mechanical calculations is described and illustrated for the special case of three particles. The method uses a basis of explicitly correlated Singer-type exponential quadratic function (polymals) of the internal degrees of freedom. Rigorous symmetric states are projected from the basis: linear momentum of the center of mass, total angular momentum, and permutational symmetry under interchange of indistinguishable particles. The nonadiabatic wave functions are interpreted via purely quantum-mechanical criteria of interparticle correlation as measured by average values of powers of interparticle distances and angles. The illustrations are made on H/sub 2//sup +/, which is easily treated in the Born-Oppenheimer and adiabatic approximations, on helium, muonic helium, and on (e/sup +/, e/sup -/, e/sup +/) which are poorly described in adiabatic methods. The ground and lowest bound excited states of these systems are studied with up to 256 tempered Singer polymals for which the author finds energies too high by 0.0011 a.u. in H/sub 2//sup +/, 0.0017 a.u. in muonic helium, 0.0009 a.u. in /sub 4/He, and 0.0002 a.u. in (e/sup +/, e/sup -/, e/sup +/); the corresponding relative errors are 1800, 4, 300, and 200 ppm, respectively. (23 References).
A. Possoz, D. Eavart, L. Grenacs, J. Lehmann, P. Macq, D. Meda, L. Palffy, J. Julien, and C. Samour, "Measurement of the average polarization of /sup 12/B produced by polarized muons in the mu /sup -/+/sup 12/C to nu /sub mu /+/sup 12/B reaction," Physics Letters B, vol. 50B, no. 4, pp. 438--40, 1974.
Abstract: The average polarization of /sup 12/B produced by the capture of polarized muons in /sup 12/C has been measured using recoil implantation techniques. From the result the average polarization of the /sup 12/B ground state /sup 12/B(0) corresponding to the /sup 12/C to /sup 12/B(0) Gamow Teller reaction is deduced: J/sub mu /(0)=0.43+or-0.10. The sizeable deviation of this polarization from the value of 2/3, characteristic of a 'bare' 0/sup +/ to 1/sup +/ process, is a fair evidence for induced axial-vector interaction(s) in muon capture. The ratio of the induced pseudoscalar and the axial-vector coupling constants is deduced to be: g/sub P//sup mu //g/sub A//sup mu /=12+or-5. (15 References).
A. Pouladdej, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, A. J. Larabee, A. J. Noble, C. J. Virtue, D. H. Wright, G. Azuelos, and B. C. Robertson, "Photon asymmetry measurement in radiative muon capture on Ca-40," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 68, pp. art. no.-034605, 2003.
Abstract: A measurement of the photon asymmetry (alpha(gamma)) in radiative muon capture RMC on Ca-40 has been carried out at TRIUMF. Negative muons were stopped in a Ca-40 target and the resulting RMC photons were then converted by a 5-cm thick NaI detector placed immediately in front of our main NaI detector, a cylindrical crystal of diameter 46 cm and depth 51 cm. The data sample consisted of 5200 high-energy (57 MeV<E-gamma<95 MeV) RMC photon candidates. Our measured value for the energyaveraged photon asymmetry is alpha(gamma)=1.00+/-0.23. The extracted values for the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant (g(P)) based on this photon asymmetry measurement are g(P)/g(A)<8.0, utilizing the impulse approximation IA model, and g(P)/g(A)<14.5 in terms of the modified impulse approximation (MIA) model. The two extracted values, although both consistent with the Goldberger-Treiman value of g(P)/g(A)approximate to7, are considerably different, indicating a significant theoretical model dependency.
H. P. Povel, H. Koch, W. D. Hamilton, S. Charalambus, and G. Backenstoss, "Muon capture probability in isotopes of bromine," Physics Letters B, vol. 33B, no. 8, pp. 620--2, 1970.
Abstract: The muon capture probabilities in /sup 79/Br and /sup 81/Br have been measured by observing the time distribution of gamma -rays with respect to the stopped muons. The gamma -rays predominantly occur following ( mu /sup -/:n) reactions. A natural bromine target was used and a Ge(Li) detector recorded X-rays and gamma -rays. The capture lifetimes tau (/sup 79/Br)=143.9+or-7.4 nsec and tau (/sup 81/Br)=132.8+or-8.9 nsec were obtained; they indicate that nuclear structure may be influencing the process.
HP. Povel, "M1 and E2 hyperfine effects in muonic /sub 41//sup 93/Nb," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A217, no. 3, pp. 573--88, 1973.
Abstract: The hyperfine structure of the 2p-1s, 2s-2p, and 3d-2p transitions in muonic /sub 41//sup 93/Nb has been measured. The M1 hyperfine splitting of the 1s/sub 1/2/, 2s/sub 1/2/, and 2p/sub 1/2/ levels is Delta (1s/sub 1/2/)=3.51+or-0.11 keV, Delta (2s/sub 1/2/)=0.51+or-0.05 keV, and Delta (2p/sub 1/2/)=0.86+or-0.05 keV in agreement with the pairing plus quadrupole model. The E2 hyperfine coupling constant of the 2p/sub 3/2/ level is A/sub 2/(2p/sub 3/2/)=-0.68+or-0.03 keV. From this the spectroscopic quadrupole moment of the /sub 41//sup 93/Nb /sup 9///sub 2//sup +/ ground state was derived as Q=-0.32+or-0.02 b, corresponding to an effective charge e/sub eff/=1.79+or-0.14 for the g/sub 9/2/ proton. (19 References).
R. J. Powers, P. Martin, G. H. Miller, R. E. Welsh, and DA. Jenkins, "Muonic /sup 197/Au: a test of the weak-coupling model," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A230, no. 3, pp. 413--44, 1974.
Abstract: The authors report the measurement of the energies of various muonic atomic transitions above 500 keV in /sup 197/Au. They have used the weak-coupling model in order to analyze the hyperfine structure of /sup 197/Au. Using transitions to and from the 1s, 2s 2p and 3p levels as well as the structure of the 2p states and hyperfine splittings of the 2p, 3p and 3d states they have fitted the data to two deformed Fermi distributions: one with a constant skin thickness, the other with a skin thickness which varies. Both yield equally good fits. They have determined the quadrupole moment of /sup 197/Au to be 0.547+or-0.016 b. The model dependence of the results is discussed. The weak coupling parameters of de-Shalit Omega /sub p/, Omega /sub 22/, Omega /sub 20/ and A/sup 2/ have been determined and are in fair agreement with Coulomb excitation results. There is also good agreement between the results and those of electron scattering. (49 References).
R. J. Powers, F. Boehm, P. Vogel, A. Zehnder, T. King, A. R. Kunselman, P. Roberson, P. Martin, G. H. Miller, R. E. Welsh, and DA. Jenkins, "Precise determination of E2 and E4 moments in /sup 165/Ho from muonic X-rays," Physical Review Letters, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 492--5, 1975.
Abstract: Reports precision measurements of the quadrupole and the intrinsic hexadecapole moment pi /sub 0/ using muonic X-rays. The nuclear charge distribution and the angular variation of the skin thickness are determined. (9 References).
R. J. Powers, F. Boehm, P. Vogel, A. Zehnder, T. King, A. R. Kunselman, P. Roberson, P. Martin, G. H. Miller, R. E. Welsh, and DA. Jenkins, "Muonic X-ray study of the charge distribution of /sup 165/Ho," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A262, no. 3, pp. 493--515, 1976.
Abstract: The authors report the measurement of the energies of 4f to 3d, 3d to 2p, 2p to 1s, 3p to 2s and 2s to 2p muonic atomic transitions in /sup 165/Ho. Using transitions to and from the 1s, 2s, 2p and 3p levels as well as the hyperfine splittings of the 2p, 3p and 3d states, they have fitted the data to two distinct deformed Fermi distributions: one with a constant skin thickness; the other with a skin thickness which varies as a function of polar angle. Both yield good fits. The necessity of adding nuclear polarization corrections is demonstrated. The spectroscopic quadrupole moments of the first two nuclear states are determined to be 3.49+or-0.03 e. b and 3.43+or-0.04 e.b, respectively. The ground-state intrinsic hexadecapole moment is determined to be 0.50+or-0.23 e.b/sup 2/. (47 References).
RJ. Powers, "Recent results in pionic and kaonic atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 552-65, 1976.
Abstract: Reviews the elementary particle and nuclear physics aspects of the mesonic atomic problems. Discusses recent measurements of the pi /sup -/ and K/sup -/ masses and their influence on the limit on the nu /sub mu / mass. Discusses present understanding of the meson-nucleus interaction. (35 References).
R. J. Powers, F. Boehm, A. A. Hahn, J. P. Miller, J-L Vuilleumier, K-C Wang, A. Zehnder, A. R. Kunselman, and P. Roberson, "An experimental study of the E0, E2 and E4 charge moments of /sup 161/Dy using muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A292, no. 3, pp. 487--505, 1977.
Abstract: The measurement of the energies of 4f to 3d, 3d to 2p and 2p to 1s muonic atomic transitions in /sup 161/Dy are reported. The energies have been interpreted in terms of a nuclear charge density which is a five-parameter generalized Fermi distribution. Band mixing effects were taken into account when interpreting the hyperfine structure (h.f.s.). Using the muonic 3d h.f.s. the ground-state spectroscopic quadrupole moment was determined to be 2.468+or-0.029 e.b. The quadrupole static moments of the first two excited nuclear states of the ground-state band and the transition moments connecting these states to the ground state were determined relative to the ground-state moment by using the muonic 2p h.f.s. The ground-state intrinsic hexadecapole moment was found to be 1.2+or-0.5 e.b2 using the 3d h.f.s. (31 References).
R. J. Powers, F. Boehm, A. Zehnder, A. R. Kunselman, and P. Roberson, "A precision determination of the radial charge parameters and the quadrupole moment of /sup 181/Ta using muonic X-rays," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A278, no. 3, pp. 477--90, 1977.
Abstract: The measurement of the energies of the 4f to 3d, 3d to 2p and 2p to 1s atomic transitions in muonic /sup 181/Ta is reported. Using transitions to and from the 1s and 2p levels, as well as the hyperfine splittings of the 2p and 3d states, the radial charge parameters were obtained assuming deformed Fermi distributions. The intrinsic static quadrupole moment Q/sub 0/=6.82+or-0.06 e.b, was in excellent agreement with Coulomb excitation results. The dynamic (corresponding to transitions to the first excited state) and the static (ground state) E2 moments were equal to within 1.1%. The intrinsic hexadecapole moment was determined to be Pi /sub 0/=-0.12+or-0.40 e.b/sup 2/. (26 References).
R. J. Powers, P. Barreau, B. Bihoreau, J. Miller, J. Morganstern, J. Picard, and L. Roussel, "A muonic X-ray study of the charge distribution of /sup 144,148,150,152154/Sm," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A316, no. 3, pp. 295--316, 1979.
Abstract: The authors report the measurements of the energies of the 4f to 3d, 3d to 2p, and 2p to 1s muonic atomic transition in separated isotopes of /sup 144,148,150,152,154/Sm, and that of the 2s to 2p transitions of /sup 152/Sm as well. Using these transition energies as well as the hyperfine splittings of the 2p levels, they have interpreted the data in terms of a deformed Fermi distribution for the charge density and obtained good fits. A model independent analysis of the isotope shifts in terms of generalized R/sub k/ moments has been made and in good agreement with electronic X-ray and optical isotope shifts. The static quadrupole moments and the isomer shifts of the first excited states of /sup 152,154/Sm have been determined from the 2p hyperfine structure. (54 References).
R. J. Powers, K-C Wang, M. V. Hoehn, E. B. Shera, H. D. Wohlfahrt, and AR. Kunselman, "Experimental study of pionic Ca and Ti and examination of the pion-nuclear potential for low-Z nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A336, no. 3, pp. 475--98, 1980.
Abstract: The authors report the measurement of the strong interaction shifts and widths of the 3d to 2p transitions in pionic /sup 40,42,43,44,48/Ca and /sup 46,48,50/Ti. Using these new data in combination with earlier low-Z pionic data (6[left angle bracket]or=Z[left angle bracket]or=16), they have studied, in a purely phenomenological way, the pion-nuclear optical potential. Employing nuclear-structure information from Hartree-Fock calculations and measured charge densities, they have fitted the pion-nuclear potential parameters to the pionic atom data. The effect of adding an isovector dependence to the s- and p-wave two-nucleon terms has been investigated. They have also explored the sensitivity of these data to the value of the Lorentz-Lorenz parameter xi . A small but definite sensitivity to the latter parameter has been observed with the best fit value of xi being significantly greater than 1. They have used the phenomenological potentials to determine the neutron radii of the Ca and Ti isotopes and, in fact, find reasonable agreement with Hartree-Fock predictions and with the results of other hadronic probes. (61 References).
MK. Prasad, "Some calculations on the production and detection of ( pi mu )/sub atom/ from K/sub L//sup 0/ decay," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. B10, no. 7, pp. 635--47, 1979.
Abstract: The branching ratio R= Gamma (K/sub L//sup 0/ to ( pi mu )/sub atom/ nu )/ Gamma (K/sub L//sup 0/ to pi mu nu )is calculated as a function of xi =f/sub -//f/sub +/, where f/sub +or-/ are dimensionless form factors for the K/sub L//sup 0/. The world average values xi =-0.2(-0.9) from K/sub mu 3//K/sub e3/ (muon polarization) measurements give R=3.8(2.7)*10/sup -7/. Bethe's theory of inelastic collisions is adapted to the calculation of the ionization cross-section sigma /sub ion/ for a relativistic ( pi mu )/sub atom/ in the 1S state due to its interaction with the screened Coulomb field of a target (foil) atom. In particular, for a ( pi mu )/sub atom/ with an energy of 10(m/sub pi /+m/sub mu /)c/sup 2/ incident on an aluminium target (foil) atom, sigma /sub ion/=7.4*10/sup -22/ cm/sup 2/. These calculations are relevant to the experiments being currently performed by Schwartz and collaborators at Brookhaven and FNAL. (13 References).
TAEC. Pratt, "Muon partial capture rates using /sup 28/Si, /sup 32/S, /sup 40/Ca as targets and Ge-Li as detector," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 119--30, 1969.
Abstract: Certain nuclei have been observed to be produced after muon capture in a target material. These daughter nuclei were identified through decay of their excited states. The gammas so emitted were detected using germanium-lithium drifted detectors. Partial capture rates are quoted for captures to these excited states. Discussion involves the following nuclei produced from their respective target nucleus: /sup 28/Al, /sup 27/Al, /sup 27/Mg and /sup 26/Mg from /sup 28/Si as target; /sup 32/P, /sup 31/P, /sup 30/P, /sup 31/Si and /sup 30/Si from /sup 32/S as target; /sup 40/K, /sup 39/K, /sup 39/Ar and /sup 38/Ar from /sup 40/Ca as target.
S. Prestemon, S. Van Sciver, Y. Eyssa, D. Crook, T. J. Liu, W. Molzen, and J. Sculli, "Preliminary design of the MECO magnet system," IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 10, pp. 264-267, 2000.
Abstract: The Muon-Electron Conversion experiment, to be built at Brookhaven National Laboratory, requires a complex set of solenoids to generate the required field profile. Field magnitude, gradient and oscillations must all be controlled along the similar to 27 meter curved beamline to allow for optimal capture of pi and mu particles, the sign and momentum selection of appropriate mu particles, and their transport to the detector region. The solenoid system is designed to yield the required field profile in an efficient and cost-effective manner. A critical concern is the removal of field gradient reversals along the beamline. The system is decomposed into a large number of simple solenoids of equal current density, whose dimensions vary so as to obtain the required field contribution. Analysis of the field influence of cosmic ray shielding is provided, along with the field footprint of the entire system, Structural aspects are discussed, in particular relating to magnetic forces and cryostat requirements.
J. R. Primack and HR. Quinn, "Muon g-2 and other constraints on a model of weak and electromagnetic interactions without neutral currents," Physical Review D, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 3171--8, 1972.
Abstract: A simple spontaneously broken gauge model of electromagnetic and weak interactions without neutral currents has recently been constructed. In this paper the authors show that the agreement between the conventional calculation of muon g-2 and experimental data imposes relations among the masses of the intermediate vector meson, the heavy lepton associated with the muon, and the Higgs scalar meson, in the Georgi-Glashow model. They also deduce additional constraints on models of this sort from muonic atom data. (27 References).
H. Primakoff, "Weak interaction of leptons with few-nucleon systems-meson and nucleon-isobar effects," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Few Particle Problems in the Nuclear Interaction, (I. Slaus, S. Moszkowski, R. Haddock, and Oers WTH. Van, eds.), pp. 827-38, 1972.
Abstract: The several actual and potential discrepancies between experiment and precise NOIA (nucleons only impulse-approximation) calculations for the various weak processes in the few-nucleon nuclei: d, /sup 3/H, /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He, are discussed. Those weak processes in the few nucleon nuclei which may be expected to reveal most directly any actually existing 'exotic' hadron weak currents and hence simultaneously provide unequivocal evidence for the intranuclear presence of mesons and nucleon-isobars are discussed. (21 References).
H. Primakoff, "Muon capture by light nuclei," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, no.37, 1977, pp.85-103, pp. 85-103, 1977.
Abstract: The theory of muon capture by selected light nuclei has been reviewed. For H, /sup 3/He, and /sup 12/C a comparison of the theoretical findings with experiment is in favour of the validity of CVC, PCAC, and against the presence of second class currents. In certain cases, quantitative agreement with experiment is reached only by the inclusion of a contribution due to meson-exchange effects. Results for muon capture in deuterium and tritium are given. (23 References).
MIJ Probert and AJ. Fisher, "Potential for a novel mu SR experiment-the results of an ab initio study," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 259, no. 3-4, pp. 271--5, 1996.
Abstract: Predicted results for a novel muon spectroscopy experiment are described. The results come from ab initio density functional theory calculations of benzene and muonium, using the projector augmented wave technique. The stable binding site for the muonium is evaluated from a total energy minimisation calculation. At this site the associated (bond stretching) vibrational frequency, Einstein coefficients and the isotropic hyperfine parameter are then calculated. It is found that the hyperfine parameter depends on the vibrational state, and so optical excitation of such states should now be detectable. This therefore opens up the possibility of muon vibrational spectroscopy. (12 References).
M. I. J. Probert and A. J. Fisher, "An ab initio study of muons in ethanal," J. Phys.-Condes. Matter, vol. 9, pp. 3241-3257, 1997.
Abstract: Ab initio density functional theory calculations for ethanal and muonium, using the projector augmented-wave technique, are described. The potential binding sites for the muonium are evaluated from total-energy-minimization calculations. At these preferred sites the associated (bond-stretching) vibrational frequencies, Einstein coefficients and isotropic hyperfine coupling constants are then calculated. It is found that the hyperfine parameter at each site depends on the vibrational state, and so muon vibrational spectroscopy of ethanal is predicted to be possible. The effect of a rigid-muonium-bond rotation is also considered. It is found that this can change the sign of the predicted hyperfine coupling constant at certain sites, which is necessary to get reasonable agreement with experimental values. The temperature dependence of the hyperfine coupling constant was calculated from a Boltzmann population of rotational states. This was found to be insufficient to explain the experimentally observed temperature dependence. This is probably due to the neglect of coupling between vibrational and rotational modes. Therefore this common interpretation of the experimental temperature dependence of the hyperfine coupling constant must be reconsidered.
A. Proykova, "A Monte Carlo calculation of the angular distribution of muons in lead," Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. L87-9, 1979.
Abstract: The penetration of an initially parallel muonic beam at normal incidence on to a Pb target is studied. It is shown by a simple Monte Carlo simulation that the muons change their initial orientation with decreasing energy below 50 keV. This explains why no angular anisotropy of the mesic atom X-ray emission was measured in the experiments on meson capture by heavy atoms. (7 References).
A. Proykova, N. Nankoff, and L. Grenacs, "A model for initial ionization and charge fluctuations in /sup 12/B and /sup 16/N ions generated in nuclear muon capture," Bulgarian Journal of Physics, vol. 22, no. 1-2, pp. 13--21, 1995.
Abstract: A model for charge-change in slow ions is suggested to study charge-fluctuation influence on ion range and straggling that are functions of the electronic stopping S/sub el/. The ions /sup 12/B (/sup 16/N) are generated in graphite or in (BeO, LiOH, H/sub 2/O) in the reactions mu /sup -/+/sup 12/C(0/sup +/) to nu /sub mu /+/sup 12/B/sub gs/(I=1/sup +/) and mu /sup -/+/sup 16/O(0/sup +/) to nu /sub mu /+/sup 16/N/sub gs/(I=2/sup -/). The polarization P and alignment A of the final nuclei /sup 12/B and /sup 16/N supply information about the induced electroweak current form factors. P and A are measured via the beta decay asymmetry of radioactive /sup 12/B and /sup 16/N with a recoil-sensitive target in which thickness is optimized using the present calculation of range and straggling. (18 References).
A. Proykova and L. Grenacs, "Optimization of the recoil-direction-sensitive target for muon capture," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 362, no. 2-3, pp. 234--8, 1995.
Abstract: The optimal thickness of layers composing nucleus-recoil-sensitive target that enables the measurement of a particular orientation parameter of the final nuclei /sup 12/B/sub gs/(I=1/sup +/) and /sup 16/N/sub gs/(I=2/sup -/) in the reactions mu /sup -/+/sup 12/C(0/sup +/) to nu /sub mu /+/sup 12/B/sub gs/(I=1/sup +/) and mu /sup -/+/sup 16/O(0/sup +/) to nu /sub mu /+/sup 16/N/sub gs/(I=2/sup -/) is estimated according to the current status of art of the slowing down of low energy (recoil energy of /sup 12/B is 376 keV and that of /sup 16/N is 300 keV) charged particles in matter. The choice of materials for orientation preserving (Ni, Ag, Rh) and for orientation-destroying (Al) layers which sandwich the production target layer C or BeO is based on the data obtained with polarized /sup 12/B and /sup 13/N radioactive nuclei beams at the Universite Catholique de Louvain. (14 References).
R. Prydz, K. D. Timmerhaus, and R. B. Stewart, "The thermodynamic properties of deuterium," Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, vol. 13, pp. 384--396, 1968.
I. V. Puzynin and SI. Vinitsky, "Energy levels of mesic molecules," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 307--20, 1988.
Abstract: A review is given of the methods and results of calculations of energy levels and wave functions of mesic molecules of hydrogen isotopes. The review includes the results since 1977 when characteristics of a weakly bound state (J= nu =1) of the mesic molecule dt mu were determined and reliably calculated, thus inspiring a renewed interest in the muon catalysis. Particular attention has been given to the construction of method and high-precision calculations performed at the JINR. (34 References).
I. V. Puzynin, YuS Smirnov, and SI. Vinitsky, "Adiabatic calculations of the slow energy mesic atomic collisions," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 663-74, 1993.
Abstract: The Newton iteration algorithm for a solution of the multichannel scattering problem for a system of the Schrodinger radial equations is presented. A discrete approximation of the problem is based on the finite-difference scheme of the 6-th order accuracy concerning a characteristic step h of the quasiuniform mesh Omega /sub h/. The calculations of the wave functions, phase shifts and cross sections of elastic and inelastic collisions of mesic atoms (d mu )/sub n=1/ and (p mu )/sub n=1/ with nuclei t and p occur in the framework of a simple approach of two-level adiabatic approximation for the collision energy values 0.001 eV 50 eV. More accurate (as compared with results obtained before) characteristics of the scattering processes (d mu )/sub n=1/+t and (t mu )/sub n=1/+d near threshold in the region 0.001 eV[left angle bracket]or=E[left angle bracket]or=0.3 eV are obtained. A correct monotonic behaviour of the partial reaction matrix K/sup l/ elements is achieved for this region of energy and for values of the total orbital momentum l=0, 1, 2, 3. (22 References).
I. V. Puzynin, T. P. Puzynina, YuS Smirnov, and SI. Vinitsky, "New effective adiabatic approach to the muonic three-body scattering problem," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 73--81, 1993.
Abstract: The effective adiabatic approach to analysis of the three-particle interaction is presented. It gives a possibility to represent even in a simple two-level approximation all qualitative peculiarities of mesic atomic resonance reactions and to obtain a good quantitative agreement with different cumbersome calculations. (10 References).
I. V. Puzynin, T. P. Puzynina, YuS Smirnov, and SI. Vinitsky, "New effective adiabatic approach in three-body problem," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 675-80, 1993.
Abstract: The effective adiabatic approach to analysis of the three particle interaction is presented. It gives a possibility of representing even in a simple two-level approximation all qualitative peculiarities of mesic atomic resonance reactions and to obtain a good quantitative agreement with different cumbersome calculations. (10 References).
I. V. Puzynin, T. P. Puzynina, YuS Smirnov, and SI. Vinitsky, "New effective mass in the adiabatic approach for the muonic three-body problem," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 82--8, 1993.
Abstract: A method for the construction of the adiabatic equation describing the discrete and continuous spectra of mesic-molecule systems by means of a generalization of the concept of the effective mass is presented. (8 References).
I. V. Puzynin, T. P. Puzynina, S. I. Vinitsky, and V. I. Puzynin, "Energy level scheme of \={p}He$^+$ system in generalized adiabatic approach," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101/102, pp. 493--502, 1996.
Ma Qian-Ching, Cheng Xi-Xiang, Liu Zhi-Hing, Liu Yao-Yang, and T. Watanabe, "First-order Born and first-order distorted-wave Born cross sections for mu /sup +/+( mu /sup -/p) to ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/)+p," Physical Review A, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 2645--9, 1985.
Abstract: As one of the possible ways to produce a ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/) atom, the authors have theoretically investigated the cross section of the process mu /sup +/+( mu /sup -/p) to ( mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/)+p. The general behaviors of the cross sections obtained by the first-order Born approximation (FBA) and the first-order distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) are discussed. From the comparison of the present results with those of classical-trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) calculation and from the reliability of the present method which was discussed in the case of e/sup +/+H to (e/sup +/e/sup -/)+p, they can conclude that the maximum cross section is of the order of 10/sup -20/ cm/sup 2/ at about 2.8 keV impact energy, which is of the order of the geometrical cross section. The cross sections by FBA are of the same order with those by DWBA, agreeing to within 10-20%. The DWBA cross section is larger than that by CTMC by 30-50% in the velocity range of 5-10 keV. Scaling relationships between the cross section and impact velocity are discussed in the cases of mu /sup +/+( mu /sup -/p) and e/sup +/+H. (8 References).
Ho-Kim Quang, J. P. Lavine, and HS. Picker, "Final state interactions in muon capture by deuterons," in Conference on Few Body Problems in Nuclear and Particle Physics, (R. J. Slobodrian, B. Cujec, and K. Ramavatram, eds.), pp. 414--15, 1975.
Abstract: The reaction mu /sup -/+d to n+n+ nu is examined in order to investigate the effect of final-state interactions (FSI) in the /sup 1/S/sub 0/ n-n partial wave. For this state, n-n wave-functions are used that correspond to Bargmann potentials, whose s-wave Jost function F(k)=(2k+i alpha /sub 1/)(2k+i alpha /sub 2/)/((2k+i beta /sub 1/)(2k+i beta /sub 2/)). (6 References).
A. Alberigi Quaranta and others, "Elastic scattering of mesoatom on hydrogen and deuterium: determination of the total spin state of the µp mesoatom," Nuovo Cimento B, vol. 47, pp. 72--91, 1967.
A. Alberigi Quaranta and others, "Measurement of the muon nuclear capture rate in the µp mesoatom," Physics Letters B, vol. 25, pp. 429--432, 1967.
A. Alberigi Quaranta and others, "Measurement of the Transfer Rates of Muons from Hydrogen to Xenon and some other Monatomic Elements," Nuovo Cimento B, vol. 47, pp. 92--103, 1967.
A. A. Quaranta, A. Bertin, G. Matone, F. Palmonari, G. Torelli, P. Dalpiaz, A. Placci, and E. Zavattini, "Muon capture in gaseous hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 177, no. 5, pp. 2118-32, 1969.
Abstract: An experiment to measure the muon nuclear capture rate in ultrapure gaseous hydrogen (8 atm, 293 degrees K) has been performed using a special target in which a system of gas proportional counters, working with the pure hydrogen of the target itself, were operating. Neutrons from the capture reactions were detected using a scintillation-counter technique, and the gamma -ray background was eliminated by pulse-shape discrimination. The working conditions ensured that the captures were taking place in mu p atomic systems in a singlet total-spin state. The experimental result is lambda /sub expt/=651+or-57 sec/sup -1/, which has to be compared with the theoretical rate lambda /sub s,theor/=626+or-26 sec/sup -1/. From the the experimental capture rate, and within the framework of the currently accepted theory, the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant has been found to be g/sub p/=(-7.3+or-3.7)g/sub V/.
P. Quarati, A. Pompei, and M. Guidetti, "Study of a closed shell plus one particle using polarized mu -atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 438-9, 1979.
Abstract: The authors propose to analyze X-rays emitted from mu -atoms with nucleus polarized in the same direction of the spin of the mu -beam to study the structure of a nucleus consisting of a closed shell plus one valence nucleon. (5 References).
P. Quarati, P. P. Delsanto, and A. Devoto, "Exotic atoms with supercritical Z," in Hadronic Physics at Intermediate Energy, II. Winter School, Second Course, (T. Bressani, B. Minetti, and G. Pauli, eds.), pp. 61--72, 1987.
Abstract: In muonic atoms, in which the mu -nucleus interaction is purely electromagnetic, the vacuum cannot spontaneously decay, producing a mu /sup +/- mu /sup -/ pair, as it happens in electronic atoms when Z[right angle bracket]or=180, unless the nuclear charge exceeds Z=2000, or, fixing Z/sub crit/=180, the nuclear radius shrinks to 10/sup -3/ fm. In antiprotonic atoms, the additional presence of the vectorial strong interaction between the p level and the nucleons allows to keep Z/sub crit/ approximately=180 for a realistic size of the nuclear charge distribution. As a consequence, the vacuum may decay, producing a pp pair inside the nucleus. In the subsequent annihilation of the p with one of the nucleons, an axion may be produced. This axion creation process might explain the GSI e/sup +/e/sup -/ peak. The order of magnitude of the peak cross section seems to agree with the experimental results. (17 References).
IE. Qureshi, "The E1 transitions in kaonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 317, no. 1, pp. 19--22, 1984.
Abstract: The electric dipole transition rates in kaonic atoms are calculated by using distorted relativistic wave functions. The kaon-nucleus strong interaction which is responsible for the distortion of atomic states is considered to be proportional to the nuclear density and the effective isospin-averaged kaon-nucleon scattering length. Six atoms have been studied for which the last observed X-rays correspond to 3d-2p, 4f-3d, 5g-4f, 6h-5g, 7i-6h and 8j-7i transitions. It is found that the electric dipole transition rate is enhanced by an amount (0.3-7.6)*10/sup 13/ s/sup -1/. (8 References).
P. Rabinowitz, B. N. Perry, and N. Levinos, "A continuously trunable sequential Stokes Raman laser," IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 22, pp. 797--802, 1986.
T. Rador, "Lepton number violation in top-color assisted technicolor," Physical Review D, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 095012/1-5, 1999.
Abstract: We calculate the rates for lepton number violating processes via the exchange of the Z' boson occurring in top-color assisted technicolor. We find that mu -e conversion in nuclei is about an order of magnitude better than mu to 3e for constraining the magnitudes of the lepton mixing angles. The decay mu to e gamma yields much weaker bounds. The current experimental limits allow for a mass of the new gauge boson around 1 TeV and the magnitudes of the mixing angles turn out to lie roughly between the analogous elements of the CKM matrix and its square root. (10 References).
GM. Radutskii, "Radiative capture of pi /sup -/-mesons by light nuclei in a current algebra model," Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Fizika, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 45--50, 1986.
Abstract: The probabilities of capture of pi /sup -/-mesons by nuclei /sup 3/He, /sup 6/Li, /sup 12/C and /sup 14/N from 1s- and 2p-shells of mesic atoms are calculated by a hard-pion current algebra. (22 References).
J. Rafelski, B. Muller, G. Soff, and W. Greiner, "Critical discussion of the vacuum polarization measurements in muonic atoms," Annals of Physics, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 419--53, 1974.
Abstract: Recent disagreement between theoretical and experimental values of transition energies for outer states in muonic atoms is discussed in the range of 150-440 keV. A brief review of the present status of calculation of the theoretical contributions is given. A rigorous theoretical framework for the electron-muon system is considered. A set of self-consistent equations is derived. Several mechanisms for the explanation of the discrepancy are discussed. No explanation within the frame of standard quantum electrodynamics is found. (40 References).
J. Rafelski, "Hydrogenic mesomolecules and muon catalyzed fusion," in Exotic Atoms '79. undamental Interactions and Structure of Matter. Proceedings of the Second Course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms, (K. Crowe, J. Duclos, G. Fiorentini, and G. Torelli, eds.), pp. 177-205, 1980.
Abstract: The authors discuss questions particularly important for the process of muon catalyzed fusion. They describe the general approach to the three-body Coulomb problem when one of the bodies (muon) is (not much) lighter than the others. The process of resonant mesomolecule formation is also discussed. This is the new mechanism predicted by Vesman (1967) which has reopened the field of mu catalyzed fusion. A discussion on the possible fate of the muon in liquid hydrogen is also included. They consider the probability that the muon will stick to the fusion product, which would remove it from the catalytic chain of reactions. (16 References).
H. Rafelski, B. Muller, J. Rafelski, D. Trautmann, R. D. Viollier, and M. Danos, "Muon sticking in muon-catalyzed d-t fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 315--32, 1987.
Abstract: Loss of muons due to capture by sticking to the alpha -particle formed in muon catalyzed d-t fusion process driven by the intermediate nuclear resonant state /sup 5/He(3/2/sup +/) is considered. The kinetic energy of a muon attached to the emerging alpha -particle reduces the energy available in the nuclear fusion channel by (90+or-50) keV. The highly resonant d-t reaction amplitude is detuned and therefore the reaction channel ( alpha mu )+n is further suppressed in comparison to the nonsticking reaction dt mu to alpha + mu +n. Various other ideas in the theory of muon sticking are also reviewed, in particular muon (regeneration) stripping during the slow-down process of ( alpha mu ) and the 'sudden' muon capture in the ( alpha mu ) exit channel. (22 References).
H. E. Rafelski and B. Muller, "Density dependent stopping power and muon sticking in muon catalyzed d-t fusion," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 355-66, 1988.
Abstract: The origin of the experimentally observed density dependence of the muon alpha sticking fraction omega /sub s/ in muon catalyzed deuterium-tritium fusion is investigated. The authors show that the reactivation probability depends sensitively on the target stopping power at low ion velocities. The density dependence of the stopping power for a singly charged projectile in liquid heavy hydrogen is parametrized to simulate possible screening effects and a density dependent effective ionization potential. They find that, in principle, a description of the measured density dependence is possible, but the required parameters appear too large. Also, the discrepancy with observed (He mu ) X-ray data widens. (29 References).
H. E. Rafelski, B. Muller, J. Rafelski, D. Trautmann, and RD. Viollier, "Muon reactivation in muon-catalyzed D-T fusion," Progress in Particle & Nuclear Physics, vol. 22, no. , pp. 279-338, 1989.
Abstract: The authors comprehensively reanalyze and search for the density dependence of the effective muon alpha sticking fraction omega /sub s//sup eff/ observed experimentally in muon catalyzed deuterium-tritium fusion. Particular emphasis has been put on the density dependent dense hydrogen stopping power. The main technical details and improvements in this work are: The ( alpha mu )/sup +/ 2s and 2p states are treated independently and are assigned individual reaction rates. The essential muonic excitation rates have been recalculated taking into account finite nuclear mass effects. The stopping power for a charged projectile in liquid heavy hydrogen is modified to account for dynamic screening effects and a density dependent effective ionization potential. It is shown that the medium dependent stopping power for the ( alpha mu )/sup +/ ion is the crucial factor controlling the density dependence of the effective sticking fraction. It is also pointed out that the muonic helium K/sub alpha / X-ray yield and the sticking fraction at high density can not be simultaneously brought into agreement with the experimental results without invoking novel mechanisms suppressing Stark mixing in the (He mu ) L-shell. (72 References).
H. E. Rafelski and B. Muller, "PC-Fortran programs for muon reactivation calculations in muon-catalyzed fusion," Computer Physics Communications, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 521--6, 1990.
Abstract: The introduction of a mu /sup -/ particle into a mixture of hydrogen isotopes brings about a repetitive cycle of processes leading to nuclear fusion and the release of energy. Sticking is one of the critical processes limiting the number of fusions induced by one muon during its lifetime. When the ( alpha mu )/sup +/ ion created with the energy E=3.46 MeV is slowed down in a dense DT mixture, the muon can be stripped (reactivated), thus allowing the muon to return to the catalytic cycle. The coupled differential equations describing the reaction process are solved using the computer code as documented by L.F. Shampine and M.K. Gordon (Computer Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations, the initial value problem (Freeman, San Francisco, 1975)). (8 References).
J. Rafelski, G. R. Shin, and HE. Rafelski, "Transport theory description of the muon after d-t fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 315--26, 1990.
Abstract: The authors obtain and evolve in time under the influence of the fusion alpha -particle, the microcanonical Wigner phase space distribution of the muon energies from the catalyzed (dt) fusion. The energy spectrum is calculated as a function of time until the final amplitude at `time= infinity ` is reached. They find that the sticking amplitude is built up over rather large distances and that post-fusion alpha - mu -hydrogen interactions are of importance. (9 References).
H. E. Rafelski, D. Harley, G. R. Shin, and J. Rafelski, "Cold fusion: muon-catalysed fusion," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1469--516, 1991.
Abstract: The authors put into perspective and further develop their recent work in muon catalysed fusion, with the objective of identifying the key physical processes in the t(d,n) alpha fusion cycle relevant to energy related applications. They begin by discussing the fusion cycle and point out the importance of direct nuclear reactions in the catalysed fusion processes. This is followed by an in-depth discussion of the muon loss reaction by attachment to the fusion alpha -particle. Finally, the authors examine some special topics that have attracted the attention of workers in the muon-catalysed fusion (MuCF) community, such as energy efficient production of muons and proposals for MuCF reactors, the potential of Z[right angle bracket]1 fusion, and other recently discussed forms of cold fusion. (115 References).
J. Rafelski and HE. Rafelski, "Muons in fusion," Particle World, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 21--8, 1991.
Abstract: A survey with emphasis on recent results in muon-catalyzed fusion is presented. The authors' objective is to elucidate the physical mechanisms and application perspectives. (16 References).
J. Rafelski and D. Harley, "Muon catalyzed fusion at high density," Particle Accelerators, vol. 37-38, no. , pp. 409-16, 1992.
Abstract: The authors consider muon catalyzed fusion (MuCF) in the environment of a heavy ion inertial fusion (HIIF) facility and show that it is an interesting fusion option. They present MuCF reaction rates of dt fusion in inertially confined (IC) high density matter. (24 References).
J. Rafelski, "The challenges of muon catalyzed fusion," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 451-64, 1998.
Abstract: This is a survey of new and significant developments which promise to shape the future of muon catalyzed fusion, based on presentations made at the 1988 MuCF workshop. The new ideas about muon production, muon sticking, regeneration and the muomolecular reactions represent steady progress towards understanding the basic physics of MuCF and reaching towards 1000 fusions per muon. The author attempts to elucidate the progress made in the theory of MuCF and to illustrate the practical importance of some of the issues raised. In many instances the author follows his personal viewpoint, justifying as much as possible the reasons behind his judgement. (27 References).
U. Raff, R. D. Viollier, and K. Alder, "Penetration effects in converted muonic bound-bound transitions," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics, (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), 1973.
Abstract: It is well known that the measured intensities of gamma -transitions in muonic atoms are significantly affected by the internal conversion process. So far only approximate conversion coefficients have been used for the calculation of the intensity ratios in the muonic cascade. The transition charge densities of the muon and of the converted electron do strongly overlap in a region between nuclear edge and the radius of the K-shell electron. Since the conversion coefficients are essentially formed in this region of the atom, considerable penetration effects can be observed. (0 References).
U. Raff, R. D. Viollier, and K. Alder, "Penetration effects in converted muonic transitions," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A223, no. 3, pp. 429--41, 1974.
Abstract: So far, when conversion coefficients have been introduced in the calculation of intensity ratios of muonic atoms, only the 'no- penetration' approximation has been made. Firstly the authors formulate the theory of Auger coefficients including penetration effects, for both bound-bound and free-bound transitions and secondly they investigate some special E1 transitions in muonic /sup 205/Tl. The penetration effects describing the overlap of the muon transition charge and transition current densities with those of the converted electron are found to be rather important in magnitude. (7 References).
SS. Raghavan, "Negative muon capture in /sup 3/He," Pramana-Journal of Physics, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 471--7, 1978.
Abstract: The partial capture rate of negative muons in /sup 3/He is computed by following the analysis of Peterson (1968) to include the relativistic corrections and exchange effects for various values of the g/sub p//g/sub A/ ratio. Also calculated is the total capture rate. The ground state of /sup 3/He is assumed to be spherical. The radial dependence of the ground state wave function is taken to be (a) one parameter Irving function, (b) a modified three-parameter Irving function and (c) a function having 'soft-core', whose parameters have been fixed in a variational calculation of the binding energy of the triton using a non-local momentum-dependent potential involving p/sup 2/ terms. The calculated values of the capture rates are compared with the experimental data to find a value for the g/sub p//g/sub A/ ratio. (19 References).
A. Raiche and C. Werntz, "Radiative pion capture in /sup 4/He," Physical Review C, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 2003--10, 1971.
Abstract: The radiative-pion-capture rate from a number of low-lying Bohr orbits in /sup 4/He is calculated. It is shown that the peak in the gamma spectrum is caused by transitions to broad 2/sup -/ and 1/sup -/ resonances in /sup 4/He. The angular correlation of the low-energy neutrons with the direction of the gamma -ray is shown to be strongly dependent on the orbital-angular-momentum value of the Bohr orbit from which capture occurs, thus affording an independent check of atomic deexcitation studies in pionic atoms. (25 References).
S. A. Rakityansky, S. A. Sofianos, V. B. Belyaev, and VI. Korobov, "Resonant nuclear transition in the d mu /sup 6/Li muonic molecule," Physical Review A, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1242--51, 1996.
Abstract: The reaction rate of the nuclear fusion d /sup 6/Li to /sup 8/Be*(2/sup +/, 0) is estimated in the case where the nuclei are confined to each other by a muon. For the description of nuclear transitions, a method that is analogous to the linear combination of atomic orbitals has been used. Using the complex coordinate rotation method, we found that a molecular d- mu -/sup 6/Li state exists with energy (-20.3084-i0.0066) eV and | Psi /sub m/(0)|=0.4410/sup -7/fm/sup -3/2/. The nuclear wave functions needed were constructed in the form of antisymmetrized products of harmonic-oscillator functions for the three-cluster approximation (dd alpha ) to the five-body (NNNN alpha ) problem. It was found that the reaction rate lambda is strongly dependent on the energy gap between the d/sup 6/Li threshold and the energy of the final /sup 8/Be* resonant state. The value of X obtained by averaging over the width of this resonance is 0.183*10/sup 10/ sec/sup -1/. (24 References).
E. Ramberg and G. A. Snow, "Experimental limit on a small violation of the Pauli principle," Physics Letters B, vol. 238, pp. 438--441, 1990.
M. J. Ramos, D. McKenna, B. C. Webster, and E. Roduner, "The barriers to internal rotation for muonic-substituted ethyl radicals," Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions I, vol. 80, no. , pp. 267-74, 1984.
Abstract: By fitting of the observed temperature dependence of the beta -hyperfine muon-electron interaction to a theoretical model for the muonic radicals CH/sub 2/MuCH/sub 2/, CHDMuCH/sub 2/, CHDMuCD/sub 2/ and CD/sub 2/MuCD/sub 2/ values for the barrier height V/sub 2/ restricting internal rotation are calculated. A decomposition of the barrier into pair interactions indicates the isotope effect upon the barrier to be in the sequence V/sub 2//sup DD/[left angle bracket]V/sub 2//sup DH/[left angle bracket]V/sub 2//sup HH/[left angle bracket]V/sub 2//sup MuD/[left angle bracket]V/sub 2//sup MuH/. On this basis the barriers to internal rotation for the radicals CH/sub 2/MuCD/sub 2/ and CD/sub 2/MuCH/sub 2/ are predicted to be of the order 3076 and 3186 J mol/sup -1/, respectively. (5 References).
M. J. Ramos, D. McKenna, and BC. Webster, "Muon spin rotation spectra for muonium isotopically substituted ethyl radicals," Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions I, vol. 80, no. , pp. 255-65, 1984.
Abstract: The temperature dependence of the beta -hyperfine coupling constant is reported for muonic radicals formed in ethene CH/sub 2/=CH/sub 2/, (/sup 2/H/sub 1/)ethene CH/sub 2/=CHD, (/sup 2/H/sub 3/)ethene CHD=CD/sub 2/ and (/sup 2/H/sub 4/)ethene CD/sub 2/=CD/sub 2/. These studies are complemented by e.p.r. observations upon the radical CH/sub 2/DCH/sub 2/. The barrier to internal rotation for the radical CHD/sub 2/CD/sub 2/ is discussed. (12 References).
MJ. Ramos, "Muon chemistry and mu SR," Journal de Chimie Physique et de Physico-Chimie Biologique, vol. 84, no. 5, pp. 619--25, 1987.
Abstract: "An understanding of the experimental muon spin rotation technique is provided. The temperature dependence of the mu -hyperfine coupling constants for muonic radicals formed in (/sup 2/H/sub 1/)ethene, (/sup 2/H/sub 3/)ethene and (/sup 2/H/sub 4/)ethene is analysed and compared to the ones for the corresponding protonic species. The barrier height restricting internal rotation is also studied for the same range of radicals. Finally, the family of ions and radicals of the type RXY (R=H,Mu; X
G. Rasche and WS. Woolcock, "Connection between low-energy scattering parameters and energy shifts for pionic hydrogen," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A381, no. 3, pp. 405--18, 1982.
Abstract: The usual connection between the 'complex scattering lengths' and the level shifts and widths of a hadronic atom is derived using a many-channel formalism without assuming a potential model for the strong interactions. The effect of radiative decay channels is included. The formalism applies in a phenomenological way to hadronic atoms in general, though it is of practical importance only for simple systems for which the authors have a reasonable understanding of the hadronic interaction between the constituents. A detailed numerical study is made of the 2p to 1s transition in the pi /sup -/p atom and it is concluded that a measurement of this energy, with an accuracy which might well be attainable, would provide a valuable independent check on the present extrapolations of low energy pi N scattering data to threshold. (18 References).
G. Rasche and A. Gashi, "Hadronic effects in the pionium ion," Physics Letters B, vol. 404, no. 3-4, pp. 375--6, 1997.
Abstract: The hadronic properties of the pionium ion (Coulomb bound system of three charged pions) are estimated using the results for the positronium ion Ps/sup -/. It turns out that the hadronic shift of the ground state energy and the lifetime of the pionium ion are approximately the same as for pionium. (12 References).
K. Rashid and B. Fricke, "Contribution of the exact Breit operator plus the electron state-dependent screening to the multiplet and fine structure of muon-electron atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 297, no. 4, pp. 279--83, 1980.
Abstract: Investigates for very general cases the multiplet and fine structure splitting of muon-electron atoms arising from the coupling of the electron and muon angular momenta, including the effect of the Breit operator plus the electron state-dependent screening. Although many conditions have to be fulfilled simultaneously to observe these effects, it should be possible to measure them in the 6h-5g muonic transition in the Sn region. (18 References).
K. Rashid and B. Fricke, "Shifts of electronic KX-rays in muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 304, no. 3, pp. 193--6, 1982.
Abstract: Energies of electronic KX-rays in muonic atoms were calculated for muons in various outer orbitals and for different numbers of electrons. Energy shifts were obtained with respect to characteristic X-rays belonging to nuclear charge (Z-1) and their possible observation is discussed. The shifts in muonic Sn as an example amount to 19, 37, and 59 eV for the muon in 5g, 6h, and 7i states respectively. However, shifts due to the number of electrons present and the electron vacancy distribution in the L-shell are significantly larger. Accurate measurements of the KX-ray energies would therefore enable the authors to learn more about the electronic structure during the muonic cascade. (13 References).
TK. Rebane, "Theoretical estimate of the energies of four-particle muonic and mesic molecules," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 746--9, 1989.
Abstract: An interpolation formula is proposed which gives the dependence of the energy of a four-particle Coulomb system on the particle masses. It is used to calculate the ground state energies for 12 muonic and mesic molecular systems. It is found that in the muonic molecules tt mu mu , dd mu mu , and pp mu mu the binding between the hydrogen nuclei is respectively 225, 200, and 165 eV higher than in the analogous three-particle muonic molecular ions tt mu , dd mu , pp mu . (11 References).
TK. Rebane, "Stability of Coulomb systems as a function of the charges of the particles," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 98, no. 6, pp. 1878--95, 1990.
Abstract: The stability of Coulomb systems is investigated as a function of the charges of the particles. It is shown that every stable system gives rise to a region in which systems with varying charges of the particles remain unconditionally stable, and that every stable system that has only one bound energy level gives rise to a region in which such systems are unconditionally unstable. The regions of unconditional stability and instability of three-particle Coulomb systems are determined in explicit analytical form as a function of the charges of the particles. The boundaries of these regions are calculated for the systems obtained as functions of the constituent charges of the atomic ion H/sup -/( infinity ) with an infinitely heavy nucleus, the mu /sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/ ion, and the positronium ion e/sup -/e/sup -/e/sup +/. The boundaries of the region of unconditional stability are calculated for the systems obtained in an analogous manner from the mesomolecular ion d/sup +/d/sup +/ mu /sup -/, the isotopic modifications p/sup +/p/sup +/e/sup -/, p/sup +/d/sup +/e/sup -/, and d/sup +/e/sup -/ of the hydrogen-molecule ion, and the latter ion H/sub 2//sup +/( infinity ) with infinitely heavy nuclei. Account is taken of the motion of all the particles in the system, and of the associated correlation and nonadiabaticity effects. Bounds on the critical charge Z/sub cr/ and on the critical particle-coupling parameter lambda /sub cr/ in the above systems are calculated. For all these systems these bounds are obtained for the first time, except in the case of the atomic ion H/sup -/( infinity ). In the case of H/sup -/( infinity ), the upper and lower bounds found for the critical charge of the nucleus are substantially more accurate than those obtained earlier by Hogreve. The results can be applied to the stability of various Coulomb systems and to the investigation of the convergence of perturbation theory in the coupling parameter lambda characterizing the interaction of the like-charged particles in these systems. (27 References).
TK. Rebane, "Lower boundary of energy of a multiboson atom," Optika i Spektroskopiya, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 3--8, 1991.
Abstract: The lower boundary of energy of a boson analog of a multielectron atom as a function of the number of particles N and nuclear charge Z and the lower boundary of energy of a multiboson system bounds by attractive forces of the gravitational type are investigate. Recursion relations expressing the lower boundary of the energy of a system with N bosons through the energy of an analogous system containing (N-1) bosons were used. Repeated application of these relations gives an expression for the lower boundary of the energy of an N-particle system through the energy of a two-particle system (through the energy of an isoelectronic series of helium in the case of boson atoms and through the energy of a hydrogen atom for a system with a gravitational interaction). Explicit analytical expressions for the lower boundary of energy of the systems investigated are obtained. For multiboson atoms with not-high degrees of ionization delta =(Z-N+1)/(N-1) one finds: E(N,Z)[right angle bracket]or=-(0.263876+0.155516 delta -0.044927 delta /sup 2/) NZ/sup 2/, and for a system of bosons with a gravitational interaction the boundary of energy obtained is E(N)[right angle bracket]or=-0.125N(N-1)/sup 2/g/sup 2/m/sup 5/. The lower boundary of energy of a multiboson atom is close to its variational upper limit, and the lower energy boundary of a system with gravitational interaction found here unambiguously indicates the inaccuracy of the approximate computations of such a system performed earlier. (9 References).
TK. Rebane, "Bounds on the energies of four-particle mesic molecules," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 2989--98, 1992.
Abstract: A study is made of the nonrelativistic energy of a four-particle Coulomb quantum-mechanical system with singly charged particles as a function of the particle masses. A relation is formulated which makes it possible to determine an upper bound on the energy of a system with arbitrary masses of the particles on the basis of the known energy of some initial standard four-particle system. This relation, together with the known energy of the positronium molecule e/sup +/e/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, is used to calculate upper bounds on the total nonrelativistic energy and lower bounds on the dissociation energy of the mesic molecules pi /sup +/ mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/, pi /sup +/ pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/ mu /sup -/, pi /sup +/ pi /sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/, pi /sup +/ mu /sup +/ pi /sup -/ mu /sup -/, and p/sup +/p/sup +/K/sup -/K/sup -/, and on the basis of the energy of the hydrogen molecule analogous bounds are calculated for the mesic molecules p/sup +/K/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, K/sup +/K/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, p/sup +/ pi /sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, pi /sup +/K/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, p/sup +/ mu /sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, mu /sup +/K/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, pi /sup +/ pi /sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, pi /sup +/ mu /sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, and mu /sup +/ mu /sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/. Relations are formulated which make it possible to arrange four-particle Coulomb systems with different masses in order of decreasing energy, and results obtained by applying them to various mesic molecules are presented. (8 References).
TK. Rebane, "Energies of symmetric mesic molecules," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 1628--35, 1997.
Abstract: The nonrelativistic energy E(m,M) of symmetric four-particle mesic molecules consisting of two pairs of identical particles is considered as a function of the particle masses m and M. The expansion of the function E(m,M) in a series of the Born-Oppenheimer type is found with allowance for its symmetry under the permutation of the pairs of particles and for its behaviour at small and large values of the ratio s=m/M. This expansion and available results of precision calculations of the hydrogen molecule and of mesic molecular systems are used to construct a reliable six-term formula for calculating the energies of symmetric four-particle mesic molecules with arbitrary particle masses m and M. With the aid of this formula, prediction are obtained for the dissociation energies of the mesic molecular systems mu /sup +/ mu /sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, pi +/sup n/ pi /sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, pi /sup +/ pi /sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/, K/sup +/K/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, K/sup +/K/sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/, and d/sup +/d/sup +/p/sup -/p/sup -/, for which variational calculations have not yet been performed. (14 References).
T. K. Rebane and AV. Filinsky, "Energies of symmetric three-particle Coulomb systems," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1985--92, 1997.
Abstract: The parametric dependence of the eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian on the particle masses and precision values calculated for 45 reference systems within the variational approach implemented for the basis of Laguerre functions of perimetric particle coordinates are used to construct explicit formulas that determine the energies of the ground states of all three-particle Coulomb systems X/sup +or-/X/sup +or-/Y/sup -or+/ (symmetric trions) consisting of singly charged particles X/sup +or-/ and Y/sup -or+/ with arbitrary masses. These formulas can he applied to any symmetric three-particle atomic, molecular, and mesic molecular systems and to electron-hole systems in solids. The energies of the ground states of 63 symmetric trions corresponding to all possible combinations of electrons, positrons, muons, pions, kaons, and hydrogen nuclei and antinuclei are calculated on the basis of these formulas. (16 References).
TK. Rebane, "Correlation of particle momenta in quantum-mechanical systems," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 838--43, 1998.
Abstract: Correlations of particle momenta in quantum-mechanical systems are studied by considering the expectation values of the cross products of these momenta. Relations between the expectation values of the cross products and squares of particle momenta are derived. In the case of three-particle systems and N-particle systems involving (N-1) identical particles, these relations make it possible to express the expectation values of the cross products of particle momenta in terms of the expectation values of their squares. The expectation values of the cross products of particle momenta are calculated for three-particle systems with two identical particles from the atomic hydrogen ion H/sup -/ to the positronium ion e/sup -/e/sup -/e/sup +/; for various three-particle systems involving nuclei of helium isotopes, antihydrogen nuclei, muons, and electrons; for various excited states of various three-particle mesic molecules; and for the ground state of the lithium atom. (7 References).
TK. Rebane, "Dynamical attraction of noninteracting particles in quantum-mechanical systems: muonic deuterium atom," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 61--5, 1998.
Abstract: A system of three particles (denoted by 1,2, and 3) two of which (2 and 3) do not interact with each other directly is considered. It is shown that, in such systems, there arises dynamical attraction between particles 2 and 3 that is due to the recoiling of particle 1 coupling the other two particles and which additionally stabilizes the system. As a result, the energy of the ground state of the system is lower than the sum of the ground-state energies of the two-particle systems (1,2) and (1,3). A variational calculation for the muonic deuterium atom (p/sup +/,n/sup 0/, mu /sup -/) exemplifying systems of the above type demonstrates that dynamical attraction between the muon and the neutron, which do not interact with each other directly, increases the binding energy of the (p/sup +/,n/sup 0/, mu /sup -/) system by 4.94 au. There is a similar effect in multiparticle systems. To take this effect into account, trial wave functions used in variational calculations must involve factors corresponding to dynamical attraction between particles that do not interact with each other directly. (5 References).
TK. Rebane, "Simple method for estimating the energies of Coulomb mesic molecules," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 1443--9, 1998.
Abstract: By considering Coulomb systems with continuously changing charges of the particles involved, it is shown, with the aid of the Hellmann-Feynman theorem and the virial theorem, that the energy of a neutral four-particle Coulomb system is approximately equal to half the sum of the energies of all its three-particle subsystems. This rule is verified for all 35 symmetric four-particle mesic molecules X/sup +or-/X/sup +or-/Y/sup -or+/Y/sup -or+/ whose energies are presently known, and its accuracy is found as a function of the particle masses. With allowance for correction factors depending on the particle masses, the nonrelativistic energies of asymmetric four-particle Coulomb mesic molecules d/sup +/t/sup +/p/sup -/p/sup -/, p/sup +/K/sup +/ pi /sup -/ pi /sup -/, d/sup +/K/sup +/ pi /sup -/ pi /sup -/, p/sup +/K/sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/, d/sup +/K/sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/, pi /sup +/ mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/, pi /sup +/ mu /sup +/ pi /sup -/ pi /sup -/, and pi /sup +/ mu /sup +/ pi /sup -/ mu /sup -/ are predicted on the basis of this rule. It is shown that the energy of a neutral N-particle Coulomb system is approximately equal to the ratio of the sum of the energies of all its (N-1)-particle subsystems (there are N such subsystems) to (N-2). This rule is verified for the boson analog of the six-particle positronium molecule e/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup +/e/sup -/. (21 References).
TK. Rebane, "Energies and stability of four-particle mesic molecules," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 1749--62, 1999.
Abstract: The energy and stability of four-particle mesic molecules (quadrions) whose constituents represent charged particles, which interact via Coulomb forces, have been investigated for various masses of constituent particles. From an analysis of the particle-mass dependence of the energy of symmetric quadrions of the X/sup +/X/sup +/Y/sup -/Y/sup -/ and X/sup +/Y/sup +/X/sup -/Y/sup -/ types, it has been deduced that the highly symmetric positronium molecule e/sup +/e/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/e stands out in the sense that it can be used as a reference in the theory of four-particle Coulomb systems: its energy determines the energies of all quadrions to third-order terms in the spread of the particle masses inclusive. Analytic formulas that determine the energies of X/sup +/X/sup +/Y/sup -/Y/sup -/ and X/sup +/Y/sup +/X/sup -/Y/sup -/ mesic molecules featuring particles of arbitrary masses have been constructed by using calculated data on the quadrion energies and the law governing the transformation of the energy of a specific quadrion under the inversion of the ratio of the particle masses. On the basis of these formulas, the previously unknown energies of the K/sup +/K/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, pi /sup +/ pi /sup +/e/sup -/e/sup ,/ mu /sup +/ mu /sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, K/sup +/K/sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/, K/sup +/K/sup +/ pi /sup -/ pi /sup -/, and d/sup +/d/sup +/p/sup -/p/sup -/ mesic molecules have been calculated to be (in Hartree atomic units) E=-1.15985, -1.14572, -1.14098, -179.76, -223.22, and -1269.3, respectively. It has been shown that all symmetric quadrions of the X/sup +/X/sup +/Y/sup -/Y/sup -/ type are stable with respect to dissociation. Upper bounds on the energies of asymmetric quadrions have been obtained on the basis of the energies of symmetric quadrions. It has been established that, among all 406 quadrions that can be composed of electrons, muons, pions, kaons, protons, and tritons and their antiparticles, 28 symmetric quadrions of the X/sup +/X/sup +/Y/sup -/Y/sup -/ type and 92 asymmetric mesic molecules are stable with respect to dissociation. (26 References).
TK. Rebane, "Study of the energy of symmetric mesomolecules," Optika i Spektroskopiya, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 33--41, 1999.
Abstract: The energy E(m,M) of four-particle mesomolecules X/sup +/X/sup +/Y/sup -/Y/sup -/ and X/sup +/X/sup -/Y/sup +/Y/sup -/ is studied as a function of the ratio s=m/M of masses of their constituent particles. A law of transformation of the reduced energy epsilon (s)=E(m,M)/m and the wave function of such systems under inversion of s is established. It is shown that the knowledge of the energy of the positronium molecule e/sup +/e/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/ determines a series expansion of the reduced energy of mesomolecules of both types up to terms of third order, inclusive. On the basis of this expansion and an expansion of the Born-Oppenheimer type, analytic approximations of the function e:(s) are constructed. With these approximations, a gap in energies of mesomolecules X/sup +/X/sup +/Y/sup -/Y/sup -/ from the system p/sup +/p/sup +/K/sup -/K/sup -/ (s=0.526183) to the positronium molecule e/sup +/e/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/ (s=1) is bridged and the reduced energies of molecules t/sup +/t/sup +/d/sup -/d/sup -/ and pi /sup +/ pi /sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/ (equal to -0.619562 and -0.587354 au, respectively) are predicted. The dissociation energies of all 36 mesomolecules X/sup +/X/sup +/Y/sup -/Y/sup -/, which can be composed of electrons, muons, pions, kaons, protons, deuterons, tritons, and their antiparticles, are calculated. It is shown that the X/sup +/X/sup +/Y/sup -/Y/sup -/ molecules with arbitrary masses of the particles m and M are stable against dissociation, whereas the X/sup +/X/sup -/Y/sup +/Y/sup -/ molecules with large differences in masses m and M of the particles break down into atoms X/sup +/X/sup -/ and Y/sup +/Y/sup $/. (14 References).
TK. Rebane, "Criterion for the accuracy of wave functions of asymmetric atomic and molecular systems," Optika i Spektroskopiya, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 333--7, 2000.
Abstract: From the condition for invariance of the energy under rotations of the Jacobi coordinates, a relationship is obtained that relates the expected values of combinations of degrees of interparticle separations in quantum-mechanical systems. This relationship, which is satisfied for atoms and molecules with like particles identically, because of the permutational symmetry, is an extremely sensitive criterion for the accuracy of the wave functions of asymmetric systems, consisting of unlike particles and having no permutational symmetry. The application of this criterion is illustrated for the example of the asymmetric /sup 4/He mu /sup -/e/sup -/ mesoatom. (6 References).
T. K. Rebane and AV. Filinsky, "Energies of mass-asymmetric Coulomb systems," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 2175--80, 2000.
Abstract: It is found that particle-mass-symmetric and particle-mass-asymmetric Coulomb systems are adiabatically similar. Expressions are proposed for the mass dependence of upper and lower bounds on the energies of asymmetric systems, and an expression approximating these energies is given. The energies of the families of mesic molecules that are adiabatically similar to the mesic molecules dp mu , tp mu , and td mu are investigated with the aid of these expressions. (5 References).
T. K. Rebane and ND. Markovskii, "The stability boundary of four-particle mesomolecules," Optika i Spektroskopiya, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 917--21, 2001.
Abstract: Multiparametric variational calculations of the ground-state energy of symmetric four-particle mesomolecules of the type X/sup +/Y/sup +/X/sup -/Y/sup -/ as a function of masses M and m of particles X and Y are carried out. A basis consisting of 3200 Gaussian functions depending on all six interparticle distances is used. Calculations are carried out with the optimization of 1200 nonlinear parameters of the first 200 basis functions. As opposed to mesomolecules of the type X/sup +/X/sup +/Y/sup -/Y/sup -/, which are stable for all values of masses M and m in X/sup +/Y/sup +/X/sup -/Y/sup -/ systems, are stable with respect to dissociation if the ratio of the masses of particles X and Y in them satisfies the condition 0.472[left angle bracket]or=M/m[left angle bracket]or=2.12. Hence it follows that four symmetric mesomolecules of the type considered ( pi /sup +/ mu /sup +/ pi /sup -/ mu /sup -/, t/sup +/d/sup +/t/sup -/d/sup -/, p/sup +/K/sup +/p/sup -/K/sup -/, and d/sup +/p/sup +/d/sup -/p/sup -/) and 84 various asymmetric mesomolecules of the type X/sup +/Y/sup +/Z/sup -/T/sup -/ are knowingly stable with respect to dissociation. For mesomolecules of the type X/sup +/Y/sup +/X/sup -/Y/sup -/, which are stable with respect to dissociation, mathematical expectations of their physical quantities depending on interparticle distances that specify averaged geometrical structures of these systems are calculated and their dependence on the masses of particles M and m is studied. (5 References).
TK. Rebane, "Nonadiabatic theory of diamagnetic susceptibility of molecules," Optika i Spektroskopiya, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 252--7, 2002.
Abstract: A nonadiabatic theory of diamagnetic susceptibility of molecules is presented in which the electrons and nuclei are considered to be a united system of charged particles whose motion is simultaneously perturbed by a magnetic field. It is found that on separating out the translational motion of the molecule as a whole, there is certain freedom in choosing the phase of the wave function. Its optimum choice corresponds to the gauge of the vector potential with which two contributions opposite in sign to the magnetic susceptibility-the first order diamagnetism and the second order paramagnetism-have minimum magnitudes. Expressions for nonadiabatic calculations of the diamagnetic susceptibility of atoms and molecules are derived. The diamagnetic contributions to the energy of the hydrogen, helium, and lithium atoms, the hydrogen molecule, the pi /sup -/ mu /sup -/ pi /sup +/ mu /sup +/ and p/sup -/K/sup -/p/sup +/K/sup +/ mesomolecules, and the positronium molecule e/sup -/e/sup -/e/sup +/e/sup +/ are calculated. The nonadiabatic contribution of the nuclear motion to the diamagnetic susceptibility amounts to 0.01-0.1% for ordinary atoms and molecules, is increased by several hundred times on passing to mesomolecules, and reaches 50% for the positronium molecule. (6 References).
T. K. Rebane and ND. Markovski, "On the binding of atoms with antiatoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 227--9, 2003.
Abstract: The stability of X/sup +/Y/sup +/X/sup -/Y/sup -/ Coulomb molecules consisting of X/sup +/Y/sup -/ atoms and X/sup -/Y/sup +/ antiatoms to dissociation is studied. On the basis of multiparameter variational calculations, it is found that such molecules are stable to dissociation into X/sup +/X/sup -/ atoms and Y/sup +/Y/sup $/antiatoms if the mass ratio of particles X and Y lies in the range 0.4710[left angle bracket]m/sub X//m/sub Y/[left angle bracket]2.1231. The e/sup +/e/sup +/e/sup -/e/sup -/, pi /sup +/ mu /sup +/ pi /sup -/ mu /sup -/, t/sup +/d/sup +/t/sup -/d/sup -/, p/sup +/K/sup +/p/sup -/K/sup -/, and d/sup +/p/sup +/d/sup -/p/sup -/ molecules satisfy this condition. (5 References).
C. Regenfus, "Antihydrogen production and precision experiments on trapped cold antihydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 301--304, 1999.
J. Reichert and others, "Phase coherent vacuum--ultraviolet to radio frequency comparison with a mode--locked laser," Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, pp. 3232--3235, 2000.
I. D. Reid, M. Senba, D. J. Arseneau, D. M. Garner, and DG. Felming, "Reactions of positive muon molecular ions in the gas phase," in Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Fourteenth International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Abstracts of Contributed Papers, (M. J. Coggiola, D. L. Huestis, and RP. Saxon, eds.), 1985.
Abstract: The diamagnetic muon spin rotation signal from positive muons stopped in the noble gas moderators He, Ne and Ar is due to the formation of mu /sup +/ molecular ions (e.g. (HeMu/sup +/)*) in ro-vibrationally excited states. This signal is very long-lived, with T2 approximately 50 mu s. Upon the addition of some reactant gas X thermal charge exchange may cause the formation of muonium (Mu=( mu /sup +/e/sup -/)), depolarizing and hence relaxing the signal, in competition with muon transfer. The authors have studied k/sub c/ (the rate constant for charge exchange) at room temperature for a variety of reactions X (Xe, Kr, CH/sub 4/, C/sub 2/H/sub 6/, C/sub 2/H/sub 4/, CH/sub 3/F, NH/sub 3/ and N/sub 2/O) in He and Ne, and for Xe, NH/sub 3/ and CH/sub 4/ in Ar. Relaxation was not seen in Ar for any dopant, nor for CH/sub 4/ or C/sub 2/H/sub 6/ dopants in He or Ne. (3 References).
J. J. Reidy, R. L. Hutson, and K. Springer, "Use of muonic X rays for tissue analysis," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. ns-22, no. 3, pp. 1780--3, 1975.
Abstract: The muonic X-ray spectrum resulting from negative muons stopping in tissue samples and tissue 'equivalent' materials has been obtained. Relative muonic X-ray intensities have been determined and an attempt made to correlate these intensities with atomic abundances in these materials. A comparison of the results for the various targets is presented. Limits of sensitivity for fluorine and calcium in these biological materials have been established. (9 References).
J. J. Reidy, H. Daniel, R. Bergmann, F. J. Hartmann, and W. Wilhelm, "Measurement of the hydrogen isotope effect on muonic oxygen X-ray intensities," Physical Review A, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 2281--3, 1980.
Abstract: The hydrogen isotope effect recently observed at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) has been qualitatively confirmed. However, the authors observe a significantly smaller effect. Recent communications from the LAMPF group indicate that their results are now consistent with this smaller effect. The authors find the dependence of the effect on the light-water concentration in a light- and heavy-water mixture is linear. (7 References).
J. J. Reidy, M. Nicholas, J. N. Bradbury, PAM Gram, R. L. Hutson, M. Leon, M. E. Schillaci, F. J. Hartmann, and AR. Kunselman, "Measurements of the E2 resonance effect in pionic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 1646--53, 1985.
Abstract: The E2 nuclear resonance effect has been studied in the pionic atoms of /sup 48/Ti, /sup 104/Ru, /sup 110/Pd, /sup 111,112/Cd, /sup 125/Te, and /sup 150/Sm. The experimental values of the attenuation for /sup 104/Ru, /sup 110/Pd, and /sup 111,112/Cd agree with the predictions of the theoretical model of Leon (1974). Using the more detailed calculations of Dubach et al. (1979), one obtains closer agreement between theory and experiment for /sup 150/Sm and /sup 48/Ti although in the latter case the difference is still more than two standard deviations. Although the same levels are mixed in /sup 125/Te as in /sup 104/Ru and /sup 110/Pd, the theoretical prediction of the attenuation by Leon is nearly two standard deviations greater than the experimental value. A more precise energy for the second 5/2/sup +/ state in /sup 111/Cd is deduced. (14 References).
G. Reifenrother, E. Klempt, and R. Landua, "Cascade of muonic helium atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 191, no. 1-2, pp. 15--20, 1987.
Abstract: The cascade of muonic helium and its pressure dependence has been calculated over the whole pressure range from 1*10/sup -2/ to 1*10/sup 3/ atm. The calculation does not use any free parameter. The results show good agreement with experimental data. (15 References).
G. Reifenrother and E. Klempt, "The atomic cascade of kaonic and pionic hydrogen," Physics Letters B, vol. 248, no. 3-4, pp. 250--3, 1990.
Abstract: The X-ray intensities of kaonic and pionic hydrogen atoms are calculated as functions of the hydrogen density and are compared to experimental data. Data on kaonic hydrogen are statistically not very significant, the comparison with the cascade results allows one to test their intrinsic consistency. X-ray intensities from pionic hydrogen agree reasonably with the results of the cascade model. (15 References).
H. W. Reist, A. Grutter, Gunten HR Von, and D. Jost, "Fission probabilities and time distributions in mu /sup -/-induced fission of /sup 232/Th, /sup 233/U, /sup 235/U, and /sup 238/U," in Physics and Chemistry of Fission, 1979. Proceedings of an International Symposium. Part II, pp. 13--32, 1980.
Abstract: In a counter experiment, the probabilities of mu /sup -/-induced fission of /sup 232/Th, /sup 233/U and /sup 235/U were measured relative to that of /sup 238/U, and the time distributions of the muon fission were determined for /sup 232/Th, /sup 233/U, /sup 235/U and /sup 238/U. Using the previously measured absolute fission probability per muon capture for /sup 238/U the prompt and delayed fission probabilities were derived. The delayed-muon-fission probabilities follow the Gamma /sub n// Gamma /sub f/ systematics. The prompt-muon-fission yields per radiationless transition probability suggest a contribution of fissions induced by higher-order radiationless transitions. The relatively small number of fissions due to radiationless K/sub alpha /-transitions can be explained by an increase of the fission barrier height. (37 References).
D. Renker, W. Dahme, W. Hering, H. Panke, C. Zupancic, J. C. Alder, B. Gabioud, C. Joseph, J. F. Loude, N. Morel, J. P. Perroud, A. Perrenoud, M. T. Tran, E. Winkelmann, G. Strassner, and P. Truol, "Radiative pion capture from the 1s level in /sup 6/Li," Physical Review Letters, vol. 41, no. 19, pp. 1279--82, 1978.
Abstract: Partial rates for radiative capture from the 1s atomic level in /sup 6/Li to the lowest two /sup 6/He states have been determined by measuring, with the necessary energy resolution, X-rays and high-energy photons in coincidence. A comparison of the results and other related experimental results with different theoretical approaches shows that phenomenological wave functions consistently describe photopion processes as well as electromagnetic and weak transitions between low-lying /sup 6/Li and /sup 6/He states. (22 References).
WW. Repko, "Effects of a neutral intermediate boson on leptonic atoms," Physical Review D, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 279--81, 1973.
Abstract: The effect of a neutral vector boson on the hyperfine interval of the mu /sup +/-e/sup -/ bound system is calculated using Weinberg's SU(2)*U(1) lepton model. A lower limit on the mixing parameter theta is obtained, and some consequences of the additional neutral bosons predicted by the SU(3)*SU(3) version of the model are examined. (13 References).
W. Reuter, G. Fricke, K. Merle, and H. Miska, "Nuclear charge distribution and RMS radius of /sup 12/C from absolute elastic electron scattering measurements," Physical Review C, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 806--18, 1982.
Abstract: Elastic electron scattering cross sections for the nucleus /sup 12/C have been measured in a momentum transfer range from 0.25 to 2.75 fm/sup -1/. The data were analyzed in a model independent way with a Fourier-Bessel parametrization of the charge distribution. For the RMS radius, the value (r/sup 2/)/sup 1/2/=(2.464+or-0.012) fm (no dispersion corrections applied) has been obtained, and agrees with those of other electron scattering experiments and with muonic atom experiments, but disagrees with data obtained from measurements of muonic X-ray transitions with a crystal spectrometer which show a larger RMS radius. The extracted distribution disagrees with Hartree-Fock calculations in both the radial dependence and the RMS radius. The behavior of the form factor in the diffraction minimum was investigated in detail. The experimentally determined cross sections in the minimum are always larger than those obtained from the Fourier-Bessel analysis. These deviations amounted to 5% for a primary energy of 320 MeV and to 2% for 240 MeV and may be interpreted as an indication of dispersion effects. (32 References).
W. Reuter, E. B. Shera, H. D. Wohlfahrt, and Y. Tanaka, "Combined analysis of inelastic electron-scattering and muonic-atom hyperfine-splitting data: an application to /sup 152/Sm," Physics Letters B, vol. 124B, no. 5, pp. 293--6, 1983.
Abstract: Explores a method for combined analysis of inelastic electron-scattering data and muonic quadrupole hyperfine-splitting measurements. The method, applied here to /sup 152/Sm, provides an accurate normalization for (e,e') data, a precise value for B(E2;0/sup +/ to 2/sup +/), and shows that the interpretation of the monopole (elastic) and quadrupole (inelastic) data from both experiments is consistent at the present level of experimental accuracy. (14 References).
W. Reuter, E. B. Shera, M. V. Hoehn, F. W. Hersman, T. Milliman, J. M. Finn, C. Hyde-Wright, R. Lourie, B. Pugh, and W. Bertozzi, "Ground-state and transition charge densities in /sup 192/Os," Physical Review C, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 1465--79, 1984.
Abstract: Elastic and inelastic electron-scattering cross sections of an Os-Pt transition region nucleus, /sup 192/Os, have been measured in a momentum transfer range from 0.6 to 2.9 fm/sup -1/. The data for the ground and the J/sup pi /=2/sup +/, 2/sup +'/, 4/sup +/, and 3/sup -/ states were analyzed model independently with a Fourier-Bessel parametrization of the ground state and transition charge densities. The normalization of the (e,e') cross sections was obtained from a combined analysis with muonic-atom data for the ground and first 2/sup +/ states. The densities and their radial moments are compared with theoretical predictions of the Davydov model and with axially symmetric deformed density-matrix-expansion Hartree-Fock calculations (including the Legendre expansion and the small-amplitude vibration model extensions). (53 References).
W. Reuter, E. B. Shera, M. V. Hoehn, F. W. Hersman, T. Milliman, J. M. Finn, C. Hyde-Wright, R. Lourie, B. Pugh, and W. Bertozzi, "Nuclear charge densities in the transition region: /sup 192/Os," Physics Letters B, vol. 137B, no. 1-2, pp. 32--6, 1984.
Abstract: Data from the first electron-scattering study of an Os-Pt transition region nucleus, /sup 192/Os, are analyzed in combination with muonic-atom data by using the model-independent Fourier-Bessel method. The results are discussed in terms of available IBA and BET model calculations. New Hartree-Fock (DME) calculations are presented as an example of the agreement achieved with microscopic-based theories. (22 References).
J. Revai, A. L. Zubarev, LYa Higer, and VB. Belyaev, "Effect of the nuclear d-t resonance on muon sticking in mu -catalyzed fusion," Few-Body Systems Supplementum, vol. 6, no. , pp. 326-31, 1991.
Abstract: The generally accepted validity of the sudden approximation for the calculation of the sticking coefficient omega /sub s//sup 0/ is questioned. Physically this doubt is motivated by the fact, that due to the /sup 5/He/sup 3/2+/ resonance, the nuclear interaction time ( approximately 10/sup -20/s) is non-negligible compared to the muon orbiting time ( approximately 10/sup -19/ s); thus the 'propagation' of the muon during the nuclear process can not be excluded. (5 References).
J. Revai, A. L. Zubarev, LYa Higer, and VB. Belyaev, "Effect of the nuclear d-t resonance on muon sticking in mu -catalyzed fusion," Physical Review A, vol. 43, no. 9, pp. 4611--6, 1991.
Abstract: Beginning with a previously developed theory of the fusion reaction in the dt mu /sup -/ system (Belyaev, Revai, and Zubarev, Phys. Lett. B 219, 157 (1989)) the authors have derived a calculation scheme of the muon-sticking probability in mu -catalyzed fusion that generalizes the commonly adopted sudden approximation. They have found a large nuclear resonance effect on the sticking coefficient. Their calculations disagree with the values extracted from the experiments by Breunlich et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 329 (1987)) while they seem to confirm those of Jones et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1407 (1987)). (16 References).
M. Rho, "Selected topics on the interaction of muons and pions with nuclei," Nuclear physics, (C. DeWitt and V. Gillet, eds.), no. , pp. 669-700, Gordon & Breach. London, UK, 1969.
Abstract: The author discusses a few topics where mu /sup -/ and pi /sup -/ are used as a probe for nuclear structure. He chooses these particles since their interactions with nuclei are better known than others. The topics are arranged in the following sequence: 1. Mu- and pi-mesic atoms; 2. theory of muon and pion capture in nuclei; 3. application of muon capture to a test of nuclear wave functions; 4. radiative pion absorption.
M. Rho, "Quenching of axial-vector coupling constant in beta -decay and pion-nucleus optical potential," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A231, no. 3, pp. 493--503, 1974.
Abstract: A very simple description of the quenching in nuclear matter of the axial-vector coupling constant in beta -decay is given in terms of the model of Barshay, Brown and Rho (1974) constructed to provide a microscopic picture to the pion-nucleus optical potential for pi -mesic atoms. The connection between the two quantities suggests a plausible test of the Lorentz-Lorenz non-linear effect in pi -nucleus scattering. By comparing with the sum rule estimate made by M.Ericson (1971), we find that the quenching of g/sub A/ is consistent with an essentially unsuppressed Lorentz-Lorenz term in the optical potential.
C. J. Rhodes, MCR Symons, E. Roduner, and CA. Scott, "Muonium atom addition to 1,1-dimethylallene," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 139, no. 6, pp. 496--8, 1987.
Abstract: Exposure of 1,1-dimethylallene to a beam of spin-polarised, positive muons resulted in the effective addition of muonium atoms to the central carbon atom, giving the muonated 1,1-dimethylallyl radical, Me/sub 2/C=CMu-CH/sub 2/ and to the methylene carbon atom, giving the vinyl radical, Me/sub 2/C=C+CH/sub 2/Mu. The muon-electron hyperfine coupling constants in these radicals, and their temperature dependences, are compared with ESR data for related protic radicals. (14 References).
C. J. Rhodes and MCR. Symons, "The formation of beta -muonium-substituted cyclopentyl and cycloheptyl radicals, and the significance of the A'/sub mu //A/sub H/ isotope ratio in relation to the conformations of muonium-substituted alkyl radicals," Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions I, vol. 84, no. , pp. 1187-94, 1988.
Abstract: From the coupling constants obtained from a wide variety of beta -muonium-substituted alkyl radicals and their protiated analogues, the authors conclude that the preference for the conformation in which the beta -C-Mu bond eclipses the singly occupied orbital depends largely on hyperconjugative effects, although steric effects become more important as the size of the substituents at the radical centre is increased. Cyclic radicals, including the beta -muonium-substituted cyclopentyl and cycloheptyl radicals, are discussed with respect to the 'limiting isotope ratio' towards which all alkyl radicals should tend at high temperatures, according to hyperconjugation theory. They conclude that the value of this limiting ratio is 1.18+or-0.05. (23 References).
C. J. Rhodes, I. D. Reid, and RA. Jackson, "Muonium adducts of benzaldehyde: structural correlation with nitroxides," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 106, no. 1-4, pp. 193--201, 1997.
Abstract: We have formed adduct radicals (ArCHOMu.) by muonium addition to the carbonyl group of benzaldehyde and its derivatives. The muon coupling is found to be highly sensitive to the nature of substituents in the benzene ring, being increased by electron releasing groups. Similarly, the /sup 14/N coupling in a series of nitroxides ArN(O.)OSiEt/sub 3/, measured using ESR spectroscopy, is increased by electron releasing substituents and a linear correlation is found between the two; their connected nature is discussed. For the radical derived from benzaldehyde itself, a strong dependence is also found on the solvent in which it is solved. We suggest that this may be used in the study of solvent effects, particularly H-bonding, pertinent to organic and bioorganic media. (23 References).
M. Ricco', C. Bucci, Renzi R. de, G. Guidi, P. Podini, and R. Tedeschi, "mu SR study of muonic radicals in norbornene plastic crystal," in XXIInd Congress Ampere on Magnetic Resonance and Related Phenomena Proceedings, (K. A. Muller, R. Kind, and J. Roos, eds.), pp. 259--60, 1984.
Abstract: Two muonic radical isomers are observed in norbornene plastic crystals. From the temperature dependence of the mu SR signals information is gained on the conformation of the mu SR signals information is gained on the conformation of the radicals as well as on static and dynamic properties of the crystal. (4 References).
K. Riisager, "Beta-decay and exotic nuclei," European Physical Journal A, vol. 15, no. 1-4, pp. 75--9, 2002.
Abstract: Selected examples are given of how beta-decay can provide information on nuclei far from the line of beta-stability. Emphasis is put on beta-delayed particle emission, in particular processes with emission of several particles. The physics questions addressed include halo nuclei and multi-particle emission mechanisms. Muon capture on radioactive nuclei is discussed as an alternative way of accessing the region of high excitation energy. (25 References).
P. Ring and J. Speth, "Influence of higher configurations on the magnetic hf splitting in muonic atoms," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics, (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), 1973.
Abstract: Within the theory of 'Finite Fermi Systems' the magnetic hf-splitting constants a/sub I/ are calculated, using different configuration spaces. In the 'large' configuration space Delta n=2-configurations are included while in the 'small' configuration space they are not. For the groundstate of /sup 207/Tl a reduction in a/sub I/ was found due to the Delta n=2 configurations of about 10%. This seems to be the explanation for the discrepancies between experiment and theory reported for /sup 203/Tl and /sup 205/Tl by Backe et al. (1972) which are of that order of magnitude. (0 References).
GA Jr. Rinker, "Analysis of muonic-atom isomer shifts in /sup 209/Bi and /sup 207/Pb," Physical Review C, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 2150--64, 1971.
Abstract: The observed muonic-atom isomer shifts in /sup 209/Bi and /sup 207/Pb are analyzed in terms of a single particle or hole coupled to collective vibrations of the nuclear core by means of the weak-coupling Hamiltonian of Bohr. The isomer shift is a delicate effect which is sensitive to certain details of nuclear structure. Although the data for these two nuclei are limited, they strongly suggest two conclusions: (1) that vibrational excitation is not strictly volume conserving, but results in a slight increase of nuclear volume; and (2) that the proton core reacts significantly to changes in state of the valence particle, in a way which is not accounted for by the present model. This reaction is found to be stronger in the case of a valence neutron than in the case of a valence proton. In addition, the Ford-Wills radial-moment analysis is found to be adequate for the analysis of isomer shifts, though the refined method of Barrett is superior. As a byproduct of this work, nuclear wave functions are obtained which may be useful for other applications.
GA Jr Rinker and M. Rich, "Some implications of a recent test of muonic-atom theory," Physical Review Letters, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 640--2, 1972.
Abstract: The authors find that the recent discrepancies observed by Dixit et al. (see abstr A75763 of 1971) in muonic atom transition energies can be reproduced by various simple potentials. (26 References).
GA Jr Rinker and L. Wilets, "Vacuum polarization in high-Z, finite-size nuclei," Physical Review Letters, vol. 31, no. 26, pp. 1559--62, 1973.
Abstract: A numerical calculation of the vacuum polarisation charge densities due to a finite nuclear charge distribution for all orders (2 alpha )/sup n/ alpha has been made for a realistic muonic Pb atom. The nuclear field and charge distributions are taken as spherically symmetric. Comparison with experiment shows that the discrepancy reported by Dixit (1971) is increased. (12 References).
GA Jr Rinker and L. Wilets, "Vacuum polarization in strong, realistic electric fields," Physical Review A, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 748--62, 1975.
Abstract: First calculations of the electron-positron vacuum-polarization density, valid to all orders of n in (Z alpha )/sup n/, have been reported for a realistic, finite-size nucleus. Details of the numerical techniques and improvements yielding increased accuracy are given here. The vacuum polarization potentials allow calculation of muonic energy-level shifts, for most states with l[left angle bracket]or=6. Further details of a previous calculation (Wilets, 1975) of order (Z alpha )/sup 2/ alpha /sup 2/ in muonic lead are presented. Selected nuclei, with 26[left angle bracket]or=Z[left angle bracket]or=114, and the quasimolecule U-U are considered. For the U-U case, the Coulomb interaction dominates the total vacuum polarization, and the first-order (Uehling) contribution dominates the higher-order terms. (23 References).
GA. Rinker, "Nuclear polarization in muonic helium," Physical Review A, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 18--29, 1976.
Abstract: The nuclear polarization of muonic helium has been calculated using noncovariant second-order perturbation theory. The sum over intermediate nuclear states is carried out explicitly but that over intermediate muon states implicitly using knowledge of the exact muon Hamiltonian. Muon is assumed to interact only electromagnetically and the muon Hamiltonian is formulated given a nuclear model specifying form factors, transition strengths, and excited-state energies and quantum numbers. Simple and non-relativistic approximations and the closure approximation are investigated and compared with the detailed calculations. The shift of the 2s/sub 1/2/ is found to be -3.1 MeV for /sup 3/He and -4.9 MeV for /sup 3/He. Corrected values for the energy levels 1s/sub 1/2/, 2p/sub 1/2/, and 2p/sub 3/2/ are also given. Results for the 2s/sub 1/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ energy difference together with the measured experimental value of this quantity allow a determination of the r.m.s. nuclear charge radius the value obtained of 1.674+or-0.004 f.m. being consistent with available high energy electron scattering data. (31 References).
G. A. Rinker and RM. Steffen, "Higher-order corrections to level energies of muonic atoms," Atomic Data & Nuclear Data Tables, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 143--59, 1977.
Abstract: In order to facilitate the analysis of muonic-atom X-ray spectra, the results of numerical computations of presently important higher-order corrections to the energy-level values of muonic atoms are presented in tabular form. These include various types of vacuum-polarization, self-energy, electron-screening, and recoil (relativistic nuclear motion) corrections. All calculations were made with a two-parameter Fermi distribution of the nuclear charge density. (74 References).
G. A. Rinker and J. Speth, "Nuclear polarization in muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A306, no. 3, pp. 397--405, 1978.
Abstract: The authors have calculated nuclear polarization energy shifts for muonic atoms throughout the periodic table using a phenomenological extension of more detailed microscopic calculations reported previously (1976, 1978). Numerical results are presented in tabular form. (12 References).
G. A. Rinker and J. Speth, "Nuclear polarization in muonic /sup 204,206,207,208/Pb in the random-phase approximation," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A306, no. 3, pp. 360--96, 1978.
Abstract: Muonic-atom nuclear polarization (NP) energy shifts were calculated for /sup 208/Pb using the renormalized random-phase approximation (RPA) to describe the nuclear excitations. The RPA spectra are in good agreement with a number of direct experimental measurements, giving the authors confidence that the NP results are more reliable than those of previous calculations by other authors. They find generally smaller energy shifts than in earlier work, in disagreement with several empirical deperminations of these effects. Through a more critical examination of the data, it is argued that those empirical determinations may be incorrect, and that the difficulties in fitting the data may lie in the splittings rather than in the absolute values of the transition energies. Using empirical properties of some low-lying states in the isotopes /sup 204,206,207,208/Pb, the results are extended to provide a nearly complete and successful description of all such effects in these isotopes. (44 References).
GA. Rinker, "Static and dynamic muonic-atom codes-muon and rurp," Computer Physics Communications, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 221--42, 1979.
Abstract: Muonic-atom energy levels and wave functions are calculated by fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration of the radial Dirac equations, with the secant method determining the eigenvalues. The results are corrected for nearly all important static effects, including finite nuclear size as produced by a user-specified nuclear charge distribution. (7 References).
G. Rinker, "Nuclear excitation through the dynamic hyperfine effect," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 48-9, 1986.
Abstract: Calculational methods developed for muonic atoms have been applied to the problem of nuclear interlevel transfer via resonant electronic states. Nuclear excitation probabilities as large as a few per cent have been found. The most promising circumstances for the pumping of gamma-ray lasers are discussed. (3 References).
F. Rioux, "Comment on "Bound states of a uniform spherical charge distribution-revisited]," by Brian C. Tiburzi and Barry R. Holstein Am. J. Phys. 68 (7), 640-648 (2000)," American Journal of Physics, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 514--15, 2001.
Abstract: I would like to suggest an alternative solution to the interesting finite-nucleus problem recently discussed by Tiburzi and Holstein, and previously by Zablotney (1975). While these authors solve this problem by matching interior and exterior solutions to Schrodinger's equation at the nuclear radius, it is also possible to obtain solutions by direct numerical integration of the radial equation in a single integration procedure. (3 References).
DO. Riska, "Rescattering contributions and medium polarization in the S-wave pion-nucleus optical potential," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A377, no. 2-3, pp. 319--40, 1982.
Abstract: The P-wave pion rescattering contributions to the S-wave pion-nucleus optical potential are evaluated including all terms up to fourth order with full account of the P-wave medium polarization. The second- and third-order terms, enhanced by the medium polarization, together provide sufficient repulsive strength to overcome the main attractive dispersive term and to explain the empirically extracted repulsive potential. It is also shown that static pion exchange contributions to the S-wave potential are numerically insignificant are the two-body rescattering mechanisms that involve vector meson exchange. (31 References).
F. Risse, W. Bertl, P. David, R. Engfer, H. Hanscheid, E. Hermes, J. Konijn, T. Krogulski, Laat CTAM de, S. Polikanov, H. Pruys, T. Mayer-Kuckuk, ChFG Rosel, W. Schrieder, A. Taal, and D. Vermeulen, "Muon attachment in prompt fission of /sup 237/Np," Psi Nuclear & Particle Physics Newsletter, vol. 1990, no. , pp. 61-2, 1990.
Abstract: In a number of theoretical works the possibility has been discussed to get information on dynamics in prompt nuclear fission from the value of the probability P/sub L/ with which the muon is attached to the light fission fragment. The results are controversial. The measurement of the dependence of this quantity on mass number and on the total kinetic energy release TKE(A) should give a solid basis for further discussions. (16 References).
V. A. Rizov, I. T. Todorov, and BL. Aneva, "Quasipotential approach to the Coulomb bound state problem for spin-0 and spin-/sup 1///sub 2/ particles," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B98, no. 3, pp. 447--71, 1975.
Abstract: A recently proposed local quasipotential equation is reviewed and applied to the electromagnetic interaction of a spin-0 and a spin-/sup 1///sub 2/ particle. The Dirac particle is treated in a covariant two-component formalism in the neighbourhood of the mass shell. The fine structure of the bound state energy levels and the main part of the Lamb shift (of order alpha /sup 5/In(1/ alpha ) are evaluated with full account of relativistic recoil effects (without using any inverse mass expansion). Possible relevance of the techniques developed in this paper to fine structure calculations for meso-atomic systems is pointed out. (14 References).
B. Robert-Tissot, H. Backe, P. Debrunner, R. Engfer, R. Link, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, and HK. Walter, "Nuclear excitation in muonic gold," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics, (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), 1973.
Abstract: Energies and intensities of muonic X-rays in gold were measured at the CERN muon channel with an experimental set-up as described by Backe et al. (1972). The 2p-1s and 3d-2p transitions could only be analysed taking into account beside the static quadrupole interaction a dynamical hyperfine interaction of the 2p states, which leads to an excitation of the first four nuclear levels. The dynamical hyperfine interaction was calculated using the core excitation model (de Shalit, (1961)). (0 References).
B. Robert-Tissot, H. Backe, P. Debrunner, R. Engfer, W. Lindt, R. Link, C. Petitjean, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneawly, W. U. Schroder, and HK. Walter, "Nuclear excitation in the muonic atom of Au," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 51--2, 1973.
Abstract: Abstract only given, substantially as follows:- the muonic transitions of Au have been measured in the CERN S.C. muon channel. Analysis of the 2p-1s and 3d-2p transitions can only be successfully achieved by taking account of a nuclear excitation. The nucleus is described by Shalit's model (1961). The excitation probabilities of the first excited levels are calculated using this model and a four-parameter method. The quadrupole moment of the fundamental level is deduced to be (.57+or-.01)b. (4 References).
R. T. Robiscoe and M. Simonius, "Laser pumping in muonic atoms," Physics Letters A, vol. 85A, no. 1, pp. 30--2, 1981.
Abstract: High intensity pulsed lasers are currently being used to study transitions between fine structure states in muonic atoms. The authors point out that pulse shaping, i.e. appropriate choice of laser intensity and pulse length, can significantly increase the final state signal strength. (8 References).
RE. Robson, "Cold, muon-catalyzed fusion just another swarm experiment?," Australian Physicist, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 39--42, 1992.
Abstract: The authors focus on the similarities between muons in heavy hydrogen and traditional 'swarm' experiments (Huxley and Crompton 1974, Mason and McDaniel 1988), where low-energy ions or electrons are driven through a neutral gas by an external electric field, and to examine if and how the experience in one field may be fruitfully applied to the other. The technological importance of studying low-energy electron swarms in gases was the subject of a recent review in the Australian Physicist by Crompton (1988). Although the actual experimental situations are different (compare the mu CF chamber shown by Rafelski and Jones, 1987, with the drift tube apparatus described by Huxley and Crompton 1974), it is no problem theoretically to replace electrons by muons in kinetic theory analysis, and thus from this perspective mu CF may be considered as a problem in swarm physics (and even added to Crompton's list of applications, to take a further liberty]). The role of the external electric field is particularly significant in this context, as explained by Ness and Robson (1989) and outlined further. (20 References).
R. Rockmore, "Gauge principle considerations and a new effect in pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 205, no. 2-3, pp. 179--82, 1988.
Abstract: It is shown that the anomalous energy shifts in heavy pionic atoms may be explained by a gauge-generation of Coulomb terms in the s-wave pi -nuclear optical potential without resorting to the energy dependence of the elementary amplitudes. The comparison with experiment is made in the 'standard' pi -nuclear optical model whose parameters most closely agree with the microscopic theory. The anomaly persists for the widths. (16 References).
E. Roduner, P. W. Percival, D. G. Fleming, J. Hochmann, and H. Fischer, "Muonium-substituted transient radicals observed by muon spin rotation," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 37--40, 1978.
Abstract: Reports the first direct observation of radicals formed by formal addition of muonium to liquid organic compounds. They are characterized by muon precession frequencies in transverse magnetic fields of 0.3-5.0 kG. Comparison of the isotropic hyperfine coupling constants with those of hydrogen analogue reveals large isotope effects. (32 References).
E. Roduner and H. Fischer, "The evolution of muon spin polarization in muonic radicals and related species," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 582--6, 1979.
Abstract: A theory is given for the analysis of mu SR frequency spectra of muonic radicals and related multispin systems. A modification of existing formalisms leads to considerable simplification and shows the close relationship between mu SR and magnetic resonance. (13 References).
E. Roduner and H. Fischer, "Frequency spectra of muonic radicals," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 419--20, 1979.
Abstract: Summary form only given, substantially as follows. Muonium substituted radicals have been observed recently in transverse magnetic fields between 0.3 and 5.0 kG. They are characterized by two mu SR precession frequencies separated by the isotropic electron-muon hyperfine coupling constant. In the high field limit they appear symmetrically about the muon Larmor frequency. In lower fields, usually below 1 kG, splitting of the two frequencies occurs due to coupling of the unpaired electron to nuclei other than the muon. For the muonic radical in benzene, two doublets with a splitting of 1.5 MHz at 1 kG can be resolved experimentally. This is in agreement with the expectation based on perturbation theory for the muonic cyclohexadienyl radical. (1 Reference).
E. Roduner, "Free radicals in muonium chemistry," in Exotic Atoms '79. undamental Interactions and Structure of Matter. Proceedings of the Second Course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms, (K. Crowe, J. Duclos, G. Fiorentini, and G. Torelli, eds.), pp. 379-97, 1980.
Abstract: Theory for an understanding of mu SR spectra of muonic radicals is given. mu SR transitions obey selection rules analogous to those in magnetic resonance. It is shown that magnetic nuclei other than the muon do not influence the spectra in high transverse fields. In intermediate fields spectra become very complicated with an increasing number of magnetic nuclei. Muon polarization is scattered over many frequencies. This renders the detection of radicals difficult. Comparison of HFCs between muonic radicals and their hydrogen counterparts reveals isotope effects exceeding the ratio of magnetic moments. They are interpreted in terms of intramolecular dynamics. Isotopic substitution can influence the barrier to internal rotation. Study of the temperature dependence of HFCs leads to information about radical conformations and internal dynamics. (22 References).
E. Roduner and H. Fischer, "Muonium substituted organic free radicals in liquids. Theory and analysis of mu SR spectra," Chemical Physics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 261--76, 1981.
Abstract: Muonium substituted free radicals are formed when spin polarized positive muons are stopped in liquid unsaturated organic compounds. They are observed by muon spin rotation ( mu SR), i.e. via the time evolution of the muon spin polarization caused by Zeeman and hyperfine interactions. A theoretical treatment of mu SR spectra of muonic radicals in zero, intermediate and high external magnetic fields is given. Its predictions are verified by observations on radicals derived from tetramethylethylene and benzene. The relation of mu SR to magnetic resonance techniques is discussed. (32 References).
E. Roduner, G. A. Brinkman, and PWF. Louwrier, "Muonium-substituted organic free radicals in liquids. Muon-electron hyperfine coupling constants and the selectivity of formation of methyl- and fluorine-substituted cyclohexadienyl-type radicals," Chemical Physics, vol. 73, no. 1-2, pp. 117--30, 1982.
Abstract: Muonium-substituted free radicals are observed by muon spin rotation when positive muons are stopped in liquid methyl- and fluorine-substituted benzenes. From muon precession frequencies in high external magnetic fields the isotropic muon-electron hyperfine coupling constants A/sub mu / are determined. They are typical of cyclohexadienyl-type radicals. The individual assignments are based on deuteration and on substituent effects. Comparison of A/sub mu / with A/sub p/ of the hydrogen analogues reveals isotope effects A/sub mu / mu /sub p//A/sub p/ mu /sub mu / of 1.15-1.21. Analysis of signal amplitudes yields substituent effects on the relative rates of Mu addition to inequivalent positions in the arenes. Both CH/sub 3/ and F are ortho directing. Addition at C-H sites is favored over ipso addition by a factor of approximately=3. (36 References).
E. Roduner, "End-of-track radiolytical processes and radical formation in positive muon irradiated acetone," Radiation Physics & Chemistry, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 75--84, 1986.
Abstract: The radiolytical processes near the end of the track of energetic positive muons stopping in acetone are investigated by means of the muon spin rotation technique. The residual muon polarization and phase on the muon precession frequencies in muonated radicals demonstrate two parallel channels for radical formation. Of the muons, 41% are found to end up in the radical, (CH/sub 3/)/sub 2/COMu. Two-thirds of it have muonium (Mu identical to mu /sup +/e/sup -/) with a lifetime of 0.1 ns as precursor, one-third diamagnetic Mu/sup +/ with a lifetime of 3 ns. The average initial separation of Mu/sup +/ from its closest spur electron is estimated to be 3-4 nm. (42 References).
E. Roduner and DM. Garner, "First detection of a muonated organic free radical in the gas phase," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 32, no. 1-4, pp. 733-9, 1986.
Abstract: The authors report the observation of the muonated ethyl radical in transverse magnetic fields. The radical is possibly formed by addition of epithermal Mu to ethylene. The pressure dependence of the line widths is discussed in terms of relaxation mechanisms of dipolar and spin-rotational origin. (23 References).
L. P. Roesch, N. Schlumpf, D. Taqqu, V. L. Telegdi, P. Truttmann, and A. Zehnder, "Measurement of the capture rates to the excited states in /sup 12/C( mu /sup -/, nu )/sup 12/B* and a novel technique to deduce the alignment of /sup 12/B*(1/sup -/)," Physics Letters B, vol. 107B, no. 1-2, pp. 31--4, 1981.
Abstract: The capture rates to /sup 12/B* states were measured yielding Gamma (1/sup -/)=380(100) s/sup -1/, Gamma (2/sup -/)=120(80) s/sup -1/ and Gamma (2/sup +/)=270(100) s/sup -1/, in disagreement with published values. A novel technique for measuring the alignment of the 1/sup -/ state, using combined Doppler shape analysis and angular correlation techniques, is described; it yields A(1/sup -/)=0.6(0.7). Improved correction factors for the ground state recoil polarizations P/sub av/ and P/sub L/ are deduced. (12 References).
LPh Roesch, V. L. Telegdi, P. Truttmann, A. Zehnder, L. Grenacs, and L. Palffy, "Direct measurement of the helicity of the muonic neutrino," American Journal of Physics, vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 931--5, 1982.
Abstract: Describes a simple experiment for measuring the helicity of the muonic neutrino, h/sub v mu /, directly. This experiment is the muonic analog of the celebrated Brookhaven experiment for the electron neutrino. Both are based on measuring the longitudinal polarization P/sub L/ of the recoils in a 0 to 1 lepton capture; here the authors exploit /sup 12/C( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu /)/sup 12/B(g.s.), determining the polarization of /sup 12/B through its beta -decay asymmetry. Recoils going into a specific hemisphere are chosen by the trick of 'selective implantation'. The paper includes an elementary derivation of the requisite theoretical expressions. The authors find h/sub v mu /=-1.06(11), i.e. -1.0 with considerable accuracy. (18 References).
F. Roig and J. Navarro, "Radiative muon capture and the value of g/sub P/ in nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 236, no. 4, pp. 393--6, 1990.
Abstract: Radiative muon capture by nuclei is analyzed by means of sum rule techniques, providing a total photon yield calculated with RPA precision. The measured yields relative to the ordinary muon capture rate are well reproduced for the nuclei /sup 12/C, /sup 16/O and /sup 40/Ca using a value of the pseudoscalar weak coupling constant g/sub P/ enhanced by only 25% with respect to its canonical value. Therefore, the large renormalization of g/sub P/ claimed up to now must be reconsidered. (17 References).
C. Rolfs and H. P. Trautvetter, "Experimental nuclear astrophysics," Annual Review of Nuclear and Partical Science, vol. 28, pp. 115--159, 1978.
S. V. Romanov and DP. Grechukhin, "Continuous spectrum of satellite quanta in the decay of the 2s state of a light muonic atom," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 970--9, 1985.
Abstract: The intensities of the continuous satellite quanta h(cross) omega , which considerable complicate the observation in the muon 2s to 1s transition of parity-violation effects due to the weak neutral interaction of the muon and the nucleus, are calculated for the muonic atoms mu F, mu Ne, and mu Na with the electron shell configurations ((1s)/sup 2/(2s)/sup 2/), ((1s)/sup 2/(2s)/sup 2/(2p)/sup 2/) and the neutral muonic atom configuration. The dependences of the total yield of the satellite quanta h(cross) omega on the lower limit h(cross) omega /sub min/=h(cross) omega /sub 0/- Delta are obtained, where Delta is the energy resolution of the detector of the informative quanta h(cross) omega /sub 0/ emitted in the muon 2s to 1s transition. In the optimal case of neutral mu Na, the continuous spectrum of the satellite quanta h(cross) omega puts an upper bound of approximately 50 eV on the resolution Delta . (14 References).
S. V. Romanov and DP. Grechukhin, "On the possibility of measuring the Weinberg angle in the pair conversion of the transition 2s/sup 1///sub 2/ to 1s/sup 1///sub 2/ in mu /sup -/ muonic atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 452--62, 1987.
Abstract: The authors consider the possibility of determining the parameter sin/sup 2/ theta /sub W/ ( theta /sub w/ is the Weinberg angle) from the P-odd correlations in the spectra of electrons and positrons from pair conversion of the transition 2s/sup 1///sub 2/ to 1s/sup 1///sub 2/ in mu /sup -/ muonic atoms in the range 24[left angle bracket]or=Z[left angle bracket]or=42 (Z is the nuclear charge). Scale estimates of the intensities of the accompanying background processes complicating the reliable theoretical interpretation of P-odd effects are made. It is shown that it is possible to design an experiment to measure sin/sup 2/ theta /sub W/ with an accuracy of several percent on the basis of pair conversion only when a large range of positron energies near the hard limit of the spectrum is used. (26 References).
S. V. Romanov and DP. Grechukhin, "A role of the hyperfine interaction of the negative muon and an electron shell in forming P-odd correlations in the muonic ion mu /sup 20/Ne," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 667--77, 1992.
Abstract: The weak interaction of neutral currents of the negative muon and nucleons results in P-odd correlations arising in the radiative 2s to 1s muon-ion transition. The authors consider how the hyperfine muon-electron interaction influence forming these correlations in the muonic ion mu /sup 20/Ne with one K-electron. It is shown that the general form of expressions describing a P-odd asymmetry of an angular distribution of the quanta and their circular polarization does not depend on electron configurations. On the other hand such dependence takes place for expressions describing an angular correlation between the momenta of the quantum and the hard electron emitted in the mu -decay process at the 1s-orbit. The authors think that measuring the P-odd asymmetry of the angular distribution is the preferable experiment for studying the neutral currents interaction. The spin polarization of the muon at the 2s-orbit can be obtained by measuring the circular polarization of the quanta in the same experiment. (33 References).
SV. Romanov, "The hyperfine muon-nucleus interaction and P-odd effects in the one-photon 2s to 1s transition of light muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 7--21, 1993.
Abstract: The weak interaction of neutral currents of the negative muon and a nucleus results in P-odd correlations in the one-photon 2s to 1s transition of light muonic atoms. If the standard electroweak model is used, the weak mixing of hyperfine components of the mu -atom 2s and 2p 1/2 orbits makes the main contribution to these correlations. A new mechanism of action of the hyperfine structure on the P-odd correlations is considered. The hyperfine muon-nucleus interaction mixes the 2p 1/2 and 2p 3/2 orbits effectively in light muonic atoms whose nuclei have large quadrupole moments. As a result, two new sublevels arise for each of two values F/sub +or-/=(I+or-1/2) of the total angular mu -atom momentum (I is the nuclear spin). The contributions of these sublevels to the P-odd correlations can be comparable with each other. The most striking manifestation of the given effect occurs for beryllium and boron, where the 2s and 2p 3/2 orbits may have close energies. Taking the above effect into account can lead to considerable modification of results compared with earlier calculations. In particular, the P-odd correlations can vanish and change sign. They can be additionally increased by a factor of several tens. (23 References).
SV. Romanov, "The weak interaction of neutral currents in light muonic atoms: a new aspect," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 615-18, 1993.
Abstract: A new mechanism of acting the hyperfine muon-nucleus interaction on P-odd effects induced by neutral currents in light muonic atoms is proposed. Taking account of it results in changing sign of the P-odd effects in comparison with predictions of previous works, vanishing them or increasing additionally by one order. (10 References).
SV. Romanov, "Some internal background processes impeding the observation of P-odd effects in the one-photon 2s to 1s transition of muonic neon," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 219--34, 1994.
Abstract: The weak interaction of neutral currents of the negative muon and nucleons leads to the appearance of observable P-odd correlations in the one-photon 2s to 1s transition of light mu -atoms. Muonic neon was found to be one of promising mu -atoms for observing these correlations. It must be prepared under specific conditions so that its electron shell contains no L-electrons during the 2s-orbit lifetime ( approximately 0.1 ns). The presence of K-electrons is permissible. Here we have considered three processes impeding the observation of the one-photon 2 s to 1s transition for such a situation. They are other decay channels of the same 2 s-state. The first is the cascade of the radiative 2s to 2pj (j=1/2, 3/2) and 2pj to 1s transitions of the muon. The second is the radiation of one photon in the 2s to 1s transition accompanied by exciting the electron shell. The third is also the one photon radiation but it is accompanied by ionizing the shell. The energies of photons radiated in these processes are close to the 2s to 1s transition energy. Moreover, they actually carry no information on the weak interaction. Thus, the given photons form the internal background in observing the one-photon transition. We have calculated the intensities of these photons, their circular polarization and angular correlations between the momenta of one of them and a hard electron emitted in the mu -decay at the 1s-orbit. The results obtained show the P-odd effects in the angular distribution and circular polarization of the photons of the 2s to 1s transition appear to be more preferable for measuring than the ones in angular photon-electron correlations. (24 References).
SV. Romanov, "Angular photon-electron correlations induced by the weak interaction of neutral currents in light muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 273--83, 1995.
Abstract: The weak interaction of neutral currents of the negative muon and a nucleus leads to observable P-odd correlations in the one-photon 2s to 1s transition of light muonic atoms. Recently the author has been analyzed how these correlations are affected by the mixing of the 2p1/2 and 2p3/2 orbits induced by the hyperfine muon-nucleus interaction. P-odd terms in an angular distribution and circular polarization of photons have been considered as an example. The above mixing proved to be significant in muonic beryllium and boron. The present work continues this analysis. The effect of the mixing on P-odd terms of angular correlations between momenta of the photon radiated in the 2s to 1s transition and a hard electron emitted in the mu -decay at the 1s orbit is studied here. This effect is found to be also significant. Moreover, the possibility of using the magnetic spin rotation to observe the angular correlations is discussed. A special experimental geometry is suggested. Its use allows uncertainties resulting from the absence of data on the orientation of the angular mu -atom momentum in the 2s state to be minimized. (15 References).
SV. Romanov, "On the photoexcitation of the 2s to 2p transition in light muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 17--26, 1995.
Abstract: It is known that the energy of the 2s to 2p transition of light mu -atoms can be precisely measured by laser spectroscopy. Such measurements provide a good test of quantum electrodynamics predictions. Here we consider how the hyperfine muon-nucleus interaction effects on the photoexcitation of this transition and on the subsequent X-rays emission. Besides the obvious change of the transition energy the hyperfine interaction mixes the 2p 1/2 and 2p 3/2 orbits. This mixing is rather effective in mu -atoms of /sup 1/H, /sup 7/Li, /sup 9/Be, /sup 10/B and /sup 11/B. Its taking into account changes the photoexcitation cross-section of electric dipole transitions between the hyperfine components of the 2s and 2p orbits and an angular X-rays distribution as well. These changes prove to be considerable for some transitions. For example, in mu /sup 2/H and mu /sup 7/Li the cross-section is decreased by factors of two and four respectively. In mu /sup 9/Be it is increased by a factor of two. Moreover, in mu /sup 1/H the angular X-rays distribution becomes more anisotropic. Besides the above subject one more question is discussed here. The fact is that the laser experiments can give an information on the residual muon spin polarization at the 2s orbit and on the degree of alignment of the angular mu -atom momentum in this state. The polarization can be determined by measuring an angular correlation between the X-rays emission direction and the momentum of a hard mu -decay electron. The alignment degree can be found by measuring an anisotropy of the angular X-rays distribution. (13 References).
SV. Romanov, "On the electron transfer in low-energy collisions of the fully-ionized muonic boron with helium atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 101--9, 1997.
Abstract: In connection with recent experiments on the observation of the metastable 2s state of muonic boron ( mu B)/sup 4+/ formed in helium with a small admixture of diborane (B/sub 2/H/sub 6/) we estimated the cross-section of the electron transfer from helium to the muonic ion. The collisions energy T was considered to lie between the thermal energy and 1 a.u. The muonic ion ( mu B)/sup 4+/ was treated as a heavy beryllium isotope Be/sup 4+/. It was found that the main reaction responsible for the electron transfer at the energies specified above was: Be/sup 4+/+He to Be/sup 3+/(1s)+He/sup 2+/+e/sup -/. Its mechanism is the Auger effect in the two-electron quasi-molecule (Be-He)/sup 4+/. In our estimation of its cross-section we used adiabatic quasi-molecular terms obtained by diagonalizing the electronic Hamiltonian on a basis of several diabatic states constructed from two-centre orbitals. The electronic wavefunctions built with this way were employed to calculate Auger effect rates. The outgoing electron was treated to be free. The relative motion of the nuclei was considered classically. It was found that in the region 0.001[left angle bracket]or=T[left angle bracket]or=0.01 (in atomic units) the cross-section was a decreasing function of T and it was small (~10/sup -2/ AA/sup 2/). Then it starts to increase and mounts to typical atomic values (1AA/sup 2/) at T=1/2. The comparison of the reaction rate constant estimated on the basis of the obtained cross-section with experimental results establishes the upper limit of the energy of muonic boron during the 2s state lifetime ( approximately=40ns). It proves to be about 25 eV. This limit is in agreement with the typical value of 1 eV resulting from the energy transfer in the muon capture by the diborane molecule and the recoil energy acquired in the cascade. However, it does not exclude the possibility of an additional acceleration of muonic boron during its formation in the molecule. (30 References).
SV. Romanov, "The two-photon 2s to 1s transition of the fully-ionized muonic boron migrating in helium," European Physical Journal D, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 217--30, 1998.
Abstract: In recent experiments performed at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) measurements were made of the yield Y/sub 2 gamma / of the two-photon 2s to 1s transition of the fully-ionized muonic boron formed and quenched in a gaseous mixture of diborane B/sub 2/H/sub 6/ and helium. In the present work this yield is calculated for an idealized case of a very low diborane density when the main 2s state decay modes competing with the two-photon transition are due to the electron transfer from helium to the mu -ion. As the rate of this transfer depends strongly on the relative velocity, a treatment is needed of the whole kinetics of processes occurring with the mu -ion in helium. Accordingly, within the optical model with a complex potential constructed before we calculate cross-sections of the elastic scattering and electron transfer. Then the time evolution of the mu -ion energy is considered and, finally, the yield Y/sub 2 gamma / is calculated. It proves that at helium pressures P/sub He/[right angle bracket]or=50 Torr this yield may be written in the form:(Y/sub 2 gamma /)/sup -/1=C(1+P/sub He/D), where the factor C is greater than unity and increases rapidly with the initial energy E/sub 0/ which the mu -ion has after its formation in the diborane molecule. Thus measurement of the pressure dependence of Y/sub 2 gamma / allows E/sub 0/ to be estimated. The results obtained make it possible to suggest a similar parametrization of the PSI data. (29 References).
SV. Romanov, "On the interaction of exotic atoms with their environment," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 89--94, 1999.
Abstract: A theoretical study is made of the effect of collisions on the two-photon 2s to 1s transition of the fully-ionized muonic boron migrating in helium. Data on atomic processes are indicated which may be extracted from measurements of the yield of this transition. (8 References).
J. Romelt, "Prediction and interpretation of collinear reactive scattering resonances by the diagonal corrected vibrational adiabatic hyperspherical model," Chemical Physics, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 197--209, 1983.
Abstract: One-dimensional single-channel scattering calculations on an effective potential are used to discuss resonances in collinear reactions and to predict their energetic location almost quantitatively. The effective potential includes the vibrationally adiabatic potential and the adiabatic diagonal correction in Delves' mass-weighted polar coordinates (hyperspherical coordinates). This diagonal corrected vibrational adiabatic hyperspherical (DIVAH) model is tested for a variety of reactions (H+H/sub 2/, H+MuH, I+HI, F+H/sub 2/) and a detailed discussion of the effective potential and its physical implications is given. (46 References).
L. Rondoni and PF. Zweifel, "Collided-flux-expansion method for the transport of muonic deuterium in finite media," Physical Review E, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 1104-9, 1991.
Abstract: Transport of muonic deuterium atoms in a slab of thickness d filled with a molecular deuterium gas is described by means of the multiple-collision expansion in the framework of a time-dependent theory. The relevant expressions for the emerging flux are derived. Numerically generated results are presented for several different cases, some of which are under experimental investigation. A justification of the approximations made in a previous work is given. (21 References).
HPC Rood and AF. Yano, "The Coulomb propagator in radiative muon capture," Physics Letters B, vol. 35B, no. 1, pp. 59--61, 1971.
Abstract: The effect of the Coulomb field is investigated in the radiative muon capture by /sup 40/Ca.
HPC Rood, A. F. Yang, and FB. Yano, "Radiative muon capture in /sup 40/Ca," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A228, no. 2, pp. 333--44, 1974.
Abstract: The photon spectrum and angular correlation for radiative muon capture in /sup 40/Ca are calculated. The present results show that the intermediate state propagators appreciably reduce the photon spectrum, when compared with previous calculations of Rood and Tolhoek (1965). However, the theoretical angular correlation still cannot be reconciled with experiment. (19 References).
HPC. Rood, "Relativistic nuclear model and 0/sup +/ to or from 0/sup -/ weak transitions," Physical Review C, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 1104--5, 1986.
Abstract: The conclusion of McNeil and Shepard, (1985), that the effect of recent relativistic nuclear models is small in 0/sup +/ to or from 0/sup -/ weak transitions is wrong. The author also shows that, if one adopts the partial conservation of axial current hypothesis for the nuclear current, the result of a recent calculation for the muon transition /sup 16/O(0/sup +/) to /sup 16/N(0/sup -/) is changed appreciably. (3 References).
JR. Rook, "K/sup -/ mesic X-rays from light nuclei," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B9, no. 3, pp. 441--6, 1969.
Abstract: The K/sup -/ mesic X-ray yields from /sup 7/Li, /sup 9/Be, and /sup 12/C have recently been measured. These data are analysed in terms of the competing Auger, X-ray and nuclear absorption rates. It is shown that the simple model involving decay solely by circular orbits does not agree with the experimental data but a good measure of agreement can be obtained by neglecting Auger transitions and assuming that only a proportion of the mesons decay by circular orbits. Unfortunately these postulates are not unique in giving agreement with the experimental results. (13 References).
JR. Rook, "Classical cascade calculations for K/sup -/ mesic atoms," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 14--22, 1970.
Abstract: The author has used classical mechanics in a calculation of the cascade of K/sup -/ mesic atoms, involving X-ray and Auger processes, assuming an initial statistical distribution between the states with different values of the orbital angular-momentum quantum number. It is concluded that the properties of the cascade are not sensitive to the starting point and we obtain qualitative agreement with experiment. The author also obtained a simple explanation of the X-ray selection rules obtained earlier by Martin and suggests what should be the corresponding rules for the Auger process.
J. R. Rook and S. Wycech, "Energy shifts and widths of K/sup -/-mesic atom levels," Physics Letters B, vol. 39b, no. 4, pp. 469--70, 1972.
Abstract: The observed energy shifts and widths of K/sup -/-mesic atom levels are compared with those calculated using a K/sup -/-nucleus potential obtained from the K/sup -/-nucleon interaction. Agreement is obtained for the shifts but the calculated widths are about 20% too large. (4 References).
JR. Rook, "K/sup -/-mesonic and baryonic atoms," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics, (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), pp. 798-811, 1973.
Abstract: The author discusses the analysis of nuclear densities using K/sup -/ mesonic and baryonic atoms. (36 References).
JR. Rook, "Widths and shifts of K/sup -/ mesic atom levels," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A249, no. 3, pp. 466--82, 1975.
Abstract: The optical potential for K/sup -/ mesons was calculated and hence the widths and shifts of the K/sup -/ mesic atom levels of /sup 31/P, assuming that the meson collides only with single nucleons. A good fit to the experimental values can be obtained only if a complex term proportional to density is added to the calculated K/sup -/-nucleus optical potential. To obtain a fit, the real and imaginary parts of the added term must be approximately equal. It is suggested that this term arises from interactions of the meson with two nucleons. The additional part of the optical potential arising from collisions with two nucleons is calculated and shown to have roughly the correct ratio of the real and imaginary parts. (16 References).
JR. Rook, "Potential models for kaon-nucleon scattering and kaonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A326, no. 2-3, pp. 244--54, 1979.
Abstract: Recent analyses of kaon-nucleon reactions give scattering lengths varying rapidly with energy. Complex kaon-nucleon potentials of both local and separable types are found which reproduce these scattering lengths and their energy variation. The range of the potentials is found to be that corresponding to exchange of a heavy meson. The local potential found is used to obtain the kaon-nucleon t-matrix and hence the shifts for kaonic atom levels. The results are similar to those obtained previously. A discussion is given of the relative merits of folding the nuclear density with the t-matrix or the kaon-nucleon force to obtain the kaon-nucleus optical potential. (24 References).
J. Ros and P. Pascual, "Invariant form factors and impulse approximation," Anales de Fisica, vol. 68, no. 10-12, pp. 251--61, 1972.
Abstract: Relations between nuclear invariant form factors and matrix elements are presented both for weak and electromagnetic processes. The q/sup 2/-dependence of the form factors is discussed and a new relation for PCAC hypotheses is given. The results are illustrated with some examples. (7 References).
C. Rosel, P. David, H. Folger, H. Hanscheid, J. Konijn, Laat CTAM de, C. Petitjean, H. W. Reist, F. Risse, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, W. Schrieder, L. M. Simons, A. K. Sinha, and A. Taal, "Radiationless transition probabilities in muonic /sup 208/Pb, /sup 232/Th, and /sup 238/U," Zeitschrift fur Physik A-Hadrons & Nuclei, vol. 340, no. 2, pp. 199--208, 1991.
Abstract: The probabilities for non-radiative (n.r.) excitations P/sub n.r./ in the muonic nuclides /sup 208/Pb, /sup 232/Th, and /sup 238/U have been determined from ( mu /sup -/, gamma , gamma )-measurements by comparing the intensities of muonic X-ray transitions in single and coincidence spectra. The value of P/sub n.r./ (3p to 1s), measured for the first time, is about 90% for the actinides /sup 232/Th and /sup 238/U, but only about 8% for /sup 208/Pb. The value of P/sub n.r./ (3d to 1s) is found to be 10% for /sup 233/Th, 13% for /sup 238/U, and about 4% for /sup 208/Pb. For /sup 208/Pb a vanishing strength of the n.r. decay of the 2p-level is found, while for /sup 232/Th and for /sup 238/U n.r. strengths of about 20% and 26%, respectively, are observed. By regarding two subcomplexes of the 2p to 1s transitions leading to different mean excitation energies the n.r. transition probabilities were found to be different for /sup 238/U only, 21.6% and 31.1%, respectively. (29 References).
C. Rosel, F. F. Karpeshin, P. David, H. Hanscheid, J. Konijn, Laat CTAM de, H. Paganetti, F. Risse, B. Sabirov, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, W. Schrieder, and A. Taal, "Experimental evidence for muonic X-rays from fission fragments," Zeitschrift fur Physik A-Hadrons & Nuclei, vol. 345, no. 4, pp. 425--6, 1993.
Abstract: In the spectrum of muonic X-rays of /sup 238/U measured in coincidence with prompt fission events a structure has been found which is attributed to 2p to 1s transitions of the muon attached to heavy fragments. The intensity I/sub s/ of this structure relative to the strength I/sub pf/ observed for prompt fission has been determined to be I/sub s//I/sub pf/=(6.0+or-2.1)%. Although the experimental significance for the appearance of this phenomenon is weak, this is the first experimental indication for its occurrence. (12 References).
C. Rosel, H. Hanscheid, J. Hartfiel, Mutius R. von, van Enschut JFM d'Achard, P. David, H. Janszen, T. Johansson, J. Konijn, T. Krogulski, Laat CTAM de, H. Paganetti, C. Petitjean, S. M. Polikanov, H. W. Reist, F. Risse, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, W. Schrieder, A. K. Sinha, A. Taal, J. P. Theobald, G. Tibell, and N. Trautmann, "The study of prompt and delayed muon induced fission. III. The ratios of prompt to delayed fission yields," Zeitschrift fur Physik A-Hadrons & Nuclei, vol. 345, no. 1, pp. 89--95, 1993.
Abstract: For pt.II see ibid., vol.330, p.397 (1988). The ratios of prompt to delayed fission yields for the isotopes /sup 233/U, /sup 234/U, /sup 235/U, /sup 236/U, /sup 237/Np, /sup 242/Pu, and /sup 244/Pu and the fission probabilities relative to each other have been investigated experimentally. Using the value of the total fission probability for /sup 237/Np the absolute probabilities for prompt and delayed fission have been determined. The fission probabilities per muon capture P/sub fc/ have been derived for all the isotopes and compared with an evaluation based on excitation functions from theory. (46 References).
R. Rosenfelder, "Improvements of the closure approximation," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A290, no. 2, pp. 315--23, 1977.
Abstract: Systematic corrections to the usual closure approximation are developed by introducing the notion of two (and more) mean excitation energies. These corrections depend on the energy moments of the distribution of transition strength. Application to simple solvable models in perturbation theory, muon capture and pion electroproduction indicate excellent convergence of the method as long as the kinematical constraints of energy conservation can be neglected. (9 References).
R. Rosenfelder, "Skyrme interactions and the total muon capture rate in /sup 16/O," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A298, no. 3, pp. 397--416, 1978.
Abstract: A sum rule technique which systematically improves the usual closure approximation has been used to study the total muon capture rate in oxygen. To apply this method the energy-weighted moments m/sub 0/, m/sub 1/, m/sub 2/, m/sub 3/ for vector, axial vector and pseudoscalar excitations are calculated with different density-dependent effective interactions. These include standard Skyrme forces as well as new parametrizations developed recently for self-consistent RPA calculations. The v/c corrections to the capture rate are evaluated consistently by calculating the corresponding moments m'/sub 0/, m'/sub 1/. Although the velocity dependence of the Skyrme interactions leads to a considerable reduction of total rates compared with the rates of the independent particle model, the results are still 10-60% higher than the experimental value. (40 References).
R. Rosenfelder, "Semileptonic weak and electromagnetic interactions in nuclei: recoil polarization in muon capture," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A322, no. 2-3, pp. 471--92, 1979.
Abstract: An analysis of the polarization of the recoiling nucleus following the capture of polarized muons by nuclei is performed. New general expressions for arbitrary nuclear spin are obtained in terms of the same reduced matrix elements which govern inelastic electron scattering and beta -decay. As an application is considered the A=12 system studied and uncertainties in the nuclear structure studied by using different sets of one-body density matrices. With the canonical values of the weak form factors (i.e. absence of second-class currents) we achieve a fairly good agreement with the experimental data including the inelastic form factor at high momentum transfers and the recently measured average /sup 12/B polarization. Implications of the new corrected value of the average polarization on weak form factors and nuclear structure are discussed. (31 References).
R. Rosenfelder, "A model for the nuclear response function," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A377, no. 2-3, pp. 518--28, 1982.
Abstract: A parametrization of the Fourier transform of the structure function is proposed, which is compatible with the general constraints and incorporates the analytic structure suggested by realistic nuclear models. In addition, low- and high-energy parts of the inclusive spectrum are thereby consistently covered. As an example, various electromagnetic and weak inclusive processes on /sup 12/C are investigated in terms of this parametrization. (26 References).
R. Rosenfelder, "Nuclear polarization shifts in light muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A393, no. 3, pp. 301--13, 1983.
Abstract: A consistent nonrelativistic expression for the energy shift in muonic atoms due to second-order processes is derived under the assumption that the muon is weakly bound. The transverse contribution is shown to be finite only if the two-photon ('seagull') amplitude is taken into account as required by gauge invariance. Numerical results are presented for muonic /sup 12/C using a recently developed model for the nuclear response function. The total transverse contribution to the energy shift are found to be small although dependent to some extent on the detailed high-momentum behaviour of the seagull term. (19 References).
R. Rosenfelder, "Nuclear polarization in muonic atoms," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 95--108, 1993.
R. Rosenfelder, "Proton polarization shifts in electronic and muonic hydrogen," Physics Letters B, vol. 463, no. 2-4, pp. 317--22, 1999.
Abstract: The contribution of virtual excitations to the energy levels of electronic and muonic hydrogen is investigated combining a model-independent approach for the main part with quark model predictions for the remaining corrections. Precise values for the polarization shifts are obtained in the long-wavelength dipole approximation by numerically integrating over measured total photoabsorption cross sections. These unretarded results are considerably reduced by including retardation effects in an approximate way since the average momentum transfer (together with the mean excitation energy) turns out to be larger than usually assumed. Transverse and seagull contributions are estimated in a simple harmonic oscillator quark model and found to be non-negligible. Possible uncertainties and improvements of the final results are discussed. (19 References).
J. Rosenkranz, K-P Arnold, M. Gladisch, J. Hofmann, H-J Mundinger, H. Orth, GZu Putlitz, M. Stickel, W. Schafer, W. Schwarz, and VW. Hughes, "Study of radiative deexcitation processes in the muonic helium(4) ion at 14 and 40 atmospheres," Annalen der Physik, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 667--76, 1990.
Abstract: To search for a long-lived 2S/sub 1/2/ state in muonic helium ion at helium gas pressures of 14 and 40 atmospheres, radiative muon transitions were registered in a time resolved mode using sodium iodide crystals. Special care was taken to avoid gas impurities which are known to reduce the 2S lifetime significantly. In addition to the prompt photons of the K-series, a delayed component was detected. The lifetime and yield of this component agree with theoretical values for ions not perturbed by the surrounding medium. However, test measurements carried out with other target gases clearly demonstrate that practically all of the delayed events observed in pure helium are not caused by the radiative decay of a long-lived 2S state. (21 References).
L. M. Rosenstein and IS. Hammerman, "Photon spectrum from radiative mu capture in calcium," Physical Review C, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 603--8, 1973.
Abstract: The authors have measured the high-energy end of the gamma -ray spectrum from radiative muon capture in calcium. This accounted for only about one half of the neutral events detected beyond 57 MeV, the rest apparently being due to neutrons emitted by nuclei after capture. By fitting a theoretical prediction of the photon spectrum to their data, they found a value for the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant which disagrees with that expected. (14 References).
A. Del Rosso, "Realisation of a trigger for an experiment of CP--violation in the neutral K--meson system", 1994.
A. Del Rosso, O. Huot, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, Y.-A. Thalmann, S. Tresh, V. F. Boreiko, V. M. Bystritsky, S. V. Dovgun, A. N. Fedorov, V. N. Pavlov, F. M. Pen'kov, V. I. Sandukovsky, V. A. Stolupin, C. Petitjean, N. P. Popov, M. Filipowicz, and J. Wozniak, "Measurements of fusion reaction in $\mu d ^3$He molecules," PSI Annual Report 1997. Annex I, PSI Nucl. Part. Phys. Newsletter, 1998.
A. Del Rosso, O. Huot, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, Y.-A. Thalmann, S. Tresh, V. F. Boreiko, V. M. Bystritsky, S. V. Dovgun, A. N. Fedorov, V. N. Pavlov, F. M. Pen'kov, V. I. Sandukovsky, V. A. Stolupin, C. Petitjean, N. P. Popov, M. Filipowicz, and J. Wozniak, "Measuring $\mu d ^3$He fusion," PSI Scientific Report 1998, vol. Volume I, 1999.
A. Del Rosso, M. Augsburger, O. Huot, P. Knowles, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, V. F. Boreiko, V. M. Bystritsky, V. N. Pavlov, F. M. Pen'kov, V. I. Sandukovsky, V. A. Stolupin, C. Petitjean, N. P. Popov, W. Czaplinski, M. Filipowicz, and J. Wozniak, "Proposal for a PSI experiment: Measuring the µd$^3$He fusion," PSI Proposal, vol. R--98--02, 1998.
Abstract: The theoretical predictions for the nuclear fusion rates in $\mu d^3$He molecules range over one order of magnitude, $10^{5,6}$ s$^{-1}$, depending on the type of calculation and the approximations used. At present an experimental upper limit ($< 6\cdot 10^5$ s$^{-1}$) has been set for fusion from $\mu d^3$He molecules. This value is certainly not sufficient to make a clear choice between the theoretical predictions. For $\mu d^4$He molecules, no experimental data exist. We aim at determining the nuclear fusion rates for $\mu d^3$He molecules by measuring the fusion products. The understanding of the kinetics and backgrounds will be used to judge the feasibility of a search for fusion in $\mu d^4$He molecules
A. Del Rosso, M. Augsburger, C. Donche--Gay, O. Huot, P. Knowles, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, V. F. Boreiko, V. M. Bystritsky, V. N. Pavlov, F. M. Pen'kov, V. I. Sandukovsky, V. A. Stolupin, C. Petitjean, N. P. Popov, W. Czaplinski, M. Filipowicz, and J. Wozniak, "Progress report for PSI experiment R--98--02: Measuring the µd$^3$He fusion," Progress Report to PSI Proposal, vol. R--98--02, 1999.
J. M. Rost and JS. Briggs, "Adiabatic molecular energy curves with correct united-atom and separated-atom limits," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 339--43, 1987.
Abstract: The criteria necessary to obtain single-channel adiabatic molecular-energy curves with correct united-atom and separated-atom limits are examined. The simplest LCAO form of molecular orbital allows an explicit analytic demonstration of these criteria to be given. An adiabatic single-channel 1s sigma g molecular energy curve for (dd mu ) based on two centre functions and satisfying the above limits reproduces the ground-state binding energy of large coupled-channel calculations within 0.7%. (11 References).
J. E. Rothberg and others, "Muon capture in hydrogen," Physical Review, vol. 132, pp. 2664--2678, 1963.
ANU Roy, Das T. Prasad, K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, S. N. Nakamura, N. Kawamura, and K. Nagamine, "Trapping of helium in hydrogen," Riken Review, vol. 20, no. , pp. 21-33, 1999.
Abstract: The important question of the atomic or molecular entities that can absorb the negative muon ( mu /sup -/) in a hydrogen molecule (tritium (T/sub 2/ or /sup 3/H/sub 2/) molecule or tritium deuteride (T-D or /sup 3/H-/sup 2/H)) environment, both gaseous and solid, and where they are trapped, are being analysed by our Muon Catalyzed Fusion ( mu CF) group. There are important questions to answer in order to be able to maximize the number of fusion events that mu /sup -/ can produce in the course of a chain reaction. For reasons that are explained in the text, we are first studying the trapping of He/sup +/ ion, both in gaseous and solid hydrogen environments. For the solid, we have shown that the octahedral interstitial center can be a trapping center, and further work is in progress, including study of other trapping sites. Plans are also outlined for studying: (1) the possibility of He/sup +/ ions and (He-H)/sup +/ ions (the latter resulting from beta -decay from /sup 3/H/sub 2/ and /sup 3/H-/sup 2/H molecules) producing neutral He/sup 0/ through charge exchange with H/sub 2/ molecules, (2) the trapping sites for neutral He/sup 0/ atoms and (3) the trapping sites for (He-H)/sup +/ ions. Possible models for He trapping in liquid hydrogen and methods for dealing with them are discussed. (24 References).
W. Ruckstuhl, B. Aas, W. Beer, I. Beltrami, Boer FWN de, K. Bos, PFA Goudsmit, U. Kiebele, H. J. Leisi, G. Strassner, A. Vacchi, and R. Weber, "High-precision muonic X-ray measurement of the RMS charge radius of /sup 12/C with a crystal spectrometer," Physical Review Letters, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 859--62, 1982.
Abstract: A precision measurement with the SIN bent-crystal spectrometer of the wavelength of the 2p/sub 3/2/-1s/sub 1/2/ transition in muonic /sup 12/C yields lambda =16.473 766(89) pm, the accuracy being an order of magnitude higher than that of earlier investigations. The RMS charge radius of /sup 12/C is deduced as (r/sup 2/)/sup 1/2/=2.4832(18) fm, differing by 2.4 standard deviations from the most accurate electron-scattering results. Consequences of attributing this discrepancy to a mu -N interaction beyond QED are discussed. (18 References).
W. Ruckstuhl, "Search for new muon-nucleon interactions in S-states of muonic atoms", 1982.
W. Ruckstuhl, B. Aas, W. Beer, I. Beltrami, K. Bos, Chambrier G. De, PFA Goudsmit, H. J. Leisi, G. Strassner, A. Vacchi, Der Velden JM Van, B. Jeckelmann, U. Kiebele, and R. Weber, "Measurement of the hyperfine splitting of the 1 s state in muonic /sup 7/Li as a search for axial-vector muon-nucleon interactions," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A433, no. 4, pp. 634--48, 1984.
Abstract: The magnetic hyperfine splitting in the 1 s state of /sup 7/Li has been measured with a precision of 1% using the bent-crystal spectrometer facility at the SIN muon channel. With an instrumental resolution of 2.5 eV FWHM the hyperfine splitting was completely resolved in the 2 p-1 s transition. The result is Delta E(M1)=4684+or-49 meV. A comparison of this result with the electromagnetic value yields a new upper limit for the strength of a possible muon-nucleon interaction mediated by an axial-vector boson, which is much lower than those that can be derived from other present data. (29 References).
W. Ruckstuhl, B. Aas, W. Beer, I. Beltrami, K. Bos, PFA Goudsmit, H. J. Leisi, G. Strassner, A. Vacchi, Boer FWN de, U. Kiebele, and R. Weber, "Precision measurement of the 2p-1s transition in muonic /sup 12/C: search for new muon-nucleon interactions or accurate determination of the RMS nuclear charge radius," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A430, no. 3, pp. 685--712, 1984.
Abstract: The wavelength of the 2p/sub 3/2/-1s/sub 1/2/ transition in muonic /sup 12/C was measured with a crystal spectrometer as 16.473765 (88) pm. With an improved model-independent analysis the authors deduced an RMS charge radius for /sup 12/C of 2.4829 (19) fm. A 2.4 standard deviation difference between the RMS charge radius and that deduced from recent elastic electron-scattering experiments is tentatively attributed to a short-range additional interaction between muon and nucleons. A comparison is made with other experiments yielding information on such interactions. (53 References).
A. Ruetschi, L. Schellenberg, T. Q. Phan, G. Piller, L. A. Schaller, and H. Schneuwly, "Magnetic hyperfine structure in muonic /sup 29/Bi," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A422, no. 3, pp. 461--79, 1984.
Abstract: The authors have determined the magnetic hyperfine structure (HFS) in four nuclear transitions of muonic /sup 209/Bi. The results yielded an improved value of the magnetic HFS constant of the ground state, A/sub 1/(/sup 9///sub 2//sup -/)=2.00 (7) keV. New experimental values were established for three excited states, namely A/sub 1/(/sup 13///sub 2//sup +/)=2.9 (2) keV, A/sub 1/(/sup 9///sub 2//sup +/)=2.1 (2) keV and A/sub 1/(/sup 15///sub 2//sup +/)=2.4 (2) keV. In addition, the isomer shifts (IS) of the above-mentioned transitions were determined making use of the HFS constants. They find the following ISs of excited states: /sup 13///sub 2//sup +/, 3.77 (28) keV; /sup 9///sub 2//sup +/, 6.56 (32) keV; /sup 15///sub 2//sup +/, 6.29 (18) keV. (51 References).
F. W. Ruppert, S. T. Tuan, Y. K. Chen, and W. Greiner, "The influence of nuclear excitations on the muonic X-ray spectrum of heavy spherical nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. a139, no. 3, pp. 563--92, 1969.
Abstract: The dependence of the X-ray spectrum of the muonic atoms of heavy spherical nuclei on the nuclear properties is discussed for doubly even and odd-mass isotopes. In the doubly even case the nucleus is described as a system of (2L+1)-dimensional oscillators, L ranging from 2 over all reasonable multipolarities. In the odd-mass case the nucleus is described by the model of core excitation, where surface vibrations and particle motions are taken into account. The results are compared with the predictions for rotational nuclei. As expected, typical differences occur and thus muonic X-rays might be used as a tool for discriminating between various nuclear models, especially in the transition region from deformed to spherical nuclei. (45 References).
El Hassani AJ Rusi, J. F. Gilot, PFA Goudsmit, H. J. Leisi, and S. Thomann, "On the s-wave repulsion of the pion-nuclear interaction," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 1130--6, 1988.
Abstract: The authors show that, first, the relativistic mean-field approach of the pion-nuclear interaction, with the parameter values as proposed by Birbrair et al. (1987) is in contradiction with the pionic atom data. Second, pionic atom data do not admit any solution for a relativistic mean-field model, if the pi NN coupling is assumed to be of pure pseudovector character (chiral limit). They conclude that, either there is a nonzero pseudoscalar part to the pi NN coupling, or else the relativistic mean-field approach cannot account for the observed s-wave repulsion. (16 References).
el Hassani AJ Rusi, W. Beer, J-F Gilot, PFA Goudsmit, H. J. Leisi, S. Thomann, and W. Volken, "A scintillating fiber detector for pi /sup 0/ identification," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A290, no. 1, pp. 109--14, 1990.
Abstract: It has been known for several years that electromagnetic calorimetry with scintillating plastic fibers gives good results at high energy (H. Blumenfeld et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 225 (1984) 518; H. Burmeister et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 225 (1984) 530). A measurement done with 40 MeV electrons convinced the authors that this technique can be applied for the identification of pi /sup 0/ particles produced in the capture of negative pions by protons, A prototype detector has been built, calibrated and used in coincidence with a NaI detector to identify the decay of neutral pions produced by stopping a 200 MeV/c pi /sup -/ beam in a CH/sub 2/ target. Results are discussed and compared with a Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, a full-scale detector has been built and successfully used in a measurement of the X-ray yield in pionic hydrogen. (7 References).
E. Rusjan and PF. Zweifel, "Diffusion of muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 4162--7, 1988.
Abstract: Transport of muonic hydrogen and deuterium atoms in gaseous hydrogen and deuterium is studied in the diffusion approximation and by means of the multiple-collision expansion. The diffusion coefficient is derived. Numerical results of the time-dependent problem in slab geometry are presented for a number of initial energies, temperatures, and pressures. (14 References).
E. Rusjan and PF. Zweifel, "Scattering kernels for the muon diffusion equation," Physical Review A, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1860--5, 1988.
Abstract: Diffusion of muonic hydrogen atoms in gaseous hydrogen is studied. Scattering kernels are derived from the kinematics of an inelastic binary collision. The effect of rotations of the hydrogen molecules is treated by defining and computing an effective inelastic energy transfer Q/sub eff/. The Doppler effect is taken into account by averaging the cross sections over the Maxwellian velocity distribution of the target molecules. (15 References).
JE. Russell, "Interactions of an alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/ atom with a He atom," Physical Review A, vol. 188, no. 1, pp. 187--97, 1969.
Abstract: The potential between an alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/ atom and a He atom is estimated by using perturbation theory. Only those states of the alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/ atom in which the K/sup -/ meson is in a circular orbit with principal quantum number n=27, 28, or 29 are considered. An estimate is also made of the atomic matrix element for Stark transitions. Perturbation theory is used to calculate the alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/-He interatomic potential, because it appears to give fairly reliable results for the H-He potential and because, in the particular states that are considered here, there is reason to believe that the alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/ atom may be chemically somewhat similar to the ground state of the H atom. The results that are obtained indicate that the alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/-He potential, like the H-He potential, is probably repulsive, except at large internuclear separations where long-range dispersion forces are dominant.
JE. Russell, "Metastable states of alpha pi /sup -/e/sup -/, alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/, and alpha pe/sup -/ atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 63--4, 1969.
Abstract: It is suggested that antiprotons could be used to test Condo's conjecture that the large mean cascade time for K/sup -/ mesons in atomic orbits in liquid helium is due to metastable states.
JE. Russell, "Auger rates for circular orbits of alpha pi /sup -/e/sup -/, alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/, and alpha pe/sup -/ atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 742--50, 1970.
Abstract: Auger rates are estimated for some circular orbits of the alpha pi /sup -/e/sup -/, alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/, and alpha pe/sup -/ atoms. It is found, as conjectured by Condo several years ago, that the Auger rate for a circular orbit depends sensitively on the multipolarity of the transition. In some instances, the multipolarity may be required by energy conservation to be large enough to permit a pi /sup -/ or a K/sup -/ meson to decay rather than to eject an electron. In particular, the estimated Auger rates for those circular orbits of the alpha pi /sup -/e/sup -/, alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/, and alpha pe/sup -/ atoms with binding energies most nearly equal to that of a He atom are, respectively, 2*10/sup 12/, 4*10/sup 5/, and [left angle bracket]or approximately=10/sup 3/ sec/sup -1/. Radiative rates are also computed.
JE. Russell, "Distortion of the electron wave function in alpha pi /sup -/e/sup -/, alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/, and alpha pe/sup -/ atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 735--42, 1970.
Abstract: An investigation is made of the extent to which the binding energies and wave functions for some states of the alpha pi /sup -/e/sup -/, alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/, and alpha pe/sup -/ atoms are affected by the dipole and higher multipole interactions of the electron with the meson or the antiproton. The meson or antiproton is treated as a classical point charge. Perturbation theory is employed to determine the admixture of discrete excited states of the unperturbed electron Hamiltonian. The unperturbed electron Hamiltonian takes into account only the monopole interaction of the electron with the meson. A variational method is employed to determine approximately the change in the binding energy as well as some of the more important features of the distortion of the electron wave function.
JE. Russell, "Structure of neutral mesonic atoms formed in liquid helium. II. Corrections to the binding energy," Physical Review A, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 2284--9, 1970.
Abstract: For Pt.I see abstr. A36343 of 1970. Corrections are made to a previous computation of the binding energies of some highly excited states of the alpha pi /sup -/c/sup -/ and alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/ atoms. The corrections take into account the effects of two approximations that were made in the original calculation. These approximations are (i) the use of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in describing the radial motion of the meson with respect to the alpha particle and (ii) the use of a variational wave function to describe the motion of the electron. The corrections are found to be too small to have any significant effect on existing estimates of Auger rates for circular orbits. In each instance that is considered, the total correction to the energy difference between a circular and an almost circular orbit with the same principal quantum number is found to be only a few percent at most.
JE. Russell, "Structure of neutral mesonic atoms formed in liquid helium," Physical Review A, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 721--34, 1970.
Abstract: Wave functions and binding energies are calculated for some states of the alpha pi /sup -/e/sup -/, alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/, and alpha pe/sup -/ atoms in which the electron is in a 1s orbit and in which the meson or the antiproton is in a circular or a nearly circular orbit with large principal quantum number n. Two methods are employed to calculate the wave functions and binding energies. A variational method which employs hydrogenic functions is used for states in which the meson is in a circular orbit. A more elaborate method, which makes use of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and which is applicable to states with meson orbits which are not necessarily circular, is used for circular and nearly circular orbits of a few levels of the alpha pi /sup -/e/sup -/ and alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/ atoms.
JE. Russell, "Fried-Martin corrections for mesonic Auger transitions," Physics Letters B, vol. 55B, no. 5, pp. 459--62, 1975.
Abstract: Using excited circular orbits of alpha pi /sup -/e/sup -/, alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/ and alpha pe/sup -/ atoms as examples, it is shown that nuclear motion corrections of Fried and Martin (1963) to computed Auger rates can depend sensitively on the interpretation of the wave functions actually employed and also in the multiple order of the transition. (3 References).
JE. Russell, "Molecular-ion formation by alpha mu /sup -/ and alpha pi /sup -/ atoms in liquid helium," Physical Review A, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 521--37, 1978.
Abstract: The experimentally determined intensities of X-rays due to muonic and pionic atoms formed in gaseous and liquid helium are analyzed. The analysis is based largely, though not entirely, on some estimates of Auger rates. A discussion of Stark transitions, some estimates of the time requires to slow a recoiling mesonic atom after it ejects an electron from a nearby atom in liquid helium, and a brief discussion of kaonic X-ray intensities are also employed. It is concluded that an alpha mu /sup -/ or an alpha pi /sup -/ atom in liquid helium probably becomes temporarily bound to a helium atom during its cascade to the 1s state. More specifically, it is argued that the relatively intense muonic K gamma line in gas, the relatively faint muonic and pionic K gamma lines in liquid, and the anomalously high K beta /K alpha intensity ratio for pions in liquid indicate that molecular ions are probably formed in liquid but not in gas by alpha mu /sup -/ and alpha pi /sup -/ atoms with n=4. (29 References).
JE. Russell, "Quenching of the He/sub mu //sup +/(2s) atom," Physical Review A, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 3865--77, 1986.
Abstract: Quenching of the metastable 2s state of the He/sub mu //sup +/ atom in helium gas is discussed. The first part of the discussion, which is devoted entirely to processes occurring after the He/sub mu //sup +/ has become bound to one or more ordinary helium atoms, is based partly on Cohen's calculations of rates of vibrational quenching (J.S. Cohen 1982) and partly on estimates obtained in the present paper of rates of Burbidge-de Borde quenching (G. Burbridge et al 1953) and Ruderman quenching (M. Ruderman 1960). It is concluded that Burbidge-de Borde quenching or Ruderman quenching, or both, are likely to be more effective than Cohen quenching, if the vibrational level of the bound system is low. A recent experiment by von Arb et al (1984) is then analyzed in the light of this conclusion. The analysis is based on the reported absence, or near absence, of Auger electrons accompanying 2s quenching. While it is agreed that the Cohen mechanism occurring in the molecular ion HeHe/sub mu //sup +/ remains the most likely explanation of the experiment, it is concluded that the quenching occurs in comparatively high levels. It is then argued that this conclusion is in accord with some theoretical investigations of three-body association reactions and also with some elementary considerations regarding the relaxation of highly excited diatomic molecules and it is further concluded that the quenching is most likely to occur in states with very low rotational quantum number and vibrational quantum number 8[left angle bracket]or=v[left angle bracket]or=14. (28 References).
J. E. Russell, "The hadronic Auger effect and the Franck--Condon principle," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 359--368, 1996.
JE. Russell, "Franck-Condon principle and the hadronic and muonic Auger effect," Physical Review A, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 204--29, 1998.
Abstract: Auger rates are calculated for some unrealistically low-lying states of antiprotonic helium. Two methods are used. One method, which makes use of hydrogenic functions and the golden rule, should give accurate rates. The other method treats the Auger process as inelastic scattering in one dimension. It makes use of a two-state approximation and the modern Born-Oppenheimer approximation, and it relates the transition rate to a ratio of probability currents for radial motion on two coupled one-dimensional adiabatic potential surfaces with an avoided crossing. In most instances this method leads to good agreement with the golden rule if only one traversal of the crossing is taken into account, and it demonstrates that the transition can be thought of as occurring at a rather well-defined radial separation between the p and the nucleus, in accord with the Franck-Condon principle. It is found that taking into account many traversals of the crossing would lead to fairly good agreement with the golden rule if the phases of the separate contributions to the transition amplitude from these traversals are effectively random. It is argued that radial and (perhaps) angular motion would ultimately produce the requisite phases if the finite width of the initial state were to be taken into account. The calculations for antiprotonic helium are then used as the basis for a conjecture that a phase difference associated with the angular motion of a stopping mu /sup -/, pi /sup -/, or K/sup -/ might largely account for the very striking, shell-dependent regularities that have been observed in X-ray yields from exotic atoms formed in heavier elements. (44 References).
Seki Ryoichi and WK. Kellogg, "How much information of pi /sup -/-nucleus optical potential can pi /sup -/-mesonic atom data provide?," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 616-17, 1979.
Abstract: The authors have performed a systematic analysis of the existing shift and width data in pi /sup -/-mesonic atoms. Both Kisslinger form (1955) (i.e. no rho /sup 2/ and Lorentz-Lorenz terms) and Ericson-Ericson form (1966) of pi -nucleus optical potential are used in order to examine sensitivity of the data to detailed structure in the low density expansion forms of the potential. The major conclusion is that there exists an intrinsic insensitivity of the data for phenomenological specification of density dependent structure, which results as strong correlations among potential parameters. The insensitivity is caused by a systematic distortion of the pionic wave functions owing to the strong interaction. Note that the undistorted Coulomb wave function would have had a differentiating capability because of r/sup l/-type dependence near the nucleus. (5 References).
G. G. Ryzhikh, R. A. Eramzhyan, V. I. Kukulin, and AA. Ovchinnikova, "Beta-decay and muon-capture in A=6 system, calculated in the dynamical alpha +2N model," in Proceedings of III International Symposium on Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei (WEIN-92), (TsD. Vylov, ed.), pp. 560-4, 1993.
Abstract: The weak processes of the six-nucleon system are calculated in the framework of the dynamical alpha +2N model. The possibility of testing the weak coupling constants is investigated. (9 References).
M. Saarela, P. Erkkila, and A. Kallio, "The effect of core-excitations and SU/sub 4/-symmetry breaking upon the muon capture rate in /sup 16/O," Physica Fennica, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 51--65, 1973.
Abstract: The total muon capture rate in /sup 16/O is calculated with an improved ground-state wave function containing a deformed component. The results are given in the closure approximation and with the method of explicit summation over intermediate states. In the second case a rate is obtained only 30% greater than the experimental value. In all cases the SU/sub 4/-symmetry breaking is found to be less than 6%. (12 References).
BM. Sabirov, "Use of muonic atoms in biomedical research," Fizika Elementarnykh Chastits i Atomnogo Yadra, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 156--77, 1984.
Abstract: A review of experimental studies made by scientists in the United States, West Germany, and the Laboratory of Nuclear Problems at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, demonstrates the unique possibilities of using muonic atoms for comparative element analysis, in particular in biology and medicine. The method using muonic atoms has a number of advantages over other nuclear-physics methods and has great possibilities for further development and applications in related fields of science and technology. (47 References).
R. G. Sachs and E. Teller, Physics Letters, vol. 60, 1941.
S. Saini and KC. Kulander, "Boundary-corrected Born approximation for muon capture from the K shell of alpha mu," Physical Review A, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 5045--52, 1988.
Abstract: The first Born approximation with boundary conditions which take the asymptotic Coulomb phases into full account is used to calculate the muon charge-transfer cross sections from alpha mu to protons at intermediate and high collision energies. The authors' computed cross sections are in good agreement with the experimental data on the equivalent electronic system in the energy range 50 to 180 keV. (30 References).
S. Saini and KC. Kulander, "Muon catalyzed fusion: muon capture by proton from K- and L-shells of alpha mu," Chinese Journal of Physics, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 115--29, 1991.
Abstract: The boundary corrected Born (BCB) approximation is a first order scattering treatment which takes the asymptotic Coulomb phases into full account. It has been used to calculate the muon charge transfer cross sections from K- and L-shells of alpha mu to all the bound states of H. For muon capture from the K-shell, the computed cross sections are in good agreement with experimental data on the equivalent electronic crosssection in the proton energy range 50 to 180 keV. Beyond 180 keV neither quantum nor experimental results are available. However, because the authors results are in good agreement with experimental results in the intermediate energy region and the BCB approximation is a high energy approximation, the accuracy of their results should be better in the high energy region. The L-shell results have been compared with the results obtained by scaling classical trajectory Monte Carlo K-shell results. (35 References).
Y. Sakai, T. Tominaga, K. Ishida, and K. Nagamine, "Atomic capture of negative muons in organic compounds, C/sub x/H/sub y/Cl/sub z/ and C/sub x/H/sub y/S/sub z/," Radiochemical & Radioanalytical Letters, vol. 58, no. 5-6, pp. 285--96, 1983.
Abstract: The atomic capture ratios (C/Cl or C/S) of negative muons were measured in organic compounds containing chlorine or sulfur atoms by utilizing differences in the muon-to-electron decay lifetime. The results suggest the presence of a mesic molecular process in the atomic capture in hydrogen containing compounds. (7 References).
S. Sakamoto and K. Nagamine, "Muon transfer in excited states of muonic hydrogen probed by Lyman X-rays with an advanced Si(Li) detector," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 277-83, 1996.
Abstract: A study on the muon transfer reaction in the excited states of muonic hydrogen has been started at the pulsed muon facility of UT-MSL in the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK). Muonic X-rays from a mixture of protium and deuterium were detected and resolved successfully with a high-resolution Si(Li) X-ray detector, q/sub 1s/ for a low-density H-D mixture was obtained with this elegant method. (17 References).
S. Sakamoto, K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Nagamine, "Muon transfer from excited states of muonic hydrogen atoms studied by X-ray measurement," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 115--20, 1999.
Abstract: Muon transfer from proton to deuteron was examined with muonic X-rays. The parameter q/sub 1s/ was determined directly and the time spectra of the X-rays were analyzed for effects of the muon transfer reaction. (11 References).
S. Sakamoto, K. Ishida, and K. Nagamine, "X-ray studies on muon transfer reaction from excited states of muonic hydrogen atoms to deuterium atoms," Physics Letters A, vol. 260, no. 3-4, pp. 253--61, 1999.
Abstract: The muon transfer reaction from excited states of muonic hydrogen atoms was studied directly by observing the characteristic Lyman X-rays of muonic hydrogen isotopes and the ground-state population of muonic hydrogen atoms, q/sub 1s/, was determined for low density H/sub 2/-D/sub 2/ mixtures. The time spectra of muonic X-rays and the ratio of K/sub beta / to K/sub alpha / X-ray yields were also examined for detailed mechanism of the muon transfer reaction. (28 References).
AD. Sakharov, "Passive mesons," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 235--9, 1989.
Abstract: (1) The conditions of the generation and properties of mesons weakly interacting with nucleons are discussed. (2) Provided the slowly decaying charged mesons (or multicharged mesons) exist, they can initiate mesic catalytic nuclear reactions. (11 References).
K. Sakimoto, "Isotope variations of exchange and dissociation reactions in collinear He+H/sub 2//sup +/ collisions," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 248, no. 5-6, pp. 414--19, 1996.
Abstract: An accurate quantum mechanical calculation is made for collinear He+H/sub 2//sup +/ collisions on a realistic potential energy surface at energies above the dissociation threshold. The isotope variations /sup 4/He+H/sub 2//sup +/, /sup 3/He+HT/sup +/, /sup 3/He+TH/sup +/, /sup 3/He+T/sub 2//sup +/, and /sup 3/He+MuT/sup +/ are considered, and the importance of mass factors in the competition between the exchange and dissociation processes is discussed. (17 References).
K. Sakimoto, "Protonium formation in slow collisions of antiprotons with hydrogen atoms," J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys., vol. 34, pp. 1769-1782, 2001.
Abstract: Protonium formation p (p) over bar + H --> (p) over barp + e is investigated theoretically at centre-of-mass collision energies less than E = 10 eV. In previous studies on the break-up ionization (p) over bar + H --> (p) over bar + p + e, the present author introduced the direct numerical method using a discrete-variable-representation technique to solve the time- dependent (semiclassical) Schrodinger equation. The same method is applied to protonium formation. The reliability of the adiabatic molecular picture is examined for the calculation of the formation cross section. At very low energies, the centrifugal barrier plays an important role in the protonium formation as found in a variety of ion-molecule chemical reactions.
K. Sakimoto, "Antiproton, kaon, and muon capture by atomic hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 32506--1--11, 2002.
Abstract: Capture of negatively charged, heavy particles by hydrogen atoms, i.e., X/sup -/+H to X/sup -/p+e, where X/sup -/=p (antiproton), K/sup -/ (kaon), and mu /sup -/ (muon), is investigated by carrying out a rigorous full quantum-mechanical (QM) wave-packet calculation and a semiclassical (SC) calculation. An empirical law for the capture probabilities, found by the present author [Phys. Rev. A 65, 012706 (2002)], is examined extensively by using the QM and SC results. The empirical law is useful to obtain reasonably accurate capture cross sections at center-of-mass translational energies less than 10 eV. Furthermore, a local-complex-potential (LCP) model is employed to discuss a quantum-mechanical effect of the relative motion at very low energies. The LCP calculation shows that a resonance structure is seen in the capture cross section. (38 References).
K. Sakimoto, "Quantum mechanical and semiclassical calculations of ionization processes in slow collisions between a negative muon and a hydrogen atom," J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys., vol. 35, pp. 997-1014, 2002.
Abstract: A full quantum mechanical wavepacket method and a semiclassical (SC) method are applied to investigate the ionization process mu(-) + H(1s) --> mu(-) + p + e. The cross sections for the ionization are obtained at centre-of-mass translational energies 15-200 eV. Applicability of the SC method assuming a common trajectory for a classical degree of freedom (the distance between mu(-) and H) is discussed. The bending effect of the relative trajectory on the ionization process is further investigated.
N. Sakss and M. Gailitis, "The threshold behaviour of electron scattering on mesoatoms," Latvijas Psr Zinatnu Akademijas Vestis, Fizikas Un Tehnisko Zinatnu Serija, vol. 6, no. , pp. 8-12, 1986.
Abstract: For the excitation cross sections of mesoatoms ( mu p) by electrons the threshold behaviour pattern changes on the threshold with mesoatom principal quantum number N=9. Until N[left angle bracket]9, the excitation cross sections on the threshold start from zero, increasing by power law. When N[right angle bracket]or=9, the excitation cross sections take finite values immediately above the threshold, while below the threshold there appears the series of resonances replaced according to the geometrical progression law. (9 References).
YuA Salganik and RA. Eramzhyan, "Neutron polarization in nuclear mu /sup -/-capture," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 267--70, 1973.
Abstract: The degree of neutron polarization caused by capturing mu /sup -/ mesons by nuclei is being considered after the example of He/sup 4/( mu /sup -/, nu n)H/sup 3/ reaction. It is shown, that degree of polarization as well as asymmetry are greatly determined by relativistic (proportional to p/M) terms of effective muon-nucleon Hamiltonian. Influence of interaction in the final state between neutron and residual nucleus as well as the influence of short-range nucleon-nucleon correlations on the indicated characteristics of the process are being studied. (10 References).
Z. Salman, A. Keren, P. Mendels, A. Scuiller, and M. Verdaguer, "Quantum fluctuations of the magnetization in high spin molecules - a mu SR study," Physica B, vol. 289, pp. 106-109, 2000.
Abstract: Using zero field (ZF) and longitudinal field (LF) mu SR we study the magnetic properties of high spin molecules (HSM) with spin S = 15/2 and 27/2. The LF-mu SR at very low temperatures suggests that in both our samples dynamical field fluctuations are responsible for the muon relaxation. The relaxation rate lambda increases as the temperature decreases and then saturates below T < T-c indicating that the dynamics is of quantum nature. The fluctuation rate at T --> 0 of the different samples is compared. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Z. Salman, A. Keren, P. Mendels, V. Marvaud, A. Scuiller, M. Verdaguer, J. S. Lord, and C. Baines, "Dynamics at T -> 0 in half-integer isotropic high-spin molecules," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 65, pp. art. no.-132403, 2002.
Abstract: We investigate the dynamical spin-spin autocorrelation function of the isotropic high-spin molecules CrCu6 (S=9/2), CrNi6 (S=15/2), and CrMn6 (S=27/2), using magnetization, spin-lattice relaxation of muon spin (muSR), and NMR measurements. We find that the field autocorrelation time tau of the molecule's spin at zero and low fields is nearly temperature independent as T-- >50 mK. The high temperature tau is very different between the three molecules. Surprisingly, it is identical (similar to10 ns) at low temperature. This suggests that tau is governed by hyperfine interactions.
Z. Salman, A. Keren, S. Megeawa, M. Ueda, O. Shafir, B. Barbara, and C. Baines, "Probing magnetic quantum tunneling in Fe-8 with muons," Physica B, vol. 326, pp. 480-483, 2003.
Abstract: We present a muSR study of the Fe-8 molecules from which an evidence of quantum tunneling of the magnetization (QTM) can be seen, in the form of drastic changes in the local field experienced by the muon. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
VM. Samoilov, "On muon spin precession in mesic molecules," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 2202--9, 1970.
Abstract: Nuclear spin interaction in a diatomic molecule consisting of muonium and an atom with a nuclear spin of /sup 1///sub 2/ is considered when a magnetic field H is directed perpendicular to the quantization axis. Two cases are considered, that of a 'fixed' and that of a 'rotating' molecule. The exact values of the terms and the time dependence of the muon polarization vector are obtained for the 'rotating' molecule. Approximate solutions for an arbitrary orientation (which go over to the exact ones in absence of a field) and exact solutions for some selected orientations of the molecule are obtained for a 'fixed' molecule. Numerical estimates of possible precession frequencies for the MuH molecules are presented.
VM. Samoilov, "On nonradiative transitions in K/sup -/ mesoatoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 347--54, 1975.
Abstract: A possibility of nonradiative E2 transitions in K/sup -/ mesoatoms is considered for strongly deformed nuclei, resulting in an essential decrease of yield of the X-ray quanta. An expression is obtained for probability of such a process. Results of the theory are used to estimate the decrease of relative yields of the X-ray quanta in the kaon atoms Er and U and are compared with experiment. (8 References).
VM. Samoilov, "On radiationless mixing in kaonic atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1212--19, 1977.
Abstract: Radiationless mixing in kaonic atoms with strongly deformed nuclei is considered using methods of Heitler's damping theory. An effect of 'external' mixing is taken into account in contrast to previous works. The obtained expressions are used to estimate the relative X-ray yield in even-even isotopes of erbium. (6 References).
M. Sano and M. Wakai, "Change in mean square radius between ground and excited states in deformed nuclei," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 34, no. , 1872.
Abstract: The difference of the monopole moment of 2/sup +/ and 0/sup +/ ground land states delta (r/sup 2/)/(r/sup 2/) is calculated for rare earth nuclei taking into account quadrupole and hexadecapole deformations. The results are compared with Mossbauer and muonic atom experiments. (5 References).
A. Santisteban and R. Pascual, "Muon capture by hydrogen and /sup 3/He," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A260, no. 3, pp. 392--400, 1976.
Abstract: The authors present a new calculation of the capture rates, polarizations and asymmetry parameters of the final nucleus in the capture of muons by any spin-/sup 1///sub 2/ , isospin-/sup 1///sub 2/ nucleus in the non-breakup channel. They treat nuclei as elementary particles and give explicitly the transition amplitude for any spin configuration. They apply their formulae to hydrogen and /sup 3/He, obtaining agreement with the experimental data. (38 References).
F. P. Santos, T. H. V. T. Dias, and C. A. N. Conde, "Three--dimensional Monte Carlo calculation of the vuv electroluminescence and other electron transport parameters in xenon," Journal of Physics D, vol. 27, pp. 42--48, 1994.
J. R. Sapirstein and D. R. Yennie, "Theory of hydrogenic bound states," in Quantum electrodynamics, (T. Kinoshita, ed.), (Singapore), pp. 560--672, 1990.
S. Sasaki, A. Matsuda, and C. W. Chu, "Electronic properties of K3C60 studied by C-13 nuclearmagnetic-resonance spectra," Physica C, vol. 278, pp. 223-237, 1997.
Abstract: C-13 nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) spectra are obtained to investigate the electronic properties of a superconducting fulleride K3C60. Asymmetric line shapes below 235 K are reproduced by the powder patterns of anisotropic NMR frequency shifts (K-i) of electronic single-site. The temperature (T) dependence of K-i indicates that the C-13 hyperfine coupling (A(spin)) has both an isotropic part (A(iso)(spin)) and an anisotropic part (A(ax)(spin)) with A(iso)(spin)/A(ax)(spin) = 0.78. Substantial decrease in the spin susceptibility (i.e. chi(spin)(T-c)/chi(spin)(300 K) = 0.55) is not explained by the lattice contraction alone. The Knight shift values can be deduced experimentally without assuming the chemical shift values, since our analysis shows that the line shapes below T-c are affected negligibly by the magnetic-field distribution, which is consistent with the large penetration depth. We also showed the validity and consistency of our analysis. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
KS. Sateesh, "The problem of s-wave repulsion in pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 231, no. 1-2, pp. 21--4, 1989.
Abstract: The author explores the possibility that the s-wave repulsion needed to explain the anomalous strong interaction shifts and widths in pionic atoms, arises as a result of interaction at the quark level between pions and nucleons. The author does indeed find a large repulsion between the pions and the nucleons which could possibly explain the expulsion of pionic wave functions from the interior region of the nucleus. (11 References).
N. Satish, T. Krugman, O. N. Vinogradova, E. Nevo, and Y. Kashi, "Genome evolution of the cyanobacterium Nostoc linckia under sharp microclimatic divergence at "evolution Canyon," Israel," Microb. Ecol., vol. 42, pp. 306-316, 2001.
Abstract: We describe the genomic DNA diversity and divergence of the cyanobacterium Nostoc linckia from "Evolution Canyon," a microsite consisting of ecologically contrasting slopes, south- facing slope (SFS) and north-facing slope (NFS), at lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. The opposing slopes share their limestone lithology, but vary greatly in their ecology, primarily because of different levels of solar radiation (which is six times higher on the SFS than on the NFS). The warm and xeric SFS displays a tropical African savanna, whereas the cool and mesic NFS displays a temperate South European Mediterranean live-oak maquis shrub forest. The cyanobacterium Nostoc linckia tested here is a sessile microorganism, growing as a carpet on rock surfaces and constantly exposed to environmental fluctuations of solar radiation, temperature, and desiccation. We demonstrate remarkable interslope and intraslope genetic divergence of the genome (including both coding and noncoding regions) of Nostoc linckia, by using 211 AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) DNA molecular marker loci. Genetic polymorphism of N. linckia subpopulations on the ecologically harsher SFS was significantly (p < 0.05) higher (P = 99.53%) than was that of the subpopulations on the climatically milder NFS (P = 85.78%). Genetic polymorphism (P) and gene diversity (He) were significantly correlated with variables influencing aridity stress: solar radiation (Sr) (r(p) = 0.956; p = 0.046), temperature (Tm) (r(p) = 0.993; p = 0.0068), and day-night temperature difference (Tdd) (r(p) = 0.975; p = 0.025). As in other tested organisms from "Evolution Canyon", but even more exceptionally because of its completely sedentary nature, we suggest that the climatically stressed SFS environment is responsible for this marked increase of genetic polymorphism, which is maintained by the combined evolutionary forces of diversifying and balancing selection. This could highlight the importance of ecological stress and selection in evolution and its remarkable effect on the genetic system across the prokaryotic genome.
H. Sato, "Nucleus-nucleus scattering and the interaction radii of stable and unstable nuclei," in Report of the Joint Seminar on Heavy-Ion Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Chemistry in the Energy Region of Tandem Accelerators (II) (JAERI-M-86-067), pp. 105-8, 1986.
Abstract: The determination of nuclear size is one of the most important problems in nuclear physics. Various experimental methods (Coulomb displacement energy, high energy electron scattering, X-rays from the muonic atom and pion, proton and alpha scatterings) have been employed to determine the nuclear size. However, due to the experimental restriction on the choice of the target, these measurements have been limited to the case of stable nuclei. Recently Tanihata et al. (1985) have succeeded in determining the interaction cross sections for light stable and unstable nuclei and stable target nucleus scatterings with the use of secondary isotope beams produced by the Bevalac primary beam. To answer the question of whether these interaction cross sections measured indicate the nuclear radii of stable and unstable nuclei, the author studies the interaction cross section by performing the Glauber model calculation. He employs the Hartree Fock (HF) type variational method to derive the nuclear density distribution of both closed shell and the middle of shell nuclei, which have been under-taken by Yazaki (1977) in the study of the systematics of the core and single particle properties of the sd shell nuclei and Ca isotopes, and performs the center of mass corrected Glauber model calculation including terms up to second order in the nucleon-nucleon (NN) profile function evaluated with the Slater determinant. (10 References).
J. Sato and K. Tobe, "Neutrino masses and lepton-flavor violation in supersymmetric models with lopsided Froggatt-Nielsen charges," Physical Review D, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 116010/1-13, 2001.
Abstract: We analyze in detail lepton-flavor violation (LFV) in the charged-lepton sector such as mu to e gamma , tau to mu gamma , mu to eee, and mu to e conversion in nuclei, within the framework of supersymmetric models with lopsided Froggatt-Nielsen charges, in which the large mixing in the neutrino sector as well as small mixing in the quark sector can be naturally accommodated. We show that the present experimental limits on the LFV processes already exclude some of the models. The future proposed search for LFV, especially in muon processes, can provide a significant probe to this framework. We also stress the importance of the measurement of U/sub e3//sup MNS/ in neutrino experiments, and the fact that the KamLAND experiment could play a significant role to test a certain class of models. (17 References).
S. Sauge, P. Valiron, and I. Mayer, "Dissociative recombination of antiprotonic atomcules pHe/sup +/ with positronium: towards antihydrogen synthesis?," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 334, no. 4-6, pp. 330--6, 2001.
Abstract: We investigate the reactive association of metastable antiprotonic helium `atomcules' (pHe/sup +//sub nl/) with positronium (Ps). In the framework of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, we further discuss the evolution and stability of the intermediate complex ( alpha , p, e/sup +/, 2e/sup -/) using a classical trajectory approach for treating the nuclei ( alpha , p). We predict two possible channels for the atomcule-Ps reaction depending upon the atomcule principal quantum number n:n[right angle bracket]or=38 states dissociate to H, whereas, n[left angle bracket]38 states form a new class of metastable atomcules, which could be confined by laser spectroscopy. The present work illustrates the pertinence of simple chemical physics concepts to the study of exotic processes involving antimatter. (14 References).
V. I. Savichev and R. Blumel, "Quasi-molecular resonances in muonic charge-exchange reactions," European Physical Journal D, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 3--12, 2002.
Abstract: We present the first thorough theoretical discussion of non-monotonic structure in the temporal behavior of X-ray fluorescence intensity spectra of muon charge-exchange reactions of the type p mu +Z to p+ mu Z. Our discussion is based on semiclassical methods; our results are almost entirely analytical. We find that the reported experimental maxima of muon charge-exchange rates are very close to the theoretical limits. We identify a new quantum mechanism, quantum impedance matching, which explains observed inelastic transitions close to the Unitarity Limit. We investigate the specific example of the reaction p mu O/sup 8+/ in detail using two-center Coulomb adiabatic potential terms. We find that quantum impedance matched higher-order partial-wave resonances yielding muon-transfer rates close to the Unitarity Limit are responsible for the remarkable non-monotonic structure in the X-ray fluorescence spectra. (20 References).
LN. Savushkin, "On electric multipole transitions in muonic atoms," Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, Fizika i Khimiya, vol. 4, no. , pp. 146-7, 1971.
Abstract: The corrections to the long wavelength approximation for X-ray radiation from heavy muonic atoms have been estimated. The transitions of electric type are considered, using the relativistic hydrogen-like wave functions. In the case of muonic /sup 208/Pb the corrections to the long wavelength approximation appear to be essential. (3 References).
Yu. S. Sayasov, "Interference phenomena in reactions of muon transfer from protium to heaviour nuclei," Helvitica Physica Acta, vol. 63, pp. 547--548, 1990.
YuS. Sayasov, "Moderation of mesic atoms in hydrogen-containing gas mixtures and its influence on the kinetics of muon transfer reactions," Physics Letters A, vol. 159, no. 4-5, pp. 271--6, 1991.
Abstract: Moderation of mesoatoms ( mu p) in hydrogen-containing gas mixtures is investigated in the energy interval from a few electron-volts down to thermal energies, taking into account the vibrational degree of freedom of H/sub 2/. Anomalies in the kinetics of muon transfer from mu p to atoms of different elements present as admixtures in the H/sub 2/ gas (deviations of the temporal behaviour of the transfer rates from the simple exponential expression) are interpreted quantitatively as due to effects connected with the slowing down of mu p. (15 References).
YuS. Sayasov, "On the possibility of self-trapping of negative muons in dense gases," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 415--18, 1992.
Abstract: The possibility of 'solvation' of negative muons in dense gas mixtures H/sub 2/+M (M is a polar molecule), i.e. their autolocalization inside clusters of the molecules M, is discussed. It is shown that such clusters can be energetically stable. Some of their properties are estimated. (5 References).
K. Schafer, "Exchange currents and finite size effects in muonic hyperfine structure," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics (Extended Abstracts), (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), 1973.
Abstract: Calculations of the nuclear magnetic moment show that for heavy elements the mesic effect can be simulated mainly by renormalizing the gyromagnetic ratio for the orbital angular momentum ( delta g/sub l/). The authors investigate whether this is also true for finite size effects in muonic hfs. They start from the phenomenological modification of the nuclear Hamiltonian in the presence of space-exchange potentials, since for heavy nuclei the phenomenological 'Sachs-moment' gives the dominating contribution to the meson exchange moment. A nucleus is considered with a closed proton core plus or minus one proton and the neutron described by a Thomas-Fermi model. They show that the reduction factor for the meson exchange part of the M1-hfs due to finite size effects is approximately the same as for the orbital part. (0 References).
L. A. Schaller, T. Dubler, K. Kaeser, GA Jr Rinker, B. Robert-Tissot, L. Schellenberg, and H. Schneuwly, "Nuclear charge radii from muonic X-ray transitions in F, Na, Al, Si, P, S and K," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A300, no. 2, pp. 225--34, 1978.
Abstract: Energies of muonic X-rays of the Lyman series of seven light natural elements (F, Na, Al, Si, P, S and K) have been determined with an accuracy of between 15 and 30 eV. Equivalent charge radii have been deduced. For mu /sup -/-K, transitions to the 2s state allowed an additional constraint on the Fermi c-t diagram. The results are in good agreement with, and generally of an order of magnitude higher precision than, comparable electron scattering data. (17 References).
L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, A. Ruetschi, and H. Schneuwly, "Nuclear charge radii from muonic X-ray transitions in beryllium, boron, carbon and nitrogen," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A343, no. 3, pp. 333--46, 1980.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray energies of the K-series of the light natural elements Be, B, C and N have been determined with a precision of 5 to 10 eV. Equivalent nuclear charge radii have been deduced. The results, expressed in terms of rms radii, are of similar or better accuracy than recent electron scattering data. Of particular interest is the RMS radius of carbon as a reference value for elastic electron scattering cross sections. A model-independent evaluation yields (r/sup 2/)/sup 1/2/=2.467 (17) fm. (27 References).
L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, T. Q. Phan, G. Piller, A. Ruetschi, and H. Schneuwly, "Nuclear charge radii of the carbon isotopes /sup 12/C, /sup 13/C and /sup 14/C," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A379, no. 3, pp. 523--35, 1982.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray energies of the K-series of the carbon isotopes /sup 13/C and /sup 14/C have been determined relative to /sup 12/C. For the first time, muonic atom measurements using radioactive /sup 14/C have been performed. Model-independent equivalent nuclear charge radii R/sub k, alpha / and their differences have been deduced. The R/sub k, alpha / radii increase by 10(14) and 32(11) am respectively with the filling of the 1p/sub 1.2/ neutron subshell. The results are compared with recent elastic electron scattering data. The former natural carbon data have been reanalysed using a new value for the nuclear polarization. In terms of the RMS charge radius, the authors then obtain (r/sup 2/)/sup 1/2/=2.472(16) fm for the /sup 12/C isotope. (35 References).
L. A. Schaller, D. A. Barandao, P. Bergem, M. Boschung, T. Q. Phan, G. Piller, A. Ruetschi, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, G. Fricke, G. Mallot, and HG. Sieberling, "Nuclear charge radii of the even sulphur isotopes /sup 32/S, /sup 34/S, and /sup 36/S and of /sup 31/P using muonic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 1007--11, 1985.
Abstract: Energies of muonic X-rays of the Lyman series of the even sulphur isotopes /sup 32/S, /sup 34/S, and /sup 36/S and of natural phosphorus have been determined with absolute precisions up to 23 parts/10/sup 6/. Equivalent Barrett charge radii R/sub k, alpha / have been deduced. Their differences between the sulphur isotopes amount to Delta R/sub k, alpha /(/sup 34/S-/sup 32/S)=29.7(1.4) am and Delta R/sub k, alpha /(/sup 36/S-/sup 34/S)=18.7(1.5) am. Combining these results with recent elastic electron scattering data, the authors obtain in a model-independent way Delta (r/sup 2/)/sup 1/2/(/sup 34/S-/sup 32/S)=23.1(1.2) am and Delta (r/sup 2/)/sup 1/2/(/sup 36/S-/sup 34/S)=13.0(1.2) am. (26 References).
L. A. Schaller, "Muonic atoms: charge radii and nuclear polarization," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 89--94, 1993.
LA. Schaller, "Nuclear polarization in muonic atoms," in 15th Nuclear Physics Divisional Conference. Low Energy Nuclear Dynamics, (Yu Oganessian, R. Kalpakchieva, and Oertzen W. Von, eds.), pp. 152--8, 1995.
Abstract: Nuclear polarization in muonic atoms is the analogue to dispersion corrections in electron scattering. This dynamical interaction between the muon and the nucleus leads to real shifts of the muonic energy levels. It's calculation demands, at least for heavy muonic atoms, a knowledge of the nuclear excitation spectrum up to the giant resonance region, and the inherent uncertainty limits the accuracy with which nuclear charge radii can be determined. An experimental determination of the nuclear polarization correction is possible in heavier muonic atoms. Recent results are in agreement with theory for the muonic s-states, but in contradiction for the p-states. New theoretical calculations diminish the discrepancy slightly in muonic /sup 208/Pb. (11 References).
F. Scheck, "Magnetic hyperfine structure in muonic thallium," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 177-9, 1970.
F. Scheck and C. Wilkin, "The pion-nucleus optical potential and mesic atoms," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B49, no. , pp. 541-56, 1972.
Abstract: It has been suggested that pionic atoms could be described by a local pion-nucleus potential rather than the more conventional momentum-dependent potential. These potentials give remarkably different answers for the energy shifts and level widths of such systems. It is pointed out that when the effects of short-range correlations are included in the two potentials there is in fact very little difference between them. The local potential requires a slightly more positive isoscalar pi N scattering length than the non-local one. (13 References).
F. Scheck, "Strong interaction quadrupole effects in pionic and kaonic atoms," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B42, no. 1, pp. 573--88, 1972.
Abstract: The author proposes to study the static quadrupole hyperfine structure in pionic and kaonic atoms with nuclear spin J[right angle bracket]or=1. The non-spherical contributions of the strong interaction lead to variations of shifts and widths among individual hyperfine components which should be measurable in favourable cases. For nuclei with quadrupole deformation, the strong interaction quadrupole pattern is shown to depend on two parameters only (quadrupole shift and width). These strong interaction quadrupole constants contain new information on the nuclear mass quadrupole density in a fairly model-independent way. Numerical results for selected nuclei are given, corrections and possible ways of analysing experimental data are discussed. (10 References).
F. Scheck, "Particle physics and exotic atoms," Acta Physica Austriaca, vol. suppl.18, no. , pp. 629-75, 1977.
Abstract: A brief review of hadronic and muonic atoms is presented. The reasons why muonic atoms are suitable for testing predictions of QED at low momentum transfers are given and illustrated. Weak interactions within muonic atoms are also included. Some properties of hadronic atoms are given. (51 References).
F. Scheck, "Tests of quantum electrodynamics and of unified electroweak theories in atoms," Comments on Atomic & Molecular Physics, vol. 11, no. 3-5, pp. 139--46, 1982.
Abstract: The author discusses the role of atomic experiments in testing predictions of quantum electrodynamics and of unified theories of electroweak interactions. A few examples for the impressive success of QED in atoms are given (Lamb shift, muonium hyperfine interval, vacuum polarization in muonic atoms). The article ends with a brief discussion of parity violating effects due to weak neutral currents. (18 References).
R. H. Scheicher, D. Cammarere, T. M. Briere, N. Sahoo, T. P. Das, F. L. Pratt, and K. Nagamine, "First-principles theory of muon and muonium trapping in the protein chain of cytochrome c and associated hyperfine interactions," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 136, pp. 755-758, 2001.
Abstract: The microscopic details of the electron transfer in cytochrome c (cyt c) are being investigated by the Muon Spin Relaxation (muSR) technique. We are using the Hartree-Fock Cluster Procedure to determine the most likely trapping sites for mu(+) and muonium (Mu) in the protein chain, and have performed extensive calculations in single amino acid molecules of the protein chain of cyt c. The double-bonded oxygen atom of the carboxyl group was identified as the trapping site for both mu(+) and Mu. Utilizing the wave functions we obtained from the Hartree-Fock calculations, we have determined the hyperfine field that the mu(+) in Mu experiences while the latter is trapped at the oxygen.
R. H. Scheicher, T. P. Das, K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, S. N. Nakamura, N. Kawamura, and K. Nagamine, "Ab initio investigation of helium bubble formation from trapped He/sup +/ ions in solid hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 431--4, 2001.
Abstract: We are involved in a program aimed at a first-principles examination of the possibility of helium bubble formation in solid hydrogen. Our procedure is based on an extension of the Hartree-Fock cluster approach that we have been using for study of individual He/sup +/ ions in solid hydrogen. The preliminary results of our cluster investigations of a particular configuration of two He/sup +/ ions in neighboring tetrahedral interstitial positions are presented here. It has been found that the hydrogen molecules common to the two He/sup +/ ions lead to a substantial attractive force between the ions that most overcomes their inherent repulsion, leading to a binding energy for this configuration only slightly less than the binding energy for two well separated trapped He/sup +/ ions. The analysis of our results have suggested future investigations of different pairs of trapping sites which appear to be more favorable for providing higher binding energies for the He/sup +/ pairs. (3 References).
R. H. Scheicher, T. P. Das, K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, S. N. Nakamura, N. Kawamura, and K. Nagamine, "Theory of isotope effects on He/sup +/ trapping in solid hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 427--30, 2001.
Abstract: We are currently investigating the influence of vibrational effects on the strength of trapping of He/sup +/ in solid hydrogen. Such effects can lead to an isotope dependence of the trapping energy associated with the hydrogen molecules and He/sup +/ ion. At the present time, our focus is on the isotope effect for /sup 3/He/sup +/ and /sup 4/He/sup +/, which we are studying through the vibrational motions of the trapped He/sup +/ ions in the potential they experience as they move about their equilibrium positions. he potential governing the vibrations has been obtained from Hartree-Fock cluster calculations of the total energy of the cluster composed of the He/sup +/ ion and up to the third nearest neighbor hydrogen molecules as a function of the displacement of the He/sup +/ ion from its trapped position. The energy eigenvalues for the ground vibrational states of /sup 3/He/sup +/ and /sup 4/He/sup +/ in this potential come out as 1.29 and 0.96 meV, respectively, leading to corresponding reductions by these amounts in the binding energy of 8.6 eV for both ions without vibrational effects. The difference of these reductions can be considered as an isotope shift, its value for this case being 0.33 meV. From the analysis for these results, it is suggested that isotope shift effects for deuteron and triton in solid D-T would have the same order of magnitude. A procedure for more accurate investigations of the isotope shifts is discussed. (4 References).
R. H. Scheicher, ANU Roy, T. P. Das, K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, S. N. Nakamura, N. Kawamura, and K. Nagamine, "Theory for relative strengths of trapping of He/sup +/ ions in solid, liquid and gaseous hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 387--95, 2001.
Abstract: The study of trapping of He/sup +/ ion in solid hydrogen is important both as a problem in solid state physics and also as an applied physics problem in the field of muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF). In mu CF, He/sup +/ ion acts as a trap for mu /sup -/, interrupting the chain reaction aspect of the catalytic role of mu /sup -/ in producing fusion of deuteron and triton and of triton and triton in solid hydrogen composed of /sup 2/H-/sup 3/H and /sup 3/H-/sup 3/H molecules, respectively. Using the Hartree-Fock procedure, combined with procedures for including many-body effects, as well as relaxation effects associated with the He/sup +/-H/sub 2/ distances and the adjustment of the H-H separation, we have investigated the trapping of He/sup +/ in gaseous and solid state environments. For the former, the environment of He/sup +/ is simulated by a single hydrogen molecule and for the solid by clusters appropriately chosen to represent the hexagonal close-packed structure. Our results for the gaseous state indicate that the trapping is rather strong with a binding energy of 8.5 eV, with almost equal binding energy in the linear and triangular configurations with respect to the H-H direction. For the solid, both the likely sites for He/sup +/ trapping, namely the tetrahedral and octahedral interstitial sites, are also found to provide deep traps (8.6 eV) of almost equal strength, independent of the orientations of the neighboring molecules, showing that the trapping is not influenced by the orientational disorder in the surrounding hydrogen molecules. Further, the influence of next nearest neighbor hydrogen molecules is found to enhance the trapping energy for He/sup +/ substantially, by 0.6 eV, with the incorporation of the third nearest neighbors having a much smaller added effect, demonstrating the convergence of our results with respect to the size of the cluster chosen to simulate the solid. The substantial influence on the He/sup +/ trapping energy found for the neighbors beyond the nearest ones provides an explanation of the greater accumulation of helium in the solid state of hydrogen in mu CF experiments as compared to the liquid. Suggestions are made regarding the possible reasons for the almost negligible accumulation of helium in the liquid state. (7 References).
R. H. Scheicher, ANU Roy, K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, S. N. Nakamura, N. Kawamura, K. Nagamine, and TP. Das, "Ab initio study of trapping of He/sup +/ ions in solid, liquid, and gaseous hydrogen," Riken Review, vol. 48, no. , pp. 18-21, 2002.
Abstract: The study of trapping of He/sup +/ ion in solid hydrogen is important both as a problem in solid state physics and also as an applied physics problem in the field of muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF). In mu CF, He/sup +/ ion acts as a trap for mu /sup -/, interrupting the chain reaction aspect of the catalytic role of mu /sup -/ in producing fusion of deuteron and triton and of triton and triton in solid hydrogen composed of /sup 2/H-/sup 3/H and /sup 3/H-/sup 3/H molecules respectively. Using the Hartree-Fock procedure, combined with procedures for including many-body effects, as well as relaxation effects associated with the He/sup +/-H/sub 2/ distances and the adjustment of the H-H separation, we have investigated the trapping of He/sup +/ in gaseous and solid state environments. Our results for the gaseous state indicate that the trapping of a He/sup +/ ion by a hydrogen molecule is rather strong with a binding energy of 8.5 eV, with almost equal binding energy in the linear and triangular configurations with respect to the H-H direction. For the solid, both the likely sites for He/sup +/ trapping, namely the tetrahedral and octahedral interstitial sites, are also found to provide deep traps (8.6 eV) of almost equal strength, independent of the orientations of the neighboring molecules, showing that the trapping is not influenced by the orientational disorder in the surrounding hydrogen molecules. Further, the influence of next nearest neighbor hydrogen molecules is found to enhance the trapping energy for He/sup +/ substantially, by 0.6 eV, with the incorporation of the third nearest neighbors having a much smaller added effect, demonstrating the convergence of our results with respect to the size of the cluster chosen to simulate the solid. These results provide an explanation of the greater accumulation of helium in the solid state of hydrogen in mu CF experiments as compared to the liquid. Possible reasons are suggested for the almost negligible accumulation of helium in the liquid state. (6 References).
R. H. Scheicher, D. Cammarere, N. Sahoo, K. Nagamine, and T. P. Das, "Theory of N-14 and O-17 nuclear quadrupole interactions in polyglycine and glycine in the protein chain of cytochrome c," Z. Naturfors. Sect. A-J. Phys. Sci., vol. 57, pp. 523-526, 2002.
Abstract: As part of our ongoing investigations on hyperfine properties of nuclei and attached probes (like muon and muonium) in the protein chain of Cytochrome c (Cyt c), we have been studying the N-14 and O-17 nuclear quadrupole interactions in the amino acids in the protein chain at different sites where they occur. As a specific example of one of the amino acids in this context, we shall present our results on Glycine in the homomolecular polymer Polyglycine and expectations for the hetero- molecular environment occurring at a particular region of the protein chain of Cyt c which is far enough away from the heme unit to make the results more characteristic of the chain. In the Polyglycine polymer, our results for the N-14 and O-17 coupling constants e(2)qQ and asymmetry parameters eta for a central Glycine in a chain of odd numbered molecules are used to study how the e(2)qQ and eta vary with the chain length and to compare with the results for the isolated Glycine molecule. The aim is to study the convergence of the results with respect to chain length to find out the appropriate length at which the results become characteristic of the polymer chain. This conclusion is expected to provide insights into the chain length to be used in the protein to simulate the results for the protein chain in Cyt c. The Hartree-Fock Cluster procedure is being used for the investigations for all the results to be reported.
R. H. Scheicher, D. Cammarere, N. Sahoo, K. Nagamine, and T. P. Das, "Theory of N-14 and O-17 nuclear quadrupole interactions in the single amino acids occurring in the protein chain of cytochrome c," Z. Naturfors. Sect. A-J. Phys. Sci., vol. 57, pp. 532-536, 2002.
Abstract: The understanding of electron transport in proteins based on a novel technique involving muon spin rotation (muSR) measurements is a topic of great current interest. The technique, which involves study of spin relaxation of a positive muon (mu(+)) trapped in amino acids in protein chains due to the fluctuating magnetic field that the moving electron produces, is based on the premise that the electron is generated by ionization of a muonium (Mu) which was trapped at the same site as the mu(+) left behind. In attempting to test this premise from first-principles for the Cytochrome c (Cyt c) system in which recent muSR measurements have been made, we have carried out Hartree-Fock investigations of the electronic structures of the bare amino acids and amino acids with mu(+) and Mu trapped at the oxygen of the C=O group common to all amino acids. With the aim that the comparison of theoretically predicted experimental nuclear quadrupole interaction (NQI) parameters will provide a useful test of the electron distribution in the amino acids of Cyt c, we present results for the nuclear quadrupole coupling constants (e(2)qQ) and asymmetry parameters (eta) for the bare amino acids and the amino acids with trapped mu(+) and Mu. The trends in e(2)qQ and eta for N-14 and O-17 between the various amino acids, as well as the changes in these parameters in the presence of mu(+) and Mu are being analyzed. It would be helpful to have experimental data for e(2)qQ and eta to compare with our predictions for the amino acids as they occur in vitro in polycrystalline Cyt c in which the muSR measurements have been carried out. It is also hoped that the muSR technique will be able to provide experimental data on e(2)qQ and eta for the N-14 and O-17 nuclei to compare with our predictions.
R. H. Scheicher, D. Cammarere, N. Sahoo, T. M. Briere, F. L. Pratt, K. Nagamine, and T. P. Das, "First-principles study of muon and muonium trapping in the protein chain of cytochrome c," Physica B, vol. 326, pp. 30-33, 2003.
Abstract: For the interpretation of data on electron transfer in proteins from muon spin relaxation (muSR) measurements, we have already theoretically investigated the trapping of the positive muon (mu(+)) and muonium (Mu) in a number of single amino acids occurring in cytochrome c. We are now focusing on a sequence of amino acid molecules in cytochrome c that constitutes about 25% of the total protein chain, to test the attractiveness of different groups for mu(+) and Mu. Both the differences in properties between individual amino acids and a particular amino acid in different parts of the protein chain provide detailed insights into environmental effects and the nature of the differences between different amino acids in the protein chain. The importance of these features for the interpretation of muSR data is discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
H. Scheidiger, A. Badertscher, K. Borer, G. Czapek, A. Fluckiger, H. Hanni, B. Hahn, E. Hugentobler, H. Kaspar, A. Markees, T. Marti, U. Moser, J. Schacher, P. Schlatter, G. Viertel, and W. Zeller, "Muon decay in sulphur," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A368, no. 3, pp. 438--44, 1981.
Abstract: The electron spectrum from muon decay in orbit in sulphur was measured at SIN. In the energy range from 54 to 92 MeV, the measurement shows a spectrum compatible with the weak V-A theory within +or-35% over the whole range. (6 References).
L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, H. Backe, R. Engfer, U. Jahnke, K. H. Lindenberger, R. M. Pearce, C. Petitjean, W. U. Schroder, H. K. Walter, and K. Zehnder, "Observation of E2 X-ray transitions in mu-Tl, Pb, Bi," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 44, no. 5, 1971.
Abstract: A number of weak E2 X-ray transitions have been measured at the CERN mu -channel for the natural isotopes of Tl, Pb, and /sup 209/Bi. Owing to the large isotopic shift of 10.4 keV the 3d-l transitions in /sup 205/Tl and /sup 203/Tl could be separated. The experimental intensities are compared with transition probabilities, calculated using a Fermi charge distribution and relativistic wave functions.
L. Schellenberg, B. Robert-Tissot, K. Kaser, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, G. Fricke, S. Gluckert, G. Mallot, and EB. Shera, "Systematics of nuclear charge radii of the stable molybdenum isotopes from muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A333, no. 3, pp. 333--42, 1980.
Abstract: The results of precise measurements of the energies of the 2p/sub 3/2/-1s/sub 1/2/ and 2p/sub 1/2/-1s/sub 1/2/ muonic X-ray transitions of /sup 92/Mo, /sup 94/Mo, /sup 95/Mo, /sup 96/Mo, /sup 97/Mo, /sup 98/Mo and /sup 100/Mo are reported. The data were analyzed in terms of the Barrett moments (r/sup k/e/sup - alpha r/) of the nuclear charge distributions from which the equivalent nuclear radii R/sub k/ and the differences Delta R/sub k/ between neighboring isotopes were computed. Systematic shell effects have been observed at the neutron numbers N=50 and N=56. (21 References).
L. Schellenberg, "Nuclear charge radii and radii differences from muonic X-ray measurements," in Proceedings of the Fourth Course of the International School of Intermediate Energy Nuclear Physics, (R. Bergere, S. Costa, and C. Schaerf, eds.), pp. 396-400, 1984.
Abstract: While on the average the nuclear charge radii are proportional to A/sup 1/3/, there are large variations due to nuclear structure effects, providing a powerful tool in the analysis of the structure of nuclear ground states. A collaboration of groups from Los Alamos, Fribourg and Mainz have obtained systematic experimental data on isotope and isotone shifts in the region between 12[left angle bracket]or=Z[left angle bracket]or=54 have been collected at LAMPF and SIN. In addition isotope shifts between the three carbon isotopes /sup 12,13,14/C and absolute charge radii have been obtained. (10 References).
L. Schellenberg, "Muon transfer in gas mixtures with hydrogen," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 73--85, 1990.
Abstract: The present status of muon transfer in gas mixtures with hydrogen and deuterium is reviewed. The interpretation of the transfer rates is made difficult by the often poor agreement between the experimental results for the same nucleus. New results show a complex Z dependence of the transfer rate. For instance, there is a very low rate to neon, and two different rates have been seen for oxygen in SO/sub 2/. (30 References).
L. Schellenberg and others, "Muon transfer with a new high pressure gastarget," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 187--192, 1993.
L. Schellenberg, "Recent experiments on muon transfer in gas mixtures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 513--17, 1993.
Abstract: The experimental muon transfer rates from muonic protium and deuterium to heavier elements show a complex Z dependence. Instead of the expected monotonic Z dependence considerable variations between neighboring elements are observed. Transfer to neon has a specially small rate. Furthermore, the time distribution of the muonic X-rays shows in a number of molecules a complex structure, and depends in the case of a H/sub 2/+CH/sub 4/ gas mixture also on the total pressure. (13 References).
L. Schellenberg, A. Adamczak, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, H. Schneuwly, Y-A Thalmann, S. Tresch, and A. Werthmueller, "Muon transfer to light atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 215-20, 1996.
Abstract: Several experiments performed by our group in recent years have put into evidence the complex structure of the time distributions of the muonic X-rays following transfer from muonic hydrogen isotopes to heavier elements. Simulations have shown that a substantial fraction of the mu H atoms in the ground state have epithermal energies. Therefore, an energy dependence of the transfer rate seems a reasonable assumption for the explanation of the complex time structure. (14 References).
M. Schiff, "Transfer of negative muons to gases dissolved in a hydrogen bubble chamber," Nuovo Cimento, vol. 22, pp. 66--91, 1961.
J. P. Schiffer, "Order in very cold confined plasmas," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 71--80, 1996.
G. Schiwietz, U. Wille, R. D. Muino, P. D. Fainstein, and O. L. Grande, "Comprehensive analysis of the stopping power of antiprotons and negative muons in He and H-2 gas targets," J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys., vol. 29, pp. 307-321, 1996.
Abstract: A comprehensive analysis of the stopping power of antiprotons and negative muons in He and H-2 gas targets for projectile velocities (equivalent antiproton energies) ranging from about 0.1 to 10 au (0.25 keV to 2.5 MeV) is performed, Recent experimental data are contrasted with theoretical results obtained from different approaches. The electronic stopping power is evaluated within the coupled-state atomic-orbital method and the distorted-wave Born approximation as well as, for low projectile velocities, within a generalized adiabaticionization model that takes into account collisional-broadening effects. The departure of the antiproton stopping power from the proton stopping power ('Barkas effect'), observed for intermediate projectile velocities, is discussed. The contribution to the stopping power arising from energy transfer to the translational degrees of freedom of the target system ('nuclear stopping') is evaluated. Our analysis results in a good understanding of the stopping mechanisms of negative heavy particles in gases, in particular in He. Discrepancies between theory and experiment in the H-2 case are attributed to effects of the molecular structure of the target.
J. M. Schmidt, G. Soff, and PJ. Mohr, "Higher-order vacuum polarization corrections in muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 2176--9, 1989.
Abstract: Energy shifts in muonic atoms caused by vacuum polarization of order alpha (Z alpha )/sup n/ with n[right angle bracket]or=3 are calculated with nuclear size corrections taken into account. The calculations are performed for all muonic levels from the 1s/sub 1/2/ state to the 5g/sub 9/2/ state in various atoms with nuclear charge number Z between 30 and 100. (24 References).
G. J. Schmidt and others, "Effects of non--nucleonic degrees of freedom in the D(p,$\gamma$)$^3$He and p(d,$\gamma$)$^3$He reactions," Physical Review Letters, vol. 76, pp. 3088--3091, 1996.
R. Schmidt and others, "Measurement of the Barkas effect in hydrogen," European Physical Journal D, vol. 3, pp. 119--122, 1998.
R. Schmidt and others, "Determination of the proton and neutron densities at the nuclear periphery with antiprotonic x ray and $\barp$--nucleus reactions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, pp. 67--72, 1999.
R. Schneider, A. Richter, A. Schwierczinski, E. Spamer, and O. Titze, "High resolution inelastic electron scattering on /sup 28/Si at low momentum transfer and isovector M1 strength in /sup 28/Si," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A323, no. 1, pp. 13--25, 1979.
Abstract: "High resolution inelastic electron scattering at low momentum transfer yields the precise location of states with J/sup pi /
H. Schneuwly, L. Schellenberg, H. Backe, R. Engfer, U. Jahnke, E. Kankeleit, K. H. Lindenberger, R. M. Pearce, C. Petitjean, W. U. Schroder, H. K. Walter, and A. Zehnder, "Observation of electric quadrupole X-ray transitions in muonic thallium, lead and bismuth," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A196, no. 3, pp. 452--64, 1972.
Abstract: Electric quadrupole X-ray transitions (5g to 3d, 4f to 2p, and 3d to 1s) have been observed in muonic Tl, Pb and Bi. From the 3 to 1 transitions, energy splittings of the n=3 levels were deduced. From a comparison of the relative intensities of E1 and E2 transitions the population ratios 5g/5f, 4f/4d, and 3d/3p were deduced. These ratios are well reproduced by a cascade calculation assuming a statistical initial population at n=20, including K, L and M shell conversion. In the case of /sup 205/Tl discrepancies between the experimental and the calculated 3d-1s/3p-is intensity ratio can be explained by nuclear excitation. From the 3p/sub 3/2/ to 1s/sub 1/2/ intensity in /sup 209/Bi one can deduce the ratio of the radiationless to the X-ray transition width and give limits for prompt neutron emission from the 3d level. (23 References).
H. Schneuwly, V. I. Pokrovsky, and L. I. Ponomarev, "On coulomb capture ratios of negative mesons in chemical compounds," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 312, pp. 419--426, 1978.
H. Schneuwly, T. Dubler, K. Kaeser, B. Robert-Tissot, L. A. Schaller, and L. Schellenberg, "On the influence of the chemical bond on the relative muonic capture rates in elements of compounds," Physics Letters A, vol. 66A, no. 3, pp. 188--90, 1978.
Abstract: Measurements of relative Coulomb capture rates of muons in compounds of nitrogen, sulphur and selenium have been performed. The obtained results may be interpreted as showing a valence state dependence. (14 References).
H. Schneuwly and P. Vogel, "Electronic K X-ray energies in heavy muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 2081--7, 1980.
Abstract: Experimentally determined energy shifts of the electronic K X-rays in heavy muonic atoms are compared with calculations. These shifts may be caused by the incomplete screening of the nuclear charge by the muon and, in addition, by electron vacancies produced in higher shells by preceding Auger transitions. The first mechanism alone explains the experimental data within their uncertainties. This agreement and the absence of a noticeable difference between the shifts of the electronic K alpha and K beta X-rays, show that the inner shells are essentially instantaneously refilled during the muonic cascade. Precision measurements of this type would give supplementary information on the initial muon distribution over l states. (17 References).
H. Schneuwly, "New developments in the study of mesic chemistry," in Exotic Atoms '79. Fundamental Interactions and Structure of Matter. Proceedings of the Second Course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms, (K. Crowe, J. Duclos, G. Fiorentini, and G. Torelli, eds.), pp. 147-59, 1980.
Abstract: The parameters to which the atomic capture is sensitive are studied. These parameters include mesic X-ray intensities, muonic X-ray intensities (in sodium), allotropic effects and relative capture rates of muons. Summaries of chemical effects in meson capture in hydrogen compounds, hydrogen isotope and hydrogen effects are also given. A model for predicting atomic capture ratios in mixtures of atoms and in molecules together with the experimental facts which it takes into account are also described. (48 References).
H. Schneuwly and others, "Capture of negative muons in cubic and hexagonal structures of carbon and boron nitride," Physical Review A, vol. 27, pp. 950--960, 1983.
H. Schneuwly, "Do negative muons distinguish sigma -electrons from pi -electrons?," Lettere Al Nuovo Cimento, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 209-12, 1985.
Abstract: Assuming that muon Coulomb capture in carbon and nitrogen proceeds only through bonding electrons, it is shown that from measured muonic Lyman series intensities in cubic and hexagonal structures one can deduce initial angular-momentum distributions for muons captured through sigma -electrons and pi -electrons. (11 References).
H. Schneuwly, "A method for measuring the muon capture ratio A(H/Z) in a H/sub 2/+Z gas mixture," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials & Atoms, vol. B9, no. 1, pp. 97--9, 1985.
Abstract: A method is proposed for measuring the A(H/Z) capture ratio of muons in a H/sub 2/+Z gas mixture making use of the transfer of the muons captured in hydrogen to the heavier element Z. (14 References).
H. Schneuwly, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, P. Oberson, C. Piller, and L. Schellenberg, "Unexpected effect in transfer of negative muons in a H/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ gas mixture," Physics Letters A, vol. 132, no. 6-7, pp. 336--8, 1988.
Abstract: By analysing measured time distributions of the muonic oxygen and sulphur X-rays in a H/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ gas mixture, one finds two different time constants. If these correspond to two lifetimes for the bound mu p atom, two kinds of mu p atoms exist: one kind transfers its muon only to oxygen, the other to both oxygen and sulphur. The difference in the two mu p systems is presently unexplained. (12 References).
H. Schneuwly, "Black and white muonic hydrogen atoms," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 87--102, 1989.
Abstract: A preliminary analysis of a first measurement of muon transfer in a H/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ gas mixture suggested the existence of two distinct muonic hydrogen atoms in their ground state: black mu p atoms and white ones. A new measurement confirms the existence of two distinct muonic systems transferring their muon to oxygen of SO/sub 2/. A more detailed analysis together with other muon transfer data shows that the muon capture in hydrogen and the transfer to other elements ask unexpected questions. (17 References).
H. Schneuwly, "Muon capture and transfer in gas mixtures with hydrogen," in Electromagnetic Cascade and chemistry of exotic atoms, (L. M. Simons, D. Horváth, and G. Torelli, eds.), (New York, USA), pp. 205--215, 1990.
H. Schneuwly and F. Mulhauser, "Ephemeral muonic hydrogen atoms," Physics Letters A, vol. 160, no. 1, pp. 71--6, 1991.
Abstract: The unexpected experimental results on charge transfer from muonic hydrogen atoms to noble gas atoms and to molecules like SO/sub 2/ and SF/sub 6/ are unexplained yet. In systematic measurements performed in H/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ gas mixtures, the hypothesis of ephemeral muonic hydrogen atoms might save the principle of reproducibility of experimental data. (13 References).
H. Schneuwly and others, "New charge transfer rates from muonic protium to neon," Helvitica Physica Acta, vol. 64, pp. 934--935, 1991.
H. Schneuwly, "Solid state effects in atomic capture of negative muons," in Exotic Atoms in Condensed Matter. Proceedings of the Erice Workshop, (G. Benedek and H. Schneuwly, eds.), pp. 3--11, 1992.
Abstract: The formation mechanism of exotic atoms is not yet well known. The muonic X-ray intensity patterns are, however, found to be sensitive to solid state structures, showing that the muon capture mechanism is influenced by the spatial distribution of bonding electrons. In compounds, pion and muon capture ratios are both influenced by the bond structure. Hydrogen compounds are cases of particular interest. (25 References).
H. Schneuwly, "Formation of exotic atoms by direct capture and via transfer from hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 133--41, 1993.
Abstract: Exotic atoms like muonic atoms can be formed either by direct capture, often called Coulomb capture, or by muon transfer from a muonic hydrogen atom. The first estimates for the formation predicted, for both mechanisms, probabilities approximately proportional to the charge number Z. The experiments did not confirm such a simple Z-dependence. In direct capture, it turned out that the chemical bond played a decisive role, at least for lighter elements. In the formation via transfer, surprising data were obtained not only for heteroatomic molecules but also for noble gases. Whereas for direct capture, a model is able to reproduce quite satisfactorily a great number of measured capture ratios, including those in hydrogen compounds, the formation via transfer seems to put completely different and more fundamental questions. (48 References).
H. Schneuwly, "Muon transfer to elements with Z> 1," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 209--215, 1993.
H. Schneuwly, "From black and white muonic hydrogen atoms and ephemeral ones to the model of two components," Physics Letters A, vol. 191, no. 5-6, pp. 416--21, 1994.
Abstract: The surprising time distributions of the muonic oxygen and sulphur X-rays repeatedly measured in H/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ mixtures during the last five years have still not found a satisfactory explanation in conventional terms, even if it seems obvious that one has to relate them to the thermalization process of muonic hydrogen atoms. Compared to preceding models, the new one is based on more physical hypotheses and can be tested in other gas mixtures. (21 References).
W. Schott, S. Ahmad, C. Q. Chen, P. Gumplinger, M. D. Hasinoff, A. J. Larabee, D. G. Sample, N. S. Zhang, D. S. Armstrong, M. Blecher, A. Serna-Angel, G. Azuelos, Egidy T. van, J. A. Macdonald, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, D. H. Wright, R. S. Henderson, S. C. McDonald, G. N. Taylor, B. Doyle, P. Depommier, G. Jonkmans, W. Bertl, T. P. Gorringe, and BC. Robertson, "Radiative muon capture on hydrogen," in Proceedings of the Sixth Lake Louise Winter Institute. Particle Physics - the Factory Era, (B. A. Campbell, A. N. Kamal, P. Kitching, and FC. Khanna, eds.), pp. 467--76, 1991.
Abstract: The induced pseudoscalar coupling constant, g/sub P/, of the weak hadronic current can be determined from the measurement of the branching ratio of radiative muon capture on hydrogen. This rare process is being investigated in the TRIUMF RMC experiment which is now taking data. This work describes the experiment and indicates the status of the data analysis. (8 References).
W. Schott, V. N. Baturin, W. H. Breunlich, T. Case, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, K. Lou, E. M. Maev, J. Marton, M. Muhlbauer, C. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, Y. V. Petrov, G. G. Semenchuk, Y. V. Smirenin, A. A. Vorobyov, P. Wojciechowski, and J. Zmeskal, "Feasibility of an experiment to determine the branching ratio for the emission of a heavy neutrino after muon capture in /sup 3/He," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 471--81, 1993.
Abstract: The triton energy of the muon capture reaction mu /sup 3/He to t+ nu /sub mu /, where mu /sup 3/He is the ground state of muonic /sup 3/He, has been measured in order to investigate a possible heavy nu admixture into the mu flavour with high sensitivity. mu /sup 3/He has been formed via the p mu d fusion reaction by stopping mu /sup -/ in an ionization chamber (IC) filled with an H/D gas mixture of 3% D concentration at a pressure of 161 bar. In a first short experiment 650 triton events were observed yielding an upper limit for the mu -heavy nu mixing strength of 2.3*10/sup -3/ at E/sub 0 nu /=60 MeV. (7 References).
W. Schott, S. Mueller, H. Daniel, P. Ackerbauer, D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, G. A. Beer, W. H. Breunlich, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, J. Deutsch, J. Egger, Egidy T. Von, J. Govaerts, YuS Grigoriev, F. J. Hartmann, P. Kammel, B. Lauss, E. M. Maev, V. Markushin, J. Marton, M. Muehlbauer, C. Petitjean, T. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, R. Prieels, W. Prymas, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, den Brandt B. Van, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, and P. Wojciechowski, "Measurement of the heavy neutrino admixture upper limit from muon capture by /sup 3/He," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 445-9, 1996.
Abstract: The triton energy spectrum of the muon capture reaction mu /sup 3/He to t+ nu /sub mu /, where mu /sup 3/He is the ground state of muonic /sup 3/He, has been measured by means of a high-pressure ionization chamber in order to investigate a possible heavy nu admixture into the mu flavor with high sensitivity. The upper limit of the mu -heavy nu /sub i/ mixing matrix element squared was obtained to be |U/sub mu i/|/sup 2/[left angle bracket]or=10/sup -3/ for heavy neutrino masses in the range of 25[left angle bracket]or=E/sub o nu /[left angle bracket]or=75 MeV. (9 References).
W. Schott and others, "Absolute determination of impurities in a µCF target by x--ray detection," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5/6, pp. 537--542, 1990/91.
J. Schottmüller and others, "Kinetic energy of $\pi^-$p atoms in liquid and gaseous hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 95--102, 1999.
W. Schrieder, P. David, H. Hanscheid, J. Konijn, Laat CTAM de, H. Paganetti, C. Petitjean, H. W. Reist, F. Risse, C. Rosel, L. Schellenberg, A. K. Sinha, A. Taal, and N. Trautmann, "The probability of prompt and delayed fission of muonic /sup 237/Np," Zeitschrift fur Physik A-Hadrons & Nuclei, vol. 339, no. 4, pp. 445--51, 1991.
Abstract: "Fission fragments from the reaction /sup 237/Np( mu /sup -/, gamma f) have been measured in coincidence with muonic X-rays. The efficiency of the fission fragment detector is determined from ( mu /sup -/, gamma f)-data of the same experiment. The total fission probability per mu -stop P/sub t/ has been measured as well as the fission probabilities P/sub f/ of the non-radiative muonic (3d to 1s)- and (2p to 1s)- transitions; the latter has been divided into two parts leading to different mean excitation energies E: P/sub t/=(54+or-17)%, P/sub f/(3d to 1s)=(41+or-21)%, P/sub f/(2p to 1s
UE. Schroder, "Influence of the pion form factor on the energy levels in pionic atoms," Acta Physica Austriaca, vol. 32, no. 3-4, pp. 299--302, 1970.
Abstract: It is found that because of the pion form factor and s and p levels are shifted by amounts in the range 4[left angle bracket]or= Delta E[right angle bracket]or=200 eV. For higher angular momentum levels this effect becomes too small to be seen with present experimental accuracy.
UE. Schroder, "Form factor effects of hadrons in hadronic atoms," Acta Physica Austriaca, vol. 34, no. 3-4, pp. 235--41, 1971.
Abstract: In hadronic atoms the energy levels are shifted by the form factors of the hadrons involved. For K/sup -/, p and sigma /sup -/ atoms the estimate of this effect leads to energy shifts Delta E[left angle bracket]or approximately=10/sup -2/ eV. In the case of pionic atoms it is found that for 1s levels the energy shift may amount to 327 eV.
W. U. Schroder, W. W. Wilcke, M. W. Johnson, D. Hilscher, J. R. Huizenga, J. C. Browne, and DG. Perry, "Evidence for atomic muon capture by fragments from prompt fission of muonic /sup 237/Np, /sup 239/Pu and /sup 242/Pu," Physical Review Letters, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 672--5, 1979.
Abstract: Muon capture in nuclei produced by prompt neutron emission and fission induced by radiationless transitions in the atomic cascade of muons bound to /sup 237/Np, /sup 239/Pu, and /sup 242/Pu is reported. Lifetimes of muons bound to the targets, the (A-1) nuclei, and the neutron-rich fission fragments were measured. The lifetimes of the fission-fragment muonic atoms are consistent with the muon of the fissioning muonic atom going predominantly to the heavy-fragment atom. (10 References).
TH. Schucan, "The influence of finite line widths on parity mixing in muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 278, no. 2, pp. 179--81, 1976.
Abstract: The parity mixing due to parity-violating neutral currents in muonic atoms is discussed in the case where the line widths of two mixing states are comparable with or larger than their energy difference. The line widths give rise to a considerable reduction of the parity mixing effects. (11 References).
TH. Schucan, "Interference between multi-step transitions in exotic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 69B, no. 3, pp. 293--6, 1977.
Abstract: The interference effects due to coherent transitions involving more than one photon in exotic atoms are discussed. It is found that the populations are not influenced by this interference. In the case of muonic atoms there is an influence on the polarizations under specific conditions. (6 References).
I. Schwanner, R. Abela, G. Backenstoss, W. Kowald, P. Pavlopoulos, L. Tauscher, H. J. Weyer, P. Blum, M. Dorr, W. Fetscher, D. Gotta, R. Guigas, H. Koch, H. Poth, G. Schmidt, and H. Ullrich, "Isotope effects in light pionic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 96B, no. 3-4, pp. 268--72, 1980.
Abstract: Direct comparison of the pionic K-series X-ray transitions for /sup 16/O//sup 18/O and /sup 6/Li//sup 7/Li has been made and a new measurement of the same transitions in /sup 3/He has been performed. (13 References).
I. Schwanner, G. Backenstoss, W. Kowald, L. Tauscher, H-J Weyer, D. Gotta, and H. Ullrich, "Pionic and muonic X-ray measurements on light isotopes," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A412, no. 2, pp. 253--72, 1984.
Abstract: New data on strong interaction effects in the pionic atoms of /sup 3/He, /sup 16/O, /sup 18/O and Cl are presented. Energies and lorentzian widths of the 1s and partly of the 2p levels have been determined from the X-ray spectra. For the first time significant isotope effects could be observed in the 1s level width. Absolute and relative intensities are presented for K and L X-ray transitions respectively from pionic and muonic spectra. Thus by fitting cascade parameters p-state absorption probabilities could be determined even for the lightest isotopes. The results are compared with those of others and with recent theoretical calculations. The nuclear gamma -ray of the transition 5/2/sup +/ to 3/2/sup +/ in /sup 13/C was determined to be 169.356+or-0.020 keV. (38 References).
J. Schwieger, A. Faessler, and TS. Kosmas, "Detailed study of the incoherent mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion rate: elimination of spurious contaminations from the 1/sup -/ contribution," Physical Review C, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 2830--8, 1997.
Abstract: The incoherent matrix elements of the exotic ( mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/) conversion in nuclei process are studied in detail for a set of nuclei throughout the periodic table in the context of the quasiparticle random phase approximation (RPA). The contaminations, usually inserted in the 1/sup -/ RPA excitation modes (the most important incoherent mu to e conversion channel), are removed by explicitly constructing the purely spurious center-of-mass state. We found that mostly the lowest-lying 1/sub 1//sup -/ state is affected by the use of nonself-consistent single-particle energies and a truncated model space in the RPA. To a good approximation we can regard this state as fully spurious and treat the other states as the physical ones. The elimination of the spuriousness requires a different renormalization of the interaction. This allows us to reproduce the excitation spectrum, needed to calculate reliably the incoherent matrix elements of the mu to e process, with realistic forces (Bonn potential) which cannot be achieved with the contaminated wave functions. We focus on the investigation of the incoherent rate of /sup 48/Ti, from which the best upper limit for the flavor number violation has been extracted, and /sup 208/Pb, which is currently used in the SINDRUM II experiment at PSI. (21 References).
C. Schwob and others, "Optical frequency measurement of the 2S-12D transitions in hydrogen and deuterium: Rydberg constant and Lamb shift determinations," Physical Review Letters, vol. 82, pp. 4960--4963, 1999.
A. Scrinzi, H. J. Monkhorst, and SA. Alexander, "Geometries of muonic molecular ions," Physical Review A, vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 4859--62, 1988.
Abstract: "For the J=0,1 bound states of the muonic ions xy mu (x
A. Scrinzi, K. Szalewicz, and HJ. Monkhorst, "Nonadiabatic rovibrational levels of hydrogenlike molecules formed in the process of muon-catalyzed fusion," Physical Review A, vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 2270--6, 1988.
Abstract: "The nonadiabatic rovibronic energy levels for all species of hydrogenlike molecules of the form ((x mu y)z2e), where x,y
A. Scrinzi and K. Szalewicz, "Auger transition rates for the muonic molecular ion td mu," Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 2855--61, 1989.
Abstract: The rates of the Auger transitions between all bound states of the muonic molecular ion td mu for the four initial configurations ((td mu )e), ((td mu )de)/sup +/, ((td mu )d2e), and ((td mu )2d2e)/sup +/ were calculated using new highly accurate variational three-body wave functions. Qualitative agreement with previous calculations was found. As a byproduct of the calculations the authors obtained an upper bound for the energy of the td mu (20) state epsilon /sub 20/=-102.6489 eV, which is significantly lower than the best literature value. (21 References).
A. Scrinzi and K. Szalewicz, "Energy shift in the ((td mu )e) system due to the finite size of the muonic molecular ion," Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 4983--90, 1989.
Abstract: "Using a combination of variational and perturbational techniques, the authors obtain a shift of +0.20 meV for the energy level of ((td mu /sub 11/)e) due to the nonpointlike character of the (j=1
A. Scrinzi, "Calculating resonant molecular formation matrix elements," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 179--84, 1990.
Abstract: The author presents a new calculation of td mu formation matrix elements. Compared to prior calculations, the formation rates decrease by a factor of ~2. The discrepancy originates in the inadequacy of the dipole approximation for the interaction operator due to the very large ([left angle bracket]or approximately= 100 m.a.u.) t mu -d distances contributing to the matrix elements. The author estimates higher-order contributions to the transition matrix elements to cause inaccuracies in any first-order calculation of the order of 20% or more. (5 References).
A. Scrinzi, "Basic concepts of muon catalyzed fusion," in Exotic Atoms in Condensed Matter. Proceedings of the Erice Workshop, (G. Benedek and H. Schneuwly, eds.), pp. 99--111, 1992.
Abstract: The authors give an overview over the basic concepts of muon catalyzed fusion in theory and experiment. With the examples of mu CF in pure deuterium and deuterium-tritium mixtures the present level of theoretical understanding of experiments is illustrated. The most important open questions in the field and possible applications are summarized. (55 References).
A. Scrinzi, "Lower bounds to the binding energies of td mu," Physical Review A, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 7787--91, 1992.
Abstract: The author presents lower bounds to the binding energies of the three-body Coulomb system, which were drawn from Rayleigh-Ritz variational upper bounds to the inverse of the Hamiltonian. The method is shown to generalize Temple's lower bound (Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 119, 276 (1928)). The author applied the method to eigenvalues of the muonic molecular ion td mu /sup +/ where the author reached accuracies of 10/sup -5/ natural atomic units or better. (16 References).
A. Scrinzi, P. Kammel, J. Zmeskal, W. H. Breunlich, J. Marton, M. P. Faifman, L. I. Ponomarev, and TA. Strizh, "Muon-catalyzed dd fusion between 25 and 150 K: theoretical analysis," Physical Review A, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 4691--704, 1993.
Abstract: The authors present a detailed theoretical analysis of experimental rates for dd mu molecular formation and d mu hyperfine transitions at temperatures 25.5-150 K, which were reported by Zmeskal et al. (Phys. Rev. A 42, 1165 (1990)). Theoretical effective dd mu formation rates are fitted to the observed rates by adjusting the dd mu binding energy epsilon /sub 11/, the effective dd fusion rate lambda /sub f/, and the nonresonant dd mu formation rate lambda /sub nr/. The value of epsilon /sub 11/=-1966.1+or-0.2 meV is determined with extreme accuracy and agrees with the theoretical prediction within 0.1 meV. Experimental findings for lambda /sub nr/ are compatible with theory. Since the value of lambda /sub f/ extracted from observed formation rates depends on the calculated value of dd mu formation matrix elements mod V/sub if/ mod , the authors present the region of pairs ( lambda /sub f/, mod V/sub if/ mod ) allowed by experiment. The theoretical values of lambda /sub f/ and mod V/sub if/ mod lie outside this region. A significant discrepancy remains for the d mu hyperfine transitions, where the theoretical rates, which consist of scattering and back-decay contributions, exceed experimental rates by approximately 40%. Fits of the experimental data indicate that mostly the scattering contribution is smaller than calculated. The extrapolation of the authors fit to higher temperatures is in good agreement with other experiments on dd mu formation. (67 References).
A. Scrinzi, "A 3-dimensional finite elements procedure for quantum mechanical applications," Computer Physics Communications, vol. 86, no. 1-2, pp. 67--80, 1995.
Abstract: We developed a general three-dimensional finite elements code for application to quantum mechanical problems. Instead of polynomials any set of numerically given functions can be used as local interpolation functions and the grid can be any arrangement of rectangular volumes. The importance of the choice of an adequate coordinate system is pointed out by comparison of Jacobi, hyperspherical and other coordinate systems. We present the examples of s-states of He and the muonic molecular ions td mu and dd mu . The flexibility of the code is demonstrated by reviewing two applications to lower-dimensional problems. (23 References).
J. Sculli, "mu to e conversion status and prospects," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 466-74, 1998.
Abstract: The status of muon conversion is discussed. (9 References).
KH. Sebastian, "External interaction of a weakly bound composite system of charged particles with the quantized radiation field," Physical Review A, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1398--415, 1979.
Abstract: The author shows that the usual Foldy-Wouthuysen reduced (to order 1/c/sup 3/) and additive expression for the external electromagnetic interaction of a composite system of two weakly bound charged particles does not lead to relativistically invariant results to relative order 1/c/sup 2/ for the one-photon radiative transitions, even when it is used with the relativistic c.m. variables. He also shows how the interaction Hamiltonian should be modified so that it does lead to relativistically correct results (again to relative order 1/c/sup 2/) at least in the order of perturbation theory. The new interaction Hamiltonian H/sub I/ can be obtained by the replacement of p/sub mu / by (p/sub mu /-(e/sub mu //c)A/sub mu /) in the Breit Hamiltonian of the composite system. Consequences of the modified Hamiltonian in the calculation of relativistic corrections to the electric dipole transition amplitudes of the hydrogenlike mesic and electronic atoms and the charmonium are discussed. The author also compares his results with those of other comparable works. The new Hamiltonian H/sub I/ can also be justified by considerations based on quantum electrodynamics. (35 References).
Annual review of nuclear science,1969, (E. Segre, ed.), vol. 19, Annual reviews, inc. Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1969.
Abstract: Articles on the following subjects appear:- Rapid chemical separation, mass separation for nuclear reaction studies, the three-nucleon problem, coupled-channel approach to nuclear reactions, mechanism of radiation mutagenesis in cellular and subcellular systems, boson resonances, pion-nucleon interactions, parity and time-reversal invariance in nuclear physics, nuclear mass relations, Coulomb energies and muonic atoms and nuclear structure. Individual papers within the scope of this journal will be abstracted in this or subsequent issues.
R. Seki, "Validity of approximations used in mesonic atom calculations," Physical Review A, vol. 182, no. 5, pp. 1773--9, 1969.
Abstract: The Deser-Goldberger-Baumann-Thirring (DGBT) formula (a=/sup 1///sub 4/B ( Delta E/sub 1S// mod E/sub 1S/ mod )) and other various approximations commonly used to extract meson-nucleus scattering lengths from energy-level measurements on mesonic atoms are studied by means of a model calculation and are shown to be inadequate for most the pi /sup -/-mesonic atoms commonly considered. A simple empirical formula is obtained in place of the DGBT formula for the pi /sup -/-mesonic atoms of the light nuclei. The DGBT formula is also examined for the case of the K/sup -/-He/sup 4/ atom and is found to be a good approximation. (17 References).
R. Seki, "Scattering lengths and level shifts in mesonic atoms," Physical Review D, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 107--9, 1970.
Abstract: A formula relating the level shifts and widths to the meson-nucleus scattering lengths is examined for a momentum-dependent potential of general form, using a simple argument similar to that of Bethe and deHoffmann and Coulomb effective-range theory.
R. Seki and R. Kunselman, "Calculation of second-order vacuum polarization energies for nonspherical hadronic atoms," American Journal of Physics, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 197--9, 1972.
Abstract: The authors calculate the energy of the X-ray transitions of a hadron considering transitions between any two atomic levels. (11 References).
R. Seki, "K/sup -/-nucleus optical potential in K/sup -/-mesonic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1196--205, 1972.
Abstract: Direct numerical calculations in K/sup -/-mesonic atoms have shown that the perturbation theory commonly used is inadequate. The theory fails to describe the very strong repulsive (level-shift) effect due to the absorptive part of the optical potential. Because of this large repulsive effect, the optical potentials best fitted to the recent level-shift and width data are found to be attractive. The potential may be very attractive, but not enough to produce a K/sup -/-nucleus bound state by the strong interaction against the strong repulsive effect of the large imaginary part: The latter works as if it were a hard core. Taking the 3d state of the K/sup -/-S/sup 32/ atom as a model, the authors also examine how well they can determine the nuclear-density parameters from the K/sup -/-mesonic-atom spectra within the optical-potential model. (37 References).
R. Seki and R. Kunselman, "Further study of the K/sup -/-nucleus optical potential in kaonic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1260--2, 1973.
Abstract: Using a local K-nucleus optical potential, the authors calculated X-ray energy-level shifts and widths and relative X-ray transition yields for kaonic atoms throughout the Periodic Table. They made a detailed study of the determination of the nuclear density parameters from level-shift and width data.
R. Seki, "The effect of nuclear motion on mesonic atom energies," Physics Letters B, vol. 58B, no. 1, pp. 49--51, 1975.
Abstract: Nuclear motion in mesonic atoms is shown to contribute to the atomic energies in the same way as in muonic atoms. An exception to this is found to occur in S-states. (10 References).
R. Seki and CE. Wiegand, "Kaonic and other exotic atoms," Annual review of nuclear science, (E. Segre, ed.), vol. 25, no. , pp. 241-81, Annual Reviews. Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1975.
Abstract: The authors review the present state of knowledge about kaonic, sigmonic and antiprotonic atoms. Firstly some basic characteristics of the atoms are presented. Experimental findings in the field of exotic atoms are reviewed. X-ray intensity data exhibit an intricate competition between atomic processes and the strong nuclear interaction. Energy level shifts and line widths that are direct manifestations of the strong interaction are found as anticipated. The particle properties that can be obtained are examined; also phenomena related to nuclear electric quadrupole moments and the results of the study of hadron-nucleon reaction products. An account of the theoretical investigations is given which mainly concerns kaonic atoms. (134 References).
R. Seki, K. Masutani, M. Oka, and K. Yazaki, "A unified analysis of pionic atoms and low-energy pion-nucleus scattering," Physics Letters B, vol. 97B, no. 2, pp. 200--4, 1980.
Abstract: The nature of the insensitivity of low-energy ([left angle bracket]or=50 MeV, including pi /sup -/-atoms) data to the detailed structure of the optical potential is established. By means of the effective nuclear density for the pion interaction a phenomenological Kisslinger potential for the pionic atoms is microscopically shown to be extrapolated successfully to the low-energy scattering. (13 References).
R. Seki, "Anomalous 3d shifts and widths in heavy pi /sup -/ atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1342--5, 1982.
Abstract: The authors argue that 3d shifts and widths in heavy pi /sup -/ atoms are probably not anomalous, contrary to recent experimental and theoretical claims. The observed shifts are small because the pi /sup -/-nucleus interaction is expected to become repulsive in an atom close to /sup 209/Bi. No plausible microscopic explanation has been found for the small widths and it is stressed that the experimental evidence for the anomaly, particularly of the widths, is not strong. (25 References).
R. Seki, K. Masutani, and K. Yazaki, "Unified analysis of pionic atoms and low-energy pion-nucleus scattering: hybrid analysis," Physical Review C, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 2817--32, 1983.
Abstract: Using the method of effective nuclear density, the authors apply a simple, pi -nucleus optical potential (without rho /sup 2/ terms and the Lorentz-Lorenz effect) to pi /sup -/ atoms and low-energy pi -nucleus elastic scatterings. Data of both phenomena are analyzed in a unified, hybrid (phenomenological and theoretical) manner. The pi /sup -/-atom data are analyzed first to determine phenomenologically the potential parameters at threshold. The parameters are then extrapolated successfully up to 50 MeV incident pion laboratory energy by a microscopic calculation in which the energy-dependence correction is made after including the Fermi-averaging and Pauli-blocking effects. In contrast to other work, this potential includes the minimum number of the parameters that describe the full information content of the data. They can thus conclude that these effects are the important microscopic corrections for the extrapolation, but neither the Lorentz-Lorenz effect nor some highly nonlocal effects are crucial ones. The potential they have used has angular transformation terms which are also found to be crucial in the unified treatment. During the course of this work they have found an interesting behavior of the terms. A short account of its discussion is also presented. (26 References).
R. Seki and K. Masutani, "Unified analysis of pionic atoms and low-energy pion-nucleus scattering: phenomenological analysis," Physical Review C, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 2799--816, 1983.
Abstract: The pi /sup -/-atom and low-energy pi -nucleus elastic scattering data have been analyzed systematically in order to examine their information content with respect to the structure of the pi -nucleus optical potential. The authors have firmly established the existence of the data's insensitivity to the potential structure and have examined its consequences in detail. The insensitivity is manifested in the form of correlations between the coefficients of rho and rho /sup 2/ in the potential. They have found that such correlations vary slowly as a function of the pion energy (T/sub pi /) from the threshold (the pi /sup -/ atoms) through 50 MeV and that, exploiting the correlations, one can define an effective nuclear density, rho /sub e/, at which the pion effectively interacts with nuclei. rho /sub e/ was also found to increase slowly as T/sub pi / increases. In contrast, no correlation was observed between the coefficient of the local term and that of the nonlocal (momentum dependent) term. As a consequence of the above nature of the correlations, they have established a form of the optical potential which contains the minimum number of parameters in order to describe the information content of the data. (37 References).
R. Seki, "Anomalously small shifts and widths in pionic atoms," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 511--25, 1985.
Abstract: Presents a detailed account of a search for the explanation of anomalously small 3d shifts and widths in heavy pionic atoms. Although no plausible microscopic reason has yet been found for the small widths, the author clarifies limitations and constraints that the pion-nucleus optical potential must satisfy in order to describe consistently, pionic atoms data including the anomalous ones. (49 References).
R. Seki and WK. Kellogg, "Pionic atom anomaly and low-energy pion elastic scattering," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 233-46, 1988.
Abstract: The present status of the pionic atom anomaly is discussed with emphasis on clarification of its phenomenological characteristics. Anomalous effects in low-energy elastic pion scattering are also examined from a phenomenological point of view. (23 References).
R. Seki, K. Masutani, and H. Toki, "Absorptive contents of pionic-atom optical potentials and the anomaly problem," Physics Letters B, vol. 263, no. 1, pp. 1--6, 1991.
Abstract: The authors show that the imaginary parts of a pionic-atom optical potential cannot be a candidate, by themselves, for the explanation of the anomaly problem, when two-nucleon absorption is assumed to be described effectively by quadratic forms of nuclear densities. By examining multinucleon absorption processes, they find a criterion that will help to determine whether a potential fit to pionic-atom data (especially to anomalous data), is acceptable. (13 References).
G. G. Semenchuk, D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, YuA Chestnov, E. M. Maev, G. E. Petrov, YuV Smirenin, A. A. Vorobyov, and NI. Voropaev, "Kinetic analysis of MCF experiments in triple H/D/T mixtures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 57-65, 1996.
Abstract: We report the results of an analysis of time and energy distributions of fusion products obtained in experiments on DT mu -fusion of HD molecules in triple H/D/T mixtures performed in Gatchina in 1985 and at PSI in 1989-92 with a high-pressure ionization chamber and neutron detectors. With different concentrations of tritium, 2.7 and 0.05%, it was possible to evaluate the rate of DT mu formation from the spin states F=0 and F=1 of T mu atoms. The combined analysis of these experiments provided information about the contribution of epithermal DT mu formation to the initial part of the time spectra, which depends on the ratio of the exchange rates ( lambda /sub pt// lambda /sub pd/)/sup eff/.c/sub t//c/sub d/=( lambda /sub pt// lambda /sub pd/+b).c/sub t//c/sub d/, where b is the fraction of the fast muon DT-exchange at high energy of D mu atoms. (16 References).
G. G. Semenchuk, D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, V. A. Ganzha, S. M. Kozlov, E. M. Maev, YuA Misko, G. E. Petrov, YuV Smirenin, G. N. Schapkin, V. A. Trofimov, A. A. Vasiliev, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, B. Gartner, P. Kammel, B. Lauss, J. Marton, W. Prymas, E. Steininger, J. Zmeskal, C. Petitjean, A. Brunnhuber, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, M. Muehlbauer, W. Schott, Egidy T. Von, T. Case, and K. Crow, "A new project for the investigation of unsolved problems of dd mu and pd mu catalysis in D/sub 2/ and H/D mixtures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 547-62, 1996.
Abstract: We propose to study a number of open problems in DD mu and HD mu fusion using the new high-pressure ionization chamber for charged particle identification in coincidence with the n-/e-counter array for the detection of neutrons and mu -decay electrons. Our first objective will be a precise measurement of the absolute rates of resonant and non-resonant DD mu formation in D/sub 2/ and HD-gases and their temperature dependence from 40 to 350 K. Both output channels of the dd-reaction: /sup 3/He+n and t+p will be observed and their ratio sensitive to contributions of S and P-waves will be determined. Simultaneously, we shall investigate the HD mu -cycle and determine the absolute HD-fusion yields in different molecular H/D compositions, observing tritons from nuclear muon capture in /sup 3/He mu : pd mu to /sup 3/He mu + gamma . We have developed a special system for the preparation of HD-gas with high concentration (96%) of HD and a purity (10/sup -6/). (21 References).
G. G. Semenchuk, D. V. Balin, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, V. A. Ganzha, F. J. Hartmann, S. M. Kozlov, B. Lauss, E. M. Maev, M. Muhlbauer, C. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, S. M. Sadetsky, G. N. Schapkin, W. Schott, YuV Smirenin, M. A. Soroka, A. A. Vasiliev, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, and J. Zmeskal, "Study of muon catalyzed dd-fusion in HD gas," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 141--6, 1999.
Abstract: "The results of an experiment on muon catalyzed dd-fusion in HD gas are presented. The experiment was performed at the muon beam of PSI using a high-pressure ionization chamber filled with pure HD-gas of low D/sub 2/ concentration on the level 1%, at temperatures 50, 150 and 300 K. The non-resonant character of dd mu -molecule formation on HD molecules was confirmed by measuring the ratio of yields of the two dd mu -fusion channels
M. Senba, A. C. Gonzalez, J. R. Kempton, D. J. Arseneau, J. J. Pan, A. Tempelmann, and DG. Fleming, "Addition and spin exchange rate constants by longitudinal field mu SR: the Mu+NO reaction," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 65, no. 1-4, pp. 979--86, 1990.
Abstract: The addition reaction Mu+NO+M to MuNO+M and the spin exchange reaction Mu( up arrow )+NO( down arrow ) to Mu( down arrow )+NO( up arrow ) have been measured by longitudinal field mu SR at room temperature in the presence of up to 58 atm of N/sub 2/ as inert collider. The pressure dependence of the longitudinal relaxation rate due to the addition reaction ( lambda /sub c/) demonstrates that the system is still in the low pressure regime in this pressure range. The corresponding intermolecular rate constant has been determined as k/sub 0,Mu/=(1.10+or-0.25)*10/sup -32/ cm/sup 6/ molecules/sup -2/ s/sup -1/, almost 4 times smaller than the corresponding H atom reaction k/sub 0,H/=3.90*10/sup -32/ cm/sup 6/ molecules/sup -2/ s/sup -1/ (I.M. Campbell et al., J.Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1, 71 (1975) 2097). The average value of the spin exchange rate constants in the 2.5-58 atm pressure range, k/sub SE/=(3.16+or-0.06)*10/sup -10/ cm/sup 3/ molecule/sup -1/ s/sup -1/, is in good agreement with previous values obtained by transverse field mu SR. (13 References).
M. Senba, "Muon spin depolarization in noble gases during slowing down in a longitudinal magnetic field," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 31, no. 23, pp. 5233--60, 1998.
Abstract: The spin depolarization of the positive muon during slowing down in He, Ne and Ar has been calculated as a function of gas pressure and longitudinal magnetic field strength. The calculation is based on the cross sections for the atomic processes contributing to the slowing down of the positive muon ( mu /sup +/) and muonium (Mu= mu /sup +/e/sup -/), obtained from the corresponding cross sections for the proton (p/sup +/) and hydrogen (H=p/sup +/e/sup -/) by simple scaling schemes. The depolarization mechanism taking place in the subpicosecond time regime is discussed in the context of recent experiments to determine the muon decay parameters precisely and accurately in the search for right-handed neutrinos. It has been shown that the polarization loss in He is 1% at B=4 T and 1 atm pressure, an amount which is unacceptably large for accurate (100 ppm or better) measurements of the muon decay parameters. It is also pointed out that at this level of accuracy a strong longitudinal magnetic field is a much less effective means of quenching the muon spin depolarization mechanism than previously thought. Effects of the electron spin polarization induced by a strong longitudinal magnetic field are also discussed. (38 References).
M. Senba, "Anisotropic muonium atoms: Energy levels and electron spin exchange," Physical Review A, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 042505/1-21, 2000.
Abstract: The time evolution of the muon spin in fully anisotropic muonium (Mu= mu /sup +/+e/sup -/) in the presence of Heisenberg spin exchange has been investigated theoretically. First, the energy levels of anisotropic Mu as a function of field are investigated analytically with a particular emphasis on the crossing and avoidance of energy levels at certain magnetic fields, which have important consequences in muon spin dynamics. Second, the knowledge of the energy levels is applied to investigate the muon spin depolarization due to electron spin exchange with spin- 1/2 paramagnetic species, where the muon spin depolarization rate and the precession amplitude observed by the muon-spin-rotation ( mu SR) technique are explicitly expressed solely in terms of the matrix that diagonalizes the anisotropic Mu hyperfine Hamiltonian. The treatment presented here represents a special systematic and practical method that allows one to investigate the time evolution of the muon spin in anisotropic Mu in the presence of electron spin exchange. Several concrete examples are discussed in detail, including those in which all the mu SR observables can be obtained analytically. The method developed in this work is used to explain the relaxation rate maximum in anisotropic Mu in semiconductors observed at the longitudinal fields at which two of the Mu energy levels avoid each other due to a strong level mixing or avoidance, where the present formalism takes the tensor nature of the anisotropic hyperfine interaction fully into account without invoking the convenient but not necessarily correct notion of an effective magnetic field in an anisotropic Mu. Also discussed is the possibility of observing additional relaxation maximum at a low-avoidance field, where the effective magnetic-field approximation completely breaks down. Observation of such a maximum will provide valuable information on the parameters characterizing the anisotropic Mu in question. The formalism presented here can also be applied to anisotropic positronium on surfaces, anisotropic Mu undergoing both charge exchange and spin exchange, and fast spin exchange. (51 References).
M. Senba, "Spin depolarization of the positron thermalizing in He: Comparison with the positive muon," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, vol. 171, pp. 126-134, 2000.
Abstract: The positron produced by a parity non-conserving beta decay may be spin-polarized. If the positron spin polarization is maintained after thermalization. the distribution of positronium atoms among four Ps hyperfine eigenstates is strongly influenced in an applied magnetic field. In this work, the spin depolarization of the positron during the cyclic charge exchange regime in the gas phase is discussed in comparison with the similar but more well understood process For the positive muon in gases. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
M. L. Senent and FJ. Bermejo, "Evidence for muon binding in condensed oxygen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 96, no. 1-2, pp. 153--66, 1995.
Abstract: The structure and relative stability of MuO/sub 2/ and MuO/sup +//sub 2/ complexes as well as the muon binding to the primitive cell corresponding to beta -oxygen is investigated by means of ab initio calculations employing large basis sets. A substantial enhancement of the stability of the bound forms is found in both isolated-molecule and condensed phases. The possible implications of the present findings regarding recent measurements of mu SR relaxation rates in the condensed phases of oxygen are finally discussed. (29 References).
R. A. Sen'kov and VF. Dmitriev, "Nuclear magnetization distribution and hyperfine splitting in Bi/sup 82+/ ion," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A706, no. 3-4, pp. 351--64, 2002.
Abstract: Hyperfine splitting in Bi/sup 82+/ and Pb/sup 81+/ ions was calculated using continuum RPA approach with effective residual forces. To fix the parameters of the theory nuclear magnetic dipole moments of two one-particle and two one-hole nuclei around /sup 208/Pb were calculated in the same approach. The contribution from velocity dependent two-body spin-orbit residual interaction was explicitly taken into account. In addition to electronic HFS the octupole moment of /sup 209/Bi and the HFS in a muonic bismuth atom were also obtained in the same approach. All the calculated observables, except the electronic HFS in /sup 209/Bi, are in good agreement with the data. We argue for more accurate measurements of the octupole moment and the muonic HFS for /sup 209/Bi nucleus. (35 References).
VG. Serbo, "Production of lepton pairs in free or bound states at relativistic heavy ion colliders," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 82, no. , pp. 414-19, 2000.
Abstract: The Coulomb correction to the e/sup +/e/sup -/ pair production related to multiphoton exchange of the produced e/sup +or-/ with nuclei is considered. The found correction to the total cross section is negative and equals -25% at the RHIC for Au-Au and -14% at the LHC for Pb-Pb collisions. Furthermore the production of the relativistic positroniums (Ps) is considered, and it is shown that the RHIC and the LHC will be Ps factories with the production rate about 10/sup 5//10/sup 8/ relativistic Ps per day. Then results for creation of the mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/ atoms are presented. The expected annual number of events is about 400 for Au-Au collisions at RHIC, 5.10/sup 4/ for Pb-Pb and 3.10/sup 5/ for Ca-Ca collisions at LHC. (18 References).
AV. Sergeev, "1/N expansion for the three-body problem," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 945--50, 1989.
Abstract: An expansion in powers of 1/N, where N is the dimension of space, is used for the calculation of the energy of a quantum-mechanical three-body system. It is proved that the limit N to infinity corresponds to the classical motion of a rigid configuration of particles in four-dimensional space. The results of the summation of the series in 1/N are discussed in the case of an anharmonic oscillator the mu mu alpha muonic atom, and screened helium. (14 References).
BD. Serot, "Semileptonic weak and electromagnetic interactions with nuclei: nuclear current operators through order (v/c)/sub nucleon//sup .2/," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A308, no. 3, pp. 457--99, 1978.
Abstract: A previously developed procedure for generating the multipole operators of the weak and electromagnetic nuclear current from single-nucleon matrix elements is used. The analysis is extended through O((v/c)/sub nucleon//sup 2/) by including relativistic corrections in the matrix elements. Explicit exchange currents are neglected and ambiguities arising from the off-mass-shell behavior of the nucleons treated in a consistent fashion using two methods, one equates the energy transfer to the energy difference between single-nucleon states, the other uses the lepton energy loss. The results agree with similar calculations done previously. A theorem indicating the circumstances under which these ambiguities are absent is also proved. In explicit calculations in the A=6 and A=12 systems using previously determined nuclear parameters, it is found that second-order corrections are small when second-class currents are absent. When second-class currents are included, their effects on beta -decay are ambiguous; however in processes involving large momentum transfers, their effects may be large. (33 References).
A. M. Sessler, "Neutrino factories: The facility," Comment Mod. Phys., vol. 2, pp. A309-A321, 2002.
Abstract: The recent results from Super-K clearly indicate the existence of neutrino oscillations and, therefore, motivate the building of a muon storage ring (20-50 GeV) that can produce a directed beam of intense neutrinos (10(20)-10(21) per year) for both domestic and intercontinental experiments (baseline of as much as 5,000 km). Such a device requires a powerful proton source (1-4 MW), muon capture, manipulation, cooling, acceleration, and storage. The physics of the neutrino sector is discussed in the previous article; here we describe the factory itself.
Kon Kim Seung, Ku Kang Jeong, Wu Choi Jae, and Yong Chung. Ho, "/sup 208/Pb nucleon density deduced from its mesic atoms," Journal of the Korean Physical Society, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 100--4, 1992.
Abstract: The authors have determined the radial distribution of the protons and neutrons in /sup 208/Pb. To begin with, the nuclear charge distribution was determined by bringing the calculated Dirac bound state transition energies in reasonable accord with measured muonic /sup 208/Pb atom data. The electrostatic potential due to the resulting charge distribution was used along with a pi -nucleus optical potential in numerically solving a Klein-Gordon type equation to calculate pionic transition energies for the /sup 208/Pb atom. The neutron distribution was then obtained from its assumed functional form with its parameters adjusted to optimize the fit to the observed pionic atom data. (18 References).
K. D. Sevier, "Atomic electron binding energies," Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, vol. 24, pp. 323--371, 1979.
CM. Shakin, "Nuclear polarization and the muonic X-ray spectrum of Pb," Physical Review C, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 411--13, 1973.
Abstract: The importance of nuclear core excitation for the muonic X-ray spectrum of lead is emphasized. The consideration of octupole nuclear polarization is shown to affect the position of the 3d levels in muonic /sup 208/Pb. Inclusion of the nuclear polarization effects may aid in the explanation of an anomaly found by Ford and Rinker (1973) in their analysis of muonic transitions in the lead isotopes, as level shifts due to core polarization are of the order of the discrepancies between theory and experiment. (8 References).
VA. Shakirov, "Time evolution of energy and spin state distribution of (p mu )/sub 1s/ atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 141-9, 1996.
Abstract: Kinetic equations for muonic atoms in protium were solved using numerical methods. Distributions of muonic atoms on the energy and total spin were obtained. (6 References).
O. Shanker, "Z-dependence of coherent mu e conversion rate in anomalous neutrinoless muon capture," Physical Review D, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 1608--15, 1979.
Abstract: The coherent muon-electron conversion rate in anomalous neutrinoless muon capture by nuclei is calculated in terms of phenomenological coupling constants defined by effective Hamiltonian densities. The possibilities of muon-number violation occurring through lepton mixing, through muon-number-violating gauge couplings, or through scalar-Higgs-boson exchange are considered. The variation of the coherent conversion rate with atomic number Z is discussed for different values of the coupling constants. The present results are compared with previous approximate formula given by Weinberg and Feinberg (1959). The following limits on the phenomenological coupling constants are found: mod g/sub v//sup (0)/ mod [left angle bracket]10/sup -6/ and mod g/sub v//sup (1)/ mod [left angle bracket]2.9*10/sup -4/, or mod g/sub s//sup (0)/ mod [left angle bracket]10/sup -6/ and mod g/sub s//sup (1)/ mod [left angle bracket]3.2*10/sup -4/. (23 References).
E. V. Sheely, S. E. Jones, L. M. Rees, J. K. Shurtleff, S. F. Taylor, and JM. Thorne, "Predicted methods of changing the muon catalyzed fusion cycling rate," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 79-91, 1988.
Abstract: The authors use an easily modifiable computerized simulation procedure to predict reaction yields of muo-fusion. Reaction yields are predicted under varying conditions without the explicit solution of rate equations. Conditions and methods of optimizing reaction conditions by controlling the concentrations of hydrogen isotopes are discussed. The effects of non-equilibrated manipulation of reaction components and intermediates are predicted. (15 References).
E. B. Shera, E. T. Ritter, GA Jr Rinker, M. J. Bennett, R. B. Perkins, H. D. Wohlfahrt, G. Fricke, L. K. Wagner, P. Kleinheinz, R. K. Sheline, R. M. Steffen, and JW. Negele, "Muonic isotope shifts in the even Fe nuclei," Physical Review Letters, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 535--8, 1975.
Abstract: Isotope shifts in the 2p/sub 3/2/ to 1s/sub 1/2/ and 2p/sub 1/2/ to 1s/sub 1/2/ transition energies are presented for /sup 54,56,58,/Fe. The results are compared with various Hartree-Fock calculations. The relative importance of spherical dilation and deformation of the core protons is shown and it is suggested that neutron-proton pairing may account for remaining discrepancies. (7 References).
E. B. Shera, E. T. Ritter, R. B. Perkins, G. A. Rinker, L. K. Wagner, H. D. Wollfahrt, G. Frieke, and RM. Steffen, "Systematics of nuclear charge distributions in Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn deduced from muonic X-ray measurements," Physical Review C, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 731--47, 1976.
Abstract: Isotope and isotone shifts and absolute 2p/sub 1/2/=1s/sub 1/2/ and 2p/sub 3/2/-1s/sub 1/2/ muonic X-ray energies to a general accuracy of about 50 eV were measured for /sup 54,56,57,58/Fe, /sup 59/Co, /sup 58,60,61,62,64,/Ni, /sup 63,65/Cu, and /sup 65,66,68,70/Zn by observing three nuclei at a time with a Ge(Li) detector. The energies are corrected for all known important quantum electrodynamic effects and for nuclear polarisations up to L=4, and are analysed in terms of Barrett moments of 2 parameter Fermi nuclear charge distributions from which equivalent radii R/sub k/ are deduced. Even isotone shifts show a strong shell effect at Z=28, but the even-isotope shifts uniformly decrease with N from N=28-40 and are independent of Z, suggesting the added neutrons interact with the entire proton core. Odd-even staggering appears to show a shell effect and spherical Hartree-Fock calculations give good agreement for some nuclei. (47 References).
E. B. Shera, M. V. Hoehn, L. K. Wagner, Y. Yamazaki, R. M. Steffen, and KS. Krane, "Isomer shift of the 2.61 MeV gamma-ray transition in muonic /sup 208/Pb," Physics Letters B, vol. 67B, no. 1, pp. 26--8, 1977.
Abstract: The isomer shift of the 2.61 MeV gamma -ray transition in /sup 208/Pb has been measured as 6.25+or-0.28 keV. This result is in disagreement with interpretation of the 3/sup -/ state as a one-phonon octupole vibration. (19 References).
EB. Shera, "Pionic and muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A335, no. 1-2, pp. 75--82, 1980.
Abstract: The field of pionic and muonic atom research is reviewed with emphasis of papers contributed to the 8th International Conference on High Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure. (12 References).
E. B. Shera, H. D. Wohlfahrt, M. V. Hoehn, and Y. Tanaka, "Charge distributions of barium isotopes from muonic x-rays," Physics Letters B, vol. 112B, no. 2, pp. 124--8, 1982.
Abstract: The results of a muonic X-ray study of the charge radii of stable barium isotopes are presented and compared with optical isotope shifts. The isotope shifts Delta (r/sup 2/) of a wide range of barium isotopes are found to be in good agreement with the droplet model and with IBA calculations. (15 References).
EB. Shera, "Probing nuclear structure with muons," in Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference, (O. Klepper, ed.), pp. 372-8, 1984.
Abstract: Three recent muonic-atom experiments are discussed that (a) involve connections with, or are relevant to, other types of experiments and (b) have provided interesting new nuclear physics results. (4 References).
E. B. Shera, M. V. Hoehn, G. Fricke, and G. Mallot, "Nuclear charge radii of the Te isotopes from muonic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 195--208, 1989.
Abstract: The muonic atom energies of the 2p-1s and the 3d-2p transitions were measured with a statistical accuracy of better than +or-70 and +or-40 eV, respectively, for /sup 123,124,125,126,128,130/Te. The values for the Barrett equivalent nuclear radii R/sub k, alpha / and for the root-mean-square radii and their differences were calculated first from muonic data alone and second with the addition of published optical data. The latter data provided the radii of /sup 120/Te and /sup 122/Te isotopes, which were not measured by muonic X-rays. A combined analysis of the muonic atom and optical isotope shift data yielded high-precision values of the differences in radii Delta R/sub k, alpha / (error[left angle bracket]+or-0.5 am) and Delta [left angle bracket]r/sup 2/[right angle bracket]/sup 1/2/ (error[left angle bracket]+or-0.9 am) between the neighboring isotopes. The optical constants for the Te line lambda =4049 AA were determined (including contributions of higher radial moments) to be F=(509+or-120) mK/fm/sup 2/ and M=-(104+or-63)*10/sup 3/ mK. Systematic behavior of the radius differences in neighboring isotopes and isotones of Ba, Xe, Te, and Sn, together with odd-even staggering of the Te isotopes, are discussed in this paper. The Delta N=2 Te isotope shifts between even-A nuclei decrease nearly linearly with increasing N, which can be explained by a successive decreasing deformation in accordance with the observed systematics. The experimental data for the Te isotopes proved to be in good agreement with even-A Hartree-Fock calculations and with recent Hartee-Fock calculations for odd-A nuclei in which three-body forces are considered. A linear decrease of the nuclear skin thickness with decreasing deformation was observed and is explained by a simple model. (47 References).
J. Shertzer and FS. Levin, "Solution of three-body Coulomb problems for J=0," Physical Review A, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 2531--4, 1991.
Abstract: The Schrodinger equation for the S state of the three-body system with arbitrary charge and mass has been solved directly using finite-element analysis. In this analysis, the wave function is approximated piecewise using polynomial interpolation functions. The energy and wave function converge to their exact values as the number of elements is increased. In contrast to standard variational calculations, the error in the expectation value of physical observables is comparable to the error in the energy. Results are reported for the helium atom and the muonic molecular ion dd mu /sup +/. (8 References).
H. Shibata, Y. Kino, and H. Kudo, "Nonadiabatic coupled rearrangement channel calculation of nuclear fusion rate in muonic molecular ion (tt mu )/sup +/," Riken Review, vol. 30, no. , 2000.
Abstract: Nuclear fusion rates in the muonic molecular ion (tt mu )/sup +/ are calculated by solving the threebody Schrodinger equation with a nonadiabatic coupled rearrangement channel method. We treated the fusion channel as a nuclear absorption using an optical potential with Woods-Saxon shape. The calculated fusion rates are a few times larger than the observed value. (4 References).
Y. Shigeta, H. Nagao, K. Nishikawa, and K. Yamaguchi, "Density functional theory without the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. II. Green function techniques," International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, vol. 75, no. 4-5, pp. 875--83, 1999.
Abstract: We have proposed a numerical scheme for the non-Born-Oppenheimer density functional calculation based upon the Green function techniques within the GW approximation for evaluating molecular properties in the full quantum mechanical treatment. We numerically calculate the physical properties of individual motion in the hydrogen molecule and the muon molecule by means of this method and discuss the isotope effect on the properties in relation to correlation effects. An applicability of the present method to cooperative electron-proton transfer (CEPT) systems is also discussed in comparison with the path-integral centroid methods. (24 References).
Y. Shigeta, H. Nagao, K. Nishikawa, and K. Yamaguchi, "A formulation and numerical approach to molecular systems by the Green function method without the Born-Oppenheimer approximation," J. Chem. Phys., vol. 111, pp. 6171-6179, 1999.
Abstract: We have proposed a new numerical scheme for the non-BornOppenheimer density functional calculation based upon the Green function techniques within the GW approximation for evaluating molecular properties in the full quantum mechanical treatment. We numerically calculate the physical properties of the individual motion in a hydrogen molecule and a muon molecule by means of this method and discuss the isotope effect on the properties in relation to correlation effects. It is concluded that the GW approximation is work well not only for calculation of the electronic state but also for that of nuclear state. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)30338-X].
I. Shimamura, "Series of resonance states of muonic molecules," Physical Review A, vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 4863--71, 1989.
Abstract: Two infinite series of resonance states of muonic molecular ions (pp mu )/sup +/ and their isotopes converging to the dissociation limit n=2 are theoretically studied within nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. These resonance states are supported by the attractive long-range dipole potential originating from the linear Stark effect and behaving as R/sup -2/. The positions in /sub nu /(v=0,1,2,. . .) of the resonances relative to the dissociation threshold satisfy a simple power law in /sub nu /=A alpha /sup v/ for high v, the constant alpha being easily calculable in terms only of the total angular momentum and the masses of the nuclei and the muon. The size of a muonic molecule in a state in /sub v/ is approximately 10/sup -8/ cm/(4 square root mod in /sub v/(eV) mod ), which is comparable to (or even larger than) the size of ground-state electron molecules if the resonance lies within a fraction of an electron volt from the dissociation threshold. The theory is useful in the classification of resonances in muonic molecules. The systems (dt mu )/sup +/ and (dd mu )/sup +/0 are analyzed as examples. (28 References).
I. Shimamura, "Resonance states of muonic molecules and muon-catalyzed fusion," in Plasma Spectroscopy and Atomic Processes. Proceedings of the Workshop (NIFS-PROC-4), pp. 123-7, 1990.
Abstract: The d-t and d-d fusion catalyzed by muons without the need of high-temperature plasmas has been the subject of increasing experimental and theoretical interest. It has been established experimentally that a single muon can catalyze d-t fusion about 150 times on the average during its lifetime in a dense mixture of deuterium and tritium under certain conditions. In the pure deuterium without tritium less efficient muon-catalyzed d-d fusion occurs. The clue to the mechanism of the catalysis is the formation of muonic molecular ions (dt mu )/sup +/ or (dd mu )/sup +/, which are essentially Coulomb three-body systems similar to the hydrogen molecular ions H/sub 2//sup +/, D/sub 2//sup +/, HD/sup +/ etc. The equilibrium internuclear distances R/sub e/ of the muonic molecules are smaller than the R/sub e/ of the electronic molecules by a factor of about 207. This greatly reduces the Coulomb barrier against nuclear fusion in muonic molecules compared with the barrier for electronic molecules, thus enhancing the intramolecular fusion rate by, for example, ninety-five orders of magnitude in going from DT/sup +/ to (dt mu )/sup +/. (16 References).
I. Shimamura, "Moleculelike metastable states of antiprotonic and mesic helium," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 3776--88, 1992.
Abstract: The exotic helium atom, consisting of a helium nucleus He/sup 2+/, an electron e/sup -/, and a massive, negatively charged particle X/sup -/, such as an antiproton (p) or a kaon (K/sup -/), is studied theoretically. This exotic atom is more like a polar molecule with two nuclei He/sup 2+/ and X/sup -/, if e/sup -/ is in a low-lying orbital and X/sup -/ is in a highly excited orbital. Such states are generally formed in the capture of X/sup -/ by helium. The Born-Oppenheimer (BO) separation of the e/sup -/ motion and the He/sup 2+/-X/sup - /motion is a good approximation for these states, and affords a transparent, unified perspective of exotic helium with different X/sup -/ and different isotopes of He/sup 2+/. A propensity rule that favors small transition energies (except for the smallest one) is found for radiative emission by low vibrational, high rotational levels. This rule resembles the selection rule for infrared emission by the usual diatomic polar molecules, and contradicts the conventional expectation that radiative transitions in exotic atoms favor larger transition energies. The radiative lifetimes tau of highly excited states formed immediately after the capture of X/sup -/ are of the order of mu sec for /sup 4/He/sup 2+/-p-e/sup -/ and /sup 3/He/sup 2+/-p-e/sup -/, and those for /sup 4/He/sup 2+/-K/sup -/-e/sup -/ are about half the values for the antiprotonic helium. The effect of the electronic charge polarization by X/sup -/ on tau is explained quantitatively in a simple picture in terms of the molecular dipole moment. Low vibrational, high rotational states are described as circular or near-circular states in the atomic picture. They are stable against Auger decay, which the nonadiabatic perturbation on the BO states induces. An infinite series of bound Sigma electronic states of exotic helium negative ions (He/sup 2+/-X/sup -/-e/sup -/)-e/sup -/ exists for any He/sup 2+/-X/sup -/ distances R beyond 0.819 a.u. in the BO approximation. An infinite Pi series exists for R[right angle bracket]3.811 a.u., and an infinite Delta series for R[right angle bracket]9.532 a.u. (35 References).
G. R. Shin and J. Rafelski, "Double target option for pion production for muon catalyzed fusion," in Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems 1989, ICENES '89. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, (Mollendorff U. von and B. Goel, eds.), pp. 271--5, 1989.
Abstract: The authors present a conceptual scheme and detailed calculations concerning energy efficient and copious production of negative pions. In this scheme, a circulating proton beam collides with a thin internal target producing primary pi /sup -/ and other shower particles. These highly energetic secondaries produce further pi /sup -/ in external secondary target materials. The energy cost per primary negative pion for proton beams and various targets is estimated. Secondary particle momentum and angle distributions of neutrons, protons and pi /sup +/ are obtained using a Monte Carlo simulation from which respective negative pion production efficiencies are found. They find that a pi /sup -/ may be produced at a cost of 2.7 GeV in beam kinetic energy at P/sub p/ approximately=4.8 GeV/c using Be targets. (9 References).
G. R. Shin and J. Rafelski, "Muons after d-t fusion," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. L187-95, 1990.
Abstract: The authors obtain and evolve in time the Wigner phase space distribution of the muon emerging from the catalysed (dt) fusion. The energy spectrum is calculated as function of time until the final amplitude at time= infinity is reached. In particular, the muon phase space distribution is allowed to evolve under the influence of the fusion alpha -particle. They find that the sticking amplitude is built up over rather large distances and that post fusion alpha - mu -hydrogen interactions are of importance. (9 References).
G. R. Shin and J. Rafelski, "Muons after d-t fusion," Physical Review A, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 601--2, 1991.
Abstract: The authors consider the forces acting on the muon following the d-t fusion and show that it is improper to neglect the alpha - mu Coulomb interaction. They further show that the muon separation from the alpha particle is large at the time both interact with matter. This invalidates the assumption of pointlike source for transport studies of the muon evolution. The authors conclude, therefore, that the comment made by Jandel (1991) is physically incorrect. (3 References).
A. Shinohara, "Atomic capture and the successive nuclear absorption of stopped-negative-pion," in Report of the Joint Seminar on Heavy-Ion Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Chemistry in the Energy Region of Tandem Accelerators (III) (JAERI-M 88-100), (Y. Sugiyama, A. Iwamoto, and S. Baba, eds.), pp. 59--60, 1988.
Abstract: The author describes the results of the measurements of the fission probability and the product yields in the pion absorption reaction in /sup 209/Bi and discuss the reaction mechanism. The pion irradiations and the pionic X- and in-beam gamma -ray measurements were performed at the 12-GeV proton synchrotron of KEK. Identification and determination of the produced nuclides were carried out by means of the in-beam reaction gamma -rays and the gamma -rays of the residual activities. The observed yield distributions of lead isotopes with A=194-207 and thallium isotopes with A=199-205 are given. The fission event was detected with a mica track detector. The fission probability, W/sub f/, was determined as W/sub f/=(3.01+or-0.34)*10/sup -3/ with the aid of the pionic X-ray measurement. (3 References).
A. Shinohara and others, "Pionic x--ray intensities per captured negative pion in various elements," KEK Preprint 93--132, 1993.
A. Shinohara, T. Muroyama, J. Shintai, E. Taniguchi, T. Saito, T. Miura, N. Imanishi, Y. Yoshimura, and M. Furukawa, "Measurements of transfer process in pion capture by a series of alcohols," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 84, no. 1-4, pp. 569--74, 1994.
Abstract: The transfer of negative pions captured by hydrogen to heavier atoms has been investigated in a series of alcohols by measuring both 2 gamma rays from pi /sup 0/ decay and pionic X rays. Capture rates for the pionic hydrogen of different chemical states in the molecule were determined from a comparison between the data for the ordinary compound and the deuterated one. The external transfer in the condensed phase was revealed by the dependence of the capture rate of hydrogen on the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group. The influence of the chemical structure on the transfer process is discussed with respect to the large difference between the relative transfer rates, Lambda /sub C/=1.5+or-0.2 and Lambda O=4.5+or-0.4, corresponding to carbon and oxygen, respectively. (19 References).
A. Shinohara, T. Muroyama, F. Shigekane, M. Furukawa, T. Saito, A. Yokoyama, S. Watanabe, and T. Miura, "Pion transfer from hydrogen to deuterium in H/sub 2/O+D/sub 2/O mixtures," Physical Review A, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 4221-4, 1994.
Abstract: The transfer of negative pions captured by hydrogen to deuterium, has been studied in H/sub 2/O+D/sub 2/O mixtures. The D/sub 2/O-concentration dependence of the transfer rate was analyzed on the basis of a phenomenological model in order to determine the transfer parameters. The fit gives an asymptotic transfer of about 42%, which is smaller than the previous results, but slightly larger than the value for H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ gas mixtures. A mesomolecular effect of HOD molecules was discussed on the basis of the concentration dependence of the transfer rate. (15 References).
A. Shinohara, M. Furukawa, T. Saito, H. Baba, T. Miura, and N. Imanishi, "Pionic X-ray intensities per captured negative pion in various elements," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials & Atoms, vol. B84, no. 1, pp. 14--22, 1994.
Abstract: Pionic X-ray intensities were measured with Ge spectrometers for various atomic transitions in 30 elements (atomic numbers Z=3 to 83). The Z-dependence of the pionic X-ray yield in the same transition showed sharp yield maxima in the neighborhood of the Z values of closed atomic shells in addition to the broad maximum expected from competition of radiative transitions with the Auger effect and absorption by strong interaction with the nucleus, respectively. The variation in the X-ray yields with Z could be made plausible in terms of a simple model, in which the initial angular momentum distribution of a captured pion is restricted by the maximum angular momentum deduced from the product of the atomic distance and the maximum linear momentum of the captured pion. (25 References).
A. Shinohara, T. Muroyama, J. Shintai, J. Kurachi, M. Furukawa, T. Miura, Y. Yoshimura, T. Saito, T. Ohdaira, and N. Imanishi, "Negative-pion capture process and its chemical effects in some hydrocarbons," Physical Review A, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 130--8, 1996.
Abstract: A negative-pion capture process for several kinds of hydrocarbons was studied by the simultaneous observation of low-energy pionic X-rays and pi /sup 0/ decays following the nuclear capture of pions by hydrogen. We measured the pionic X-ray intensity pattern and the pion-capture probabilities of constituent carbon and hydrogen. The X-ray intensity pattern depends on the chemical environment; a cascade calculation showed that this can be qualitatively attributed to the effects of a pion transfer from hydrogen. The pion-capture probabilities on hydrogen could be explained by a combined model involving a modified large mesomolecular model and an external transfer process. The external transfer parameter of the pion from a pionic hydrogen atom to carbon atoms was deduced to be A/sub C/=1.7+or-0.2 based on the results for a series of alkanes in the condensed phase. The large difference between the pion-capture probabilities on hydrogen observed in alkanes and that in benzene can be well understood based on the proposed model. (25 References).
Yu Shitov, V. Egorov, C. Briancon, V. Brudanin, J. Deutsch, T. Filipova, C. Petitjean, R. Prieels, T. Siiskonen, J. Suhonen, T. Vylov, V. Wiaux, I. Yutlandov, and Sh. Zaparov, "Doppler-broadening of gamma rays following muon capture: search for scalar coupling," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A699, no. 3-4, pp. 917--35, 2002.
Abstract: A precision measurement of the 277 keV gamma ray produced by capturing muons in gaseous oxygen was performed using high-resolution HPGe detectors. The Doppler-broadened shape of this line is sensitive to the possible admixture into muon capture of genuine scalar interaction. This experiment complements, in the muon sector, in principle, similar ones undertaken recently in nuclear beta decay. Using a procedure discussed in earlier papers, a fit to the experimental line-shape allowed us to obtain for the recoil-gamma correlation coefficient the value of a/sub 2//sup 1/ = 0.096 +or- 0.041 (95% CL). The available evaluations of the contributing nuclear matfix elements, performed in the impulse approximation in the absence of scalar interaction, produce correlation coefficients in disagreement with our result. These evaluations are independent of the induced pseudoscalar coupling and so of the validity of the PCAC hypothesis, but their reliability and model dependence remain to be investigated. (49 References).
Yu Shitov, V. Egorov, V. Brudanin, I. Yutlandov, T. Vylov, C. Briancon, J. Deutsch, R. Prieels, C. Petitjean, and J. Suhonen, "Investigations of weak couplings measuring angular correlations in mu -capture: impact of nuclear models," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 459-66, 2002.
Abstract: The angular correlations were investigated measuring with high-precision HPGe detectors gamma -lines following the ordinary muon capture (OMC) on /sup 28/Si and /sup 16/O. The Doppler-broadened shapes of these lines are sensitive to the weak couplings as well as to the nuclear matrix elements (NME) of OMC transitions. A considerable quenching of the induced pseudoscalar form-factor g/sub P/ and a nonzero value of sum of scalar couplings C/sub s/ + g/sub s/ are reported contradictory to the postulates of the Standard Model. However, the questions of reliability of the NME used to extract the weak couplings from the experimentally measured correlation parameters are still open. Future steps in order to solve this problem are discussed. (19 References).
B. Shizgal, "A comparison of Mu-H and H-H electron spin exchange cross sections," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 12, no. 21, pp. 3611--17, 1979.
Abstract: The spin exchange cross sections for H-H and Mu-H collisions are calculated and compared. At low temperatures ([left angle bracket]or approximately=100K), the thermally averaged cross section for Mu-H is as much as five times larger than the corresponding cross section for H-H. At high temperatures ([right angle bracket]or approximately=400K), the thermally averaged cross sections are comparable and it is shown that the ratio of the Mu-H and H-H cross sections is given approximately by ( mu Mu-H/ mu H-H)/sup 1/(p-1)/ where mu is the reduced mass and the difference between the triplet and singlet potentials is approximately proportional to r/sup -p/. (20 References).
W. T. Shmayda and P. Mayer, "Uranium beds for temporary tritium storage," J. Less--Com. Metals, vol. 104, pp. 239--250, 1984.
W. T. Shmayda and others, "Comparison of uranium and zirconium cobalt for tritium storage," J. Less--Com. Metals, vol. 162, pp. 117--127, 1990.
Y. S. Shong and AW. Thomas, "Radiative decay of the kaon hydrogen atom," in 11th AINSE Nuclear Physics Conference 1986 (papers in summary form only received), 1986.
Abstract: Using the cloud-bag model the branching ratio for the decay of the kaon hydrogen atom to Lambda gamma and Sigma /sup 0/ gamma are obtained. (2 References).
Ando Shung-ichi, F. Myhrer, and K. Kubodera, "Capture rate and neutron helicity asymmetry for ordinary muon capture on hydrogen," Physical Review C, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 015203/1-7, 2001.
Abstract: Applying heavy-baryon chiral perturbation theory to ordinary muon capture (OMC) on a proton, we calculate the capture rate and neutron helicity asymmetry up to next-to-next-to-leading order. For the singlet hyperfine state, we obtain the capture rate Gamma /sub 0/=695 s/sup -1/ while, for the triplet hyperfine state, we obtain the capture rate Gamma /sub 1/=11.9 s/sup -1/ and the neutron asymmetry alpha /sub 1/=0.93. If the existing formalism is used to relate these atomic capture rates to Gamma /sub liq/, the OMC rate in liquid hydrogen, then Gamma /sub liq/ corresponding to our improved values of Gamma /sub 0/ and Gamma /sub 1/ is found to be significantly larger than the experimental value, primarily due to the updated larger value of g/sub A/. We argue that this apparent difficulty may be correlated to the specious anomaly recently reported for mu /sup -/+p to n+ nu /sub mu /+ gamma , and we suggest a possibility to remove these two {"}problems{"} simply and simultaneously by reexamining the molecular physics input that underlies the conventional analysis of Gamma /sub liq/. (26 References).
Ando Shung-ichi, F. Myhrer, and K. Kubodera, "Ordinary and radiative muon capture in liquid hydrogen reexamined," Physical Review C, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 048501/1-4, 2002.
Abstract: A simultaneous analysis is made of the measured rates of ordinary muon capture (OMC) and radiative muon capture (RMC) in liquid hydrogen, using theoretical estimates for the relevant atomic capture rates that have been obtained in chiral perturbation theory with the use of the most recent values of the coupling constants. We reexamine the basic formulas for relating the atomic OMC and RMC rates to the liquid-hydrogen OMC and RMC rates, respectively. Although the analysis is significantly influenced by ambiguity in the molecular state population, we can demonstrate that, while the OMC data can be reproduced, the RMC data cannot be explained with the use of realistic values of the inputs; the degree of difficulty becomes even more severe when we try to explain the OMC and RMC data simultaneously. (26 References).
Ando Shung-ichi, H. W. Fearing, and Min. Dong-Pil, "Polarized photons in radiative muon capture," Physical Review C, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 015502/1-8, 2002.
Abstract: We discuss the measurement of polarized photons arising from radiative muon capture. The spectrum of left circularly polarized photons or equivalently the circular polarization of the photons emitted in radiative muon capture on hydrogen is quite sensitive to the strength of the induced pseudoscalar coupling constant g/sub P/. A measurement of either of these quantities, although very difficult, might be sufficient to resolve the present puzzle resulting from the disagreement between the theoretical prediction for g/sub P/ and the results of a recent experiment. This sensitivity results from the absence of left-handed radiation from the muon line and from the fact that the leading parts of the radiation from the hadronic lines, as determined from the chiral power counting rules of heavy-baryon chiral perturbation theory, all contain pion poles. (39 References).
M. D. Shuster and M. Rho, "Exotic muon capture in nuclei and lepton conservation," Physics Letters B, vol. 42B, no. 1, pp. 45--8, 1972.
Abstract: The process mu /sup -/+/sup A/Z to e/sup +/+/sup A/(Z-2) is considered in connection with the lepton scheme of Konopinski and Mahmoud (1953). An upper limit for the isotensor weak coupling constant is determined which is smaller than that previously obtained by Kisslinger (1972). The possible connection with recent attempts to discover an isotensor electromagnetic interaction is also discussed. (12 References).
M. D. Shuster and M. Rho, "Isotensor muon capture in nuclei," Journal de Physique I, vol. 33, no. 8-9, 1972.
Abstract: It has been shown that the study of muon capture in nuclei provides a sensitive test of one of three possible lepton-number schemes, namely, that in which there is a single lepton number, since much an assignment permits the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup A/Z to e/sup +/+/sup A/(Z-2) to occur. This reaction is particularly interesting since it can proceed only through N*-components of the nuclear wave function. The most likely mechanism for the fundamental process is mu /sup -/+p+p to e/sup +/+n+n. Calculation of matrix elements for this process, and for ordinary muon capture Lambda ( mu /sup -/ to nu /sub mu /) gives a branching ratio which is consistent with recent experimental results for isotensor electromagnetic couplings. (4 References).
I. Sick, "Elastic electron scattering and muonic atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 388-408, 1975.
Abstract: The author concentrates on experiments which have been concerned with electron scattering at large values of momentum transfer, with the investigation of isotone pairs, and with the higher multipole moments of the ground state density of nuclei. Various model-independent analyses, which differ mainly in their treatment of the higher unmeasured Fourier components of rho (r), are outlined and compared. The corresponding muon-X-ray experimental data are discussed in parallel. (75 References).
I. Sick, "On the distribution of charge and magnetism in nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A354, no. 1-2, pp. 37c-50, 1981.
Abstract: Recent results for charge- and magnetization-densities of multipole order 0-9 obtained by elastic electron scattering and muonic atoms experiments are discussed. They are compared to theoretical calculations of nucleon wave functions, pion condensation precursor effects and meson exchange currents. (55 References).
I. Sick, "Precise nuclear radii from electron scattering," Physics Letters B, vol. 116B, no. 4, pp. 212--14, 1982.
Abstract: Independent empirical information on the properties of nuclear wave functions at large radii improves the precision of radii deduced from elastic electron scattering by a factor of 3. Using these radii to predict measured muonic atoms transition energies allows a more stringent test of the QED vacuum polarization effect. (26 References).
PB. Siegel, "K/sup -/-proton atomic transitions," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atomic Nuclei), vol. 328, no. 2, pp. 239--45, 1987.
Abstract: The relation between the K/sup -/-p scattering length and the X-ray spectrum for the 2p to 1s electromagnetic transition in K/sup -/-p atoms is examined. A coupled-channel potential model is used to explicitly calculate the energy of the S-matrix pole in the 1s channel, which is then compared with the energy obtained from the scattering lengths via the standard equation. The X-ray spectrum is calculated and compared with the Lorentzian shape associated with the complex energy of theS-matrix pole. In addition, the K/sup -/ p branching ratios are compared at threshold and at the complex S-matrix pole energy. (18 References).
T. Siems, D. F. Anagnostopoulos, G. Borchert, D. Gotta, P. Hauser, K. Kirch, L. M. Simons, P. El-Khoury, P. Indelicato, M. Augsburger, D. Chatellard, and J-P. Egger, "First direct observation of Coulomb explosion during the formation of exotic atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, no. 20, pp. 4573--6, 2000.
Abstract: A Doppler broadening of X-ray transitions from pionic nitrogen and muonic oxygen, which is attributed to Coulomb explosion of the molecules, has been observed by using a crystal spectrometer. Large linewidths indicate fast ionization of the molecules and a charge of (3-4)e for the accelerated fragments. (24 References).
D. Sigg, "CCDs as X--ray detectors in a high radiation environment," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 345, pp. 107--114, 1994.
T. Siiskonen, J. Suhonen, V. A. Kuz'min, and TV. Tetereva, "Shell-model study of partial muon-capture rates in light nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A635, no. 4, pp. 446--69, 1998.
Abstract: The nuclear shell model is used to study ordinary muon capture of light nuclei in the p, sd and p-sd shell-model spaces. Several well-established two-body interactions are applied to calculate the involved nuclear matrix elements and the emerging results are compared with each other. The resulting theoretical partial muon-capture rates are compared with experimental data and their stability against different model spaces and interactions studied. The effects of the induced-pseudoscalar strength, C/sub P/, on the capture rates is discussed. The relation between the allowed partial muon capture rates and the Gamow-Teller strength function is stressed. (30 References).
T. Siiskonen, J. Suhonen, and TS. Kosmas, "New limits for lepton-flavor violation from the mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion in /sup 27/Al," Physical Review C, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 062501/1-4, 1999.
Abstract: We present channel by channel calculations for the transition matrix elements of both coherent and incoherent rates of the exotic neutrinoless mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion in /sup 27/Al. This nucleus has recently been employed as a target in the MECO experiment at Brookhaven with the aim to search for lepton flavor violating events with a sensitivity of 10/sup -17/ leading to very severe constraints for the flavor violation parameters when using our calculated transition matrix elements. (18 References).
T. Siiskonen, J. Suhonen, and M. Hjorth-Jensen, "Shell-model effective operators for muon capture in /sup 20/Ne," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. L55-61, 1999.
Abstract: It has been proposed that the discrepancy between the partially conserved axial-current prediction and the nuclear shell-model calculations of the ratio C/sub P//C/sub A/ in the muon-capture reactions can be solved in the case of /sup 28/Si by introducing effective transition operators. Recently there has been experimental interest in also measuring the required angular correlations in /sup 20/Ne. Inspired by this, we have performed a shell-model analysis employing effective transition operators in the shell-model formalism for the transition /sup 20/Ne(0/sub g.s//sup +/)+ mu /sup -/ to /sup 20/F(1/sup +/; 1.057 MeV)+ nu /sub mu /. Comparison of the calculated capture rates with existing data supports the use of effective transition operators. Based on our calculations, as soon as the experimental anisotropy data becomes available, the limits for the ratio C/sub P//C/sub A/ can be extracted. (26 References).
T. Siiskonen, J. Suhonen, and M. Hjorth-Jensen, "Towards the solution of the C/sub P//C/sub A/ anomaly in shell-model calculations of muon capture," Physical Review C, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. R1839-43, 1999.
Abstract: Recently many authors have performed shell-model calculations of nuclear matrix elements determining the rates of the ordinary muon capture in light nuclei. These calculations have employed well-tested effective interactions in large scale shell-model studies. For one of the nuclei of interest, namely, /sup 28/Si, there exists recent experimental data which can be used to deduce the value of the ratio C/sub P//C/sub A/ by using the calculated matrix elements. Surprisingly enough, all the shell-model results suggest a very small value ( approximately=0) for C/sub P//C/sub A/, quite far from the PCAC prediction and recent data on muon capture in hydrogen. We show that this rather disturbing anomaly is solved by employing effective transition operators. This finding is also very important for realistic muon-capture calculations where one explores the strength of the scalar coupling in the weak charged current of leptons and hadrons. (29 References).
T. Siiskonen, J. Suhonen, and M. Hjorth-Jensen, "Effective shell-model transition operators for muon-capture calculations," Phys. Atom. Nuclei, vol. 63, pp. 1182-1186, 2000.
Abstract: Recently many shell-model calculations have been performed in order to extract the value of the ratio C-P/C-A in light nuclei. Most of these calculations fail to reproduce the value given by the partially conserved axial vector hypothesis, roughly 7. We show that, with the effective transition operators calculated by the perturbative techniques, this discrepancy can be, at least partly, solved. New angular correlation data for Si-28 are used for the extraction of CP/C-A In the case of Ne-20, the capture rate data are used for the extraction. (C) 2000 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica".
T. Siiskonen, J. Suhonen, and TS. Kosmas, "Realistic nuclear matrix elements for the lepton-flavor violating mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion in /sup 27/Al and /sup 48/Ti," Physical Review C, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 035502/1-7, 2000.
Abstract: Coherent and incoherent mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion channels in /sup 27/Al and /sup 48/Ti targets are investigated in detail. We present the results for the transition matrix elements of the conversion operators constructed in the conventional extensions of the standard model as well as supersymmetric theories. The nucleus /sup 27/Al has recently been employed as a target in a new mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion experiment (MECO) at Brookhaven with the aim to search for physics beyond the standard model at a relative sensitivity 10/sup -17/. Based on our calculated transition matrix elements, this experiment will lead to very severe constraints for the flavor violation parameters. For /sup 48/Ti, which is currently used as a target in the new run of the SINDRUM II experiment at PSI, we use the most recent experimental data to extract new limits for the lepton flavor nonconservation. We have also evaluated separately the isoscalar and isovector contributions to the mu /sup -/ to e/sup -/ conversion. (25 References).
T. Siiskonen, M. Hjorth-Jensen, and J. Suhonen, "Renormalization of the weak hadronic current in the nuclear medium," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 6305, pp. art. no.-055501, 2001.
Abstract: The renormalization of the weak charge-changing hadronic current as a function of the reaction energy release is studied at the nucleonic level. We have calculated the average quenching factors for each type of current (vector, axial vector, and induced pseudoscalar). The obtained quenching in the axial vector part is, at zero momentum transfer, 19% for the 1s0d shell and 23% in the 1p0f shell. We have extended the calculations also to heavier systems such as Ni-56, and Sn-100, where we obtain stronger quenchings, 44% and 59%, respectively. Gamow-Teller-type transitions are discussed, along with the higher-order matrix elements. The quenching factors are constant up to roughly 60 MeV momentum transfer. Therefore the use of energy-independent quenching factors in beta decay is justified. We also found that going beyond the zeroth and first order operators (in inverse nucleon mass) does not give any substantial contribution. The extracted renormalization to the ratio C-P/C-A at q = 100 MeV is -3.5%, -7.1%, -28.6%, and +8.7% for mass 16, 40, 56, and 100, respectively.
T. Siiskonen, "Weak interaction rates in /sup 16/O and /sup 18/O," Physical Review C, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 045501/1-5, 2001.
Abstract: The weak interaction rates in /sup 16,18/O are investigated in detail in a large shell-model space. Special attention is given to the muon capture process, which populates the states in /sup 16,18/N. The best agreement with experimental rate is obtained when unquenched weak-coupling constants are used. The roles of different multipoles are discussed, along with their strength distributions. The extracted mean excitation energy in muon capture is 10.6 MeV in /sup 16/O and 9.9 MeV in /sup 18/O, close to the dipole resonance. The isotope effect is also discussed. (31 References).
T. Siiskonern, J. Suhonen, and M. Hjorth-Jensen, "Effective shell-model transition operators for muon-capture calculations," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 63, no. 7, pp. 1257--61, 2000.
Abstract: Recently many shell-model calculations have been performed in order to extract the value of the ratio C/sub p//C/sub A/ in light nuclei. Most of these calculations fail to reproduce the value given by the partially conserved axial vector hypothesis, roughly 7. We show that, with the effective transition operators calculated by the perturbative techniques, this discrepancy can be at least partly, solved. New angular correlation data for /sup 28/Si are used for the extraction of C/sub p//C/sub A/. In the case of /sup 20/Ne, the capture rate data are used for the extraction. (28 References).
I. F. Silvera, "The solid molecular hydrogens in the condensed phase: Fundamentals and static properties," Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 52, pp. 393--452, 1980.
MP. Silverman, "Relativistic time dilatation of bound muons and the Lorentz invariance of charge," American Journal of Physics, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 251--4, 1982.
Abstract: The relativistic lengthening of the lifetime of a decaying elementary particle bound in a stationary state of an exotic atom provides evidence that the particle is actually in motion even though such motion cannot be visualized classically. This application of special relativity to the particles within an atom helps illuminate an argument frequently used for the Lorentz invariance of electric charge. (22 References).
MP. Silverman, "The lifetime of the dimuon atom," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica D-Condensed Matter Atomic Molecular & Chemical Physics Fluids Plasmas Biophysics, vol. 2D, no. 3, pp. 848-52, 1983.
Abstract: The weak decay of a muon in the ground state of a dimuon atom is analysed. Although the two muons are correlated by Fermi-Dirac statistics, it is shown that, in marked contrast to the seemingly analogous case of neutron beta-decay in /sup 3/H, statistics have no effect on the muon decay rate. The distinction between the two cases is discussed. (7 References).
MP. Silverman, "Zeeman effect in heavy muonic atoms," American Journal of Physics, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 605--10, 1983.
Abstract: The interaction of a heavy muonic atom with an external magnetic field is modeled by a quantized oscillator with spin-orbit coupling. Perturbation solutions are obtained which cover the full range of weak-, intermediate-, strong-, and ultrastrong-field cases depending on the relative values of the parameters characterizing the Coulombic, spin-orbit, and magnetic interactions. The effect of symmetry on the choice of a complete set of commuting observables with which to define a basis is discussed; the strong-field diamagnetic interaction is used as an example to demonstrate that the determination of level separations and degeneracies is independent of the choice of basis. The model is applied to the heavy muonic atom /sup 238/U to ascertain whether the splitting of degenerate states by an external magnetic field is experimentally observable. (13 References).
F. Simkovic, V. E. Lyubovitskij, T. Gutsche, A. Faessler, and S. Kovalenko, "New aspects of muon-electron nuclear conversion," Phys. Lett. B, vol. 544, pp. 121-126, 2002.
Abstract: We found a new important tree-level contribution to muonelectron nuclear conversion from neutrino exchange between two quarks in the same nucleon and demonstrated that this process, contrary to common belief, can be observed in the near future experiments if there exists a mixed sterile-active neutrino state nu(h) heavier than the quark confinement scale A(c) similar to 1 GeV. From the present non-observation of muon- electron conversion we derive new experimental constraints on nu(h) - nu(e,mu) mixing. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
P. C. P. S. Sim{ {o}}es, J. F. C. A. Veloso, J. M. F. dos Santos, and C. A. N. Conde, "Application of the digital pulse processing technique to gas proportional scintillation counters," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 44, pp. 521--526, 1997.
P. C. P. S. Sim{ {o}}es, J. M. F. dos Santos, and C. A. N. Conde, "Digital risetime discrimination for peak enhancement in gas proportional scintillation counter x--ray fluorescence analysis," X--Ray Spectrometry, vol. 26, pp. 182--188, 1997.
P. C. P. S. Sim{ {o}}es, J. M. F. dos Santos, and C. A. N. Conde, "Enhanced digital spectrometry of gas proportional scintillation counter pulses in x--ray fluorescence applications," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 45, pp. 290--294, 1998.
P. C. P. S. Sim{ {o}}es, J. M. F. dos Santos, and C. A. N. Conde, "Gas proportional scintillation counter pulse--signature analysis using digital techniques," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 422, pp. 341--346, 1999.
G. G. Simon, C. Schmitt, F. Borkowski, and V. H. Walther, "Absolute electron--proton cross sections at low momentum transfer measured with a high pressure gas target system," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 333, pp. 381--391, 1980.
LM. Simons, "Parity mixing effect in muonic atoms," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 141--4, 1975.
Abstract: A new method of measuring parity violation effects in muonic atoms is presented. A theoretical calculation yields a forward-backward asymmetry of 10/sup -5/-10/sup -6/. (9 References).
LM. Simons, "Parity mixtures in muonic atoms," in Proceedings of an International Symposium on Interaction Studies in Nuclei, (H. Jochim and B. Ziegler, eds.), pp. 73-82, 1975.
Abstract: Different possibilities for detecting parity-violating effects in the electromagnetic cascade of muonic atoms are discussed. A comparison between the M1(E1) and the E2(E1) interference gives a better measurability for the E2(E1) interference effect. (15 References).
LM. Simons, "Possibilities to measure electroweak effects in muon atoms," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium, (HV. Klapdor, ed.), pp. 831--2, 1986.
Abstract: At first glance, muonic atoms offer several attractive features for parity violation studies compared to the proposals in atomic physics with electronic atoms. First, the overlap of the muon wave function with the nucleus is (m/sub mu //m/sub e/)/sup 2/ times more than in electronic atoms with correspondingly larger weak interaction matrix elements. Also, the structure of these atoms is as simple as the hydrogen atom. This facilitates the calculation of the relevant matrix elements, and hence makes the interpretation of an eventual experiment feasible to a high degree of accuracy. Next, the preparation of a pseudoscalar observable is possible either via the natural polarization of a muonic atom produced with a polarized muon beam or via the detection of the decay electron from the ground state. (5 References).
L. M. Simons, "Recent results on antiprotonic atoms using a cyclotron trap at LEAR," Physica Scripta, vol. t22, pp. 90--95, 1988.
L. M. Simons and F. Kottmann, "The cyclotron trap and low energy muon beams," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 307--312, 1993.
L. M. Simons and others, "Exotic atoms and their electron shell," Nuclear Instruments and Methods B, vol. 87, pp. 293--300, 1994.
LM. Simons, "X-ray spectroscopy at PSI," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 281--90, 1999.
Abstract: Crystal spectroscopy of the X-rays of exotic atoms started with a series of experiments using transmission spectrometers. Experiments at lower energies were made possible by the development of reflection spectroscopy. The progress made is illustrated with a measurement of the pion mass and the determination of strong interaction effects in pionic hydrogen isotopes. Modern developments aim at a determination of the strong interaction width on the level of %. The way to reach this goal is presented and the limits of the method and possible future experiments are discussed. (23 References).
S. K. Singh, N. C. Mukhopadhyay, and E. Oset, "Inclusive neutrino scattering in /sup 12/C: Implications for nu /sub mu / to nu /sub e/ oscillations," Physical Review C, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 2687--92, 1998.
Abstract: We study inclusive nu /sub e/ and nu /sub mu / cross sections in /sup 12/C in a theory that takes into account significant nuclear renormalization of strengths. Our calculation is in excellent agreement with the measured inclusive muon capture rate and the flux-averaged nu /sub e/ cross section, but overestimates the flux-averaged nu /sub mu / inclusive cross section. These reactions are of crucial relevance to the issue of possible nu /sub mu / to nu /sub e/ oscillations. We also calculate the flux-averaged cross sections in /sup 13/C and /sup 27/Al, which are found to be consistent with the available experimental result. (33 References).
Roy MN Sinha and LR. Dodd, "Three-body perturbative estimates of the energy shift in the pi -d atom," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A348, no. 4-5, pp. 461--73, 1980.
Abstract: Using a form of three-body perturbation theory the authors have calculated directly the energy shift for the K/sub alpha / transition (2p-1s) in the pi -d system without evaluating the pion-deuteron scattering length by the usual multiple scattering formalism. The authors have critically investigated the essential limitations of the formula of Deser et al. (1954) relating the zero-energy scattering amplitude to the energy shift. They find that the contribution to the lowest order shift due to the off-shell energy dependence of the pion-nucleon t-matrix is appreciable. To confirm the importance of the off-shell correction to the single scattering term, the significance of multiple-scattering processes in the perturbation expansion is considered. The contribution of all rescatterings of the pion on the nucleons, which constitutes the total first-order shift is evaluated. A bound on the magnitude of the second-order shift, which allows nucleon-nucleon rescattering, is also given. (16 References).
HF. Skardhamar, "Nuclear polarization energy correction for muonic spectra in the lead region," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A151, no. 1, pp. 154--60, 1970.
Abstract: The nuclear polarization energy correction in muonic lead has been calculated, employing a method in which the energy difference of the muonic states relative to the nuclear excitation energy has been considered. To describe the nuclear states of excitation that are expected to contribute most significantly the author has employed the hydrodynamical model and treated the following modes of excitation, isovector and compression modes of multipolarity 0, 1, 2 and shape oscillations of multipolarity 2 and 3. (15 References).
R. Skibiliski, J. Golak, H. Witala, and W. Glockle, "Final state interaction effects in mu -capture induced two-body decay of /sup 3/He," Physical Review C, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 2384--8, 1999.
Abstract: The mu -capture process on /sup 3/He leading to a neutron, a deuteron, and a mu -neutrino in the final state is studied. Three-nucleon Faddeev wave functions for the initial /sup 3/He bound and the final neutron-deuteron scattering states are calculated using the Bonn B and Paris nucleon-nucleon potentials. The nuclear weak current operator is restricted to the impulse approximation. Large effects on the decay rates of the final state interaction are found. The comparison to recent experimental data shows that the inclusion of final state interactions drastically improves the description of the data. (17 References).
R. T. Skodje and F. Borondo, "On the use of adiabatic switching to locate quantized, periodic orbits: application to bound and reactive multidimensional problems," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 1533--46, 1986.
Abstract: The authors show that the adiabatic switching method can be used to fine periodic orbits in nonseparable multidimensional Hamiltonian systems. It is shown that the stable periodic orbits for the fully coupled systems can be found by adiabatically propagating periodic orbits from a soluble zero order reference system. A general validity criterion for the technique is presented. The method is successfully tested on several two-dimensional coupled Morse oscillator problems. The most exciting applications are to chemical reactions. They successfully locate trapped, quantized orbits for collinear and three-dimensional models of the H+MuH and H+FH reactions. (46 References).
S. Skupsky, "The giant-dipole resonance and radiative pion capture in /sup 12/C," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 178, no. 1, pp. 289--306, 1971.
Abstract: Radiative pion capture is calculated for transitions to odd-parity states of /sup 12/B. The results agree with the experiment of Bistirlich et al. (see abstr. A73972 of 1970). The nuclear wave functions were constructed by coupling an sd nucleon to low-energy states of the Cohen-Kurath model for /sup 11/C. These wave functions were tested on muon capture and photoabsorption and were found to give results in remarkable agreement with experiment. (25 References).
R. S. Sloboda and HW. Fearing, "Radiative muon capture rates and the maximum photon energy," Physical Review C, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 2265--72, 1978.
Abstract: The differential photon spectrum for radiative muon capture is expanded about the average maximum photon energy k/sub m/ and the correction terms evaluated using for one a modified Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule, thus extending previous work for ordinary capture. The resulting rate is much less dependent on k/sub m/ than the usual closure result. The ratio k/sub m// nu appropriate for closure calculations, with nu the average neutrino energy, is determined and found to be approximately constant and, when correction terms are included, somewhat higher than values previously used. By similar techniques a consistency relation is derived which can be solved to explicitly estimate 'physical' values of k/sub m/ and nu . (19 References).
R. S. Sloboda and HW. Fearing, "O(1/m/sup 2/) and nuclear effects in radiative muon capture in /sup 40/Ca," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A340, no. 2, pp. 342--66, 1980.
Abstract: Motivated by a theorem which shows that the photon asymmetry in radiative muon capture (RMC) is determined by terms of O(1/m/sup 2/) in an expansion in powers of the nucleon mass m, the authors obtained a Hamiltonian which is consistent within the standard theory to O(1/m/sup 2/) and applied it to a new calculation of RMC in /sup 40/Ca, obtaining for the first time the O(1)*O(1/m/sup 2/) contributions to the rate. The O(1/m/sup 2/) terms are definitely necessary but the most important ones come from O(1/m)*O(1/m) contributions obtainable from the usual Hamiltonian. A number of nuclear effects were considered using this O(1/m/sup 2/) Hamiltonian including an improved giant dipole resonance model and a model using Hartree-Fock wave functions, as well as the usual closure harmonic oscillator model. Results were obtainable for both photon spectrum and asymmetry in the various models. (33 References).
RJ. Slobodrian, "Three- and n-body systems: an approach in terms of relative coordinates and momenta," Physical Review C, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 1052--8, 1989.
Abstract: The dynamics of three- and n-body systems is frequently described by central two-body interactions, functions of the moduli of the relative coordinate vectors. The center-of-momentum closure relation allows one to transform the kinetic energy into a pure quadratic form in the two-body relative momenta. Defining generalized two-body relative momenta the Hamiltonian acquires a simple form, albeit in redundant variables. Symmetric systems with harmonic and short-range interactions are discussed, as well as exotic atomic systems, such as kaonic /sup 3/He, antiprotonic /sup 3/He, and others. A solution in terms of symmetric coordinates is also constructed. (15 References).
J. Smejkal, E. Truhlik, and FC. Khanna, "Chiral Lagrangians and the transition amplitude for radiative muon capture," Few-Body Systems, vol. 26, no. 2-4, pp. 175--84, 1999.
Abstract: The transition operator for the radiative capture of mesons mu /sup -/ by protons is constructed starting from a chiral Lagrangian of the N pi rho a/sub 1/ omega system obtained within the approach of hidden local symmetries. The transition operator is gauge invariant and its hadron radiative part satisfies exactly two relevant continuity equations. (17 References).
V. P. Smil'ga and VV. Fil'chenko, "Experimental possibilities of precision measurements of the hyperfine splitting energy in muonic atoms and crystals," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 124--31, 1983.
Abstract: Laser-induced (CO/sub 2/, lambda approximately=10 mu m) transitions between hyperfine structure (HFS) levels of muonic atoms and molecules are considered. It is shown that the Doppler width of the line decreases substantially in elastic collisions of muonic molecules, thereby significantly lowering the laser power needed to realize the indicated transitions. Estimates show that an effective change of the level populations of the HFS of pp mu and pd mu molecules is perfectly realistic in experiments with a hydrogen target in a muon beam. Realization of this possibility will permit: (1) a study of the spin dependence of the reactions mu /sup -/+p to n+ nu /sub mu / and p+d to /sup 3/He+ gamma ; (2) measure with accuracy 10/sup -5/ eV the hyperfine splitting in the molecules pp mu and pd mu and determine the contribution due to QED effects and three-particle relativistic forces. (20 References).
YuV Smirenin, D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, YuA Chestnov, E. M. Maev, G. E. Petrov, G. G. Semenchuk, A. A. Vorobyov, A. A. Vorobyov, N. I. Voropaev, W. Chaplinski, M. Filipowicz, and A. Gula, "Measurement of formation rates of dd mu and pd mu mesic molecules in H/D-gas mixtures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 29-35, 1996.
Abstract: The formation rates of muonic molecules pD mu and DD mu have been measured by means of a high-pressure ionization chamber at various deuterium concentrations in equilibrated and non-equilibrated H/D-gas mixtures at 200 and 300 K. The measurements were performed on the muon beam of the PNPI synchrocyclotron in 1986-1991. The low PD mu formation rate and its dependence on the type of mixture was discussed in Oxford, MCF-89. In detailed analysis it was found that the DD mu formation rate in an H/D gas mixture is lower than in pure deuterium. These measurements are of special interest in connection with the experiment being prepared at PSI. (10 References).
JRH Smith, A. S. Clough, D. F. Jackson, K. R. Smith, D. F. Measday, F. Entezami, A. Noble, S. Stanislaus, C. Virtue, M. Salomon, and KA. Aniol, "Gamma-ray coincidence measurements for studies of pion chemistry," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A242, no. 3, pp. 465--9, 1986.
Abstract: No entirely satisfactory model has yet been established for describing the processes of molecular and atomic capture of negative pions in organic materials. One major point of dispute between theories is the manner in which pions captured by hydrogen are transferred to other nuclei. The two suggested mechanisms are tunnelling by the pion through the potential barrier to the atom bound to the hydrogen or the collision of the small neutral pi /sup -/p system with some other nucleus after leaving the parent molecule. Experiments were conducted at TRIUMF to attempt to clarify this point. The nuclear capture of pions by hydrogen were measured using the charge exchange reaction: p pi /sup -/ to n pi /sup 0/, pi /sup 0/ to gamma gamma . The coincident gamma -rays were detected by two large NaI detectors, TINA and MINA. Measurements were made of acid anhydrides, sugars, simple hydrides and some nitrogen compounds. The implications of these measurements for the various theoretical models are discussed. (10 References).
VH Jr Smith and P. Petelenz, "Integral transform wavefunctions in the solution of the quantum mechanical three body problem," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 295-302, 1988.
Abstract: The variational ansatz consisting of Slater-type geminals with random-tempered exponents was originally introduced by the authors' group as a version of the integral transform (generator coordinate) method and applied to the solution of the eigenvalue problem for two-electron atoms. Recently, that approach has been extended to treat three-body systems where all the particles have comparable masses, e.g. in the positronium negative ion. The new version has been applied to the calculation of energies and other expectation values of the positronium and muonium ions and of muonic molecular ions. Current calculations of the authors' group and other groups are reviewed and discussed. Special emphasis is given to deviations from the Coulombic model, in particular to the vacuum polarization correction which has recently been calculated with high accuracy for a number of muonic molecular ions. (34 References).
V. H. Jr Smith and AM. Frolov, "On properties of the helium-muonic and helium-antiprotonic atoms," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1357--68, 1995.
Abstract: Various properties of the muonic ( mu /sup -/) and antihydrogen nuclei (p/sup -/, d/sup -/ or t/sup -/) helium atoms (/sup 3/He or /sup 4/He) in their ground bound states with L=0 are presented. The properties of the helium-antihydrogen systems have been computed with high accuracy for the first time. It is shown that all such systems have the sharp two-body cluster structure. The problems of hyperfine splitting in the helium-muonic atoms and antiproton (antihydrogen nuclei) conservation are considered. The symmetry properties for the bound state spectra are also discussed. (37 References).
W. Sobkow, "Right-handed vector V and axial A couplings in weak interactions," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1709--19, 2000.
Abstract: In this paper a scenario admitting the participation of the right-handed vector V/sub R/ and axial A/sub R/ couplings with the conservation of the left-handed standard (V,A)/sub L/ couplings is considered. The research is based on muon capture by the proton. We consider muon capture at the level of the Fermi theory, whose Hamiltonian describes the four-fermion point (contact) interaction. Neutrinos are assumed to be massive and to be Dirac fermions. We propose neutrino observables, transverse components of the neutrino polarization, both T-odd and T-even. That would be a test verifying the participation of the (V,A)/sub R/ couplings in muon capture. The measurements of nuclear observables and of longitudinal neutrino polarization do not offer such possibilities because of the suppressing of interferences between the (V,A)/sub L/ and (V,A)/sub R/ couplings caused by the neutrino mass. Using the current data from mu -decay and inverse mu -decay, the magnitude of effects coming from the transverse components of the neutrino polarization can be determined. Our considerations are model-independent. We give the lower bound of 305 GeV on the mass of the right-handed gauge boson. This limit is compatible with the current bounds on the mass of the W/sub R/ received from weak interaction processes at low energy. (35 References).
S. E. Sobottka and E. L. Wills, "Energy spectrum of charged particles emitted following muon capture in S$^28$," Physical Review Letters, vol. 20, pp. 596--598, 1968.
G. Soff, J. Rafelski, and W. Greiner, "Lower bound to limiting fields in nonlinear electrodynamics," Physical Review A, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 903--7, 1973.
Abstract: The precise calculation of electronic and muonic atomic energies was used to determine the possible size of the upper limit E/sub max/ to to the electric field strength, which was assumed to be a parameter. This is opposed to Born's idea of a purely electromagnetic origin of the electron's mass which determines E/sub max/. The authors find E/sub max/[right angle bracket]or=1.7*10/sup 20/ V/cm. (12 References).
G. Soff, B. Muller, J. Rafelski, and W. Greiner, "Solution of the Dirac equation for scalar potentials and its implications in atomic physics," Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung Section A-A Journal of Physical Sciences, vol. 28A, no. 9, pp. 1389--96, 1973.
Abstract: The Dirac equation is solved for mixed vector-scalar potentials. The limits on the scalar coupling constant are set by precision atomic experiments. The maximal size of the scalar coupling constant is found to be alpha '=2.5*10/sup -8/ per charge unit. Deviations from the Mott scattering are also determined. (17 References).
G. Soff and J. Rafelski, "Radiative muon capture in light atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik D-Atoms Molecules & Clusters, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 187--90, 1989.
Abstract: Total cross sections for radiative muon capture into inner shells of light atoms are evaluated. (12 References).
G. A. Sokol and VA. Tryasuchev, "A possible method of observing eta -nuclei," Sbornik Kratkie Soobshcheniya Po Fizike, vol. 4, no. , pp. 23-6, Fizicheskii Institut Im. P.N. Lebedeva. Russia, 1991.
Abstract: A possible experimental detection and investigation of eta -nuclei in photonuclear reactions is discussed. An original method of identifying these new objects in meson-nuclear physics is proposed. The experimental setup is described and the reaction yield is estimated for the PAKhRA synchrotron at Troitsk and the MAMI II accelerator at Meinz. (7 References).
G. A. Sokol, T. A. Albergenov, A. V. Kravtsov, A. I. L'vov, and LN. Pavlyuchenko, "Search for eta -mesic nuclei in photoproduction processes," Croatian Phys. Soc. Fizika B, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 85--90, 1999.
Abstract: We present preliminary results of an experiment performed at the 1-GeV electron synchrotron of the Lebedev Physical Institute. Using the bremsstrahlung photon beam with the end-point energy of 650-850 MeV and the carbon target, correlated pi /sup +/n pairs with opening angle [left angle bracket] theta /sub pi N/[right angle bracket]=1800 and energies [left angle bracket]E/sub pi +/[right angle bracket]=300 MeV, [left angle bracket]E/sub n/[right angle bracket]=100 MeV have been observed. They arise from the process gamma +/sup 12/C to N+/sub eta /(A-1) to N+ pi /sup +/n+(A-2) and provide evidence for the existence of /sub eta //sup 11/B and /sub eta //sup 11/C eta -mesic nuclei. (16 References).
G. A. Sokol, T. A. Aibergenov, A. V. Koltsov, A. V. Kravtsov, YuI Krutov, A. I. L'vov, L. N. Pavlyuchenko, V. P. Pavlyuchenko, and SS. Sidorin, "Creation and decay of eta -mesic nuclei," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 411-16, 2000.
Abstract: First experimental results on photoproduction of eta -mesic nuclei are analyzed. In an experiment performed at the 1 GeV electron synchrotron of the Lebedev Physical Institute, correlated pi /sup +/n pairs arising from the reaction gamma +/sup 12/C to N+/sub eta /(A-1) to N+ pi /sup +/+n+(A-2) and flying transversely to the photon beam have been observed. When the photon energy exceeds the eta -meson production threshold, a distribution of the pi /sup +/n pairs over their total energy is found to have a peak in the subthreshold region of the internal conversion process eta p to pi +n which signals the formation of eta -mesic nuclei. (17 References).
EA. Solov'ev, "Quasiresonance charge exchange of muonic atoms, with an isotopic defect of the resonance," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 775--6, 1986.
Abstract: In muon catalysis of nuclear fusion charge exchange processes play an important role. A defect of the resonance occurs due to the hydrogen isotope mass asymmetry. The authors show that this asymmetry reduces to an asymmetry of the nuclear charge. (4 References).
LN. Somov, "Kinetics of muon catalysis in deuterium-tritium mixture," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 465--82, 1988.
Abstract: According to the resonance and quasi-resonance mechanisms of dt mu mesic molecule formation, formation rate lambda /sub dt mu / depends on the temperature of D/sub 2/+T/sub 2/ mixture. The temperature dependence of lambda /sub dt mu / (T) is determined by the energy distribution phi /sub F/ (E) for atoms in the 1s-state with the total spin F=0 and F=1. To find phi /sub F/ (E), one should study the kinetics of muon catalysis processes. It is shown that phi /sub F/ (E) and the Maxwell distribution for densities phi [right angle bracket]0.05, normalized to the equal number of mesic atoms, differ by less than 10%. This difference is insignificant due to high rates of processes of mesic atom slowing down and of muon exchange between deuterium and tritium in mesic atom excited states. The solution of the system of equations describing the mu -catalysis kinetics is presented for densities phi [left angle bracket]0.05 and with t mu -atom 'acceleration' during its thermalization included. It is shown that, this effect taken into account, the theory is in a satisfactory agreement with SIN experiments at density phi =0.01. (42 References).
Xiao-tong. Song, "A four-particle decay of the di-exotic atom ( pi /sup +or-/ mu /sup -or+/)," Physica Energiae Fortis et Physica Nuclearis, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 697--701, 1982.
Abstract: The four-particle decay rate of the di-exotic atom ( pi /sup +or-/ mu /sup -or+/) is calculated by using perturbation expansion of the quantized composite field theory. The result is compared with the decay rate of a free muon. (4 References).
Xiao-Tong Song and You-Shan. Dai, "The Coulomb disintegration cross-section and decay rate of the spin (0-3/2) electromagnetic bound system," Physica Energiae Fortis et Physica Nuclearis, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 24--31, 1987.
Abstract: The Coulomb disintegration cross-section and decay rate of the atom ( pi /sup +/ Omega /sup -/) are calculated by using a perturbation expansion of the quantized composite field theory and a relativistic BS wave function for the spin (0-3/2) electromagnetic bound system. The disintegration cross-section of the high energy atom ( pi /sup +/ Omega /sup -/) in a screened coulomb field of nuclei is about sigma =Z/sup 4/3/*2.9*10/sup -18/ cm/sup 2/, and the calculated decay rate is omega (( pi /sup +/ Omega /sup -/) to Lambda /sup 0/K/sup -/ pi /sup +/)/ omega (Q/sup -/ to Lambda /sup 0/K/sup -/)=1+O( alpha ). (4 References).
X. Song and Dai. You-shan, "Possible spin-0-spin-3/2 bound system: ( pi /sup +/ Omega /sup -/) atom," Physical Review A, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 1002--6, 1989.
Abstract: The authors derive the Bethe-Salpeter equation for a bound state consisting of a spin-0 particle and a spin-3/2 particle in the general case. For the electromagnetic bound state, in the ladder approximation, a Wick-Cutkosky-type equation and its solution for an S-wave state are obtained. Using this relativistic Bethe-Salpeter amplitude, the authors calculate the probabilities of production, the disintegration, and decay rate of the ( pi /sup +/ Omega /sup -/) atom. (19 References).
V. N. Sosnin and AA. Harms, "Muon-catalyzed fusion-fission symbiosis," Kerntechnik, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 322--9, 1992.
Abstract: An analysis of a muon-catalyzed fusion reactor operating in tandem with a fission reactor is here undertaken. Spallation and fusion system components of the muon-catalyzed fusion reactor are treated separately and suitable linkage coefficients are established. The dynamics of fuel flows is examined and selected time evolutions of the fissile and fusile stockpile inventories are computed. (13 References).
M. Sotona and E. Truhlik, "Neutron-neutron interaction and possible off-shell effects in muon capture by deuterons," Physics Letters B, vol. 43B, no. 5, pp. 362--4, 1973.
Abstract: Dramatic changes in the doublet transition rates have been found due to the off-shell effects in a class of phase-shift-equivalent potentials. The comparison of potential approach with the Omnes-Muskhelishvili method is performed. (10 References).
M. Sotona and E. Truhlik, "Muon capture in deuterium with realistic potentials," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A229, no. 3, pp. 471--83, 1974.
Abstract: The transition rates for muon capture in deuterium are calculated using the Reid soft-core deuteron, and /sup 1/S/sub 0/ and /sup 3/P/sub J/ (J=0,1,2) neutron-neutron wave functions. The validity of the closure approximation and of the Omnes-Muskhelishvili method is studied. The off-shell effects admissible in a class of phase-shift-equivalent potentials by present experimental data are evaluated. (23 References).
P. A. Souder, D. E. Casperson, T. W. Crane, V. W. Hughes, D. C. Lu, H. Orth, H. W. Reist, and MH. Yam, "Formation of the muonic helium atom, alpha mu /sup -/e/sup -/, and observation of its Larmor precession," Physical Review Letters, vol. 34, no. 23, pp. 1417--20, 1975.
Abstract: The formation of the muonic He atom is described. A beam of negative muons interacts with He gas and a negative muon is captured by a He atom, forming ( alpha mu /sup -/)/sup +/. Xe is used as an electron donor to produce alpha mu /sup -/e/sup -/. The Larmor precession of the muonic atom was observed. (20 References).
P. A. Souder, "Laser Polarized muonic helium," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 301--306, 1993.
P. A. Souder, P. L. Bogorad, E. J. Brash, G. D. Cates, W. J. Cummings, A. Gorelov, M. D. Hasinoff, O. Hausser, K. Hicks, R. Holmes, J. C. Huang, K. S. Kumar, B. Larson, W. Lorenzon, J. McCracken, P. Michaux, H. Middleton, E. Saettler, D. Siegel, D. Tupa, X. Wang, and A. Young, "Laser polarized muonic /sup 3/He and spin dependent mu /sup -/ capture," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 402, no. 2-3, pp. 311--18, 1998.
Abstract: We have developed an apparatus that can polarize muonic /sup 3/He and detect the triton from the reaction mu /sup -/+/sup 3/He to nu +/sup 3/H. With this apparatus, we have measured the vector analyzing power of the reaction. This technique promises to provide a good test of QCD. (16 References).
P. C. Souers, Hydrogen Properties for Fusion Energy, University of California Press, 1986.
A. Soukour, R. N. Hewitt, and C. Leclercq-Willain, "Close-coupling calculations of mu /sup -/ transfer in t+d mu /sup -/ collisions," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 29, no. 18, pp. 4309--17, 1996.
Abstract: We present calculations of the cross sections for muon transfer in t+d mu /sup -/ collisions within the framework of the quantal close-coupling approximation. The total internal wavefunction of the system is expanded in terms of atomic orbitals on each atomic centre. The appropriate Jacobi coordinates are used in the direct and rearrangement channels. A pseudostate representation of the continuum is also employed. The t-matrix elements are obtained from the solution of coupled Lippmann-Schwinger equations using the momentum space formulation. For the isotopic exchange calculations the basis consists of a large number of a and p type atomic states symmetrically distributed between direct and rearrangement channels. The present results are in agreement with existing calculations in the case of elastic scattering for collision energies above about 0.001 eV. In the case of the rearrangement process the agreement is satisfactory for collision energies greater than 10 eV. (15 References).
G. Spannagel and EL. Fireman, "Stopping rate of negative cosmic-ray muons near sea level," Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 77, no. 28, pp. 5351--9, 1972.
Abstract: A production rate of 0.065+or-0.003 /sup 37/Ar atom/kg min of /sup 39/K at a 2-mwe (meters water equivalent) depth below sea level was measured by sweeping argon from potassium solutions and by counting argon that diffused from dry potassium acetate powder. This rate is unaffected by surrounding the solution with paraffin or by the presence of solution water, and it is attributed to negative-muon captures and the electromagnetic interaction of fast muons and not to a nucleonic cosmic-ray component. The /sup 37/Ar yield from /sup 39/K by the stopping of negative muons in a muon beam of the SREL synchrocyclotron was measured to be 8.5+or-1.7%. The stopping rate of negative cosmic-ray muons at a 2-mwe depth below sea level from these measurements and from an estimated 17% electromagnetic production is 0.63+or-0.13 mu /sup -//kg min. Previous measurements on the muon stopping rate vary by a factor of 5. Our value is slightly higher but is consistent with two previous high values. The sensitivity of the /sup 37/Ar radiochemical method for the detection of muons is considerably higher than that of the previous radiochemical methods, and the /sup 37/Ar radiochemical method could be used to measure the negative- muon capture rates at great depths. (13 References).
W. C. Sperry, G. A. Beer, M. S. Dixit, S. K. Kim, J. A. Macdonald, G. R. Mason, A. Olin, R. M. Pearce, C. Sabev, and C. Wiegand, "Z-dependence of the intensity of mod Delta n mod =2 pionic X-rays," Physics Letters B, vol. 86B, no. 1, pp. 29--30, 1979.
Abstract: The intensity per stopped pi /sup -/ of mod Delta n mod =2 pionic X-rays are observed to have larger variations with atomic number Z than do the mod Delta n mod =1. The 6-4 intensity has a well-defined maximum at Z=34 with a FWHM of Delta Z approximately 10. (8 References).
J. Speth, "Polarisation effects in delta (r/sup 2/) measurements," Physics Letters B, vol. 31B, no. 8, pp. 513--15, 1970.
Abstract: The changes of the mean square charge radius and the quadrupole moment of the ground state of /sup 152/Sm and /sup 160/Dy due to muon and to a change of the s-electron density, respectively, are calculated. It turns out that in Mossbauer measurements the estimated ratio of the energy shift due to this polarization to the usual isometric shift is 2.6 times as large as in muon experiments.
V. Spirko and D. Papousek, "Prediction of the inversion splittings of the n nu /sub 2/ vibrational levels in phosphine (PH/sub 3/, PD/sub 3/ and PMu/sub 3/)," Molecular Physics, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 791--6, 1978.
Abstract: Inversion splittings of the n nu /sub 2/ vibrational levels in PH/sub 3/ and PD/sub 3/ have been calculated using a theoretical model developed by the authors for molecular inversion in XY/sub 3/ pyramidal molecules and the slightly modified results of an ab initio SCF-LCAO-MO calculation of the double minimum potential function for PH/sub 3/ by Lehn and Munsch (1972). Inversion splittings have been predicted also for the chemical compound PMu/sub 3/, where Mu is muonium. (17 References).
V. Spirko, S. Civis, M. Ebert, and V. Daniels, "Prediction of the n nu /sub 2/ inversional energy levels of the phosphine, arsine, and stibine molecules," Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 426--32, 1986.
Abstract: Effective inversion potential functions, V/sub eff/, of the PH/sub 3/, AsH/sub 3/, and SbH/sub 3/ molecules are constructed using the Frost-Musulin reduced potentials for description of the inversion potential functions and the harmonic approximation in order to account for the rule of the (in-plane) vibrational motions. Consequently, the functions V/sub eff/ involve eight free parameters (the equilibrium bond length r/sub X-H//sup e/(X=P, As, Sb), the inversion barrier B, and six quadratic valence force constants f/sub ij/). To determine V/sub eff/, the authors fix r/sub X-H//sup e/ and f/sub ij/ at values taken from the literature and fit B to the experimental nu /sub 2/ band origins using a simple version of the nonrigid invertor Hamiltonian. The resulting potential functions are used with the same rotation-vibration theory to predict energies of the n nu /sub 2/ inversional levels of the XH/sub 3/, XH/sub 2/D, XHD/sub 2/, XD/sub 3/, XH/sub 2/Mu, XHMu/sub 2/, and XMu/sub 3/ molecules, where Mu is muonium. In addition, inversion splittings of these levels are estimated by means of a simple WKB procedure. (21 References).
K. Springer, "A high--pressure gas target for mesic x-ray measurements," Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 106, pp. 65--75, 1973.
DWL Sprung, J. Martorell, and X. Campi, "'Model independent' determination of the charge density difference between /sup 209/Bi and /sup 208/Pb," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A268, no. 2, pp. 301--31, 1976.
Abstract: The Friar-Negele (1975) method for deducing charge densities from electron scattering and muonic atom data is applied to determine the /sup 209/Bi-/sup 208/Pb isotone shift. A comparison is made to the results of Hartree-Fock calculations. The core polarization is discussed in terms of a phenomenological model of the breathing mode. (36 References).
J. Spuller and others, "A remeasurement of the Panofsky ratio," Physics Letters B, vol. 67, pp. 479--482, 1977.
V. N. Sridhar, R. Parthasarathy, and YR. Waghmare, "Muon capture by /sup 16/O-using a microscopic theory of particle-hole states," Pramana-Journal of Physics, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 513--21, 1984.
Abstract: The partial capture rates for the process, mu /sup -/+/sup 16/O(g.s) to /sup 16/N(2/sup -/, 1/sup -/, 0/sup -/, 3/sup -/)+ nu /sub mu / have been calculated using the particle-hole wavefunctions obtained using a self-consistent procedure. In deriving these wavefunctions, the effective N-N interaction has been constructed from the bare Hamada-Johnston interaction. The terms in the muon capture Hamiltonian that depends on the momentum of the capturing proton have been included and their importance in O/sup +/ to O/sup -/ transition is exhibited. The agreement with the available experimental data is good. The need to incorporate meson exchange effects in O/sup +/ to O/sup -/ transition is pointed out. (28 References).
Raghavan S. Srinivasa, "Negative muon capture in deuterium," Journal of Physics A-Mathematical & General, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 1454--6, 1974.
Abstract: The total negative muon capture rate in deuterium has been calculated using the closure approximation and results are compared with those of Pascual et al. (1972) who use the impulse approximation for computing the capture rate. (10 References).
B. K. Srivastava, D. Mahanti, and HL. Yadav, "Total negative muon capture rate in the alpha particle," in Nuclear physics and solid state physics symposium (abstracts only), 1972.
Abstract: The authors calculate the total capture rate of negative muons in the alpha particle (He/sup 4/) in the closure approximation by applying Primakoff's theory as modified by Goulard et al. to include relativistic corrections. The ground state of the alpha particle is assumed to contain a mixture of the /sup 1/S/sub 0/ state and the principal /sup 5/D/sub 0/ state. For the purpose of comparison the radial dependence of both these states is assumed to be (a) Gaussian and (b) Irving, whose parameters have been determined from a variational calculation of the binding energy of the alpha particle using two-body potentials with or without velocity-dependence (or hard core). It is found that of the two wave functions only the Irving form gives results for the binding energy, the r.m.s. radius and the muon capture rate in the alpha particle consistent with experiments.
B. K. Srivastava, D. Mahanti, and HL. Yadav, "Total negative muon-capture rate in the alpha -particle," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A181, no. 1, pp. 217--24, 1972.
Abstract: The authors calculate the total capture rate of negative muons in alpha -particle (/sup 4/He) in the closure approximation by applying Primakoff's theory as modified by Goulard et al. see abstr. A81987 of 1971, to include relativistic corrections. The authors assume the ground state of the alpha -particle to contain a mixture of the /sup 1/S/sub 0/ state and the principal /sup 5/D/sub 0/ state. For the purpose of comparison, the radial dependence of both these states is assumed to be (a) Gaussian and (b) Irving, whose parameters have been determined from a variational calculation of the binding energy of the alpha -particle using two-body potentials with or without velocity-dependence (or hard core). The authors find that, of the two wave functions, only the Irving form gives results for the binding energy, the r.m.s. radius, and the muon-capture rate in the alpha -particle consistent with experiments and that too when a velocity-dependent (or hard core) potential is used. (16 References).
WM Jr. Stacey, "Reactor prospects of muon-catalyzed fusion of deuterium and tritium concentrated in transition metals," ANS. Fusion Technology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 268--75, 1989.
Abstract: It is conjectured that the number of fusion events catalyzed by a single muon is orders of magnitude greater for deuterium and tritium concentrated in a transition metal than in gaseous form and that the recent observation of 2.5-MeV neutrons from a D/sub 2/O electrolytic cell with palladium and titanium cathodes can thereby by interpreted in terms of cosmic muon-catalyzed deuterium-deuterium fusion. This suggests a new fusion reactor concept consisting of deuterium and tritium concentrated in transition metal fuel elements in a fusion core that surrounds an accelerator-produced muon source. The feasibility of net energy production in such a reactor is established in terms of requirements on the number of fusion events catalyzed per muon. The technological implications for a power reactor based on this concept are examined. Finally, the potential of such a concept as a neutron source for materials testing and tritium and plutonium production is briefly discussed. (18 References).
DN. Stacy, "Isotope shifts in electronic and muonic atoms, with application to neodymium," Journal of Physics B (Atomic & Molecular Physics), vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 969--75, 1971.
Abstract: The different dependence of optical and muonic isotope shifts on the nuclear charge distribution is discussed, with particular reference to the effects of nuclear deformation. This is shown to contribute proportionately less to muonic than to electronic shifts, and the effect is evaluated quantitatively as a function of proton number. It is shown that changes in the nuclear charge distribution can be studied in more detail than has previously been possible, by combining optical and muonic results; the experimental data for neodymium is used to illustrate the analysis. This indicates that the use of data from Coulomb excitation experiments may give rise to serious errors in estimating the contribution of deformation effects to isotope shifts. (10 References).
T. Stammler, R. Abela, T. Grund, M. Hampele, D. Herlach, M. Iwanowski, M. Koch, K. Maier, J. Major, R. Scheuermann, L. Schimmele, and A. Seeger, "Spin rotation of negative muons ( mu /sup -/SR) in semiconductors," Physica Status Solidi A, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 381--8, 1993.
Abstract: mu /sup -/SR (spin rotation of negative muons) experiments on the elemental semiconductors diamond silicon, and germanium are reported. The muonic atoms formed by the capture of mu /sup -/ by host atoms of nuclear charge number Z are electronically equivalent to acceptor atoms of charge number Z-1. The observations suggest that the gamma -recoil accompanying the 2p-1s transition of captured muons leaves the quasi-boron atoms in diamond at their lattice sites, but displaces the quasi-Al (quasi-Ga) atoms in Si (Ge) into interstitial sites. It is concluded that on the time scale of the mu /sup -/ experiments (10/sup -9/ to 10/sup -6/ s) the Frenkel pairs formed in Si in this way are unstable above 30 K. This explains why in Si a mu /sup -/ hyperfine procession frequency has not been observed at room temperature. (13 References).
S. Stanislaus, F. Entezami, and DF. Measday, "Atomic capture of muons and density," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A475, no. 4, pp. 642--56, 1987.
Abstract: Including a density dependence, as well as a Z-dependence, an empirical expression was formulated for atomic capture ratios of negative muons in oxides, chlorides and fluorides, using a chi-squared minimization method. The overall chi-square per point produced by this expression is lower than the same obtained from any of the present atomic capture models. (30 References).
S. Stanislaus, F. Entezami, A. Bagheri, D. F. Measday, and D. Garner, "Atomic capture ratios for muons in oxides," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A475, no. 4, pp. 630--4, 1987.
Abstract: Using the lifetime technique, atomic capture ratios of negative muons have been measured in 41 oxides. The results, though a little different from the earlier TRIUMF findings, are consistent with the mesic X-ray measurements. It has been noticed that the atomic capture ratios have an approximately linear dependence on density, whereas the Z-dependence is periodic. (51 References).
S. Stanislaus, D. S. Armstrong, D. F. Measday, P. Weber, and M. Harston, "Search for T=2 dibaryons via pi /sup -/d to gamma X," Physics Letters B, vol. 219, no. 2-3, pp. 237--9, 1989.
Abstract: A search has been made for possible dibaryons using the reaction pi /sup -/d to gamma X, starting from the mesic atom. Previously observed candidates had a mass of about 2002 MeV and would produce gamma -rays of about 13 MeV. No such transitions have been observed with a branching ratio limit of about 2*10/sup -4/ with 90% CL. (15 References).
S. Stanislaus, D. F. Measday, D. Vetterli, P. Weber, M. R. Aniol, and DS. Armstrong, "Transfer of pi /sup -/ from hydrogen to deuterium in H/sub 2/Q+D/sub 2/O mixtures," Physics Letters A, vol. 143, no. 4-5, pp. 239--43, 1990.
Abstract: The transfer of stopping pi /sup -/ mesons from hydrogen to deuterium has been investigated in mixtures of H/sub 2/O+D/sub 2/O as a function of D/sub 2/O concentration. The concentration dependence of the transfer probability is similar to that observed for the gas mixtures of H/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/ but slightly more transfer is found for H/sub 2/O+D/sub 2/O. (17 References).
R. Staronski and S. Wycech, "The puzzle of K alpha bound state," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B36, no. 8, pp. 903--6, 1986.
Abstract: Kaonic atom experiments suggest the existence of a narrow nuclear K alpha bound state and indicate blocking of K absorption. This blocking is explained in terms of the Lambda /sub 0/ resonance and pi interactions with the nuclear density gradient. (14 References).
V. V. Starshenko and RN. Faustov, "The contribution of weak interaction to the hyperfine splitting of levels of hydrogen-like atoms," Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta Seriya 3 Fizika Astronomiya, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 47--50, 1983.
Abstract: Using a standard model of the weak electric interactions, the authors calculate the contribution of weak natural currents to the shift of energy levels of hydrogen-like atoms. The Logunov-Takhvelidze quasipotential method is used to obtain the weak-interaction potential between particles in the nonrelativistic approximation. The authors calculate the contribution of the P-even part of this potential to the hyperfine splitting of levels of muonium and muonic hydrogen. (8 References).
S. A. Startsev, V. A. Petrun'kin, and AL. Khomkin, "Polarizability corrections to energy of S levels in light atoms and in mu mesoatoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1233--43, 1976.
Abstract: The adiabatic approximation is used to calculate the polarizability correction to the energy of S levels of light atoms and mu mesoatoms (Z[left angle bracket]or approximately=10) taking into account the relativistic effects. The corrections to the Lamb shift of N=2 levels in hydrogen and deuterium ( mu H and mu D) turn to be lower than earlier estimations. (29 References).
M. B. Stearns and M. Stearns, "Mesonic atoms: radiative yields of the µ meson K and L series and the effect of meson capture in chemical compounds," Physical Review, vol. 105, pp. 1573--1582, 1957.
M. B. Stearns, G. Culligan, B. Sherwood, V. L. Telegdi, and M. Stearns, "X-ray yields in the K and L series of low-Z muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 184, no. 1, pp. 22--24, 1969.
Abstract: Experiments are reported which remove the discrepancies between the earlier observed K and L X-ray yields from low-Z muonic atoms and those calculated from theory. The authors have made direct measurements of the K/L yield ratios for targets of 4[left angle bracket]or=Z[left angle bracket]or=8 and a determination of the absolute K X-ray yield for Z=3. They agree excellently with the calculated values.
RM. Steffen, "Nuclear parameters from muonic and pionic X-rays," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 9, no. 1-4, pp. 39--52, 1981.
Abstract: In recent years the use of muonic and pionic X-ray measurements for the determination of nuclear parameters has gained new momentum because of the availability of high-intensity accelerators (LAMPF, SIN, TRIUMF, Gatchina, Nimrod). Much more precise measurements of the energies and of the relative intensities of the muonic and pionic X-ray transitions are possible today. At the same time much less target material (a few mg) is required and hence observations on rare isotopes are now feasible. In view of the higher precision of the experimental data, the validity of the approximations made in extracting nuclear spectroscopic values from the raw data must be scrutinized more carefully, if the reliability of the extracted parameters are to approach the accuracy of the experimental data. (12 References).
RM. Steffen, "Precision measurements of nuclear quadrupole moments by muonic X-rays," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 24, no. 1-4, pp. 223--50, 1985.
Abstract: The electric multipole hyperfine interaction in muonic atoms is discussed. In particular, the influence of the finite size of the nuclear electric multipole-charge distribution on the values of nuclear spectroscopic multipole moments that are extracted from muonic hyperfine measurements is considered. It is shown that nuclear electric quadrupole moments can be deduced from the observed hyperfine splittings of muonic M X-ray transitions with high precision and practically independently of the model nuclear quadrupole-charge density. Measurements of the ground-state electric quadrupole moments of 11 deformed nuclei in and near the rare-earth region are discussed. (19 References).
S. V. Stepanov and VM. Byakov, "Slowing down of positrons and muons in ordinary and heavy water formation probabilities of Ps, H/sub 2/ and Mu," in Materials Science Forum, pp. 287-9, 1997.
Abstract: It is shown that variations of positronium, muonium and radiolytic hydrogen yields with H/D isotopic substitution in water agree well with the diffusion-recombination model. These variations are well correlated with the corresponding change of electron solvation rates and thermalization parameters. (6 References).
ML. Stevenson, "The discovery of muon catalysis of nuclear fusion," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 36, no. , pp. 465-6, 1994.
Abstract: The author discusses the events involved in the discovery of muon catalysed fusion from a historical perspective. (3 References).
T. J. Stocki, D. F. Measday, E. Gete, M. A. Saliba, J. Lange, and TP. Gorringe, "Hyperfine transition in light muonic atoms of odd Z," Physical Review A, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 42505--1--7, 2001.
Abstract: The hyperfine (hf) transition rates for muonic atoms have been remeasured for select light nuclei, using neutron detectors to evaluate the time dependence of muon capture. For /sup 19/F Lambda /sub h/=5.6(2) mu s/sup -1/ for the hf transition rate, a value that is considerably more accurate than previous measurements. Results are also reported for Na, Al, P, Cl, and K. (26 References).
T. J. Stocki, D. F. Measday, E. Gete, M. A. Saliba, B. A. Moftah, and TP. Gorringe, "Gamma rays from muon capture in /sup 14/N," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A697, no. 1-2, pp. 55--74, 2002.
Abstract: Many new gamma -rays have been observed, following muon capture on /sup 14/N. One had been reported before, and the low yield is confirmed, indicating that the nuclear structure of /sup 14/N is still not understood. Gamma rays from /sup 13/C resulting from the reaction /sup 14/N( mu /sup -/, nu n)/sup 13/C compare favourably with states observed in the reaction /sup 14/N( gamma ,p)/sup 13/C. More precise energies are also given for the 7017 and 6730 keV gamma -rays in /sup 14/C. (55 References).
C. D. Stodden, H. J. Monkhorst, and K. Szalewicz, "Estimation of error in using Born scaling for collision cross sections involving muonic ions," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 388-91, 1988.
Abstract: A quantitative estimate is obtained for the error involved in using Born scaling to calculate excitation and ionization cross sections for collisions between muonic ions. The impact parameter version of the Born approximation is used to calculate cross sections and Coulomb corrections for the 1s to 2s excitation of alpha mu in collisions with d. An error of about 50% is found around the peak of the cross section curve. The error falls to less than 5% for velocities above 2 a.u. (8 References).
C. D. Stodden, H. J. Monkhorst, K. Szalewicz, and TG. Winter, "Muon reactivation in muon-catalyzed d-t fusion from accurate p-He/sup +/ stripping and excitation cross sections," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 1281--92, 1990.
Abstract: Accurate cross sections are obtained for the excitation and stripping of a muon from alpha mu in collisions with hydrogen atoms. This is done by calculating the excitation, ionization, and charge-transfer cross sections for the p-He/sup +/ collision and scaling the results. An impact-parameter coupled-state method with a basis set of up to 51 Sturmian wave functions is used to obtain cross sections at center-of-mass energies ranging from 20 to 600 keV. Along the Stark, Auger, radiative, and stopping rates these cross sections are used to calculate the probability of stripping a muon from alpha mu by numerically solving a set of coupled differential equations that describe the kinetics of alpha mu as it travels through a mixture of D/sub 2/ and T/sub 2/. An effort has been made to minimize the uncertainty in the value of the stripping probability resulting in error bars of 9% and 11% at densities of 1.2 and 0.05 times liquid-hydrogen density, respectively. X-ray yields belonging to K and L series transitions among alpha mu states have also been computed. The present results are compared with recent theoretical and experimental data. (44 References).
VA. Stolupin, "Targets and gas systems for investigation of mu -atomic and mu -molecular processes in hydrogen," Nukleonika, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 65--83, 1995.
Abstract: A number of targets for experimental investigations of interaction between the negative muon and hydrogen are considered. The features of various target designs are shown. Gas handling systems for experiments with tritium are discussed. (59 References).
V. A. Stolupin, V. F. Boreiko, V. M. Bystritsky, V. I. Datskov, Rosso A. del, A. N. Fedorov, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, V. N. Pavlov, and LN. Rivkis, "A cryogenic target to study charge nonsymmetric muonic molecules," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 373--5, 1999.
Abstract: An experimental setup, including a cryogenic gas target with temperature control and gas filling systems, has been developed to study muon catalyzed fusion in gas mixtures of hydrogen and helium isotopes. (7 References).
JOH Stone, J. M. Evans, L. K. Fifield, G. L. Allan, and RG. Cresswell, "Cosmogenic chlorine-36 production in calcite by muons," Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 433--54, 1998.
Abstract: At depths below a few metres, /sup 36/Cl production in calcite is initiated almost entirely by cosmic ray muons. The principal reactions are (1) direct negative muon capture by Ca; /sup 40/Ca( mu /sup -/, alpha )/sup 36/Cl, and (2) capture by /sup 35/Cl of secondary neutrons produced in muon capture and muon-induced photodisintegration reactions. The authors have determined rates for /sup 36/Cl and neutron production due to muon capture in calcite from a 20 m (5360 g cm/sup -2/) depth profile in limestone. The /sup 36/Cl yield from muon capture by Ca in pure calcite is 0.012+or-0.002 atom per stopped negative muon. The surface production rate of /sup 36/Cl by muon capture on Ca in calcite is, therefore, 2.1+or-0.4 atom g/sup -1/a/sup -1/ at sea level and high latitude, approximately 11% of the production rate by Ca spallation. If it is assumed that 34% of the negative muons are captured by the Ca atom in calcite, the alpha -yield from /sup 40/Ca following muon capture is 0.043+or-0.008, somewhat lower than the result of a recent muon irradiation experiment (0.062+or-0.020), but well within the extremes of existing theoretical predictions (0.0033-0.15). The average neutron yield following muon capture in pure calcite is 0.44+or-0.15 secondary neutrons per stopped negative muon, in good agreement with existing theoretical predictions. Cosmogenic isotope production by muons must be taken into account when dating young geomorphic surfaces, especially those created by excavation of only a few metres of overlying rock. Attention to isotope production by muons is also crucial to determining surface erosion rates accurately. Due to the deep penetration of muons compared to cosmic ray hadrons, the accumulation of muon-produced /sup 36/Cl is less sensitive to erosion than that of spallogenic /sup 36/Cl. Although production by muons at the surface is only a small fraction of production by spallation, the fraction of muon-produced /sup 36/Cl in rapidly eroding limestone surfaces can approach 50%. In such cases, erosion rates estimated using conventional models which attribute production solely to spallation will be in error by up to 40%. The difference in sensitivity to erosion of spallogenic and muon-produced /sup 36/Cl suggests methods for dating deeply eroded surfaces, checking the assumption of steady-state when calculating erosion rates, and unravelling multi stage exposure and erosion histories. (79 References).
NJ. Stone, "Nuclear moments in the nineties," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 260-7, 2000.
Abstract: The present state and future plan for the updated table of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments is outlined. Topics briefly reviewed concerning developments in the field of nuclear moment studies in the nineties include extension of experimental support for the theoretical treatment of exchange current effects in nuclear magnetic moments, improvements in measurements on short-lived excited states by the transient field method, and a caution regarding the need for good hyperfine anomaly Bohr-Weisskopf effect studies. New methods for quadrupole moment measurement and theoretical limitations on electric quadrupole moments based on the best mu -mesic atom and atomic HFS studies are described. (18 References).
E. Storm and H. I. Israel, "Photon Cross section from 1KeV to 100 MeV for element Z=1 to Z=100.," Nuclear Data, Section A, vol. 7, pp. 565--682, 1970.
C. H. Storry, M. C. George, and E. A. Hessels, "Precision microwave measurement of the $2^3 P_1 - 2^3 P_2$ interval in atomic helium," Physical Review Letters, vol. 84, pp. 3274--3277, 2000.
P. Strasser, K. Ishida, S. Sakamoto, M. Iwasaki, E. Torikai, K. Nagamine, and GM. Marshall, "Towards slow mu /sup -/ production via muon catalyzed fusion," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, no. 1-4, pp. 543--9, 1993.
Abstract: Slow mu /sup -/ production via dd- mu CF using a two-layer arrangement is investigated. To determine its feasibility, experimental measurements are now in progress using the muonic X-ray detection method. The following experimental steps are being considered: (1) measurement of the number of mu /sup -/ stopped inside a solid H/sub 2//D/sub 2/ layer by detecting p mu K/sub alpha / X-rays, (2) 'hot' d mu emission detection by placing a secondary target at a distance of 10-30 mm from the layer and by detecting specific delayed X-rays, (3) measurement of the disappearance of d mu emission as the added D/sub 2/ layer is increased, (4) dd- mu CF measurement by detecting fusion protons, and (5) slow mu /sup -/ emission detection. Results of the initial test experiment are presented. (5 References).
P. Strasser, "Muon catalyzed fusion experiments in thin films and slow negative muon production", 1994.
P. Strasser, K. Ishida, S. Sakamoto, K. Shimomura, N. Kawamura, E. Torikai, M. Iwasaki, and K. Nagamine, "mu CF experiments in thin deuterium films and progress towards slow mu /sup -/ production," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 539-46, 1996.
Abstract: Muon-catalyzed fusion was investigated in thin solid deuterium films to determine the experimental feasibility of slow mu /sup -/ production by detection of DD fusion protons as well as slow mu /sup -/ collection utilizing a large-acceptance magnetic spectrometer. The spatial distribution of the fusion reaction in the film was extracted, and an optimum thickness for slow mu /sup -/ emission was deduced. Collected 10 keV mu /sup -/ were also successfully detected. However, the DD fusion yield being insufficient, we were not able to distinguish slow mu /sup -/ via mu CF from degraded mu /sup /. (14 References).
P. Strasser, K. Ishida, S. Sakamoto, K. Shimomura, N. Kawamura, E. Torikai, M. Iwasaki, and K. Nagamine, "Muon catalyzed fusion experiments on muonic deuterium atom deceleration in thin solid deuterium films," Physics Letters B, vol. 368, no. 1-2, pp. 32--8, 1996.
Abstract: Muon catalyzed fusion was investigated in a series of thin solid deuterium films by detecting protons from dd fusion. Two different contributions to the total fusion yield resulting from d mu atoms emitted from a primary hydrogen layer and from incident muons directly stopped in the deuterium film itself were observed. The thickness dependence of the fusion yield suggested the importance of molecular effects in d mu elastic scattering in D/sub 2/. (16 References).
P. Strasser, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Nagamine, "Proposal for X-ray spectroscopy of muonic atoms formed from implanted ions in solid hydrogen films," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 317--22, 1999.
Abstract: A new method is proposed to extend muonic atom X-ray spectroscopy to the study of nuclear beams, including radioactive beams, by stopping both muon and nuclear beams in a solid hydrogen film. The muon transfer reaction to higher Z nuclei is used then to form muonic atoms. This method would allow studies of the nuclear charge distribution of unstable atoms. (18 References).
P. Strasser, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Nagamine, "Development towards muonic atom formation with unstable nuclei," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 497--504, 2001.
Abstract: We report on the latest development of a new method for extending muonic atom X-ray spectroscopy to the use of radioactive isotope beams to form muonic atoms with unstable nuclei. This would allow studies of the nuclear properties and nuclear sizes of unstable atoms by means of the muonic X-ray method at facilities where both negative muon and radioactive nuclear beams would available. Progress of a feasibility study at RIKEN-RAL muon facility is also reported. (20 References).
P. Strasser, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Nagamine, "Experimental setup for X-ray spectroscopy of muonic atoms formed from implanted ions in solid hydrogen," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 460, no. 2-3, pp. 451--6, 2001.
Abstract: An experimental setup comprising of a cryogenic target and an ion implantation system has been constructed to perform muonic X-ray spectroscopy with muonic atoms formed from implanted ions in solid hydrogen films. Gaseous mixtures of hydrogen (H/sub 2/) and deuterium (D/sub 2/) have been frozen onto a thin 60-mm diameter silver foil, and then irradiated with charged particles of energies up to 33 keV/q. Already, solid films of H/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/ mixtures with implanted helium ions have been successfully used in muon catalyzed fusion related experiments at RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility. This new method allows studies of the nuclear charge distribution of unstable atoms by means of the muonic X-ray method at facilities where both negative muon and radioactive nuclear beams would be available. (16 References).
P. Strasser, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Nagamine, "Challenge towards muonic atom formation with unstable nuclei," European Physical Journal A, vol. 13, no. 1-2, pp. 197--202, 2002.
Abstract: X-ray spectroscopy of muonic atoms is an important tool to obtain information on the nuclear charge distribution of nuclei. It has been successfully used for many years to study stable isotopes in condensed or gaseous states. A new method has been proposed to extend muonic atom X-ray spectroscopy to the use of radioactive isotope beams to form muonic atoms with unstable nuclei. This new method allows studies of the nuclear properties and nuclear sizes of unstable atoms by means of the muonic X-ray method at facilities where both negative muon and radioactive nuclear beams would be available. Progress of a feasibility study at RIKEN-RAL muon facility is also reported. (28 References).
P. Strasser, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, Y. Matsuda, K. Itahashi, and M. Iwasaki, "Generation and investigation of radioactive muonic atoms in solid hydrogen films," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A722, no. , pp. 523c-7c, 2003.
Abstract: At RIKEN-RAL muon facility, a concept project is under way to extend the standard technique of muonic atom spectroscopy to the use of radioactive isotope beams. This new method would allow studies of the nuclear properties and nuclear sizes of very exotic nuclei at facilities where both intense negative muon and radioactive nuclear beams would be available. The present status of a feasibility study is being reported. (21 References).
P. Strasser, K. Nagamine, T. Matsuzaki, K. Ishida, Y. Matsuda, K. Itahashi, and M. Iwasaki, "Muon spectroscopy with unstable nuclei," J. Phys. G-Nucl. Part. Phys., vol. 29, pp. 2047-2049, 2003.
Abstract: The status of a new method to extend muonic atom spectroscopy to the use of radioactive isotope beams is being reported, including the progress of a feasibility study at RIKEN-RAL muon facility. This method would allow studies of the nuclear properties and nuclear sizes of unstable atoms by means of the muonic x-ray method at facilities where both intense negative muon and radioactive nuclear beams would be available.
JC. Straton, "Reduced-mass Fock-Tani representations for a/sup +/+(b/sup +/c/sup -/) to (a/sup +/c/sup -/)+b/sup +/ and first-order results for (abc) =(ppe, epe, mu p mu , mu d mu , and mu t mu )," Physical Review A, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 3725--40, 1987.
Abstract: The Fock-Tani transformation in the Jacobi three to two-body reduced-mass system is carried out and the first-order T matrix is found to be identical to that for the full three-body transformation. The Fock-Tani transformation in the reduced-mass system in which particle b is fixed at the origin is found to give a first-order T matrix with an error of m/sub c//m/sub b/ in the initial momentum wave function. First-order differential and total cross sections are calculated for a/sup +/+(b/sup +/c/sup -/) to (a/sup +/c/sup -/) +b/sup +/ where (abc)=(ppe, epe, mu p mu , mu d mu , and mu t mu ). (31 References).
M. R. Strayer, C. Bottcher, V. E. Oberacker, and AS. Umar, "Lattice calculation of muon-pair production with capture in relativistic heavy-ion collisions," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 1399--407, 1990.
Abstract: The authors present a schematic study of muon-pair production with capture of the negative muon into the 1s/sub 1/2/ ground state in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The muon pairs are generated by a time-dependent, screened electromagnetic field. Their numerical calculations are carried out on a three-dimensional lattice with 20-30 mesh points in each direction, utilizing the B-spline collocation method. Numerical convergence has been demonstrated using a Lorentz-boosted screened Coulomb potential. For the system /sup 197/Au+/sup 197/Au at collider energies of 0.2, 1.0, and 2.0 GeV/nucleon, they obtain probabilities for dimuon production with capture between 1.0*10/sup -3/ and 7.0*10/sup -2/ at grazing impact parameters. This may indicate that the electromagnetic lepton-pair production is strongly nonperturbative. (18 References).
K. Stricker, J. A. Carr, and H. McManus, "Pionic atoms and low energy elastic scattering," Physical Review C, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 2043--51, 1980.
Abstract: A fit to pionic atom data is used to determine four of the parameters of the low energy pion-nucleus optical potential, while the other parameters are taken from theory. The resulting potential is used to predict elastic scattering from 30-50 MeV pions. The effects of extrapolating the parameters to 50 MeV with a simple energy dependence are examined. (23 References).
J. A. Stride, A. Hard, and SP. Cottrell, "Muon studies of simple oxalate systems," Physica B, vol. 326, no. 1-4, pp. 85--8, 2003.
Abstract: Oxalates are widely found in nature and are of importance in many industrial, scientific and technological fields. The dihydrate alpha -oxalic acid is known to possess an unusually long central C-C bond for a neutral, closed shell molecule as a result of electron density residing in the sigma * orbital, whilst the acidic protons are strongly bound into a hydrogen-bonded network with co-crystallised water. Implantation of positive muons into the dihydrate and the anhydrous sodium oxalate was found to yield considerably different effects, with the oxalic acid response predominantly due to diamagnetic muon rest sites, dominated by proton interactions. In contrast, muoniated radicals corresponding to addition at both the carbon and oxygen sites were observed in the anhydrous sodium salt, with the diamagnetic fraction coupling to the quadrupolar /sup 23/Na nuclei at low field. (12 References).
S. Stringari and E. Lipparini, "Macroscopic models for charge exchange reactions in N not=Z nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A473, no. 1, pp. 61--76, 1987.
Abstract: Vlasov equations in the isospin channels are derived in the framework of the time dependent Hartree-Fock theory. The local equilibrium (hydrodynamic) approximation is then considered and applied to study isovector giant resonances excited in charge exchange reactions and mu /sup -/ inclusive capture in N not=Z nuclei. The theoretical predictions well account for the observed energy splitting between different isospin fragments and for the quenching of the Delta T/sub 2/=+1 strength. (26 References).
M. Struense, J. Cohen, and R. Pack, Physical Review A, vol. 34, 1986.
M. C. Struensee, G. M. Hale, R. T. Pack, and JS. Cohen, "Nuclear effects on the eigenvalues of the dt mu molecule," Physical Review A, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 340--8, 1988.
Abstract: The latest information about the /sup 5/He nuclear system in terms of R-matrix parameters has been matched to adiabatic dt mu molecular wave functions in order to determine the complex eigenvalues of the molecule. Through the use of the reduced R-matrix formalism, the matching is accomplished by considering only the L=0 dt mu states explicitly. These states are calculated in a series of increasingly more accurate adiabatic approximations that, at least for the lowest vibrational level, appear to be converging to the exact nonadiabatic result. The best complex eigenvalues thus obtained probably have less than 10% uncertainty, and are in reasonably good agreement with those of Bogdanova et al. (Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. vol.81, p.829 (1981) (Sov. Phys.-JETP vol.54, p.442 (1981))). (10 References).
M. C. Struensee and JS. Cohen, "Stark mixing of 2S muonic helium. I. Collisions with hydrogen atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 44--52, 1988.
Abstract: The transitions between the 2S and 2P states of the muonic helium atom ( alpha mu or /sup 3/He- mu ) in collisions with hydrogen atoms are examined using the rectilinear-trajectory coupled-equation method (Kodosky and Leon 1971). The 2S level shift is included semiempirically and the target atom is approximated using the frozen ground-state charge density. Partial decoupling of the coupled equations is achieved, and some simple approximations for the 2S-to-2P transition probability are derived and compared with the exact solution of the coupled equations. The cross section obtained is fitted by sigma /sub 2S-2P/ equivalent to 5.5*10/sup -3//v/sup 1.8/a/sub 0//sup 2/ for v[right angle bracket]or approximately=1, with the velocity v in atomic units, and muon-catalyzed fusion parameters are reevaluated using this expression. (18 References).
T. J. Stuchi, ACB Antunes, and MA. Andreu, "Muonic helium atom as a classical three-body problem," Physical Review E, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. 7831-41, 2000.
Abstract: We study the classical problem of the muonic helium atom, a helium atom with one of its electrons replaced by a muon. First, we establish the connection of the model with the one-dimensional frozen planetary approximation of the helium atom and find that there is classically stable motion for the configuration alpha -particle-electron-muon, and no stable motion for the alpha -particle-muon-electron configuration. After that, we introduce the restricted muonic helium problem, a model for the movement of an electron in the potential of the alpha particle/muon pair moving in a circular orbit. In this model, the equilibrium points, their associated Lyapunov families of periodic orbits, and their stability parameters were studied. The most interesting feature is the stability of the halo orbits, for a range of energy values. The vicinity of the alpha particle is also studied, examining Poincare sections for increasing energy values showing an increase of the chaotic motion. (32 References).
Rao KV Subba and AA. Kamal, "Use of harmonic oscillator potential in the analysis of muonic transition energies," Pramana-Journal of Physics, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 163--73, 1980.
Abstract: Energy levels: 1s/sub 1/2/, 2p/sub 1/2/, 2p/sub 3/2/, 3d/sub 3/2/, and 3d/sub 5/2/ of the muon in the spherical nuclei: /sup 120/Sn, /sup 197/Au and /sup 208/Pb have been calculated under the assumption of harmonic oscillator potential. The levels are corrected for vacuum polarisation. The agreement with experimental values is better than 0.5%. An accurate method of solving the Dirac equation to obtain the energy eigenvalues is outlined. The importance of choosing the 'classical turning point' as the radius for matching the interior and exterior solutions is discussed. (11 References).
Rao KV Subba and AA. Kamal, "Study of isotope shifts, isotone shifts and nuclear compressibility from the analysis of muonic X-ray transitions," Pramana-Journal of Physics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 363--73, 1983.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray transitions in various spherical nuclei in the region 13[left angle bracket]or=Z[left angle bracket]or=83 have been analysed and the isotope and isotope shifts in charge radius R are investigated. Assuming R=r/sub 0/A/sup 1/3/, the isotopic and isotonic behaviour of the parameter r/sub 0/ is also studied. The variation of r/sub 0/ with mass number A reveals the variation of average nucleon density, which in turn sheds light on the compressibility of nuclear matter. The isotope and isotone shifts in R exhibit the shell effects in the vicinity of magic neutron and proton numbers: 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126. The results indicate that neutron-proton interaction is maximum at the beginning of a major neutron shell and decreases gradually as the shell gets filled up. The behaviour of parameter r/sub 0/ clearly suggests that low-Z nuclei are highly compressible while high-Z nuclei are more or less incompressible. The parameter r/sub 0/ too is observed to exhibit profound shell effects. (5 References).
Rao KV Subba and AA. Kamal, "Nuclear compressibility and its effect on nuclear binding energies from the study of muonic atoms," Pramana-Journal of Physics, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 71--7, 1984.
Abstract: The variation of nuclear parameter with mass number elicits information about nuclear compressibility. Analysis of muonic X-ray transitions provides an elegant method to investigate the behaviour of the nuclear parameter r/sub 0/. It is observed from the behaviour of r/sub 0/ that nuclei in the region A[left angle bracket]or=70 are highly compressible while those in the region A approximately 210 are almost incompressible. The behaviour of r/sub 0/ is incorporated into the semiempirical mass formula through the Coulomb energy term. From the modified mass formula thus obtained binding energies of about 440 spherical nuclei have been calculated. The results suggest that nuclear compressibility imposes certain relationship between excess binding energies (E/sub exp/-E/sub cal/) and neutron proton number. The present study also points out that shell effects exhibited by nuclear binding energies cannot be accounted for by simply varying the coefficients of the mass formula; on the other hand extra terms are necessary to explain them. (10 References).
P. R. Subramanian and V. Devanathan, "Simple relation between the asymmetry and longitudinal polarization of the recoil nucleus in muon capture," Physical Review C, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 520--3, 1975.
Abstract: Using the Fujii-Primakoff effective Hamiltonian, the relation alpha -2P /sub L/=1 between the asymmetry parameter alpha and the polarization P/sub L/ is derived for capture on a spin zero nucleus. The relation was previously derived for a specific reaction, but is shown to be independent of both nuclear structure and values of coupling constants and holds even when second-class currents exist. (18 References).
P. R. Subramanian, R. Parthasarathy, and V. Devanathan, "Nuclear orientation following muon capture by spin zero nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A262, no. 3, pp. 433--43, 1976.
Abstract: It is shown that in the proposed experimental set-up of the Louvain-Saclay collaboration, the nuclei recoiling into the forward (or backward) hemisphere in the reaction mu /sup -/+A(J/sub i/=0) to B(J/sub f/[right angle bracket]or=1)+ nu /sub mu / will not only be polarized but also aligned. A general expression for the alignment of the recoiling nucleus is derived in terms of the other observables and it is shown to be independent of nuclear structure and the dynamics of the muon capture interaction. Numerical results are presented for muon capture by /sup 12/C and /sup 16/O. (23 References).
P. R. Subramanian and V. Devanathan, "Orientations of the recoil nucleus in muon capture," Physical Review C, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1615--18, 1979.
Abstract: General expressions are derived for all possible even and odd order tensor orientations of recoil nuclei recoiling into the forward (or backward) hemisphere in the reaction mu /sup -/+A(J/sub i/= 0) to B(J/sub f/[right angle bracket]or=1)+ nu /sub mu /. Numerical results are presented for the case of muon capture by /sup 16/O. (18 References).
T. Sugai, M. Sakamoto, A. Matsushita, K. Nishiyama, K. Nagamine, and T. Kondow, "Studies on dynamics of Mu reaction with NO/sub 2/ by muon spin resonance and relaxation techniques," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 2091--7, 1994.
Abstract: The reaction of Mu with NO/sub 2/ in a Kr atmosphere was studied by muon spin resonance and relaxation measurements at 300 K. It was found that the reaction proceeds via the following two steps: Mu+NO/sub 2/ to MuO+NO and MuO+NO/sub 2/ to MuNO/sub 3/. In particular, the final product MuNO/sub 3/ and the intermediate species MuO were successfully detected for the first time by the techniques of the muon spin resonance and the longitudinal relaxation under a high magnetic field of approximately 2800 G. The rate constants of the Mu+NO/sub 2/ and the MuO+NO/sub 2/ reactions were determined to be (2.9+or-0.5)*10/sup 11/ l mol/sup -1/ s/sup -1/ and (4.5+or-0.1)*10/sup 9/ l mol/sup -1/ s/sup -1/ at 300 K. The isotope effect in the rate constant of the MuO+NO/sub 2/ reaction in comparison with the H+NO/sub 2/ reaction suggests that there are reaction paths with a slight energy barrier which is high enough to retard the H reaction, but not the Mu reaction. On the other hand, the rate constant of the MuO+NO/sub 2/ reaction is smaller than 50% of those of the OH+NO/sub 2/ and the OH+NO/sub 2/ reactions. This isotope effect seems to originate from faster rotational motion of MuO and/or lower vibrational density of states at the transition state. (25 References).
J. Suhonen, M. Aunola, M. Kortelainen, T. Siiskonen, and M. Hjorth-Jensen, "Refined shell-model matrix elements for muon-capture processes," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 567-75, 2000.
Abstract: Recently many shell-model calculations have been performed in order to extract the value of the ratio C/sub P//C/sub A/ in light nuclei. Most of these calculations fail to reproduce the value given by the partially conserved axial vector hypothesis, roughly 7. We show, that by using the effective transition operators, calculated by the perturbative techniques, this discrepancy can be, at least partly, solved. New angular correlation data for /sup 28/Si is used for the extraction of C/sub P//C/sub A/. In the case of /sup 20/Ne, the capture rate data is used for extraction. (26 References).
RA. Sultanov, "Semiclassical three-charged-particle system in the framework of the Pechukas self-consistent method," Physical Review A, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 2376--82, 1994.
Abstract: To describe the rearrangement channels for three-particle atomic reactions and for three-particle muonic processes a semiclassical formalism of the Faddeev-Hahn equations is applied. The relative motion of heavy particles is treated from the classical point of view while the motion of the lighter particle is described from the quantum-mechanical point of view. To find correct trajectories of heavy particles the self-consistent Pechukas method, based on the Feynman path-integral theory, is employed. (25 References).
RA. Sultanov, "Faddeev-Hahn-type equations and its application to three charged particle systems," in Proceedings of 17th RCNP International Symposium on Innovative Computational Methods in Nuclear Many-Body Problems, (H. Horiuchi, M. Kamimura, H. Toki, Y. Fujiwara, M. Matsuo, and Y. Sakuragi, eds.), pp. 131-5, 1998.
Abstract: Faddeev-Hahn-type equations within the context of close coupling expansion are applied to three-charged particle systems. The asymptotic polarization potential U/sub i/P~ alpha / rho /sub i//sup 4/ is introduced into the equations to take into account a closed channel contribution. (11 References).
R. A. Sultanov and SK. Adhikari, "Low-energy three-body charge transfer reactions with Coulomb interaction in the final state," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 32, no. 24, pp. 5751--8, 1999.
Abstract: Three-body charge transfer reactions with Coulomb interaction in the final state are considered within the framework of coordinate-space integro-differential Faddeev-Hahn-type equations within two- and six-state close-coupling approximations. The method is employed to study direct muon transfer in low-energy collisions of the muonic hydrogen H/sub mu / by helium (He/sup 2+/) and lithium (Li/sup 3+/) nuclei. The experimentally observed isotopic dependence is reproduced. (225 References).
R. A. Sultanov, W. Sandhas, and VB. Belyaev, "Semiclassical approach to the three-body muon-transfer collisions," European Physical Journal D, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 33--7, 1999.
Abstract: Muon-transfer rates in collisions of hydrogen-like atoms (p mu /sup -/) or (d mu /sup -/) with light nuclei t, /sup 3/He,/sup 4/He,/sup 6/Li or /sup 7/Li, are calculated in a semiclassical approximation to the Faddeev-Hahn equations. The two nuclei involved are treated classically, while the motion of the muon in their Coulomb field is considered from the quantum mechanical point of view. The experimentally observed strong dependence on the charge of the nuclei is reproduced. (14 References).
R. A. Sultanov and SK. Adhikari, "Coordinate-space Faddeev-Hahn-type approach to three-body charge-transfer reactions involving exotic particles," Physical Review A, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 022711/1-7, 2000.
Abstract: Low-energy muon-transfer cross sections and rates in collisions of muonic atoms with hydrogen isotopes are calculated using a six-state close-coupling approximation to coordinate-space Faddeev-Hahn-type equations. In the muonic case satisfactory results are obtained for all hydrogen isotopes and the experimentally observed strong isotopic dependence of transfer rates is also reproduced. A comparison with results of other theoretical and available experimental works is presented. The present model also leads to good transfer cross sections in the well-understood problem of antihydrogen formation in antiproton-positronium collision. (30 References).
R. A. Sultanov and SK. Adhikari, "Dynamical calculation of direct muon-transfer rates from thermalized muonic hydrogen to C/sup 6+/ and O/sup 8+/," Physical Review A, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 022509/1-6, 2000.
Abstract: We perform dynamical calculations of direct muon-transfer rates from thermalized muonic hydrogen isotopes to bare nuclei C/sup 6+/ and O/sup 8+/. For these three-body charge-transfer reactions with Coulomb interaction in the final state we use two-component integrodifferential Faddeev-Hahn-type equations in configuration space using close-coupling approximation. To take into account the high polarizability of the muonic hydrogen due to the large charge of the incident nuclei, a polarization potential is included in the elastic channel. The large final-state Coulomb interaction is explicitly included in the transfer channel. The transfer rates so calculated are in good agreement with recent experiments. (25 References).
R. A. Sultanov and SK. Adhikari, "Low-energy three-body atomic collision within a coordinate-space integro-differential equation approach: muon-transfer reaction," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 684, no. , pp. 690-2, 2001.
Abstract: Low-energy three-body charge-transfer collision with Coulomb interaction in the final-state is considered within the framework of coordinate-space Faddeev-Hahn-type equations using two- and six-state close-coupling approximations. The method is used to calculate muon-transfer rates from muonic hydrogen isotopes to bare nuclei He/sup 2+/, Li/sup 3+/, C/sup 6+/, O/sup 8+/ and Ne/sup 10+/ in good agreement with experiments. In case of heavier nuclei a polarization potential is included to incorporate the strong distortion in the initial channel. Coulomb potentials are treated exactly without approximation or cut off. (11 References).
R. A. Sultanov and SK. Adhikari, "Low-energy direct muon transfer from H to Ne/sup 10+/ S/sup 16+/ and Ar/sup 18+/ using the two-state close-coupling approximation to the Faddeev-Hahn-type equation," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 935--45, 2002.
Abstract: We perform a three-body calculation of direct muon-transfer rates from thermalized muonic hydrogen isotopes to bare nuclei Ne/sup 10+/, S/sup 16+/ and Ar/sup 18+/ employing integro-differential Faddeev-Hahn-type equations in configuration space with a two-state close-coupling approximation scheme. All Coulomb potentials including the strong final-state Coulomb repulsion are treated exactly. A long-range polarization potential is included in the elastic channel to take into account the high polarizability of the muonic hydrogen. The transfer rates so-calculated are in good agreement with recent experiments. We find that the muon is captured predominantly in the n = 6, 9 and 10 states of muonic Ne/sup 10+/, S/sup 16+/ and Ar/sup 18+/, respectively. (33 References).
R. A. Sultanov and SK. Adhikari, "Low-energy muon-transfer reaction from hydrogen isotopes to helium isotopes," Physics Letters A, vol. 300, no. 4-5, pp. 417--20, 2002.
Abstract: Direct muon transfer in low-energy collisions of the muonic hydrogen H/sub mu / and helium (He/sup ++/) is considered in a three-body quantum-mechanical framework of coordinate-space integro-differential Faddeev-Hahn-type equations within two- and six-state close coupling approximations. The final-state Coulomb interaction is treated without any approximation employing appropriate Coulomb waves in the final state. This procedure of treating Coulomb interaction leads to much improved results for low-energy transfer rates. The present results agree reasonably well with previous semiclassical calculations. (20 References).
R. A. Sultanov and D. Guster, "Integral-differential equations approach to atomic three-body systems," J. Comput. Phys., vol. 192, pp. 231-243, 2003.
Abstract: Three-charge-particle quantum systems with arbitrary masses are treated by a general formalism based on a coordinate-space integral-differential Faddeev-Hahn-type equation. To solve these equations we expand the wave function components in terms of bound states in initial and final channels and project these equations on these bound states as in the close-coupling method used in Schrodinger equation. After a proper angular momentum projection, a set of coupled integral-differential equations for the unknown expansion coefficients result, which are solved numerically by discretization for the calculation of both bound state and rearrangement scattering. In this work the formalism is employed to study atomic and muonic three-body systems like negative ion of positronium Ps(-) = (e(+)e(-)e(-)), positive ion of hydrogen molecule H-2(+), muonic molecules dtmu and ddmu, and also low-energy charge-transfer reaction for muonium production. Satisfactory results are obtained for all these cases. Comparison with results of other works and details of the numerical scheme are presented. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
R. A. Sultanov and D. Guster, "Parallel computing for semiquantal few-body systems in atomic physics," Lect Note Comput Sci, vol. 2667, pp. 568-576, 2003.
Abstract: A parallel computing algorithm is constructed for semiquantal few-body sytems in atomic physics. The paxallelization procedure is implemented with use of the MPI library. Satisfactory results axe obtained for low-energy atomic reactions. The use of MPI functions increases the effectiveness of the calculations at least three times within our computer system topology.
M. K. Sundaresan and PJS. Watson, "Higher-order vacuum polarization corrections in muonic atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 15--18, 1972.
Abstract: In view of the recently reported discrepancies between theoretical calculations and accurate experimental measurements of muonic X-ray energies for several elements in the energy range 150-440 keV, the authors have recalculated the vacuum polarization corrections. Their results reduce, but do not eliminate, the discrepancies. They discuss the effects of a possible anomalous coupling of the muon to a speculative scalar meson of the type suggested by Weinberg. (6 References).
M. K. Sundaresan and PJS. Watson, "Hadronic vacuum-polarization corrections in muonic atoms," Physical Review D, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 230--1, 1975.
Abstract: Estimates the hadronic intermediate-state contributions to the energy levels of muonic atoms. (2 References).
M. K. Sundaresan and PJS. Watson, "Muon-number-nonconserving effects in exotic atoms and at high energies," Physical Review D, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 703--8, 1978.
Abstract: Positron ejection from muon atoms is at an unobservable low rate, but high-energy processes like mu /sup +/e/sup -/ to mu /sup -/e/sup +/, mu /sup +/ mu /sup -/, and pp to leptons offer possibilities to see muon-number non-conservation together with Higgs boson effects. (11 References).
R. M. Sundelin and RM. Edelstein, "Neutron spectra and asymmetries in muon capture," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 150-6, 1970.
Abstract: A single large discrepancy has plagued muon physics for the past decade. This discrepancy is in the asymmetry of neutrons emitted following muon capture. The experiment discussed, combined with other recent experimental and theoretical work, is very close to eliminating this discrepancy. Early theoretical work had predicted a small negative asymmetry, and two experiments had obtained very large negative asymmetries at high neutron energies. Moderate positive asymmetries have now been obtained, and recent theoretical work predicts positive asymmetries.
R. M. Sundelin and RM. Edelstein, "Neutron asymmetries and energy spectra from muon capture in Si, S, and Ca," Physical Review C, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1037--60, 1973.
Abstract: The energy dependence of the neutron asymmetry parameter for nuclear capture of muons has been measured in Si, S, and Ca for neutron energies of 4-53 MeV. Contrary to most recent experiments, the asymmetry parameter is strongly positive over much of the energy range, with values as much as 9 standard deviations from zero. Because of the unusual nature of these results the experiment was performed twice and with excellent agreement between the two sets of data. The integrated asymmetry parameter for E/sub n/[right angle bracket]15.6 MeV is +0.316+or-0.023 for Si and +0.290+or-0.034 for Ca, values which are in direct conflict with the 'standard' V-A theory.
G. Sussmann, "Description of the nuclear surface by moments," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 274, no. 2, pp. 145--59, 1975.
Abstract: The parameters proposed by W.D. Myers (see abstr. A52070 of 1973), to describe the radial shape dependence of the nuclear surface are shown to be as useful as they are natural. For spherical nuclei, the central radius C, the charge radius R, the quadratic radius Q are redefined, and it is shown how they are interrelated by Myers' surface width b, flair gamma /sub 3/, crookedness gamma /sub 4/, and the higher shape parameter gamma /sub 5/. All these quantities are calculated for some special charge distribution functions. (For symmetric distributions, possessing a symmetry center at C, the odd surface moments b/sup 3/ gamma /sub 3/ and b/sup 5/ gamma /sub 5/ vanish). The connection of the surface moments Gamma /sub mu /=b/sup mu / gamma /sub mu / with the volume moments F/sub K/ that have been extracted by K. W.Ford et al. (1969) from muonic atoms is indicated. (10 References).
T. Suzuki, R. J. Mikula, D. M. Garner, D. G. Fleming, and DF. Measday, "Muon capture in oxides using the lifetime method," Physics Letters B, vol. 95B, no. 2, pp. 202--6, 1980.
Abstract: The relative capture rate has been measured for muons stopping in 22 oxides. The experimental method was to detect the decay electrons and to use the unique lifetime signature to determine which element captures the muon. (24 References).
T. Suzuki, D. F. Measday, and JP. Roalsvig, "Total nuclear capture rates for negative muons," Physical Review C, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 2212--24, 1987.
Abstract: The lifetime of negative muons has been measured in 50 elements plus 8 isotopes. For light elements the accuracy of 2 to 3 ns is a significant improvement over most previous measurements. In heavier elements the accuracy is 1 to 2 ns, which is comparable to, or better than, previous results, with reasonable agreement in most cases. For /sup 18/O, Sc, Dy, and Er there were no previous data. The total capture rates have been deduced and compared to various calculations. (89 References).
Y. Suzuki, J. Usukura, and K. Varga, "New description of orbital motion with arbitrary angular momenta," J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys., vol. 31, pp. 31-48, 1998.
Abstract: A formulation is presented for a variational calculation of Nbody systems on a correlated Gaussian basis with arbitrary angular momenta. The rotational motion of the system is described with a single spherical harmonic of the total angular momentum L, and thereby needs no explicit coupling of partial waves between particles. A simple generating function for the correlated Gaussian is exploited to derive the matrix element. The formulation is applied to various Coulomb three-body systems such as e(-)e(-)e(+), tt mu, td mu, and alpha e(-)e(-) up to L = 4 in order to show its usefulness and versatility. A stochastic selection of the basis functions yields good results for various angular momentum states.
Y. Suzuki, K. Varga, and J. Usukura, "Stochastic variational methods in few-body systems," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 631, no. , pp. 91-110, 1998.
Abstract: This talk is a review of the recent application of the stochastic variational method (SVM). The SVM optimizes the variational basis in a random trial and error procedure. The SVM with the correlated Gaussian basis is a natural extension of the rigorous few-body techniques to larger systems of strongly correlating particles and offers a wide range of applications. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated in Coulombic few-body problems (td mu molecule, positronium molecule, for example), but the applicability is not restricted to central forces: Fairly good solutions can be obtained for few-nucleon problems with realistic forces as well. The form of the trial functions is general and therefore, depending on the computational resources and the required accuracy, one can tackle N=2-8 and possibly more-particle problems. To avoid the complexity due to the partial wave expansion of the wave function, we suggested a novel representation of the nonspherical part of the wave function, which is expressed by the angle of a {"}global vector{"}, the angle of the linear combination of the relative coordinates. Several numerical examples show the adequacy of this representation. (59 References).
Y. Suzuki, M. Nakahata, M. Miura, and K. Kaneyuki, "Lepton flavor violation experiments at KEK-JAERI Joint Project of high intensity proton machine," in Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Neutrino Oscillations and their Origin, (Singapore), pp. 253--62, 2001.
A. Svarc, Z. Bajzer, and M. Furic, "Kinematical and dynamical considerations of muon capture by deuteron," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 285, no. 2, pp. 133--7, 1978.
Abstract: Variations of the capture rate spectra are studied as functions of low-energy neutron-neutron scattering parameters and of the weak-interaction constant g/sub P//sup ( mu )/. The sensitivity of capture rates to the stated parameters is shown to depend on the geometry of the process considered. (13 References).
A. Svarc, Z. Bajzer, and M. Furic, "The influence of the neutron-neutron off-energy-shell interaction on the differential mu /sup -/d capture rates," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 291, no. 3, pp. 271--5, 1979.
Abstract: The effects of the neutron-neutron off-energy-shell interaction in muon capture by deuteron gives rise to uncertainties in the total and differential capture rates. It is shown that the uncertainties in the differential spectra can be reduced by accurate measurements of the total rates. Valuable information on a/sub nn/ can therefore be expected from a mu /sup -/d kinematically complete experiment. (11 References).
A. Svarc and Z. Bajzer, "The extraction of the neutron-neutron scattering length from muon capture by a deuteron," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 1397--401, 1980.
Abstract: The influence of the neutron-neutron off-energy-shell interaction on the extraction of a/sub nn/ in mu /sup -/d capture has been discussed. An analysis has been performed for several relative neutron-neutron angles and it has been found that the off-shell uncertainty increases with the angle. (14 References).
A. Svarc and S. Ceci, "eta production in hadronic interactions," in Proceedings of the NSTAR 2000 Conference. Excited Nucleons and Hadronic Structure, (V. D. Burkert, L. Elouadrhiri, J. J. Kelly, and RC. Minehart, eds.), pp. 104--12, 2001.
Abstract: A short, and definitely not a complete representation of eta production processes on hadrons is given. First of all, the different ways of obtaining the pi N to eta N and eta N to eta N amplitudes are presented. After that, an overview of results obtained using these amplitudes as input for calculating processes like: NN to eta NN, pd to eta /sup 3/He, pi d to eta NN and eta d, eta /sup 3/He and eta /sup 4/He as well as eta -light nuclei 3 states, will be given. The experimental and theoretical results will be reviewed. The open problems and the way how to solve them will be presented. (39 References).
R. Swainson and GWF. Drake, "Lamb shifts and fine-structure splittings for light muonic ions: hyperfine-structure corrections," Physical Review A, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 620--3, 1986.
Abstract: The authors previous calculations for the energy splittings of the states 2s/sub 1/2/-2p/sub 1/2/ and 2s/sub 1/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ for the muonic ions mu /sup -/-Li, mu /sup -/-Be, and mu /sup -/-B are extended to include hyperfine-structure corrections. The results show that there is a rich spectrum of well-resolved hyperfine transitions lying throughout the visible and infrared parts of the spectrum. A measurement of the transition frequencies would provide a precise determination of the nuclear radius and the hyperfine-structure coupling constants. (14 References).
Myint K. Swe, Y. Akaishi, H. Tanaka, M. Kamimura, and H. Narumi, "Relativistic and QED contributions to the Coulomb three-body system in muon-catalyzed fusion," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atomic Nuclei), vol. 334, no. 4, pp. 423--8, 1989.
Abstract: Energy shifts in the shallowest level of the muonic molecule dt nu are estimated by using an accurate wave function of the point-charge three-body system which gives epsilon /sub 11//sup 0/=-660.3 meV. Contributions of nuclear finite size, vacuum polarization, relativistic effect and internuclear interaction are evaluated to be +10.4 meV, +17.2 meV, +0.9 meV and approximately +10/sup -4/ meV, respectively. These corrections to epsilon /sub 11//sup 0/ amount to 28.5 meV, which is significantly different from the corresponding value 20.6 meV of the Soviet group, with serious dependence on the dt mu formation rate. (27 References).
K. Szalewicz, H. J. Monkhorst, W. Kolos, and A. Scrinzi, "Variational calculation of the energy levels for the td mu ion," Physical Review A, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 5494--7, 1987.
Abstract: The authors present variational calculations of the energy levels of the td mu ion relevant for muon-catalyzed fusion. They used very large generalized Hylleraas basis sets. For all the levels the results are better than literature data. For the most important, weakly bound state of td mu they obtained a binding energy of 660.01 meV which they estimate to be accurate to about 0.1 meV. For the remaining states the energies converge much faster and they were able to achieve accuracy of about 1 mu eV or better. (19 References).
K. Szalewicz, S. A. Alexander, P. Froelich, S. E. Haywood, B. Jeziorski, W. Kolos, H. J. Monkhorst, A. Scrinzi, C. Stodden, A. Velenik, and Zhao. Xiaolin, "Theoretical description of muonic molecular ions," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 274-88, 1988.
Abstract: An accurate theoretical description of the muonic molecular ions is critical for understanding the phenomenon of muon catalyzed fusion. The authors review recent calculations on the td mu ion which have substantially improved knowledge of the processes involving this ion. (50 References).
K. Szalewicz and B. Jeziorski, "Effects of nuclear forces in muon catalyzed fusion. Fusion rates and sticking fractions for td mu," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 241--8, 1990.
Abstract: The R-matrix theory has been used to derive a new, quasifactorizable formula for fusion rates. For td mu the rates obtained from this simple formula agree to within a fraction of one percent with the results of extensive calculations which solve the Schrodinger equation including the effects of strong nuclear forces via the logarithmic derivative boundary condition in the R-matrix approach. The validity of the standard sudden approximation formula for sticking has been investigated. It has been shown that the closure approximation used to derive this formula leads to a relative error of only about 0.3%. (34 References).
K. Szalewicz, B. Jeziorski, A. Scrinzi, X. Zhao, R. Moszynski, W. Kolos, P. Froelich, H. J. Monkhorst, and A. Velenik, "Effects of nuclear forces in muon-catalyzed fusion: nonadiabatic treatment of energy shifts and fusion rates for S states of td mu," Physical Review A, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 3768--78, 1990.
Abstract: The positions and widths of the J=0 energy levels of the td mu molecular ion have been computed including the effects of strong nuclear interaction on the td mu wave function. The applied formalism incorporates the strong force into the nonadiabatic treatment of td mu by means of a nuclear surface boundary condition derived from the latest R-matrix parametrization of nuclear scattering data. Accurate basis-set expansions of the td mu wave functions have been used, including basis functions containing inverse powers of the t-d distance. Relative to the results of adiabatic calculations employing the same nuclear input, the computed energy shifts and widths are reduced by 4% and 8% for the ground and excited states, respectively. The results are qualitatively consistent with the results of nonadiabatic optical potential calculations. The fusion rates derived from the calculations, 1.25*10/sup 12/ and 1.05*10/sup 12/ s/sup -1/ for the ground and excited states, respectively, are about 15% larger than those given by the standard formula that factorizes the nuclear and molecular effects. (46 References).
AP. Szczepaniak, "Description of the D/sub s//sup */(2320) resonance as the D pi atom," Physics Letters B, vol. 567, no. 1-2, pp. 23--6, 2003.
Abstract: We discuss the possibility that the recently reported resonance in the D/sub s/ pi /sup 0/ spectrum can be described in terms of residual D pi interactions. (11 References).
J. Szpilecki, "Muonium and its chemical compounds," Postepy Fizyki, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 21--36, 1969.
Abstract: To solve the problem of the mu /sup +/ meson depolarization in interactions with material bodies the concept of muonium hydrogen-like atom ( mu /sup +/, e/sup -/) and its possible chemical reactions and compounds with acceptor is discussed.
A. Taal, van Enschut JFM D'Achard, JBR Berkhout, W. Duinker, Eijk CWE van, WHA Hesselink, den Hoek PJ van, T. J. Ketel, J. H. Koch, J. Konijn, Laat CTAM de, W. Lourens, Middelkoop G. van, W. Poeser, T. Prins, and AH. Wapstra, "Anomalous strong interaction in pionic Mg," Physics Letters B, vol. 156B, no. 5-6, pp. 296--300, 1985.
Abstract: The pionic 2p-1s transition has been observed in Mg. For the strong interaction monopole shift a value has been measured of epsilon /sub 0/(1s)=-81.6+or-0.6 keV with respect to the point Coulomb energy, in agreement with standard optical potential predictions. The observed strong interaction absorption width is Gamma /sub 0/(1s)=17.2+or-1.6 keV, which is about a factor of 1.5 smaller than expected from presently available models. This measurement confirms the trend of 'anomalously' small strong interaction widths for deeply bound pionic states already observed in heavier elements. (26 References).
A. Taal, P. David, C. Gugler, H. Janszen, J. Konijn, Laat CTAM de, der Schaaf A. van, L. A. Schaller, and L. Schellenberg, "Strong interaction effects in pionic Mg and /sup 27/Al using coincidence techniques," in Proceedings of the International Nuclear Physics Conference, (J. L. Durrell, J. M. Irvine, and GC. Morrison, eds.), 1987.
Abstract: Although the standard optical potentials can explain the more peripheral pionic atom states in most nuclei, they fail to describe the strong interaction shifts and widths of the more deeply bound levels as shown by a comparison between the experimental data and standard optical predictions. Earlier experimental results have been interpreted as due to an extra S-wave repulsion in the pion-nucleus optical potential. Since the broad and weak pionic 2p to 1s transitions in pionic Mg and /sup 27/Al are obscured by muonic X-rays (at 296 keV and 346 keV for Mg and Al, respectively) and nuclear gamma -ray transitions (e.g. the 350.72 keV gamma -ray from /sup 21/Ne), coincidence experiments were performed. An array of five (BGO) Compton-suppressed Ge spectrometers was used to measure the pionic X-rays and a total of eight 5{"}*5{"} NaI(Tl) crystals to detect the prompt nuclear gamma -radiation. (3 References).
A. Taal, P. David, H. Hanscheid, J. H. Koch, Laat CTAM de, W. Lourens, F. Risse, CFG Rosel, der Schaaf A. van, W. Schrieder, and J. Konijn, "Deeply bound 1s and 2p states in pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A511, no. 3-4, pp. 573--91, 1990.
Abstract: New results were obtained on pionic 1s levels in /sup 24/Mg, /sup 27/Al and /sup 28/Si, on 2p states in /sup 93/Nb and /sup nat/Ru, as well as on 3d states in /sup 93/Nb, /sup nat/Ru, /sup nat/Ag and /sup nat/Cd. For the first time the predicted repulsive shifts for the pionic 2p level have been observed. The following values were obtained for the strong-interaction shifts and widths (all values in keV); /sup 24/Mg: epsilon /sub 0//sup 1s/=-80.5+or-0.6 and Gamma /sub 0//sup 1s/=24.3+or-1.6; /sup 27/Al: epsilon /sub 0//sup 1s/=-115.5+or-1.4 and Gamma /sub 0//sup 1s/=28.8+or-1.2, /sup 28/Si: epsilon /sub 0//sup 1s/=-131.6+or-2.0 and Gamma /sub 0//sup 1s/=41+or-4; /sup 93/Nb: epsilon /sub 0//sup 2p/=-11+or-3, Gamma /sub 0//sup 2p/=64+or-8, epsilon /sub 0//sup 3d/=0.74+or-0.02 and Gamma /sub 0//sup 3d/=0.402+or-0.016; /sup nat/Ru: epsilon /sub 0//sup 2p/=-48+or-7, Gamma /sub 0//sup 2p/=77+or-24, epsilon /sub 0//sup 3d/=1.39+or-0.08 and Gamma /sub 0//sup 3d/=0.75+or-0.08; /sup nat/Ag: epsilon /sub 0//sup 3d/=1.94+or-0.07 and Gamma /sub 0//sup 3d/=1.44+or-0.05 and /sup nat/Cd: epsilon /sub 0//sup 3d/=2.14+or-0.09 and Gamma /sub 0//sup 3d/=1.65+or-0.07. (19 References).
S. Taczanowski, "Physico-economical premises for the nuclear design of fissile breeding devices," Annals of Nuclear Energy, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 249--55, 1987.
Abstract: Physico-economical factors are the basis for guidelines in the nuclear design of emerging fissile breeding devices. In the present study 3 basic concepts are discussed: spallator, fusion-fission hybrid and the muon catalyzed fusion breeder. In all cases the expressions describing the income of a fissile breeder are given as functions of physical and technological system parameters. The dependence of the income on certain selected variables, others having been taken as parameters, is illustrated in a series of diagrams. An analysis of the obtained results indicates, among others, that: in all the above concepts high conversion ratios are desirable, thus making neutron slowing-down rather harmful; fast fissions in a spallator are advantageous; the plasma Q needs not be too high, but still should amount to ca. 5; the muon factory operating as a spallator is indispensable if the cold fusion (even with a rather optimistic efficiency) is to be economic. (2 References).
S. Taczanowski, "On the requirements for a competitive cold fusion reactor," in Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems 1989, ICENES '89. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, (Mollendorff U. von and B. Goel, eds.), pp. 284--8, 1989.
Abstract: The performed parametric study imposes requirements upon the fundamental determinants of the muon catalyzed fusion: the expense of energy per generation of one muon and the number of fusions per muon. The obtained results laid at the formulation of more severe requirements to be fulfilled for the realization of a competitive cold fusion reactor. Nevertheless the observed continuous progress in the area and wide margins of uncertainty of pertinent physical data still leave room for promising perspectives of the muon catalyzed fusion. (7 References).
T. Tajima, "Muonic superdense matter and channeled beams," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 257--63, 1987.
Abstract: A possible method of creation of superdense matter with approximate atomic density 4*10/sup 29/ cm/sup -3/ is suggested. A pulsed beam of 10/sup 8/ muons, with duration 3*10/sup -6/ sec is shone on liquid hydrogen of volume approximately (300 AA)/sup 3/. A muon charge-exchanges with an electron in a hydrogen atom: with enough muonic hydrogen atoms, they begin to nucleate into a condensed state. The muon beam should be cooled by the ionization process and channeled through the crystal axes before irradiation on the hydrogen specimen. When magnetic fields are present upon irradiation, the fields may be enhanced up to 10/sup 9/ Gauss. (15 References).
T. Tajima, S. Eliezer, and RM. Kulsrud, "A new concept for muon catalyzed fusion reactor," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 423-34, 1988.
Abstract: A new concept for a muon catalyzed pure fusion reactor is considered. To the authors' best knowledge this constitutes a first plausible configuration to make energy gain without resorting to fissile matter breeding by fusion neutrons, although a number of crucial physical and engineering questions as well as details have yet to be resolved. A bundle of DT ice ribbons (with a filling factor f) is immersed in the magnetic field. The overall magnetic field in the mirror configuration confines pions created by the injected high energy deuterium (or tritium) beam. The DT material is long enough to be inertially confined along the axis of mirror. The muon catalyzed mesomolecule formation and nuclear fusion take place in the DT target, leaving alpha /sup ++/ and occasionally ( alpha mu )/sup +/ (muon sticking). The stuck muons are stripped fast enough in the target, while they are accelerated by ion cyclotron resonance heating when they circulate in the vacuum (or dilute plasma). The ribbon is (eventually) surrounded and pressure-confined by this coronal plasma, whereas the corona is magnetically confined. The overall bundle of ribbons (a pellet) is inertially confined. This configuration may also be of use for stripping stuck muons via the plasma mechanism of Menshikov and Ponomarev. (15 References).
T. Tajima, S. Eliezer, and RM. Kulsrud, "Direct conversion of muon catalyzed fusion energy," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 1-2, pp. 47--62, 1992.
Abstract: A method of direct conversion of muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) energy is proposed in order to reduce the cost of muon production. This mu CF concept is based on a pellet composed of many thin solid deuterium-tritium (DT) rods encircled by a metallic circuit immersed in a magnetic field. The direct energy conversion is the result of the heating of the pellet by beam injection and fusion alphas. The expanding DT rods cause a change of magnetic flux linked by the circuit. The calculation shows that the direct conversion method reduces the cost of one muon by a factor of approximately 2.5 over the previous methods. The present method is compatible with a reactor using the pellet concept, where muon sticking is reduced by ion cyclotron resonance heating and the confinement of the exploding pellet is handled by magnetic fields and the coronal plasma. (16 References).
H. Takahashi, HJC Kouts, P. Grand, J. R. Powell, and M. Steinberg, "Nuclear fuel breeding by using spallation and muon catalysis fusion reactions," Atomkernenergie Kerntechnik, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 195--9, 1980.
Abstract: The neutron yield from a uranium target interacting with high energy protons is substantially larger than of a lead target. The plutonium production is calculated at 3 tons/year using a 300-MW, 1-GeV proton beam accelerator. The increased neutron yield is due to high fission. This neutron rich reaction alleviates the problem of heat removal from the target. The neutron yield and plutonium production can be increased further using a deuteron beam and resulting mu /sup -/ meson catalysis. The mu /sup -/ meson catalyzed DT fusion reaction is evaluated by using the production rate of mu /sup -/ meson and the assumed value of 100 fusions per mu /sup -/ meson. The increase of neutron yield and Pu production is 10% for 2-GeV proton beam. The additional increase does not warrant the installation of a fusion target in the accelerator reactor, which would be very complicated. The advantage of the spallation fission reactor over the Tokamak-type fusion hybrid reactor is also discussed. (27 References).
H. Takahashi and A. Moats, "Medium temperature mu -catalyzed fusion and use of laser beam to detach bound mu /sup -/ mesons," Atomkernenergie Kerntechnik, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 188--90, 1983.
Abstract: An investigation of the high-temperature cross section of mu -catalyzed fusion reactions and the feasibility of using laser light to detach bound mu /sup -/ meson from fusion product alpha -particles are discussed. To effectively produce the mu -catalyzed DT fusion reactions, it is necessary to make the mu /sup -/ mesonic molecular state of DT mu by using a resonance reaction of the excited rotational vibrational level. (10 References).
H. Takahashi, "pi /sup -/ meson production using fixed target and alpha -sticking and reactivation factor," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 112-29, 1984.
Abstract: Efficient production of mu /sup -/ meson is crucial for energy production due to mu /sup -/ meson catalyzed fusion. The mu /sup -/ meson is produced from a decay of pi /sup -/ meson. The energy needed to produce a pi /sup -/ meson was estimated first by Petrav et al. by using a simple reaction model and fundamental data of nucleon-nucleon interaction. The author has estimated this value for the infinitely extended light nuclei target by using the internuclear cascade code, which is based on the isobar model of Sternheimer and Lindenbaum for the pi /sup -/ meson production process. The author obtains roughly the same order of energy as Petrov's estimation. (0 References).
H. Takahashi, "Comment on the muon-catalyzed fusion (muon production and the fusion reactor concept)," Scientific Papers of the Institute of Physical & Chemical Research (Japan), vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 30--7, 1986.
Abstract: The author reports on the issues related to the muon production and the muon-catalyzed fusion reactor. He first describes the numbers and the distributions of the pi /sup -/ emitted from the surface of a Be target for 3 GeV protons injected, calculated by using intra- and inter-nuclear-cascade and the nucleon-meson transport code. For the pi - mu converter, the magnetic field can be efficiently used to collect and transport the pions. As a synthesizer, high density deuterium-tritium mixture may have problems due to the high neutron wall loading and the high pressure. (6 References).
H. Takahashi, "Muon sticking in muon-catalysed d-t fusion," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 12, no. 12, pp. L271-7, 1986.
Abstract: The effect of low energy resonance of the d-t fusion reaction on the muon sticking factor in muon-catalysed fusion is studied. The sticking factor is formulated using the mu -dt molecular wavefunction and the doorway state wavefunction, which represent the resonance reaction of resonance energy E/sub R/=E/sub /r+1 Gamma /sub /r/2. The sticking factor for a large half width Gamma /sub /r/2 is the same as the one without taking into account the nuclear reaction, but for a small half width the sticking factor becomes generally small, except for some cases such as E/sub /r=60 keV and Gamma /sub /r/2=90 keV. The sticking factor calculated with the presently evaluated resonance parameter (E/sub /r=55+or-8 keV, Gamma /sub /r/2=38.6 keV) is 0.1+or-0.01%. (24 References).
H. Takahashi, "X-ray intensities following the fusions of d mu d, d mu t and p mu d," Physics Letters B, vol. 174, no. 2, pp. 133--6, 1986.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray spectra of mu /sup 3/He and mu /sup 4/He from d mu d, p mu d, and d mu t fusion are analyzed for various target densities. Theoretical values of the intensity ratio mu /sup 3/He(3 to 1)/ mu /sup 3/He(2 to 1) for d mu d and p mu d fusion at liquid hydrogen density are, respectively, 0.132 and 0.0553. These are in good agreement with the experimental results. (6 References).
H. Takahashi, "The effect of multiple-step excitation on the reactivation and X-ray intensities following the fusion d mu d, d mu t and p mu t," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 237--43, 1987.
Abstract: Menshikov and Ponomarev recently studied analytically the effect of multistep excitation on the muon reactivation for d mu t fusion and obtained a rather large activation factor of 35%. As expected, this shows a large density effect on the reactivation factor. The numerical cascade calculation with the cross section for multistep excitation, used by them, indicates that the reactivation factor is 25%. Due to the large Auger transition rates in the high excited states, the density effect on the reactivation factor is not large. Muonic X-ray spectra of mu /sup 3/He from mu -catalyzed pd and dd fissions, measured by Bossy et al., are analyzed by the cascade model used for the muon reactivation calculation. The model calculation is in good agreement with the intensity ratios mu /sup 3/He(3-1)/ mu /sup 3/He(2-1) of 0.13+or-0.02 and 0.03+or-0.007 measured for dd and pd fusions, and the multistep excitation increases 5% of the X-ray ratio for dd fusion. (10 References).
H. Takahashi, "Some thoughts on the muon-catalyzed fusion reactor," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 375--88, 1987.
Abstract: It is challenging to imagine the design of the muon-catalyzed fusion reactor. Some of the engineering challenges and critical research areas such as pi /sup -/ meson transport, beam entry single crystal window and coherent X-rays for stripping the muon from alpha particles are considered. In order to reduce the tritium inventory and neutron wall loading, use of the laser technique for manipulating the d-t mixture is considered. The heterogeneous d-t mixture using the droplet or jet is discussed. (39 References).
H. Takahashi, "Effect of 2S and 2P states, Stark mixing for muon reactivation and X-ray intensities following the muon catalyzed fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 453--8, 1988.
Abstract: K alpha -X-ray intensity and reactivation factors following muon catalyzed fusion are sensitive to the Stark mixing cross section between 2S and 2P states, but not K beta and K gamma -X-ray intensities. (16 References).
H. Takahashi, "Laser enhancement of resonance (dt mu , d2e)*((dd mu , d2e)*) formation," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 295--301, 1988.
Abstract: The enhancement of resonance molecular formation rates of (dt mu , d2e) and (dd mu , d2e) by strong laser irradiation have been studied. The formation rates decrease until the laser intensity reaches the order of 10/sup 8/ approximately=10/sup 9/ W/cm/sup 2/, and they increase substantially for the intensity range of 10/sup 10/ W/cm/sup 2/ approximately=10/sup 11/ W/cm/sup 2/. The (dt mu , d2e) formation rate using the angular frequency laser such as 11.4*10/sup 13/ rad/sec becomes 4*10/sup 10/ l/sec for the laser intensity of 3*10/sup 10/ W/cm/sup 2/. Further increase of laser intensity reduces the formation rate due to the mismatch of the resonance condition. The formation rate is very sensitive to the frequency of the laser and the formation rate of (dd mu , d2e) becomes comparable with that of (dt mu , d2e) for the cases of omega =22.8*10/sup 13/ rad/sec. For the case of a dt initial molecule, there is the possibility of enhancing the formation rate by exciting the vibrational motion by laser fields. (16 References).
H. Takahashi, "Muonic molecular formation under laser irradiation and in the clustered ion molecule. (The effect of proton additive on the muon catalyzed fusion cycle)," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 185-98, 1988.
Abstract: "The number of fusions catalyzed by one muon depends on the rate of formation of the muonic molecule. The fast resonance formation rate for the dt mu molecule due to the shallow binding energy of (J=1
H. Takahashi, "Dynamical screening of potential by mobile deuteron, branching ratio of d(d,p)t and d(d,n)He/sup 3/ reaction in PdD/sub x/ and its implication to d-d muon catalyzed fusion," in Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems 1989, ICENES '89. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, (Mollendorff U. von and B. Goel, eds.), pp. 318--21, 1989.
Abstract: "The dynamical screening Coulomb potential between deuterons in the PdD/sub x/ deuteride is dynamically screened by the mobile deuterons as well as the electrons. The screening effect by the mobile deuteron in low temperature is substantial. When the all deuterons become mobile, the fusion rate observed by Jones et al. (1989) can be achieved using the classical formula for the ion polarization function, however the rate using the quantum mechanical formula becomes 10/sup -6/-10/sup -7/ times smaller than the classical one. To interpret a extremely large p/n branching ratio observed in cold fusion reaction, the break-up process of deuteron as they penetrate the Coulomb barrier, the neutron tunneling process and the process of exciting the 20.1 MeV (j=0+
H. Takahashi, "Muon catalyzed fusion in plasma state and high intensity DT fusion neutron source," in Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems 1989, ICENES '89. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, (Mollendorff U. von and B. Goel, eds.), pp. 261--6, 1989.
Abstract: DT mu molecular formation rates in a plasma state of DT mixture by D and T ions are, respectively, 63 and 77 times higher than the ones by electrons. High plasma oscillation frequency in a high electron density plasma enhances the formation rate in the high temperature DT mixture. The DT muon catalyzed fusion has the ability to produce much higher intensity 14 MeV neutron source (in order of 5*10/sup 16/ n/cm/sup 2//sec) than other means of stripping and spallation approaches. Such neutrons can be used for testing of first wall material candidates for magnetic fusion reactors, for incinerating fission products (e.g. Cs/sup 137/) and for creating high thermal flux neutron sources, on the order of 10/sup 17/ n/cm/sup 2//sec. (12 References).
H. Takahashi, "Muon catalyzed fusion in the degenerated electron DT plasma mixture," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 363--70, 1991.
Abstract: The author has calculated the sticking factor of muons to fusion products in degenerated and nondegenerated electron plasma states using an accurate value of the slowing-down power of the alpha mu ion. The slowing-down power of the alpha mu ion in a degenerated electron plasma is larger than that in a nondegenerated electron plasma. The functional form of their energy dependencies is very similar, but both differ from the form calculated by McNally`s formula. The sticking factors calculated using these three slowing-down powers show similar trends. The sticking factor in the low-temperature, high-density plasma is so small that a large number of fusion processes might be possible with such a plasma target. The formation rate of dt mu due to the degenerated electron is larger than that due to the nondegenerated electron in the low temperature region, and is almost proportional to the inverse square of the temperature. (11 References).
Y. Takahashi, "Partial restoration of chiral symmetry of vector mesons in hot hadronic matter: a possible signature of quard--gluon plasma," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 113--122, 1996.
N. Takahashi and other, "Radiactive core ions of microclusters, ``snowballs'' in superfluid helium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 351--358, 1996.
Y. Takahashi, "The search for cosmic strangelets with the supersonic concorde and with JACEE's circumpolar balloon flight in Antartica," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 99--112, 1996.
H. Takahashi, "DT mu physics and its application," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 365--71, 2001.
Abstract: A high-intensity neutron source that is highly correlated spatially and with time and will be used for neutron scattering experiments can be obtained by dt mu catalyzed fusion by enhancing the formation rate of dt mu molecules using a high-intensity pulsed laser to dt mu gas. This paper considers the use of dt mu fusion for fast ignition of inertial confinement fusion, and the possibility of ensuring energy balance in energy production. dt fusion can be quickly ignited by depositing dt mu fusion energy into a smaller space than is done in other methods, such as Z-pinch or heavy-ion fusion. Space propulsion can be obtained with a light fuel mass rather than by a fission repulsion system using the muons produced by annihilation of the anti-protons stored in liquid superfluid of condensed He. Using an extremely highly compressed target can create a source of high luminosity muons for muon-muon collider- and neutrino-oscillation experiments. This approach can eliminate the need for a superconducting solenoid for capturing the beam of pions and muons generated in a large target, and then these pions and muons can be manipulated by a laser beam instead of by employing RF manipulation. (13 References).
H. Takahashi and H. Ludewig, "Pulsed fusion neutrons production by enhancing the DT mu formation using laser irradiation," in Proceedings of the Fifteenth Meeting of the International Collaboration on Advanced Neutron Sources. ICANS-XV. Advanced Neutron Sources towards the Next Century- (JAERI-Conf 2001-002), pp. 1007-10, 2001.
Abstract: By irradiating a gas mixture of d+t mu , with a high-intensity laser, the high intensity of 14 MeV fusion neutrons can be created. Using a properly chosen short-pulse laser, the space dependent and time dependent source of high intensity neutrons is created which is suitable for neutron-scattering experiments. (2 References).
N. Takigawa and B. Müller, "Effects on muon lag on the sticking probability in muon catalyzed d--t fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, pp. 341--348, 1987.
EV. Tammet, "To the theory of muon depolarization in mesonic atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 840--5, 1970.
Abstract: Effect of the electron shell with noncompensated magnetic moment on muon polarization in mesonic atom with arbitrary nuclear momentum is considered. The system is described by the spin-Hamiltonian H=AsI+Bs sigma +G sigma I. General and approximated formulae for calculation of collisions with njclei and consisting of a nucleus in which the out to be comparable with the effect of nuclear momentum on muon polarization.
E. Tammet, "The effect of the longitudinal magnetic field on the muon polarization in a mesic atom," Fuusika, Matemaatika, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 425-30, Eesti Nsv Teaduste Akadeemia. Toimetised. USSR, 1973.
Abstract: The external magnetic field influence on muon polarization in mesic atoms with uncompensated moment of electron shell has been studied. The electron shell of the system is described by orbital and spin moments. Strong muon polarization dependence on magnetic field and Hamiltonian interaction constants is presented. (7 References).
EV. Tammet, "Effect of magnetic field on muon polarization in muonic atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 1042--6, 1976.
Abstract: The influence of parallel magnetic fields on muon polarization in muonic atoms with arbitrary nuclear momentum and with uncompensated momentum of the electron shell has been studied. Polarization measurements for investigating the electron shell state or for determining the hyperfine splitting constant in muonic atoms have been suggested. Calculations of the external magnetic field influence on muon polarization for different electron shell states in B muonic atoms (B electron shell, the nucleus /sup 13/C with I=/sup 1///sub 2/ or the nucleus /sup 12/C with I=O) and N muonic atoms (N electron shell, the nucleus /sup 17/O with I=/sup 5///sub 2/ or the nucleus /sup 16/O with I=O) are made. (20 References).
WPS. Tan, "Muon catalysed fusion for pellet ignition," Nature, vol. 263, no. 5579, pp. 656--9, 1976.
Abstract: Describes a new method for achieving controlled thermonuclear fusion which appears to give a better overall energy output over input ratio than for laser driven fusion. (10 References).
K. Tanabe, "Energy shift due to nuclear polarization in a high orbital state of muonic atom," Physical Review A, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1282--91, 1971.
Abstract: The effect of the electromagnetic polarization of the nucleus is considered on the energy levels of the high orbital states in a muonic atom. A simplified calculation is carried out to estimate the approximate dependence of the shifts of the energy levels on the atomic number z for the orbital states 3s, 3p, and 3d. To do this, a formulation is proposed in which the energy shift is regarded as the amount of energy which flows into the system when the approximated second-order electromagnetic interaction between muon and nucleus is adiabatically switched on. The many-body property of the nucleus is formally expressed as the correction term to the photon self-energy part which represents the dielectricity of nuclear matter. Then the formal parallel holds between the present treatment of nuclear polarization and that of vacuum polarization in field theory. The applicability of the theory is restricted to the high orbital state, in which the bound-state wave function is less sensitive to the nuclear polarization effect, and its energy fluctuation is much less than the energy attributed to the muonic state. (21 References).
K. Tanabe, "Photon propagation in nuclear matter and the correction to the theoretical nuclear charge density," Physical Review C, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1346--53, 1975.
Abstract: The correction to the photon propagator in uncorrelated nuclear matter is described in terms of the polarization function and the contribution of particle-hole excitations to the polarizability is estimated in terms of a Fermi-momentum-dependent apparent photon mass. The modification to the Coulomb potential between a mu /sup -/ and a finite nucleus is derived using the mean field method. The resulting effective short range repulsive forces lead to calculated shifts in the energy levels of /sup 90/Zr and /sup 208/Pb muonic atoms which give negative shifts of order 10/sup -4/ in the 2p/sub 1/2/ to 1s/sub 1/2/ transition energies. (30 References).
Y. Tanaka and RM. Steffen, "The effect of triaxially deformed nuclear charge distributions on quadrupole parameters deduced from muonic X-ray experiments," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A382, no. 3, pp. 513--27, 1982.
Abstract: The influence of the assumed model charge density distribution in deducing nuclear quadrupole parameters from muonic X-ray experiments is investigated within the framework of the Davydov model. It is shown for the case of /sup 192/Os that the extracted quadrupole parameters are not seriously affected by a triaxial deformation of the charge distribution. The model uncertainty involved in the muonic K and L X-ray analysis is estimated to be of the order of a few percent for the deduced quadrupole parameters of /sup 192/Os. The results of the calculation also preclude the possibility that muonic X-ray measurements can be used to obtain information concerning triaxial deformations of nuclei. (21 References).
Y. Tanaka, D. B. Laubacher, R. M. Steffen, E. B. Shera, H. D. Wohlfahrt, and MV. Hoehn, "Ground-state quadrupole moments of /sup 155,157/Gd determined with muonic X-rays," Physics Letters B, vol. 108B, no. 1, pp. 8--10, 1982.
Abstract: The ground-state quadrupole moments of /sup 155/Gd and /sup 157/Gd were determined by measuring the quadrupole hyperfine-splitting energies of the M X-rays of muonic Gd atoms. The results are Q=1.30+or-0.02 eb for /sup 155/Gd and Q=1.36+or-0.02 eb for /sup 157/Gd. (12 References).
Y. Tanaka, R. M. Steffen, E. B. Shera, W. Reuter, M. V. Hoehn, and JD. Zumbro, "Precision muonic-atom measurements of nuclear quadrupole moments and the Sternheimer effect in rare-earth atoms," Physical Review Letters, vol. 51, no. 18, pp. 1633--5, 1983.
Abstract: The ground-state quadrupole moments of /sup 151/Eu, /sup 153/Eu, /sup 155/Gd, /sup 157/Gd, /sup 159/Tb, /sup 163/Dy, /sup 167/Er, /sup 177/Hf, /sup 179/Hf, /sup 191/Ir, and /sup 193/Ir were determined with an uncertainty of less than one percent by measuring the quadrupole hyperfine-splitting energies of muonic M X-rays. The results are used to determine experimentally Sternheimer shielding factors for the 4f, 5d, and 6p electronic states of the respective atoms. The deduced shielding factors for the 5d electronic states were found to vary considerably among these elements, presumably as a result of configuration mixing. (11 References).
Y. Tanaka, R. M. Steffen, E. B. Shera, W. Reuter, M. V. Hoehn, and JD. Zumbro, "Measurement and analysis of the muonic X-rays of /sup 151/Eu and /sup 153/Eu," Physical Review C, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1897--904, 1984.
Abstract: Monopole and quadrupole charge distributions of /sup 151/Eu and /sup 153/Eu were investigated by muonic atom K and L X-ray measurements. The model-independent Barrett charge radii R/sub k/ and the isotope shift Delta R/sub k/ were measured, and the value of Delta (r/sup 2/)=0.606(18) fm/sup 2/ was deduced. This isotope shift is the largest known of all nuclear pairs. The isomer shift of the first excited state of /sup 153/Eu is found to be close to zero, in contrast to the large isomer shifts observed in its neighbors: /sup 152/Sm and /sup 154/Gd. The quadrupole moments of the first excited states were determined as Q/sup 151/(/sup 7+///sub 2/)=1.28(2) e b and Q/sup 153/(/sup 7+///sub 2/)=0.44(2) e b. The value for /sup 151/Eu and its ground-state quadrupole moment of Q/sup 151/(/sup 5+///sub 2/)=0.90(1) e b reported previously are several times larger than the respective single particle units. This fact shows that a fair amount of collectivity is involved in the /sup 5+///sub 2/ ground state and in the/sup 7+///sub 2/ first excited state of /sup 151/Eu. (30 References).
Y. Tanaka, R. M. Steffen, E. B. Shera, W. Reuter, M. V. Hoehn, and JD. Zumbro, "Measurement and analysis of muonic X-rays of /sup 176,177,178,179,180/Hf," Physical Review C, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 350--9, 1984.
Abstract: Monopole and quadrupole charge distributions of /sup 176/Hf, /sup 177/Hf, /sup 178/Hf, /sup 179/Hf, and /sup 180/Hf, were investigated by muonic atom K and L X-ray measurements. The model-independent Barrett charge radii R/sub k/ and the isotope shifts Delta R/sub k/ were measured, and values of [left angle bracket]r/sup 2/[right angle bracket] and Delta [left angle bracket]r/sup 2/[right angle bracket] were deduced. A weak odd-even staggering of the nuclear charge radii was observed for the series /sup 176-178/Hf and /sup 178-180/Hf. A large negative isomer shift was observed in the 2/sup +/ state of the /sup 176/Hf nucleus, a fact that existing theories do not explain. The quadrupole moments of the first excited states of the hafnium nuclei were determined to be Q/sup 176/(2/sup +/)=-2.10(2)eb, Q/sup 177/(/sup 9///sub 2//sup -/)=1.30(2)eb, Q/sup 178/(2/sup +/)=-2.02(2)eb, Q/sup 179/(/sup 11///sub 2//sup +/)=1.88(3)eb, and Q/sup 180/(2/sup +/)=-2.00(2)eb. The quadrupole moments and the simultaneously determined B(E2) values for the respective nuclei are in satisfactory agreement with the predictions of the axially symmetric rotor model. (33 References).
Y. Tanaka, R. M. Steffen, E. B. Shera, W. Reuter, M. V. Hoehn, and JD. Zumbro, "Pionic M X-rays of /sup 166,168/Er and /sup 176/Hf," Physics Letters B, vol. 143B, no. 4-6, pp. 347--50, 1984.
Abstract: The X-ray energies and widths of the pionic 4f to 3d transitions (M X-rays) of /sup 166,168/Er and /sup 176/Hf have been measured. The measured widths ( Gamma (/sup 166/Er)=19.7(0.9)keV, Gamma (/sup 168/Er)=19.4(1.0)keV, and Gamma (/sup 176/Hf)=27.8(4.3)keV) are in good agreement with theoretical calculation, and suggests that anomalous widths, if they exist, begin at or above Z=73. (18 References).
K. Tanaka and A. Suzuki, "Kaonic hydrogen atom and low energy KN interaction," Physical Review C, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 2068--78, 1992.
Abstract: The apparent discrepancy between the K/sup -/p scattering length obtained from the 1S level shift of the kaonic hydrogen atom and that from the KN scattering at low energies is reexamined. Two models, one proposed by Kumar and Nogami (1982) and the other by Schnick and Landau (1987), are extended by including all relevant channels so that comparison with all data available at low energies is possible. A value of the K/sup -/p scattering length consistent with the atomic data and a good overall fit to all the other low energy data have been obtained by means of the extended Schnick-Landau model. The resulting K/sup -/p scattering amplitude is quite different from the one determined earlier by means of the K-matrix parametrization. Its sign around threshold is opposite to that indicated by the low energy extrapolation of the Coulomb-nuclear interference data. It is argued that the extrapolation is subject to some uncertainty. (29 References).
Y. Tanaka and Y. Horikawa, "Transverse nuclear polarization in muonic /sup 208/Pb," Physics Letters B, vol. 281, no. 3-4, pp. 191--6, 1992.
Abstract: The authors have studied the transverse nuclear polarization of muonic /sup 208/Pb. The electric-transverse term, which coherently acts with the Coulomb term, increases the nuclear polarization energies in the 1s/sub 1/2/, 2s/sub 1/2/, 2p/sub 1/2/, and 2p/sub 3/2/ levels by 405, 62, 38 and 21 eV, respectively, while the contribution of magnetic polarization is negligible. The effects, however, do not solve the binding-energy anomaly of muonic /sup 208/Pb. (15 References).
Y. Tanaka and Y. Horikawa, "Transverse nuclear polarization in muonic /sup 208/Pb," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A580, no. 2, pp. 291--311, 1994.
Abstract: In light of the recent finding of the discrepancies between theory and experiment in the Delta 2p and Delta 3p fine-structure splitting energies of muonic /sup 208/Pb, we have studied the effect of the electromagnetic transverse interaction on the nuclear-polarization energy shifts of muonic /sup 208/Pb. The reasons for this study are that the electric transverse interaction interferes coherently with the Coulomb interaction giving rise to large nuclear-polarization energy shifts, and that the transverse interaction may give nuclear-polarization energies of different muon-spin dependences from those of the Coulomb interaction. The calculation is based on the transition charge and current densities constructed from the random-phase approximation with the density-dependent contact interaction of Migdal and with particle-hole excitations of nearly a full 3h(cross) omega space. The real part of the Feynman propagator was employed in the electromagnetic transverse interaction. The transverse interaction is found to explain 111 eV of the Delta 2p binding-energy anomaly, which is one third of the total discrepancy, while it reduces the Delta 3p anomaly by 32 eV. Large portions of the discrepancies still remain in both cases. (23 References).
FR. Tangherlini, "On the muon mass," Nuovo Cimento A, vol. 17A, no. 1, pp. 217-22, 1988.
Abstract: Some recent mass formulae by the author (1971, 1972) yield a value for the muon mass of about 105.652 MeV, or about 70 p.p.m. lower than the present value obtained by the magnetic moment plus G-factor method. An examination is given of energy transition data such as the pion-muon mass different and X-ray transitions in muonic atoms, and the results favor the lower value indicated by the mass formulae but with a large uncertainty. (18 References).
D. Taqqu, "Phase space compression of muon beams," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 247, pp. 288--300, 1986.
D. Taqqu, "Molecular effects in muonic hydrogen cascade," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 217-22, 1988.
Abstract: Molecular effects in muonic hydrogen cascade are considered. It is shown that at liquid hydrogen densities and n[left angle bracket]or=4 the muonic atom is mostly bound to an hydrogen molecule or molecular ion. The molecular effects appreciably modify the deexcitation pathway and the mu p kinetic energy. (20 References).
D. Taqqu, "Methods for energy dependent cross-section measurement of the interaction of hydrogen muonic atoms," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 207--16, 1989.
Abstract: Various experimental methods that can be used for obtaining cross-sections with their energy dependency for the interactions of hydrogen muonic atoms are discussed. Besides the well known temperature method two new possibilities are discussed in connection with future developments in muon beams. (21 References).
D. Taqqu, "An improved converter for slow mu /sup -/ production," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 543--8, 1991.
Abstract: The production of low energy muons using a mu CF converter is investigated. A magnetic converter configuration is proposed that optimizes the stopping and the extraction yield. The conversion process is analyzed in terms of a figure of merit epsilon that normalizes the yield to that of a standard degrader. For the case of the originally proposed plain D/sub 2/-T/sub 2/ layer, epsilon is estimated not to exceed eight. The more refined double layer version-(a) an H/sub 2/(T/sub 2/) or H/sub 2/(D/sub 2/) diffusion layer, and (b) a D/sub 2/-T/sub 2/ conversion layer-gives limited improvement because of the high probability of mu t backscattering and leakage. A method to counter these limitations and significantly increase epsilon is proposed. It makes use of layers of lithium for which a high mu t elastic cross-section at low energy has been predicted. It should allow values of epsilon exceeding 100 to be reached. (18 References).
D. Taqqu, "Phase space compression of low energy muon beams," Zeitschrift Für Physik C, vol. 56, pp. s250--s254, 1992.
D. Taqqu, "Laser spectroscopy of muonic hydrogen with a Phase Space Compressed muon beam," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 313--323, 1993.
D. Taqqu, "An efficient method for measuring the $\mu p$ (2s) metastability," PSI Preprint 95--07, 1995.
D. Taqqu, "Frictional accumulation of negative muons and its application," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101/102, pp. 633--640, 1996.
D. Taqqu, A. Brunnhuber, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, P. Hauser, F. Kottmann, C. Maierl, V. Markushin, M. Muehlbauer, C. Petitjean, W. Schott, and P. Wojciechowski, "Toward the 2s-2p spectroscopy of the mu p atom," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 599-605, 1996.
Abstract: Very recent results relevant to the planning of laser spectroscopy of the 2s-2p splitting in the mu p atom are presented. An experimental configuration providing a sufficiently small muon stopping volume at the lowest pressures has been tested. The first experimental indications for the existence of a long-lived 2s fraction at low pressure are discussed. (13 References).
D. Taqqu and others, "Metastability of the 2s state in muonic hydrogen," PSI Proposal, vol. R--97--04, 1997.
D. Taqqu and others, "Laser spectroscopy of the Lamb Shift in muonic hydrogen," PSI Letter of Intent, vol. R--98--03, 1998.
D. Taqqu, F. Biraben, CAN Conde, T. W. Hansch, F. J. Hartmann, P. Hauser, P. Indelicato, P. Knowles, F. Kottmann, F. Mulhauser, C. Petitjean, R. Pohl, P. Rabinowitz, R. Rosenfelder, JMF Santos, W. Schott, L. M. Simons, and JFCA. Veloso, "Laser spectroscopy of the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 311--15, 1999.
Abstract: The muonic hydrogen atom in the 2s state provides the possibility of achieving high precision laser spectroscopy experiments from which a high precision value of the proton radius can be deduced. This will ultimately allow an increased precision in the test of QED in bound systems. Important progress has been made in recent years in the ability to stop muons in a low pressure gas target and in the understanding of the 2s-metastability in muonic hydrogen. As a consequence the 2s-2p laser spectroscopy experiment is now feasible and we present here the basic experimental concept considered by our collaboration. (16 References).
B. Tasiaux, A. S. Carnoy, J. Deutsch, J. Egger, H. Kaspar, S. Lontie, C. Petitjean, R. Prieels, and N. Rosier, "Search for heavy neutrinos in the capture of muons by /sup 3/He: development of a helium-filled gas scintillation proportional counter," Particle World, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 81--6, 1991.
Abstract: The authors have developed a high-pressure /sup 3/He target based on the principle of a gas scintillation proportional counter (GSPC) to observe with high luminosity and good energy resolution tritons emitted in the capture of muons by /sup 3/He. The techniques used with this new detector are described and the first results obtained in the search for massive neutrinos which couple to muons are shown. (17 References).
N. Tatara, Y. Kohyama, and K. Kubodera, "Weak interaction processes on deuterium: muon capture and neutrino reactions," Physical Review C, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 1694--717, 1990.
Abstract: A detailed calculation of the capture rate for mu /sup -/+d to nu /sub mu /+n+n is carried out and the result compared with the latest data. Within the same framework the authors also calculate the cross sections of nu +d and nu +d reactions for incident energies E/sub nu /[left angle bracket]or=170 MeV in view of the importance of these cross sections for studying astrophysical neutrinos with the use of a heavy-water Cerenkov counter. (48 References).
L. Tauscher, G. Backenstoss, I. Bergstrom, T. Bunaciu, J. Egger, S. Hultberg, R. Hagelberg, H. Koch, H. Povel, R. Price, and A. Schwitter, "New results from pionic atoms," Journal de Physique I, vol. 33, no. 8-9, 1972.
Abstract: In the last few years the resolution of Ge- and Si-detectors has been improved remarkably, particularly for low energetic X-rays. It therefore became possible to measure absorption broadenings and transition energies of pionic 2p-1s transitions in very light elements, which could be measured before with only limited accuracy. In a recently performed measurement of the pionic 2p-1s transitions in /sup 6/Li, /sup 7/Li and /sup 9/Be a small Ge- and a small Si- detector were used with resolutions of better than 550 eV below 50 keV and better than 200 eV below 10 keV, respectively. The broadening Gamma /sub 1S/ of the pionic 1s level due to strong interaction between the orbiting pion and nucleus was measured with an accuracy of 10-20 eV, corresponding to an error of less than 5%. The shift of the binding energy of the pion in the 1s level Delta E/sub 1s/, due to strong interaction, was determined to an accuracy of 15 eV, corresponding to an error of less than 5% for Li and around 0.5% for Be. For the calibration of the system, muonic lines, adjacent to the pionic lines were used. The energies of these monic lines are easily calculated. The resolution of the spectrometer was calibrated using the same muonic lines. (5 References).
L. Tauscher and W. Schneider, "Optical potential calculations for the 1s level in pionic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 271, no. 4, pp. 409--15, 1974.
Abstract: The Ericson-Ericson optical potential for the pi -nucleus s-wave interaction was extended to be applicable also for light nuclei. In particular, terms of order A/sup -1/ were evaluated and the ( pi 2N) dispersion was considered. From comparison with experimental data we found that considerable improvement could be achieved by introducing terms of order A/sup -1/. The ( pi 2N) dispersion was found to be repulsive and of the same magnitude as the absorption. The ( pi N) scattering lengths were deduced to be alpha /sub 3/- alpha /sub 1/=0.258+or-0.008 m/sup -1//sub pi / and alpha /sub 1/+2 alpha /sub 3/=-0.018+or-0.008 m/sup -1//sub pi /. (18 References).
L. Tauscher, "Hadronic atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 541-62, 1975.
Abstract: Mass values of pi /sup -/, K/sup -/, antiproton and Sigma /sup -/, and magnetic moments of the two last-mentioned, are given. Strong interaction effects in pionic, kaonic and p atoms are discussed. The difficulty of interpretation of K/sup -/ p atom data is pointed out, and a strategy is proposed for studying the hadron-nucleus interaction on light nuclei in the first instance. Differences in the pn and pp interaction account for a clear isotope effect observed in p atoms of /sup 16/O and /sup 18/O. (56 References).
L. Tauscher, G. Backenstoss, K. Fransson, H. Koch, A. Nilsson, and Raedt J. De, "Test of quantum electrodynamics by muonic atoms: An experimental contribution," Physical Review Letters, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 410--12, 1975.
Abstract: Measurements of the X-ray spectra of muonic Ba and muonic Pb, 4-3 and 5-4 transitions respectively agree with the predictions of quantum electrodynamics to within about 10 eV. (14 References).
L. Tauscher, G. Backenstoss, K. Fransson, H. Koch, A. Nilsson, and Raedt J. De, "Precision measurements of the muonic 5-4 transitions in Pb and 4-3 transitions in Ba as a test for the validity of QED," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 285, no. 2, pp. 139--58, 1978.
Abstract: The 5 to 4 and 4 to 3 transitions in muonic Pb and Ba, respectively, were measured with an accuracy of approximately 10 eV. Agreement with theoretical calculations is established. The vacuum polarization is tested to 3*10/sup -3/, and vacuum polarization corrections of higher order in ( alpha Z) to 20-30%. (76 References).
L. Tauscher, "Vacuum polarization in muonic atoms," in Present Status and Aims of Quantum Electrodynamics, (G. Graff, E. Klempt, and G. Werth, eds.), pp. 201--14, 1981.
Abstract: The muonic atom is a useful tool for studying and testing vacuum polarisation at strong fields and high momentum transfers. Furthermore, the vacuum polarization is the dominant QED correction to the lowest-order Bohr (or Dirac) energies. Moreover, the difficulties of the mu He Lamb shift measurement, introduced by the finite size of the alpha -particle, may be overcome by choosing transitions that are much less dependent on the finite size contribution. (13 References).
L. Tauscher, C. Garcia-Recio, and E. Oset, "Non-linear density dependence of the Delta -self-energy in nuclear matter and its implications in pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A415, no. 3, pp. 333--50, 1984.
Abstract: The Delta (/sup 3///sub 2/, /sup 3///sub 2/) self-energy in a nuclear medium is shown to be highly non-linear in density, when proper care is taken of the virtual meson propagation in the medium and retardation effects. As a consequence the p-wave absorptive potential for pionic atoms diverges appreciably from the standard rho /sup 2/ form. A fit to the existing data on pionic atoms is carried out with the new functional of the density and turns out to be as good as those with the rho /sup 2/ functional. The successful fits with such different density functionals are due to a very narrow range of nuclear effective densities felt by the pion in the observed pionic atoms. The influence of these effects in related problems is discussed along with the suggestion to widen the range of nuclear densities felt by the pions by looking at other nuclear phenomena. (27 References).
VL. Telegdmi, "Exotic atoms," in Second General Conference of the European Physical Society on Trends in Physics. Abstracts only, 1972.
Abstract: The most common substitution is that of the electron with an unstable particle (muon, pion, kaon, antiproton, etc.). Exotic atoms (muonic, pionic, etc.) of this category are produced and investigated at high-energy accelerators. The methods used for their study are combinations of techniques borrowed from atomic, nuclear, and high-energy physics, as are the theoretical tools employed for their analysis. Since it appears well-established that the muon is a heavy electron, i.e. has no exotic interactions, muonic systems ( mu /sup +/e/sup -/, p mu /sup -/, Zu/sup -/) serve primarily to study electromagnetic questions (QED effects, nuclear charge distributions, isotope shifts, etc.). Much new information becomes available through the fact that the orbits are smaller by the ratio m/sub e//M (M=mass of exotic 'electron'). Exotic atoms involving hadrons (Z pi /sup -/, ZK/sup -/, etc.) on the other hand enable one to study the forces exerted between these particles and the nuclei in addition to the Coulomb attraction.
MV. Terent'ev, "Electromagnetic polarizability of the pion," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 290--3, 1972.
Abstract: The possibility of experimentally measuring the electro-magnetic polarizability of the pion by determining the level shift in pi -mesic atoms was pointed out recently in a number of papers. The present author obtains the theoretical value of the polarizability within the framework of the low-energy pi -meson technique.
BI. Tesevich, "Calculations of the coefficients of the muon conversion in the 'transition surface currents' model with allowance for deformation of the nucleus," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 2408--12, 1980.
Abstract: Shows what corrections in the muon conversion coefficient calculated in the transition surface currents model for the K-shell of a mesoatom, the consideration of nuclear deformation leads to in specific cases of highly deformed nuclei. (21 References).
BI. Tesevich, "Calculations of the coefficients of the muon conversion in the 'transition surface currents' model with allowance for deformation of the nucleus," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 2408--12, 1980.
Abstract: The principal purpose consists in showing what corrections in the muon conversion coefficients calculated in the transition surface currents model for the K-shell of a mesoatom, the consideration of nuclear deformation leads to in specific cases of highly deformed nuclei. (21 References).
BI. Tesevich, "Determination of the potential for a muon in a muonic atom with allowance for the quadrupole and the hexadecapole deformation of the nucleus," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 2193--7, 1990.
Abstract: Analytic expressions are obtained for the monopole part of the Coulomb potential energy of a muon in a muonic atom with a nonspherical nucleus when the charge distribution in the nucleus can be described by a modified Fermi distribution that includes the E2 and E4 nuclear deformation parameters. (17 References).
BI. Tesevich, "Vacuum polarization potential for an extended nucleus close to the coordinate origin," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 2284--6, 1991.
Abstract: An analytical expression is obtained for calculating the e/sup +/e/sup -/ vacuum polarization potential in the case of an arbitrary finite change distribution in the nucleus for the region close to the coordinate origin. (12 References).
M. Teshigawara, T. Katayama, Y. Akaishi, and H. Tanaka, "Intermolecular and internuclear effective potentials for the (dt mu ) molecule," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 267--75, 1987.
Abstract: An effective potential W/sub dt/ for relative d-t motion in a mesic molecule (dt mu ) is calculated simultaneously with the solving of the ground state of the Coulomb three-body system. The effects of nuclear interaction on (dt mu ) and a (dt) fusion rate are investigated with W/sub dt/. A new scheme using an effective potential between (t mu ) and d is shown to solve weakly bound excited states of (dt mu ). Even by a crude calculation, all the states are found to be bound. (11 References).
J. Thaler and HFK. Zingl, "Dynamical mass difference effects in pionic atoms," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 1197--207, 1982.
Abstract: In a previous paper (1982) the authors have described the strong interaction effect in the ground state of pionic hydrogen with a separable-potential model neglecting the mass differences of the pions and of the nucleons. In this approximation the pi -mesic hydrogen atom is stable. This changes, however, if we include the mass differences and consider in addition the gamma n channel. Because of their magnitude, these effects can be described as electromagnetic corrections to the strong interaction effect. Finally, they also apply the model to strong absorption processes of the kind pi NN to NN, which are relevant for the instability of heavier pionic atoms. It is mainly because of the magnitude of the mass differences in this case that these processes are considered as hadronic. (20 References).
J. Thaler and HFK. Zingl, "pi -mesic hydrogen and Coulomb corrections in pi N scattering," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 771--86, 1982.
Abstract: Separable potentials in a non-relativistic model are used to calculate Coulomb corrections to pi /sup +/p and pi /sup -/p phase-shifts and to calculate the strong interaction effect in pi -mesic hydrogen. The latter effect, which consists of an energy level shift of the Coulomb ground state, is compared with model-independent predictions. The strong-interaction effect is an important quantity for obtaining information about the hadronic interaction. The authors' model confirms an energy shift of about -7 eV. (26 References).
J. Thaler, "Coulomb-nuclear interference in hadronic atoms," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1009--24, 1983.
Abstract: A rapidly converging expansion method for the Coulomb T operator is applied to relate S-wave strong interaction shifts and widths in the ground state of mesic atoms to the pure hadronic scattering length in the corresponding scattering system. The result improves the accuracy of the Deser formula and, in combination with other methods, allows a determination of Coulomb corrections to S-wave scattering lengths in a model-independent way. In detail, the author discusses various corrections in the ground state of kaonic hydrogen, where a discrepancy between bound-state and scattering data exists which is not yet understood. Further applications are given for heavier pionic atoms and atomic protonium. (31 References).
J. Thaler, "The low- and medium-energy K/sup -/p interaction," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1037--45, 1984.
Abstract: The author presents results for the strong interaction effect in the atomic ground state of kaonic hydrogen. The calculations are based on a phenomenological separable potential model which describes low-energy KN data. It was found that the theoretical results do not agree with the experimental data and the author also finds disagreement with the results of previous calculations. He also applies a model-independent formalism and concludes that the discrepancy with experiment cannot be cured by Coulomb corrections. Coulomb and mass-difference corrections are discussed for low-energy scattering data. (31 References).
Y. -A. Thalmann and others, "Muon capture ratio A(Ar/Ne) in gaseous mixtures Ar + Ne," Helvitica Physica Acta, vol. 66, pp. 895--896, 1993.
Y. -A. Thalmann and others, "Muon capture ratio in Ar + Ne mixtures," Helvitica Physica Acta, vol. 67, pp. 781--782, 1994.
Y. -A. Thalmann and others, "Muon capture ratios in noble gases," in Third international Symposium on the interaction of muons and pions with matter, (Dubna), pp. 151--155, 1995.
Y. A. Thalmann, R. JacotGuillarmod, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, S. Tresch, and A. Werthmuller, "An explanation for the discrepancies between the experimental muonic capture ratios A(Ar,Ne)," Helv. Phys. Acta, vol. 69, pp. 19-20, 1996.
Abstract: The determination of muon capture ratios in elements requires a particular attention to the time distribution of the measured muonic X-rays. Different cuts in time distributions allow to explain the discrepancies between the five capture ratios A(Ar,Ne) published in the Literature.
Y. A. Thalmann, R. JacotGuillarmod, F. Mulhauser, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, S. Tresch, and A. Werthmuller, "Atomic capture ratios of negative muons in gaseous mixtures of hydrogen, nitrogen, neon and argon," Z. Phys. A.-Hadrons Nuclei, vol. 359, pp. 219-224, 1997.
Abstract: The yields of muonic x rays of the Lyman series of nitrogen, neon and argon have been analysed to determine capture ratios A(Z(1),Z(2)) in about thirty gaseous mixtures under different experimental conditions. In addition, capture ratios A(Z,H) have been determined in hydrogen mixtures by taking into account transfer processes from muonic hydro elements Z. The influence of the spectral flux density of the muons on capture ratios has been analysed. Our per-atom ratios form a coherent set and confirm the value A(Ar,Ne) = 1.262(10).
Y-A Thalmann, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, S. Tresch, and A. Werthmuller, "Investigation of charge transfer from excited muonic hydrogen atoms to argon," Physical Review A, vol. 56, no. 1, pp. 468--72, 1997.
Abstract: A method is proposed for investigating muon transfer from excited muonic hydrogen atoms to an element Z[right angle bracket]2, and is applied to argon measurements. It makes use of a comparison between the muonic X-ray intensity patterns of the Lyman series of this element measured in mixtures with and without hydrogen. The analysis of the data taken in two gas mixtures H/sub 2/+Ar at 15 bar with argon concentrations of 2% (0.3%), yields consistent results. In both mixtures, two thirds of the prompt argon X-rays proceed from transfer from excited mu p* states. The Coulomb capture ratio determined in both mixtures yields a mean value of A(H/sub 2/,Ar)=0.21(2), and agrees with the corresponding pionic ratio. (26 References).
Y.-A. Thalmann, "Charge transfer from excited muonic hydrogen and atomic capture of muons in nitrogen, neon and argon", 1998.
Y-A Thalmann, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, S. Tresch, and A. Werthmuller, "Muon transfer from excited states of hydrogen and deuterium to nitrogen, neon, and argon," Physical Review A, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 1713--20, 1998.
Abstract: Muon transfer from excited mu p* and mu d* atoms to the three gases nitrogen, neon, and argon is studied. Variations of the experimental conditions such as pressure and relative concentrations on the fractions alpha /sub pZ/ and alpha /sub dZ/ of excited state events in prompt muonic X-rays are analyzed. The differences between excited-state transfer from mu p* and mu d* to N/sub 2/, Ne, and Ar are discussed. For these elements, capture ratios A(H/sub 2/, Z) and A(D/sub 2/, Z) are given, from which an indirect value A(H/sub 2/, D/sub 2/) is deduced. (19 References).
M. Thies, "Coupled channel study of kaonic /sup 12/C," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A298, no. 3, pp. 344--66, 1978.
Abstract: A coupled channel formalism is used to study the role of the Lambda (1405) for kaonic /sup 12/C in a non-static way. Medium corrections are calculated in a microscopic fashion, closely related to a Brueckner type of 'independent pair approximation'. Nucleon and kaon binding effects (the latter in a rudimentary self-consistent way) and the Pauli blocking effect are examined and some of the widely used approximations (Fermi gas and local density, closure approximation) are put to trial. Fair agreement with experiment can be obtained without a free parameter, but it is shown to depend sensitively on the input elementary (sub-threshold) scattering amplitude. (20 References).
W. Thirring, "Exact results for the scattering of three charged particles," in Few body systems and nuclear forces. II, (H. Zingl, M. Haftel, and H. Zankel, eds.), pp. 353--61, 1978.
Abstract: The author studies three charged particles, p, mu /sup +or-/, e/sup +or-/ in various combinations. Since between these particles at low energies the Coulomb potential is dominant the corresponding Schrodinger equation should give a realistic and mathematically manageable description. The long range of the 1/r potential causes some difficulty for scattering theory but the situation is well understood. The author concentrates on the simplest situation, namely scattering of a charged particle on a neutral atom with energy below ionisation threshold. There the 1/r potential is screened and does not make trouble. The existence and asymptotic completeness of the Moller-operators for this problem can be shown so that scattering theory works in its usual form. Thus the stage is set for making a reliable calculation of the scattering length. (9 References).
AW. Thomas, "The strong interaction shift in pionic /sup 3/He," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 687--90, 1978.
Abstract: The author calculates the multiple scattering contribution to the strong interaction shift in the pi /sup -3/He atomic 1s level. The result is in reasonable agreement with recent measurements. However, it is also noticed that this particular system is very sensitive to the inclusion of absorptive effects. In fact, when the dispersive effect of absorption is included in the usual way, only one (relatively old) set of pi N scattering lengths gives a result near the data. The author stresses the importance of a definitive measurement in both this system and the pi /sup -/d system to clarify matters. (35 References).
T. C. Thompson and DG. Truhlar, "Stabilization calculations of resonance energies for chemical reactions," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 1790--94, 1982.
Abstract: Resonance energies for chemically reactive systems are computed from square-integrable wave functions, using both SCF and CI trial functions. The authors consider three mass combinations (H+FH, H+H/sub 2/, and H+MuH) and compare to accurate scattering calculations for model potential energy surfaces. (27 References).
H. Toki and T. Yamazaki, "Deeply bound pionic states of heavy nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 213, no. 2, pp. 129--33, 1988.
Abstract: The authors calculated the pionic bound-state spectra of heavy nuclei from the lowest 1s orbits using the standard pion-nucleus optical potential. The energy levels of the s-orbits (l=0) are shifted upward largely by the repulsive S-wave pion-nucleus interaction, which also reduces the fraction of pi /sup -/ staying inside the nucleus. Thus, even for pi /sup -/-/sup 208/Pb, the deeply bound states have small enough level widths so as to be considered as quasi-stable states. They propose possible methods for the creation and detection of deeply bound pionic states of heavy nuclei. (12 References).
H. Toki, S. Hirenzaki, T. Yamazaki, and RS. Hayano, "Structure and formation of deeply-bound pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A501, no. 4, pp. 653--71, 1989.
Abstract: The authors have calculated spectra deeply-bound pionic atoms using the standard pion-nucleus optical potential. The widths of the deeply-bound states are found to be narrow and are considered as quasi-stable states even for the 1s state in /sup 208/Pb. These unexpected results are caused by the repulsive pion-nucleus optical potential which pushes the pionic wave functions outwards so that the pion absorption by the nucleus is weakened. These deeply-bound pi /sup -/ states have hybrid character, somewhere between pionic nuclei and pionic atoms constituting a pion halo around the nucleus. This result remains relatively unchanged by the use of different optical potentials, as far as they reproduce shallow pionic atoms. They propose to produce these deeply-bound pionic atoms, hitherto untouched region, by using the 'pion transfer' (n,p) reaction, where pi /sup -/ is transferred to the target nucleus. They have calculated the cross sections for the formation of various deeply bound states via the (n,p) reaction within the framework of a plane-wave approximation. The calculated cross section increases rapidly with the nuclear charge and indicates that the detection of unexplored deeply bound pionic atoms is feasible. They comment also on the use of complex projectiles for the 'pion-transfer' reactions such as (d,/sup 2/He). (23 References).
H. Toki, S. Hirenzaki, and T. Yamazaki, "Sensitivity of deeply bound pionic atoms on the neutron skin," Physics Letters B, vol. 249, no. 3-4, pp. 391--5, 1990.
Abstract: A theoretical study is done to see how the properties of deeply bound pionic atoms depend on the neutron skin. With increased neutron skin, the strong isovector part of the pion-nucleus optical potential helps developing a repulsive bump at the nuclear surface which pushes the pionic wave function further out and decreases the binding energy. With further increase of the neutron skin, the repulsive potential in the central part is reduced and an inner component of the wave function develops in the nuclear interior, and ultimately a pion bound state of large width is formed in the deeper interior for R/sub n/-R/sub p/[right angle bracket]or=0.35 fn,. (14 References).
H. Toki, S. Hirenzaki, and T. Yamazaki, "Pion-transfer (n, d) and (d, /sup 3/He) reactions leading to deeply bound pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A530, no. 3-4, pp. 679--97, 1991.
Abstract: Theoretical studies are given on the (n, d) and (d, /sup 3/He), reactions leading to deeply bound pionic atoms in heavy nuclei of configuration ((nl)/sub pi /.j/sub n//sup -1/)J. The cross sections for various pionic and neutron-hole configurations in the case of a /sup 208/Pb target are calculated at incident energies 300-1000 MeV/u by using the effective number approach and the eikonal approximation for distortion. The effective number with a pion in the 1s or 2p state and a neutron hole in the i/sub 13/2/ orbit peaks around the same incident energy (T/sub n/=600 MeV) as the elementary cross section n+n to d+ pi /sup -/, where the momentum transfer matches the angular-momentum transfer of L=5-7. The DWIA cross section for (n, d) producing a pion in the 1s or 2p orbit at T/sub n/=600 MeV is found to be around 42 or 75 mu b/sr, respectively. At T/sub n/=350 MeV, where the momentum transfer is small, quasi-substitutional states of configurations ((2p)/sub pi /(3p/sub 1/2/)/sub n//sup -1/)L=0 and ((2p)/sub pi /(3p/sub 3/2/)/sub n//sup -1/)L=0 are preferentially populated with (n, d) cross sections of 95 and 190 mu b/sr, respectively. The (d, /sup 3/He) cross sections are estimated to be an order of magnitude smaller than the (n, d) cross sections. Thus, the (n, d) and (d, /sup 3/He) reactions are found to be suited for the production of deeply bound pionic atoms. (18 References).
H. Toki, S. Hirenzaki, T. Yamazaki, and RS. Hayano, "Structure and formation of deeply bound pionic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 527, no. , pp. 455-8, 1991.
Abstract: The authors study the structure of deeply bound pionic atoms in heavy nuclei, which are found to be quasi-stable due to the repulsive pion-nucleus optical potential and the attractive Coulomb potential. The bound pion forms a pionic halo outside of the nucleus. They discuss then the use of pion transfer reactions such as (n,p) and (d,/sup 2/He) to from these states. In addition, they study other processes such as (n,d) and the use of the inverse kinematics for formation of deeply bound pionic atoms. (6 References).
H. Toki, "Deeply bound pionic atoms: structure and formation," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 291--298, 1996.
O. I. Tolstikhin, V. N. Ostrovsky, and H. Nakamura, "Siegert pseudo-states as a universal tool: resonances, S matrix, Green function," Physical Review Letters, vol. 79, no. 11, pp. 2026--9, 1997.
Abstract: The Siegert states have long been recognized as a potentially powerful tool in the formal scattering theory. Here we propose an efficient method to implement this power in practice. Our method yields bound states, complex-energy resonances, and scattering wave functions, i.e., a complete solution of the Schrodinger equation. We also obtain a representation of the Green function suitable for a variety of applications. The method is demonstrated by realistic examples of the eep and dt mu three-body Coulomb systems. (25 References).
O. I. Tolstikhin, V. N. Ostrovsky, and H. Nakamura, "Cumulative reaction probability without absorbing potentials," Physical Review Letters, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 41--4, 1998.
Abstract: Cumulative reaction probability, introduced in the collision theory by W.H. Miller J. Chem. Phys. 62, 1899 (1975), characterizes a net efficiency of a rearrangement process as a function of the total energy of the collision system. We derive a formula that expresses this quantity in terms of the outgoing wave Green function. Our formula is free from the ambiguities of previous formulations; in particular, no absorbing potentials are required for its implementation. The formula has a potentially wide range of applications in atomic and molecular collision physics. As an illustration, we consider the rearrangement processes in the dt mu system for the energies up to the n=6 threshold. (21 References).
O. I. Tolstikhin and C. Namba, "Hyperspherical calculations of low-energy rearrangement processes in dt mu," Physical Review A, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 5111--14, 1999.
Abstract: The results of accurate hyperspherical calculations of the reaction d mu (n/sub i/)+t to t mu (n/sub f/)+d between states of the n/sub i/=n/sub f/=1 and n/sub i/=n/sub f/=2 manifolds for zero total angular momentum of the collision system are reported. A parametrization of the threshold behavior of the ground-to-ground-state muon transfer cross section in the spirit of the effective range theory is discussed. (31 References).
M. Tomaselli and D. Herold, "Resonances effects in mesic atoms. Electromagnetic properties of /sup 209/Bi and thallium isotopes," Journal de Physique I, vol. 33, no. 8-9, 1972.
Abstract: The mesic X-rays experimentally observed are influenced by nuclear excitations. The ground and the first normal parity levels of /sup 209/Bi and of the Thallium isotopes are described by a configuration mixing model, while the non-normal parity states are described by coupling the first collective 3/sup -/ excited level of /sup 208/Pb and /sup 206/Pb respectively to a single proton (h/sub 9/2/ for /sup 209/Bi and 3s/sub 1/2/ for the two Thallium nuclei). The results for different resonances are discussed, comparing effects of different 'Finite range' interactions used in the calculation of the core model in lead isotopes. The results for the hyperfine structure are predicted for the 9/2/sup +/ and 15/2/sup +/ excited levels. The electric and magnetic matrix elements (in KeV) are shown for the state F=7/sup -/ in /sup 209/Bi. The harmonic oscillator parameter b is variable. The magnetic moments of the seven excited levels in /sup 209/Bi are given using different core wave functions (phenomenological and realistic interactions). The results are compared with the experiment for the levels 9/2/sup +/ and 15/2/sup +/. The hyperfine splitting Delta E (in KeV) is calculated for these levels. (5 References).
M. Tomaselli, D. Herold, D. Broo, and L. Grunbaum, "Microscopic description of the low-lying positive parity states of thallium," Physics Letters B, vol. 58B, no. 4, pp. 395--6, 1975.
Abstract: The electromagnetic properties of the low-lying positive parity states of /sup 205/Tl together with the hyperfine splittings in muonic thallium have been calculated using nucleon shell model wave functions with configuration mixing. (13 References).
EW. Torigoe, "The atomic cascade in kaonic atoms," Annals of Physics, vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 1--38, 1977.
Abstract: A two-step analysis is used to develop a formal description of strong interaction effects in highly absorptive hadronic atoms. First an essentially exact description of these effects is derived by applying the theory of the decay of a prepared state to the atomic cascade. Then the exact results are simplified by including only the single-scattering contributions. Applying the single-scattering results to kaonic atoms, the author fully characterizes the effects of the participation of the KN resonance just below threshold. A comprehensive set of approximations to the single-scattering results is presented. These approximations cover all of the procedures followed in previous calculations on strong interaction effects in kaonic atoms. The shortcomings of each of these procedures are discussed in detail. The differences between the single-scattering optical potential and the local potentials used in previous calculations is quantitatively studied. (26 References).
H. A. Torii, "High--precision laser spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium atomcules and effects of collisions at high--density conditions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 213--219, 1999.
E. Torikai, K. Nagamine, K. Nishiyama, E. Hirose, P. Birrer, I. Tanaka, H. Kojima, S. Srinivas, T. P. Das, and S. Maekawa, "Interaction of paramagnetic electron with high Tc supercurrent in LaSrCuO studied by ( mu /sup -/O) probe," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 97-98, no. 1-4, pp. 387--94, 1996.
Abstract: The paramagnetic state of the muonic atom formed by the negative muon ( mu /sup -/) bound to the oxygen in high T/sub c/ LaSrCuO which was found in our recent mu /sup -/ spin rotation experiments was applied to probe an interaction between the paramagnetic electron and the high T/sub c/ super-current. The observed enhanced spin relaxation rates of the ( mu /sup -/O) system in the superconducting state revealed the presence of such an interaction. (8 References).
J. Torre, C. Gignoux, and G. Goulard, "Muon capture by the triton," Physical Review Letters, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 511--14, 1978.
Abstract: Using the nucleon only impulse approximation, muon capture by /sup 3/He, and, particularly, by /sup 3/H is studied, using wave functions obtained from nucleon+nucleon interactions and nonenergy weighted sum rules. (13 References).
J. Torre and B. Goulard, "New approach to transitions from bound to continuum three-nucleon states: the case of muon capture by a triton," Physical Review Letters, vol. 43, no. 17, pp. 1222--5, 1979.
Abstract: A new approach to the problem of the transition of an A=3 ground state to scattering states via a weakly acting Hamiltonian is presented; calculations are made feasible with realistic nucleon-nucleon potentials. Muon capture by /sup 3/H leading to three neutrons is taken as a test case and is carried through till numerical results are obtained. (11 References).
I. S. Towner and FC. Khanna, "Role of 2p-2h states in weak 0/sup +/-0/sup -/ transitions in A=16 nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A372, no. 3, pp. 331--48, 1981.
Abstract: Muon-capture and beta -decay rates for the transitions /sup 16/O(0/sup +/, ground) to or from /sup 16/N(0/sup -/, 120 keV) are calculated to second order in perturbation theory. With a one-boson-exchange residual interaction reasonable agreement to the decay rates Lambda /sub mu / and Lambda /sub beta / can be achieved, but only if meson-exchange corrections are incorporated in the transition operator. These corrections strongly influence the time-like part of the axial-vector current. (36 References).
Y. Toya, Y. Kino, and H. Kudo, "Calculation of structures and deexcitation process of H/sub 2/Mu/sup +/ molecules," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 183--6, 2001.
Abstract: Energy levels, interparticle distances and dipole transition rates of H/sub 2/Mu/sup +/ molecules were calculated with the coupled rearrangement channel method. The structure of the ground state of H/sub 2/Mu/sup +/ is an isosceles triangle, while that of H/sub 3//sup +/ is an equilateral triangle. The calculated dipole transition rates are small compared with the muon decay rate. (6 References).
A. Toyoda, K. Ishida, K. Shimomura, Y. Matsuda, W. Higemoto, S. N. Nakamura, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Nagamine, "Measurements of an ortho-para effect in muon-catalyzed fusion in solid deuterium," Physics Letters B, vol. 509, no. 1-2, pp. 30--6, 2001.
Abstract: In order to investigate the dependence of the rate of muon-catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) on the ortho-para state (in this case, the nuclear spin state) of deuterium molecules, the fusion protons produced in the mu CF in solid deuterium with a controlled ortho-para ratio were observed. The measurements were carried out at a temperature of 3.5 K and ratios of ortho deuterium of 66.7% and 99.9%. The ortho-para effect observed in this work was small (the relative difference of fusion proton yield in the converted (ortho 99.9%) case to that in the normal case is -0.100(117)), suggesting evidence against a proposed solid-state effect that is strongly dependent on the ortho-para ratio (also, the rotational state) of deuterium molecules. (20 References).
A. Toyoda, K. Ishida, K. Shimomura, Y. Matsuda, W. Higemoto, S. N. Nakamura, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Nagamine, "Study of muon-catalyzed fusion in ortho-para controlled solid deuterium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 307--12, 2001.
Abstract: We observed the dependence of the rate of the muon-catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) on the ortho-para state (the nuclear spin state) of deuterium in order to investigate the source of the surprising contradiction of the resonant formation rate of a dd mu molecule in a solid between experiments and theories. The ortho-para dependence of the molecular formation rate and the d mu hyperfine transition rate was clearly observed for the first time. The rate of the hyperfine transition by scattering was determined and was smaller than that of the theoretical prediction. The back decay rate was experimentally determined for the first time. Also, new insight for phenomena of dd- mu CF in solid was presented by interpreting the observed ortho-para dependence. (18 References).
A. Toyoda, K. Ishida, K. Shimomura, S. N. Nakamura, Y. Matsuda, W. Higemoto, T. Matsuzaki, and K. Nagamine, "New insights in muon-catalyzed dd fusion by using ortho-para controlled solid deuterium," Physical Review Letters, vol. 90, no. 24, pp. 243401/1-4, 2003.
Abstract: For the first time, we observed the dependence of the dd mu formation rate and the d mu hyperfine-transition rate on the ortho-para state in muon-catalyzed fusion in the solid D/sub 2/ state, and found that the effect is even opposite to a recent theoretical prediction. We also determined the back-decay rate and the hyperfine-transition rate via scattering in solid state by using the ortho-para dependence. A theory to describe properly our experimental result is called for to understand the nature of muon-catalyzed fusion in the solid state. (26 References).
F. Trager, "Isotope shifts," in Neutron and its Applications, 1982. Conference to mark the 50th Anniversary of the Discovery of the Neutron, (P. Schofield, ed.), pp. 149--56, 1983.
Abstract: Isotope shifts are the main source of knowledge about charge distributions in nuclear matter and their changes as more and more neutrons are incorporated. This classical field has gained renewed interest in recent years as a wealth of new data was determined by laser spectroscopy in the optical range. Also, refined measurements of X-ray transitions in muonic atoms have been reported. In particular, the study of very rare abundant and short lived isotopes has become possible. The precision of the nuclear charge radii is particularly high if optical and muonic data and possibly results from electron scattering experiments can be combined. This talk reviews the field of nuclear charge radii with particular emphasis to their variations in long chains of isotopes and in the region of the magic numbers. (51 References).
C. Tranquille and DF. Jackson, "Pion molecular orbitals," Physical Review A, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 742--62, 1986.
Abstract: The formation of pion molecular orbitals is investigated theoretically for an isolated system consisting of a pion and two nuclei whose separation correspond to typical molecular bond lengths. The validity of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is investigated and confirmed. The effect, not previously studied, of the electrons which are associated with the chemical bond between the pair of nuclei in a molecule has been examined. Although it is standard practice to neglect the effect of the molecular electrons on the captured pion, except possibly for a constant screening factor, the authors find that this effect is of major importance. In particular, this effect illuminates the process in which a pion, initially captured in hydrogen, is transferred to a neighboring heavier atom. (41 References).
S. Tresch, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, Egidy T. von, A. Fischer, B. Gartner, F. J. Hartmann, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, E. Jeannet, P. Kammel, R. King, G. Kminek, B. Lauss, J. Marton, M. Muehlbauer, F. Mulhauser, C. Petitjean, C. Piller, W. Prymas, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, E. Steininger, Y. A. Thalmann, A. Werthmueller, and J. Zmeskal, "Muon transfer from protium to helium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 221-7, 1996.
Abstract: Muon transfer from hydrogen isotopes to helium is of importance in muon-catalyzed fusion and serves as a unique tool for the direct observation of the mesomolecular ion (H mu He)*. During two data-taking runs in 1994 and 1995 at PSI, measurements of the transfer from protium to helium were carried out using CCD's and Ge-diodes as independent X-ray detectors to obtain information on the time distribution and intensity of the 7 keV decay X-ray of the mesomolecular ion. Dual /sup 1/H/sub 2/+/sup 4/He and triple /sup 1/H/sub 2/+Ne+/sup 3,4/He gas mixtures at low temperatures were investigated to extract transfer rates. Protium of high purity was available. For the first time a transfer rate from muonic protium to /sup 3/He was measured. A general survey of our measurements and preliminary analysis is presented. (19 References).
S. Tresch, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, Y. A. Thalmann, and A. Werthmueller, "Charge transfer from the ground state of muonic hydrogen to /sup 4/He at room temperature," European Physical Journal D, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 93--7, 1998.
Abstract: The present status of research of muon transfer from the ground state of muonic protium to /sup 4/He is reviewed. The analysis of a recent measurement in a triple gas mixture of H/sub 2/+/sup 4/He+Ne at 15 bar and room temperature is presented and the result is compared to the existing experimental and theoretical rates. The average muon transfer rate from protium to /sup 4/He determined from all lifetime measurements is lambda /sub p4He/=(0.42+or-0.04)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/. (31 References).
S. Tresch, F. Mulhauser, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, Y-A Thalmann, A. Werthmuller, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, B. Gartner, R. King, B. Lauss, J. Marton, W. Prymas, J. Zmeskal, C. Petitjean, M. Augsburger, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, E. Jeannet, Egidy T. von, F. J. Hartmann, M. Muhlbauer, and W. Schott, "Measurement of the formation rate and the radiative decay of the muonic molecules (p mu /sup 3/He)* and (p mu /sup 4/He)*," Physical Review A, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 3528--36, 1998.
Abstract: Formation and decay of the (p mu /sup 3/He)* and (p mu /sup 4/He)* molecules have been studied in binary-gas mixtures of H/sub 2/+/sup 3/He and H/sub 2/+/sup 4/He at 30 K. The muon ground-state transfer rates from hydrogen to the two helium isotopes were extracted from the time distribution of the 7-keV decay X-rays of the muonic hydrogen-helium molecules, measured with a Ge detector. The obtained transfer rates are lambda /sub p/3/sub He/=(0.46+or-0.15)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ and lambda /sub p/4/sub He/=(0.42+or-0.07)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/. The radiative branching ratios of the decay of the (p mu /sup 3/He)* and (p mu /sup 4/He)* molecules were determined by comparing the yields of the Lyman series of muonic hydrogen with the one of the 7-keV line with charge-coupled-device detectors. The ratios are in agreement with theoretical predictions. Muon transfer from excited states of muonic hydrogen to both helium isotopes was also observed. (38 References).
S. Tresch, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, Y-A Thalmann, A. Werthmuller, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, B. Gartner, R. King, B. Lauss, J. Marton, W. Prymas, J. Zmeskal, C. Petitjean, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, E. Jeannet, F. J. Hartmann, and M. Muhlbauer, "Muon transfer rates from hydrogen to /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He measured at low temperature," Physical Review A, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 2496--501, 1998.
Abstract: The transfer reaction of negative muons from ( mu p)/sub 1s/ atoms to /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He was studied at 30 K, and the transfer rate to /sup 3/He was determined. Germanium detectors were employed to measure the time distribution of muonic neon X-rays in triple-gas mixtures H/sub 2/+/sup 3,4/He+Ne. The rates for the two helium isotopes, normalized to the atomic density of liquid hydrogen, are determined as lambda /sub p//sup /sub //3/sub He/=(0.29+or-0.12)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/ and lambda /sub p//sup /sub //4/sub He/=(0.55+or-0.07)*10/sup 8/ s/sup -1/. The transfer rate to neon was obtained from binary H/sub 2/+Ne gas mixtures, measured at the same experimental conditions as for the triple-gas mixtures, with the result lambda /sub pNe/=(0.0677+or-0.0032)*10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/. (24 References).
S. Tresch, P. Ackerbauer, M. Augsburger, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, D. Chatellard, J-P Egger, Egidy T. von, B. Gartner, F. J. Hartmann, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, E. Jeannet, R. King, B. Lauss, J. Marton, M. Muhlbauer, F. Mulhauser, C. Petitjean, C. Piller, W. Prymas, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, W. Schott, Y-A Thalmann, A. Werthmuller, and J. Zmeskal, "Muon transfer from protium to helium isotopes at low temperature," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 109--14, 1999.
Abstract: The transfer reaction of negative muons from muonic protium to /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He in binary and triple gas mixtures was studied. In the binary mixtures the transfer rates to the two helium isotopes were determined from the time distribution of the 7-keV X-rays of the intermediate muonic molecule (p mu He)*. The experimental transfer rate to /sup 4/He is in good agreement with theoretical predictions, whereas the rate to /sup 3/He is a factor 2 to 3 smaller than the predicted ones. Radiative branching ratios of the (p mu He)* molecular decay were obtained. Muon transfer from excited states of muonic protium gives the main contribution to the total intensity of the mu He Lyman series in the binary mixtures. Values of q/sub 1s//sup He/ are determined. (12 References).
S. Triebwasser, E. S. Dayhoff, and W. E. Lamb, "Fine structure of the hydrogen atom. Part V," Physical Review, vol. 89, pp. 98--106, 1953.
M. A. Troitskii, E. E. Sapershtein, O. A. Markin, and IN. Mishustin, "Influence of a pi -condensate on the real part of the optical potential in a pi -mesic atom," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki. Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 96-9, 1975.
Abstract: The presence of a pi -mesic atom condensate in nuclei is shown to lead to an additional repulsive contribution in the P-wave terms of the optical potential in pi -atoms. (7 References).
M. A. Troitskii and NI. Chekunaev, "Isotopic shift of levels of pi atom," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 1300--8, 1981.
Abstract: The Fermi-liquid approach is applied to develop the theory of isotopic shift of levels of the pi atom originating as a result of a strong pion-nuclear interaction. Isotopic shifts of the pion levels in pi atoms in some nuclei are calculated. (15 References).
E. Truhlik, "Neutron-neutron interaction and muon capture by deuteron," Nuclear Physics B, vol. B45, no. 1, pp. 303--17, 1972.
Abstract: The reaction mu /sup -/+d to 2n+ nu /sub mu / is studied in the non-relativistic approximation using the Primakoff weak interaction Hamiltonian including relativistic corrections. The neutron-neutron interaction is treated (a) by the Omnes-Muskhelishvili equation, (b) in a potential model (c) using the Bethe-Longmire procedure. Influence of D-state admixture in deuteron upon the transition rates and neutron spectrum is investigated. (35 References).
E. Truhlik and FC. Khanna, "On radiative muon capture in hydrogen," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 535-8, 2001.
Abstract: We analyze the radiative capture of the negative muon in hydrogen using amplitudes derived within the chiral Lagrangian approach. Besides the leading order terms, we extract from these amplitudes the corrections up the order O(1/Mz) (M is the nucleon mass). We estimate also the Delta (1232) excitation effects and processes described by an anomalous Lagrangian. Employing the off-shell parameters of the model obtained from the analysis of the pion photoproduction allows us to explain two times more of the discrepancy between the PCAC value g/sub p//sup PCAC/ of the induced pseudoscalar constant gp and of gp extracted from the recent TRIUMF experiment, than the standard approach can explain. By varying these parameters independently, the model can describe the high energy part of the experimental photon spectrum reasonably well for the values of gp approximately=g/sub p//sup PCAC/. Our results for capture rates agree with the latest calculations within 10%. (15 References).
E. Truhlik and FC. Khanna, "Radiative muon capture in hydrogen," Physical Review C, vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 045504/1-15, 2002.
Abstract: We analyze the radiative capture of the negative muon in hydrogen using amplitudes derived within the chiral Lagrangian approach. Besides the leading and next to leading order terms, given by the well-known Rood-Tolhoek Hamiltonian, we extract from these amplitudes the corrections of the next order in 1/M (M is the nucleon mass). In addition, we estimate within the same formalism also the Delta (1232) isobar excitation effects and processes described by an anomalous Lagrangian. The model we consider allows us to put the Delta isobar off-shell. Our calculations show sensitivity of capture rates and photon spectra to Z, one of the off-shell parameters, related to the pi N Delta vertex. We have found that the model can provide the photon spectra, which are in the interval 60 MeV[left angle bracket]or=k[left angle bracket]or=k/sub max/ (k is the photon momentum) close to the experimental one. (69 References).
E. Truhlik, "Electroweak interaction in lightest nuclei and extraction of the induced pseudoscalar constant," Czech. J. Phys., vol. 53, pp. 689-705, 2003.
Abstract: We review the present state of our knowledge of the induced pseudoscalar constant g(P), based on the analysis of the electroweak reactions in the lightest nuclei.
P. Truöl and others, "Measurement of the Panofsky ratio in $^3$He," Physical Review Letters, vol. 32, pp. 1268--1271, 1974.
P. Truol, "Intermediate energy bremsstrahlung and the structure of free and bound hadrons: radiative pion proton scattering, pion decay and muon capture," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 1061--73, 1991.
Abstract: Experimental data on pion-proton bremsstrahlung, radiative pion decay and radiative muon capture are reviewed to demonstrate that the study of intermediate energy bremsstrahlung processes can reveal additional information on hadron structure inaccessible in their non-radiative counterparts. (43 References).
VA. Tryasuchev, "On the existence of light eta -mesic nuclei," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 245--7, 1997.
Abstract: The hypothesis of existence of light eta -mesic nuclei (A[left angle bracket]10) is analyzed by using available data on the scattering length for eta N interaction and on the near-threshold production of eta mesons on light nuclei. (17 References).
Chin-yen. Tseng, "The Z/sup 1/3/-law for the nuclear charge radius," Acta Physica Sinica, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 151--62, 1975.
Abstract: During the last few years many mu -atom X-ray and electron scattering experiments have been carried out to determine the nuclear charge distribution radius. Results from over 70 of these experiments have been thoroughly analyzed. It is found that the relation R/sub p/=r/sub op/Z/sup 1/3/ where r/sub op/ approximately=1.64 fm is well obeyed. The transformation rules of the Coulomb energy difference Delta and of isotope and neutron nuclear charge radii are also discussed. (39 References).
Kh Tsookhuu and A. Undraa, "Effect of elastic scattering on the kinetics of mesic atom formation," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 107-12, 1996.
Abstract: The differential, total and transport elastic cross sections are calculated with an adiabatic effective ( mu /sup -/-H) potential and with regard to inelastic transitions. The elastic cross section is greater than the inelastic one by an order of value in the atomic-capture energy region. The excess increases with particle mass. The effect of the elastic scattering on the energy distribution of Coulomb capture is considered within the approximation of continuous elastic energy losses. An appreciable increase of the capture probability due to elastic scattering is obtained in the low-energy region. (13 References).
I-i Tsuda, K. Moribayashi, and H. Nakamura, "Quantum dynamics of the Mu+H/sub 2/(HD,D/sub 2/) and H+MuH(MuD) reactions," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 103, no. 13, pp. 5512--21, 1995.
Abstract: Quantum mechanically accurate calculations are carried out for the following reactions involving muonium atom (Mu) using the hyperspherical coordinate approach: Mu+H/sub 2/ to MuH+H, Mu+D/sub 2/ to MuD+D, Mu+HD to MuH(MuD)+D(H), H+MuH to MuH+H, and H+MuD implies/implied by MuH+D. The initial vibrational state is restricted to the ground state ( upsilon =0) and the collision energies considered are up to approximately 1.2 eV. The various aspects of the dynamics, such as the isotope effects, the initial rotational state (j/sub i/) dependence, and the final rotational state (j/sub f/) distribution are analyzed for a wide range of j/sub i/ and j/sub f/. Some of the isotope effects can be interpreted in terms of the variations in reaction barrier and endothermicity. The following two intriguing features are also found: (1) strong enhancement of reaction by initial rotational excitation, and (2) oscillation of integral cross section as a function of collision energy in the case of the Mu-transfer reactions. (33 References).
F. Turanciol, "Solution to fusion," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 207-13, 1984.
Abstract: The new fundamentals of particle physics show that, protons can induce fusion reactions via negative muons, when the conditions are right. These conditions can provide guidance to the successful designs of future fusion reactors. A sample design is disclosed for general consideration. (12 References).
M. J. Turner and DF. Jackson, "Validity of formulae for nuclear widths used in pion cascade codes," Physics Letters B, vol. 130B, no. 6, pp. 362--4, 1983.
Abstract: Cascade codes used for pionic X-ray calculations use formulae for nuclear absorption widths derived from perturbation theory using hydrogenic wavefunctions. Comparison with exact calculations shows that these formulae are very accurate for orbitals with l[right angle bracket]or=2 but large errors can arise for l=0, 1. An improved formula for s and p states is derived. (8 References).
M. J. Turner, D. F. Jackson, and J. Law, "The dipole operator for exotic atoms and molecules," Physics Letters A, vol. 114A, no. 4, pp. 191--4, 1986.
Abstract: This note clarifies the role of the Fried-Martin factor in the calculation of dipole matrix elements for transitions between muonic and hadronic states. Formulae are given which are approximate for exotic atoms or molecules and which take account of screening. (9 References).
R. E. Turner and M. Senba, "On the pressure dependence of the polarization of diamagnetic muons and muonium in pure noble gases: is there a missing fraction?," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 84, no. 7, pp. 3776--82, 1986.
Abstract: The amplitudes of the signals in mu SR exhibit pressure dependencies which are associated with the stopping dynamics of muonium atoms and diamagnetic muon species observed when muons are thermalized in pure noble gases. To explain this effect, a set of coupled rate equations, with time dependent rates and based upon quantal Boltzmann equations, have been developed to describe the spin dynamics for the thermalization of the two species. These, by definition positive, rates depend upon time through the translational single particle density operators associated with each species. Thus, to exactly solve the spin dynamics, the coupled kinetic Boltzmann equations for the stopping process must also be solved. Furthermore, the rate equations also contain spin dynamics generated by the muonium hyperfine interaction. It is the presence of this hyperfine interaction which leads to the loss of polarization for low pressure gases. The coupled quantal rate equations have been solved for a model of the stopping dynamics in which the rates, taken as square box functions of time, describe the charge exchange regime wherein muonium is both formed and ionized by subsequent collisions. Two post charge exchange extensions of this model are now considered. Following the charge exchange region, in the loss model, it is assumed that the rate of muonium formation is zero while the ionization rate is not. On the other hand, the capture model assumes that the ionization rate is zero while the muonium formation rate is not. Fits are presented to the available data for argon, krypton, xenon and neon. Since argon has both diamagnetic and paramagnetic signals then independent fits to each may be compared. A single set of fitting parameters has been found which describes both signals. This single fit requires a further extension of the models. In particular, a missing fraction must be assumed] The missing fraction model is also required when fits are made to the krypton and xenon data. On the other hand, the fit to the neon data is inconclusive. This is the first suggestion that a missing fraction may exist in the pure noble gases. Such missing fractions have been well established in condensed phases. (18 References).
R. E. Turner and RF. Snider, "Theory of muon spin relaxation of simple gaseous free radicals," Physical Review A, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 4743--54, 1994.
Abstract: The relaxation of the muon spin in a free radical is complicated by the presence of several molecular degrees of freedom. In particular, for muonated ethylene, C/sub 2/H/sub 4/Mu, which exemplifies the type of free radical that is being considered, the addition product has an unpaired electron, so the motion of the free radical in an external magnetic field is dominated by the precession of the electron spin. This paper formulates a theory for the muon-spin relaxation of such free radicals. It is based on the Boltzmann equation, also it has a rigorous basis by which both free motion (including all of the angular momentum couplings) and the collisional processes (which cause the decay to equilibrium) can be included. A multipole expansion of the density operator in terms of electron, muon, and rotational angular-momentum operators including terms up to quadratic in the rotational angular momentum is used to represent the state of the system. The multipole coefficients in the Hamiltonian are treated. As fitting parameters to give a best interpretation of the experimental data for the longitudinal muon-spin relaxation rate of C/sub 2/H/sub 4/Mu. (23 References).
R. E. Turner and RF. Snider, "Theory of muon spin relaxation of gaseous C/sub 2/H/sub 4/Mu," Physical Review A, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 4815--29, 1996.
Abstract: A theoretical study of the muon spin relaxation of the gaseous muonated ethyl radical C/sub 2/H/sub 4/Mu is expanded in this paper to include both longitudinal and transverse signals. This study is based upon an operator expansion of the spin-density operator for the radical with its time dependence described by the linearized quantum Boltzmann equation. Relaxation is due to collisions which reorient the radical's rotational angular momentum while effects on the muon's spin are due to couplings between the muon's spin, the radical's free-electron spin, and the radical's rotational angular momentum. The coefficients of the radical's spin Hamiltonian and the collisional lifetimes (cross sections) are used as fitting parameters to describe the transverse signals. A fit to the transverse data by itself and a global fit to both the transverse and longitudinal data are obtained with good accuracy. (24 References).
H. Uberall, "Analogs of giant resonance states and their experimental discovery," Acta Physica Austriaca, vol. 30, no. 1-2, pp. 89--107, 1969.
Abstract: The T=1 giant resonances in closed shell nuclei such as /sup 12/C, /sup 16/O or /sup 40/Ca may be excited by photon absorption or inelastic electron scattering. Their T/sub 3/=+or-1 analogs in the neighboring nuclei should play a role in weak interactions, and it was suggested to search for these states using muon capture, or alternatively, radiative pion capture. Recent experiments using such methods have been able to furnish a direct experimental proof of the existence of these analog states. (32 References).
Th. Udem and others, "Phase--coherent measurement of the hydrogen 1S--2S transition frequency with an optical frequency interval divider chain," Physical Review Letters, vol. 79, pp. 2646--2649, 1997.
Th. Udem, J. Reichert, R. Holzwarth, and T. W. Hänsch, "Absolute optical frequency measurement of the cesium D$_1$ line with a mode--locked laser," Physical Review Letters, vol. 82, pp. 3568--3571, 1999.
M. H. Urin and ON. Vyazankin, "Main characteristics of muon capture in medium and heavy nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A537, no. 3-4, pp. 534--50, 1992.
Abstract: Within the framework of the shell-optical model, a quantitative interpretation of the main characteristics of muon capture from the mesoatom Is-shell in medium and heavy nuclei is given. The above characteristics are: the capture rate, the various strength functions, and the yield of direct and semidirect neutrons. The parameters of the model are fixed from independent data. The possibility of a substantial renormalization of the form factor of the induced pseudoscalar lepton-nucleon interaction is taken into account. The results of the calculations are compared with the prediction obtained within other theoretical approaches and with the corresponding experimental data. In particular, this comparison permits one to obtain a realistic estimate for the renormalization of the axial part of the lepton-nucleon interaction in nuclei. (29 References).
A. Vainberg, "Experience in fission, a lesson in fusion," Priroda, vol. 6, no. , pp. 81-7, 1990.
Abstract: Discusses the muon catalysis of a reaction during synthesis. The points discussed include the case of fusion reactions and the energy crisis; the goals presented in the development of nuclear power engineering, based on fission reactions, and the actual realistic situation. The problem of whether the contemporary nuclear reactors are sufficiently safe is examined, using the existing plants in different countries as examples; the development of future generations of fission reactors is considered. The overall message imparted is that the thermonuclear power engineering should not repeat the errors the nuclear power engineering, based on fission reactions, that has made this method of the generation of power a controversial issue. (4 References).
A. I. Vainshtein and VI. Zakharov, "Low-energy theorems for amplitudes of mu capture and pion electromagnetic production," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 610--19, 1970.
Abstract: On basis of the hypothesis of partial axial current conservation and assuming that the amplitude may be expanded in a series on the momenta, predictions are obtained for the effective pseudoscalar coupling in the proton mu capture and for the threshold cross sections of pion electro- and photoproduction on nucleons. (26 References).
R. M. Valladares, A. J. Fisher, and W. Hayes, "Path-integral simulations of zero-point effects for implanted muons in benzene," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 242, no. 1-2, pp. 1--6, 1995.
Abstract: We describe a simulation method which is capable of treating the quantum fluctuations of an implanted muon and the electronic structure of the system simultaneously. The partition function for the muon is evaluated using a discretized imaginary-time path-integral technique, using electronic energies and forces evaluated from a semi-empirical quantum chemical treatment of the electronic structure. An application to the cyclohexadienyl radical (C/sub 6/H/sub 7/) and its muonated analogue (C/sub 6/H/sub 6/Mu) is presented. (26 References).
Dantzig R. van, "Investigations with pions and muons at intermediate and low energies," Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde A, vol. A47, no. 2, pp. 62--5, 1981.
Abstract: Discusses the work to be done by the Dutch MEA accelerator in connection with pion and muon research at intermediate and low energies, with a low neutron background, adjustable time structure of the electron bundle (300-500 MeV), and low pion energy. The experiments will comprise mainly (1) exotic atoms and molecules; (2) catching processes in nuclei; (3) nuclear reactions and scatter; (4) fundamental interchange processes; (5) application of results to chemical, physical, and medical research, and more specifically fusion and disintegration processes in hydrogen mixtures bombarded with negative muons. The superconducting magnet coil has a field strength of 5 T. (12 References).
der Schaaf A. van, E. A. Hermes, R. J. Powers, F. W. Schleputz, R. G. Winter, A. Zglinski, T. Kozlowski, W. Bertl, L. Felawka, WHA Hesselink, and der Pluym J. van, "Measurement of neutron energy spectra and neutron-gamma angular correlations for the muon capture process /sup 16/O( mu /sup -/, nu /sub mu /xn)/sup 14,15/N," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A408, no. 3, pp. 573--89, 1983.
Abstract: Neutron-gamma coincidence spectra have been measured for muon capture in /sup 16/O. The gamma -spectrum is dominated by the ground state transitions from the /sup 3///sub 2//sup -/ (6.32 MeV) and /sup 1///sub 2//sup +/+/sup 5///sub 2//sup +/ (5.3 MeV) states of /sup 15/N that are populated after the emission of one neutron. The neutron energy spectra and the neutron energy dependence of the n gamma angular correlation coefficient A/sub 2/ for these final states are presented. The observed transitions in /sup 14/N and the associated neutron spectra give direct evidence for the emission of two correlated neutrons. The data are discussed in terms of direct neutron emission plus emission via giant resonance intermediate states of /sup 16/N. The large yield for the emission of one and two fast neutrons is explained by a capture mechanism involving short-range nucleon-nucleon correlations. (42 References).
Siclen CD. Van, "Exciting the target molecules in muon-catalyzed fusion," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 258-9, 1984.
Abstract: Because the dt/sub mu / molecule formation rates lambda /sub dt mu -t/ and lambda /sub dt mu -d/ increase rapidly with temperature, it is worthwhile to consider ways to populate the higher rotational levels of the ground vibrational state of the target molecules. Such excitation by absorption of infrared radiation and/or collisions within the gas would reduce the difference between the energy of the D/sub 2/, DT, or T/sub 2/ target molecule and the energy of the ((dt/sub mu /)-d or t 2e)*/sub (J=1, nu )/ complex, thus lowering the resonance energy and allowing experiments to be conducted at low temperatures and pressures. (0 References).
Siclen CD. van, "Muon-catalysed fusion as a finite Markov process," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 246-57, 1984.
Abstract: By regarding muon catalysis of nuclear fusion in a mixture of hydrogen isotopes as a series of stochastic processes. Markov chain theory is used to derive several exact analytic equations relating the rates of the various reactions and the sticking coefficients for the fusion channels. These include expressions for the mean number of pd, dd, dt, tt, and pt fusions per muon and mean total number of fusions per muon, which reduce to the corresponding well-known expressions for catalysis in a deuterium-tritium mixture. Inclusion of the fusion reaction dd mu to p mu +t provides a particularly interesting complication, as this process gives rise to a catalysis cycle that may not return a free muon to the system. Application of Markov chain theory to more complex catalysis schemes, such as those including hyperfine states of the mesic atoms and mesic molecules, is briefly considered. (31 References).
Siclen CDeW. Van, "Muon-catalysed fusion as a finite Markov process," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 267--76, 1985.
Abstract: By regarding muon catalysis of nuclear fusion in a mixture of hydrogen isotopes as a series of stochastic processes. Markov chain theory is used to derive several exact analytic equations relating the rates of the various reactions and the sticking coefficients for the fusion channels. These include expressions for the mean number of pd, dd, dt, tt and pt fusion per muon, the mean total number of fusions per muon and the muon cycling rate lambda /sub c/, which reduce to the corresponding well known expressions for catalysis in a deuterium-tritium mixture. Inclusion of the fusion reaction dd mu to p mu +t provides a particularly interesting complication, as this process gives rise to a catalysis cycle that may not return a free muon to the system. The application of Markov chain theory to more complex catalysis schemes, such as those including hyperfine states of the mesic atoms and mesic molecules, is considered briefly. (27 References).
der Pluym J. van, T. Kozlowski, WHA Hesselink, der Schaaf A. van, C. Grab, E. A. Hermes, and W. Bertl, "High-energy neutrons emitted after muon capture in /sup 40/Ca," Physics Letters B, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 21--4, 1986.
Abstract: The energy spectrum of neutrons emitted after mu -capture in /sup 40/Ca has been measured up to the kinematical endpoint of 92 MeV using two recoil telescopes. The neutron energy was deduced from the energy and angle of recoiling protons which originate from interactions of neutrons in a liquid scintillator. The neutron spectrum above 30 MeV is reproduced fairly well by a simple calculation based upon a reaction mechanism in which the muon is adsorbed, like in pion capture, by a pair of nucleons. (14 References).
der Merwe PduT. van, "Critical coupling and symmetry breakdown in three-particle electromagnetic systems," Physical Review A, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 3446--8, 1987.
Abstract: A general expression for the critical coupling (in terms of the particle masses which constitute the three-particle system) is derived at which isosceles symmetry breaks down. Application of the ideas to the muon-mesic molecules as well as to the positronium and hydrogenic negative ions is considered. (9 References).
der Merwe P. du T. Van, "Enhanced fusion induced by affiliated muons," ANS. Fusion Technology, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 696--8, 1990.
Abstract: The effect of cooperative action of pairs of affiliated muons on the fusion of hydrogen nuclear isotopes is discussed. The dt mu mu fusion rate is found to be enhanced more than tenfold relative to the single muon induced rate. (10 References).
Der Merwe PduT. Van, "An analytic perspective of issues related to catalysed fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 451--6, 1991.
Abstract: By investigating the three-body problem in an inflated number of spatial dimensions, an analytic perspective is provided which facilitates the understanding of structural features and correlation effects. This strategy leaves intact physical attributes resulting in a perspective of the role of inertial effects of interest for exotic molecules involving catalytic particles. Quark-induced fusion rates are considered for purposes of illustration. (10 References).
der Kemp WJM Van, C. Alderliesten, der Borg K. Van, Jong AFM De, RAN Lamers, J. Oerlemans, M. Thomassen, and de Wal RSW. Van, "In situ produced /sup 14/C by cosmic ray muons in ablating Antarctic ice," Tellus Series B-Chemical & Physical Meteorology, vol. 54B, no. 2, pp. 186--92, 2002.
Abstract: Samples of a core (52 m) of ablating Antarctic ice were analysed for /sup 14/CO and /sup 14/CO/sub 2/ by accelerator mass spectrometry. The data were compared with a /sup 14/C in situ production model that includes muon capture in addition to oxygen spallation by neutrons. The analysis reveals significant in situ /sup 14/C at depths below 10 m, which we attribute to /sup 14/C production by cosmic ray muons. The age of the ice was determined as 9.3 +or- 0.4 /sup 14/C ka BP. (17 References).
P. du T. van der Merwe, "An analytic perspective of issues related to catalyzed fusion," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5/6, pp. 451--456, 1990/91.
V. I. Vangelov, TsP Spasov, KhM Chernev, and YuA. Batusov, "Review of data on Auger electron emission in pi /sup -/-mesonic atoms and charged particle escape in pi /sup -/-meson capture by nuclei in photoemulsion," Bulgarian Journal of Physics, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 491--8, 1983.
Abstract: The processes of Auger electrons emission in atomic capture of stopped pi /sup -/-mesons by nuclear emulsion elements are investigated. New experimental data are obtained using more than 20000 recorded events. All available experimental data about Auger electrons emission probabilities and charged particle escape in pionic capture by photoemulsion nuclei are summarized. The probabilities of emission of (16/100) keV Auger electrons in mesonic atoms of light (C, N, O) and heavy (Ag, Br) elements are determined to be (0.039+or-0.14) and (0.32+or-0.03), respectively. (11 References).
L. van Hove, "Correlations in space and time and Born approximation scattering in systems of interacting particles," Physical Review, vol. 96, pp. 249--262, 1954.
A. van Wijgaarden, F. Holuj, and G. W. F. Drake, "Lamb shift in He$^+$: resolution of a discrepancy between theory and experiment," Physical Review A, vol. 63, 2000.
AJC Varandas and LP. Viegas, "Cone states of tri-hydrogen isotopomers and criterion for the geometric phase effect," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 367, no. 5-6, pp. 625--32, 2003.
Abstract: We report calculations of the vibrational spectrum of mu H/sub 2//HD/DT as well as D/sub 3/ in their first-excited electronic state, both with the inclusion of the geometric phase effect and without including it. The results show that, especially for mu HD and mu DT, it plays a minor role for the first 30 vibrational levels of such systems. This can be rationalized from the tilting of the C/sub 3/-axis due to mass effects. A simple phenomenological criterion for the relative role of the GP effect in tri-hydrogen isotopomers has been suggested. (35 References).
K. Varga and Y. Suzuki, "Precise solution of few-body problems the stochastic variational method on a correlated Gaussian basis," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 52, pp. 2885-2905, 1995.
Abstract: Precise variational solutions are given for problems involving diverse fermionic and bosonic (N=2-7),body systems. The trial wave functions are chosen td be combinations of correlated Gaussians, which are constructed from products of the single- particle Gaussian wave packets through an integral transformation, thereby facilitating fully analytical calculations' of the matrix elements. The nonlinear parameters of the trial function are chosen by a stochastic technique. The method has proved very efficient, virtually exact, and it seems feasible for any few-body bound-state problems emerging in nuclear or atomic physics.
K. Varga and Y. Suzuki, "Stochastic variational method with a correlated Gaussian basis," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 53, pp. 1907-1910, 1996.
Abstract: Variational solutions are given for problems involving diverse fermionic and bosonic N=2-7-body systems. The trial wave functions are chosen to be combinations of correlated Gaussians, which facilitate a fully analytical calculation of the matrix elements. The nonlinear parameters of the trial function are selected by a stochastic technique. The method has proved efficient, accurate, and seems feasible for any few-body bound-state problems emerging in atomic or nuclear physics.
K. Varga, S. Fleck, and JM. Richard, "On the stability domain of systems of four unit charges," Europhysics Letters, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 183--8, 1997.
Abstract: Computational evidence is presented to support the conjecture that any system of four unit charges (m/sub 1//sup +/, m/sub 2//sup +/, m/sub 3//sup =/, m/sub 4//sup -/) forms a stable molecule provided two like-sign charges have the same mass, for instance m/sub 3/=m/sub 4/. Examples are the positronium molecule (e/sup +/, e/sup 1/, e/sup -/, e/sup =/), the hydrogen molecule (p, p, e/sup -/, e/sup -/), the positronium hydride (p, e/sup +/, e/sup -/, e/sup -/), the exotic di-muonic system (p, e/sup +/, mu /sup =/, mu /sup -/), or excitonic molecules in semiconductors. The result is established using two independent and reliable variational methods. (16 References).
K. Varga, Y. Suzuki, and J. Usukura, "Global-vector representation of the angular motion of few-particle systems," Few-Body Systems, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 81--6, 1998.
Abstract: The angular motion of a few-body system is described by introducing angles that depend on the positions of the particles. The most adequate angles are determined variationally. The numerical examples presented for the td mu molecule, Li atom, antiprotonic helium atom, triton and alpha particle convincingly show that this method is an excellent alternative of the partial-wave decomposition of the wave function. (24 References).
D. Varidel, J. -P. Bourquin, D. Bovet, G. Fiorucci, and D. Schenker, "CCDs as low--energy x--ray detectors. II Technical aspects," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 292, pp. 147--155, 1990.
V. G. Varlamov, YuD Dobretsov, B. A. Dolgoshein, V. G. Krillovugryumov, and AM. Rogozhin, "Depolarization of negative muons in helium and neon," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 318--20, 1972.
Abstract: The experiment was performed in the meson channel of a synchrocyclotron. The mesons stopped in the pure gas were registered with a controllable gas target filled up to 40 atm. The polarization was determined by measuring the decay-electron asymmetry parameter at the Larmor precession of the muon spin in a magnetic field. A control experiment was performed on carbon with the same gas target. Complete muon depolarization at the precession frequency of the free muon was observed in He and Ne. The asymmetry parameter obtained in the control experiment with carbon had the expected values. It is concluded that the depolarization in He and Ne cannot be ascribed to molecular effect or to chemical interaction of the mesic atom produced. It is thought that the results may offer evidence in favour of the paramagnetic depolarization mechanism in noble gases. (6 References).
V. G. Varlamov, YuP Dobretsov, B. A. Dolgoshein, and VG. Kirillov-Ugryumov, "Experimental observation of electron paramagnetism of muonic atoms," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 186--90, 1973.
Abstract: In noble gases with spinless nuclei there is no Larmor precession of the mu /sup -/-meson spin at the precession frequency of the free muon. It is shown that this is due to spin-orbit interaction of the muon with the electron shell of the muonic atom. (4 References).
V. G. Varlamov, YuP Dobretsov, B. A. Dolgoshein, V. G. Kirillov-Ugryumov, P. L. Nevkii, A. M. Rogozhin, and VP. Smilga, "Experimental investigations of free mu-nucleon atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 120--32, 1975.
Abstract: Properties of mu-nucleon atoms, i.e. muonic atoms with filled electronic shell, are described. Experimental data proving the existence of a free mu-nucleon atom of fluorine are presented. (32 References).
V. G. Varlamov, B. A. Dolgoshein, YuP Dobretsov, V. G. Kirillov-Ugryumov, P. L. Nevsky, A. M. Rogozhin, and VP. Smilga, "Observation of free fluorine mu -nucleonic atom," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica B-General Physics Relativity Astronomy & Mathematical Physics & Methods, vol. 36B, no. 2, pp. 131-40, 1976.
Abstract: The existence of the free mu -nucleonic atom has been experimentally shown by measuring the Larmor precession frequencies of the total moment for an atom in magnetic-field intensities 1.1 and 2.1 G. The precession frequencies have been obtained when negative muons stopped and decayed in Ne gas at a pressure of 42 atm. (11 References).
V. A. Vasilyev, B. Levay, A. Minkova, V. I. Petrukhin, and D. Horvath, "Atomic capture and transfer of negative pions stopped in binary mixtures of hydrogen with polyatomic gases," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A446, no. 3-4, pp. 613--22, 1985.
Abstract: The atomic capture and transfer of stopped negative pions have been studied in binary gas mixtures of H/sub 2/+M, where M is CCl/sub 2/F/sub 2/, CClF/sub 3/, CBrF/sub 3/ or SF/sub 6/. The pi /sup 0/ yield, versus relative atomic concentration C/sub A/ of M, goes through a maximum at C/sub A/ approximately 0.1 and levels off at zero at high concentrations. This phenomenon together with other observed characteristics of the atomic capture and transfer of pions in these systems is interpreted in the frame of a phenomenological model. The average transfer coefficients Lambda /sub Z/ exhibit a weak concentration dependence. The estimated average atomic capture ratios A(Z/H) are lower than those found for noble gases, probably because of the mutual screening of the constituent atoms in the molecules. The probability of pion capture in an atomic orbit is not proportional to the stopping power of the components of the mixture. (17 References).
R. G. Vassil'kov, "Free neutron production with hydrogen ion accelerators for nuclear fuel cycle needs," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, pp. 245--300, 1992.
R. G. Vassil'kov, "Status of main data on accelerator breeding in extended uranium targets," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5/6, pp. 549--554, 1990/91.
J. Va'vra, A. Breskin, A. Buzulutskov, R. Chechik, and E. Shefer, "Study of CsI photocathodes: volume resistivity and ageing," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 387, pp. 154--162, 1997.
M. Vecchi, "The intense neutron generator of 14 MeV neutrons," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 685-93, 1996.
Abstract: An innovative intense neutron generator of 14 MeV neutrons for the irradiation of future reactor materials is presented. Negative pions are produced inside a 5-10 T magnetic field by an intense deuteron beam interacting with a carbon target. The pions and the muons from pion decay in flight are collected in the backward direction and stopped in a deuterium-tritium-hydrogen target of high density. Using an 18 MW deuteron beam at 1.5 GeV (12 mA=7.5*10/sup 16/ d/s), circa 10/sup 16/ pi /sup -//s can be generated, decaying to muons of which up to 10/sup 15/ mu /sup -//s stop in the D/T/H mixture. Assuming X/sub c/=100 fusions per muon, the mu CF source produces 14 MeV neutrons with a source strength of up to 10/sup 17/ n/s, i.e. a neutron power of 200 kW. The environment of the second target, the neutron source itself, can be made to resemble part of the Tokamak ring to be simulated for irradiation test samples.
M. Vecchi, F. I. Karmanov, V. I. Slobodtchouk, AYu Konobeyev, V. V. Anisimov, L. N. Latysheva, I. A. Pshenichnov, and LI. Ponomarev, "Design of the intense neutron source based on muon catalyzed fusion for irradiation materials of fusion reactors and other applications," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 355--64, 2001.
Abstract: The intense neutron source (INS) based on muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF-INS) is designed to test the structural materials of D-T fusion reactors by neutron irradiation. We discuss the Li target, the DT cell and the mu CF-INS configuration and simulation method. (33 References).
J. F. C. A. Veloso, J. M. F. dos Santos, and C. A. N. Conde, "Large--window gas proportional scintillation counter with photosensor compensation," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 42, pp. 369--373, 1995.
J. F. C. A. Veloso, J. A. M. Lopes, J. M. F. dos Santos, and C. A. N. Conde, "A microstrip gas chamber as a VUV photosensor for a xenon gas proportional scintillation counter," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 43, pp. 1232--1236, 1996.
J. F. C. A. Veloso, J. M. F. dos Santos, C. A. N. Conde, and R. E. Morgado, "Application of a microstrip gas counter in energy--dispersive x--ray fluorescence analysis," X--Ray Spectrometry, vol. 26, pp. 237--243, 1997.
J. F. C. A. Veloso, J. M. F. dos Santos, and C. A. N. Conde, "A gas proportional scintillation counter coupled to a microstrip gas chamber photosensor," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 44, pp. 73--76, 1997.
J. F. C. A. Veloso, J. M. F. dos Santos, and C. A. N. Conde, "Performance characteristics of a gas proportional scintillation counter coupled to a microstrip gas chamber photosensor," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, vol. 422, pp. 273--277, 1999.
JFCA Veloso, Santos JMF dos, CAN Conde, F. Mulhauser, P. Knowles, C. Donche-Gay, D. Taqqu, and F. Kottmann, "A prototype driftless gas proportional scintillation counter for muonic hydrogen X-ray spectroscopy under strong magnetic fields," in 1999 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp. 834-7, 1999.
Abstract: Experiments for muonic atom X-ray spectrometry require detectors having large areas, working under very strong magnetic fields with good energy and timing resolution. A compact, driftless gas proportional scintillation counter (GPSC) capable of operating under such magnetic fields and having a time resolution of some tens of ns is investigated. This GPSC uses a CsI photocathode deposited onto a microstrip plate as the UV scintillation readout photosensor. This photocathode has the advantage of operating it in direct contact with the scintillation gas. The detector is filled with pure xenon at atmospheric pressure and it is designed to have high detection efficiency for 2 keV X-rays. A limited pulse amplitude-to-noise ratio is achieved with the present prototype. Photosensor positive feedback is a major drawback for improved detector performance. Energy resolutions of 33% and 34% were obtained for 1.75 and 2.3 keV X-rays, respectively. (14 References).
J. F. C. A. Veloso, "Detectores Gasosos de Radiaçao baseados em microestruturas", 2000.
JFCA Veloso, Santos JMF Dos, CAN Conde, F. Mulhauser, P. Knowles, C. Donche-Gay, O. Huot, D. Taqqu, and F. Kottmann, "A driftless gas proportional scintillation counter for muonic hydrogen X-ray spectroscopy under strong magnetic fields," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 460, no. 2-3, pp. 297--305, 2001.
Abstract: An experiment involving muonic hydrogen requires an X-ray detector having large area and working under strong magnetic fields (5 T) with good energy and timing resolution. A compact, driftless gas proportional scintillation counter (GPSC) capable of operating under such magnetic fields is investigated. This GPSC uses a CsI photocathode deposited onto a microstrip plate as the UV scintillation readout photosensor. This photocathode has the advantage of operating in direct contact with the scintillation gas. The detector is filled with pure xenon and is designed to have a high detection efficiency for 2 keV X-rays. Energy resolutions of 23% and 22% were obtained for 1.74 and 2.3 keV X-rays, respectively. The low-energy detector limit due to the electronic noise is 300 eV. Its performance in the presence of strong magnetic fields was tested. At magnetic field of 5 T the detector pulse amplitudes are reduced by less than 25%, while the detector energy resolution and pulse rise time present a relative increase of less than 10%. (21 References).
J. F. C. A. Veloso and others, "A driftless gas proportional scintillation counter with a P10 microstrip photosensor in a 5-Tesla magnetic field," Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, 2002.
JFCA Veloso, JAM Lopes, CAN Conde, EDC Freitas, O. Huot, P. Knowles, F. Kottmann, F. Mulhauser, Santos JMF dos, and D. Taqqu, "Gas proportional scintillation counters for the mu p-Lamb shift experiment," in 2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37310), (JA. Seibert, ed.), pp. 254--9, 2002.
Abstract: Large-area, 1.9-keV X-ray detectors operating in magnetic fields up to 5T are required for the mu p-Lamb shift experiment. Xenon gas proportional scintillation counters provide high detection efficiency together with good energy and timing resolutions. Three prototypes with alternative VUV-photosensors of the xenon scintillation light are explored and discussed: a CsI-coated microstrip plate either integrated within the xenon envelope or in a separate chamber in a P-10 atmosphere, and an avalanche photodiode integrated within the xenon envelope. (19 References).
K. Venkateswaran, R. F. Kiefl, M. V. Barnabas, J. M. Stadlbauer, B. W. Ng, Z. Wu, and DC. Walker, "A level-crossing-resonance study of muonated free-radical formation in solutions of acetone in hexane, water and dilute micelles," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 289--93, 1988.
Abstract: The (CH/sub 3/)/sub 2/COMu radical forms when positive muons are stopped in pure acetone and dilute mixtures of acetone in n-hexane or water. Muonium is the precursor of the radical in dilute solution and evidently differs from hydrogen in adding readily to the carbonyl group. In micelles this addition reaction appears to be superceded by enhancement of the abstraction reaction because the radical is not observed. (20 References).
K. Venkateswaran, M. V. Barnabas, Z. Wu, J. M. Stadlbauer, B. W. Ng, and DC. Walker, "Micelle-induced enhancement of the reactivity of muonium atoms in dilute aqueous solution," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 143, no. 3, pp. 313--16, 1988.
Abstract: Enhancements in rate constants from 10/sup 6/ M/sup -1/ s/sup -1/ to more than 10/sup 10/ M/sup -1/ s/sup -1/ have been found for the reaction of muonium atoms with 2-propanol in water when micelles are added. (13 References).
K. Venkateswaran, M. V. Barnabas, Z. Wu, J. M. Stadlbauer, B. W. Ng, and DC. Walker, "Muon level crossing resonance study of radical formation in allylbenzene, styrene and toluene," Chemical Physics, vol. 137, no. 1-3, pp. 239--47, 1989.
Abstract: "All chemical states of the muons in a mu SR experiment have now been determined in toluene, allylbenzene and styrene. There are no 'missing fractions' because the sum of the various muon-containing free-radicals equals 1-P/sub D/, where P/sub D/ is the directly formed diamagnetic fraction. Use of the new technique of level crossing resonance spectroscopy has enabled yields to be determined and identification of individual isomeric radicals. For toluene, there is a total radical fraction of 0.77 and a distribution of 2.5:2:1 for ortho:meta:para addition within the ring. For allylbenzene
K. Venkateswaran, M. V. Barnabas, and DC. Walker, "Line broadening of level crossing resonance spectra of muonated free radicals," Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 178--80, 1990.
Abstract: Ratios of the observed-to-theoretical line widths (squared) have been found to vary from 1.1 to 5.0 for the range of level crossing resonance data available for muonated free radicals. However, in each case there is an equal decrease in the observed-to-theoretical amplitude, so that the observed product (ampl)( Delta B)/sup 2/ can be used to evaluate radical yields. Intrinsic line broadening evidently arises from several sources. (11 References).
K. Venkateswaran, M. V. Barnabas, Z. Wu, and DC. Walker, "Loss of muonium in nonhomogeneous processes studied by level-crossing resonance," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 957--61, 1990.
Abstract: Level-crossing resonance spectroscopy has been used to determine the yield of muonium atoms formed in water and in hexane through production of muonated free radicals. In the presence of high concentrations of solutes, which yield radicals, all muons injected into the solutions are found either in diamagnetic molecules or free radicals. However, at low concentrations, the free-radical yield was smaller and a 'missing fraction' appeared. Inverse yield against inverse concentration plots were not linear, indicating that reactions leading to loss occurred with nonhomogeneously distributed species from the muon's expanding track. (17 References).
V. V. Verbinski and others, "Calibration of an organic scintillator for neutron spectrometry," Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol. 65, pp. 8--25, 1968.
E. A. Vesman, "Concerning One Possible Mechanism of Production of the Mesic-Molecular Ion $(dd \mu)^+$," Pis'ma v Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 5, pp. 113--115, 1967.
E. Vesman, "On the formation of the mesic deuterium molecule," Eesti Nsv Teaduste Akadeemia Fuusika Ja Astronoomica Instituudi Uurimused, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 429--36, 1969.
Abstract: "The level of the mesonic molecule dd mu in the rotational state K=1 with the vibrational quantum number nu =1 is estimated to have the binding energy mod E/sub d/ mod [left angle bracket]3eV. The formation of the mesic molecule dd mu at an electric dipole transition is discussed. The initial state is the S-state of the continuous spectrum. The final state is dd mu at the level K=1
P. A. Vetter, D. M. Meekhof, P. K. Majumder, S. K. Lamoreaux, and E. N. Forston, "Precise test of electroweak theory from a new measurement of parity nonconservation in atomic thallium," Physical Review Letters, vol. 74, pp. 2658--2661, 1995.
D. Viel, "Scattering of muonic hydrogen atoms from a gold surface," Nuovo Cimento della Societa Italiana di Fisica D-Condensed Matter Atomic Molecular & Chemical Physics Fluids Plasmas Biophysics, vol. 13D, no. 11, pp. 1361-7, 1991.
Abstract: The scattering of mu p atoms in the 1S state from gold atoms was calculated using semi-classical methods. The results were used to write a Monte Carlo program simulating backscattering from a gold surface. For isotropically incident mu p of kinetic energy (0.035-10) eV it was found that approximately 5% escape from the surface. The fraction backscattered showed little dependence on the initial mu p kinetic energy but increased greatly with incident angle from the normal to the surface. (5 References).
L. Vilgelmova, P. Zimrot, V. I. Petrukhin, V. E. Risin, L. M. Smirnova, V. M. Suvorov, and IA. Yutlandov, "Observation of the negative induction effect by bound hydrogen capture of pi /sup -/-mesons," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 24--7, 1973.
Abstract: A negative induction effect in methane and benzene derivatives is observed on basis of suppression of the probability of pi /sup -/-meson capture by hydrogen, epsilon . A linear dependence of the suppression of epsilon on the induction constants of the substituents sigma /sub I/ is observed for the methyl derivatives. No correlation of this type is observed in the benzene derivatives which probably is due to the contribution of conjugation effects to the suppression of epsilon . (9 References).
S. I. Vinitskii and LI. Ponomarev, "Schrodinger perturbation theory on the adiabatic representation of the three-body problem," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 1670--86, 1977.
Abstract: Perturbation theory for calculation of the binding energy and wave functions of a three-body system is developed in the three-body problem with Coulomb interaction. As a zero approximation the adiabatic base is employed, i.e. the solutions and terms of the two-center problem of quantum mechanics, the kinetic energy of relative motion of two similar charges being considered as a perturbation. The binding energy of the pd mu mesic molecule is calculated as an example. (16 References).
S. I. Vinitskii, L. I. Ponomarev, I. V. Puzynin, T. P. Puzynina, L. N. Somov, and MP. Faifman, "Resonance formation of hydrogen mu mesic molecules," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 849--61, 1978.
Abstract: Highly excited states with binding energies epsilon /sub jv/(dd mu )=-2.2 eV and epsilon /sub jv/(dt mu )=-1.1 eV are found in the dd mu and dt mu mesic molecules in a state with an orbital moment J=1 and vibrational quantum number nu =1. The presence of these levels leads to resonance formation of the mesic molecules. The rates of resonance mesic molecule formation are calculated: lambda /sub dd mu /=0.8*10/sup 6/ sec/sup -1/ and gamma /sub dt mu / approximately=10/sup 8/ sec/sup -1/. the value of lambda /sub dd mu / is in a good agreement with the experimental value. The value found for lambda /sub dt mu / signifies that a mu /sup -/-meson can catalyze approximately 10/sup 2/ reactions of synthesis of deuterium and tritium nuclei. (32 References).
S. I. Vinitskii, V. S. Melezhik, L. I. Ponomarev, I. V. Puzynin, T. P. Puzynina, L. N. Somov, and NF. Truskova, "Calculation of the energy levels of mu mesic molecules of hydrogen isotopes in the adiabatic representation of the three-body problem," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 79, no. 3, pp. 698--712, 1980.
Abstract: "The energy levels epsilon /sub jv/ of pp mu , pd mu , pt mu , dd mu , dt mu and tt mu mesic modules in the (Jv) rotational and vibrational states are calculated. The calculations are performed in the adiabatic representation of the three-body problem in which the mu mesic molecule wave function is expanded into a series in the complete set of solutions of the two-center quantum mechanics problem. The rate of convergence of the expansion is investigated numerically. For weakly bound states (J=1
S. I. Vinitskii and LI. Ponomarev, "Adiabatic representation in the three-body problem with Coulomb interaction," Fizika Elementarnykh Chastits i Atomnogo Yadra, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1336--418, 1982.
Abstract: An effective method for solving the three-body problem with Coulomb interaction is presented systematically. The essential feature of the method is an expansion of the wave function of the three-particle system with respect to an adiabatic basis and reduction of the original Schrodinger equation to a system of ordinary differential equations. Convergence of the adiabatic expansion is ensured not only by the smallness of the ratio of the particle masses but also by the smallness of the nondiagonal matrix elements of the kinetic-energy operator of particles of the same charge. The possibilities of the method are demonstrated by the example of the calculation of the energies and wave functions of all states of the mu -mesic molecules of the hydrogen isotopes and the e/sup -/e/sup -/e/sup +/ system. The method is equally suitable for calculating the ground state and the excited states of a three-particle system. This is particularly important in the calculation of the energies of the weakly bound states of the mesic molecules dd mu and dt mu , knowledge of which is needed to describe the processes of muonic catalysis of nuclear fusion reactions. (99 References).
S. I. Vinitskii, L. I. Ponomarev, and MP. Faifman, "De-excitation rates of hydrogen isotope mesic molecules," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 82, no. 4, pp. 985--90, 1982.
Abstract: The rates are calculated of the dipole E1 transitions of pd mu , pt mu and dt mu mesic molecules to the ground state with conversion on an electron of a molecular complex, one of the nuclei of which is the mu mesic molecule produced. The adiabatic representation in the three-body problem is employed in the calculations. (14 References).
S. I. Vinitskii, V. S. Melezhik, and LI. Ponomarev, "Mesic molecule wave functions at small internuclear distances," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 465--73, 1982.
Abstract: It is shown that the correct asymptotic behaviour of the mesic molecule wave functions (two nuclei and a muon) in the united atom limit is provided by the accurate consideration of the Coriolis interaction between the muonic and nuclear motion. In this limit, the motion of the meson is adequately described in the laboratory, but not in a rotating frame as it is for equilibrium internuclear distances. The found wave function asymptotics is compared to the asymptotic behaviour of numerical solution of the system of equations for the nuclei motion in the pd mu molecule. (16 References).
S. I. Vinitskii, V. I. Korobov, and IV. Puzynin, "Variational calculations of the energy levels of mu -mesic molecules of hydrogen isotopes," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 705--14, 1986.
Abstract: "A variational calculation has been carried out of the level energies epsilon /sub J nu / of nine vibrational-rotational states (J nu ) of the mesic molecules of hydrogen isotopes with angular momentum J=1. About 1000 basis functions were used in the calculation, which ensured that the binding energies could be determined to within 0.001 eV. For weakly-bound states (J=1
S. I. Vinitskii, I. V. Puzynin, and YuS. Smirnov, "Calculation of bound-state energies of mesic molecules with anomalous spatial parity in the adiabatic representation," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 1063--7, 1990.
Abstract: The rotational states of mesic molecules with anomalous spatial parity zeta =-(-1)/sup J/ and orbital angular momentum J=1 are calculated in the standard adiabatic representation. A comparison is made with results obtained previously. The Sturm-Liouville problem for the radial system of equations is solved by means of the program MULTCH on an ES-1061 computer. (11 References).
S. I. Vinitskii, S. P. Merkur'ev, I. V. Puzynin, and VM. Suslov, "Matrix structure of the Faddeev equations in the coordinate space," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 641--9, 1990.
Abstract: A new computational scheme for solving the Faddeev equations for a system of three charged particles in the coordinate space is proposed. The discrete approximation of the integral operators is based on the representation using fundamental splines. A matrix structure corresponding to the adiabatic limit of the Faddeev equations is chosen. The iteration scheme realizes the method of inverse iteration with a shift from the initial approximations obtained in the adiabatic limit. At each iteration step the linear problem is solved by the sweeping method. Using the present approach, the first calculation of the bound state of the tt mu mesic molecule is performed. For the positronium ion Ps/sup -/ the profile lines of the Faddeev components as well as plots of the adiabatic term and of the corresponding radial solution are presented. (9 References).
S. I. Vinitskii, I. V. Puzynin, and YuS. Smirnov, "High-precision calculations of the multichannel scattering problem for processes involving mesic atoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 3282--95, 1992.
Abstract: The results of a numerical solution to the multichannel scattering problem are given for a system of differential adiabatic equations, using multiparameter Newtonian iterative schemes in which the differential operator is approximated to sixth order O(h/sup 6/) in the step size h of a quasiuniform difference mesh Omega /sub h/. The wave functions, phases, and cross sections for elastic and inelastic scattering of the (d mu )/sub 1s/ and (p mu )/sub 1s/ mesic atoms on t and p nuclei are calculated for collision energies 0.001-50 eV in a simple approach using a two-level approximation, and graphs are constructed for the wave functions and cross sections. More accurate characteristics (relative to those obtained in other work) are obtained for the (d mu )/sub 1s/+t and (t mu )/sub 1s/+d scattering processes at low collision energies E near the threshold in the region 0.001[left angle bracket]or=E[left angle bracket]or=0.3 eV. The correct monotonic behavior of the elements of the partial reaction matrix K/sup l/ in this energy region is obtained for total angular momentum l=0, 1, 2, 3. (22 References).
S. I. Vinitskii, I. V. Puzynin, and TP. Puzynina, "A simple, effective adiabatic representation in the three-body problem and modeling of the transition of the quasistationary state to a loosely bound state for the dt mu mesic molecule," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 3271--7, 1992.
Abstract: An effective adiabatic approach is given for the analysis of three-particle interactions that makes it possible, even in the simple two-level approximation, to reflect all the qualitative characteristics of mesic-atom resonance reactions and to obtain good qualitative agreement with various time-consuming calculations. (15 References).
S. I. Vinitskii, YuA Kuperin, A. K. Motovilov, and AA. Suz'ko, "Three-channel Hamiltonian for the muon catalysis reaction," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 444--60, 1992.
Abstract: The three-channel model is used to obtain the Faddeev inhomogeneous integral and differential equations with energy-dependent potentials. The Fredholm nature of the integral equations is demonstrated. An accurate expression is obtained for the sticking probability omega /sub s/ in terms of the spherical-wave amplitudes at the asymptote of the full wave function of the exit channel. The corresponding integral representation for omega /sub s/ in terms of the continuum wave functions is given. In the first Born approximation for the wave functions this representation gives an explicit expression for omega /sub s/ in terms of the coefficients of the expansion of the (dt mu )/sup +/ wave function of the entrance channel. (18 References).
S. I. Vinitsky, V. S. Melezhik, and LI. Ponomarev, "Convergence of the adiabatic expansion in the three-body problem with coulomb interaction," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 82, no. 3, pp. 650--7, 1982.
Abstract: A method is proposed for calculating the contributions of higher states of the discrete and continuous spectra in the two-center problem of the binding energy in a three-body system. The method permits the energy levels of a mesic molecule to be determined with an accuracy of approximately 10/sup -3/ eV. The convergence of the expansion of the wave functions for mesic molecules with respect to the adiabatic basis is investigated numerically. (15 References).
C. J. Virtue, K. A. Aniol, F. E. Entezami, M. D. Hasinoff, D. Horvath, H. W. Roser, and BC. Robertson, "Photon asymmetry in radiative muon capture on calcium," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A517, no. 3-4, pp. 509--32, 1990.
Abstract: The photon asymmetry and partial branching ratio above 57 MeV have been measured for radiative muon capture on /sup 40/Ca in order to determine the magnitude of the induced-pseudoscalar coupling constant, g/sub P/. Based on 2500 events a value of alpha /sub gamma /=1.32/sub -0.47//sup +0.54/ is obtained from a fit to the photon time spectrum; this implies a value for g/sub P/[left angle bracket]5.2 g/sub A/. For the first time the asymmetry signal is clearly visible and unconstrained multi-parameter fits reproduce the parameters obtained from the decay electron spectrum. The results are discussed and compared in detail with previous results. (46 References).
A. Vitale, A. Bertin, and G. Carboni, "Value of the axial-vector coupling constant g/sub A, mu / from muon nuclear capture experiments in hydrogen, deuterium and helium," Physical Review D, vol. 11, no. 9, pp. 2441--8, 1975.
Abstract: Values of the axial-vector coupling constant g/sub A, mu / and the induced pseudoscalar g/sub P, mu / were extracted from data on muon capture in hydrogen, deuterium and /sup 3/He assuming the validity of the CVC hypothesis. If one pion exchange is assumed dominant this specifies g/sub P, mu / and hence a range of values of g/sub A, mu / can be determined. An inconsistency was found in the value of g/sub A, mu / extracted from the hydrogen as compared to D/sub 2/ and /sup 3/He data. (31 References).
A. Vitale, "Muon transfer processes from free muonic hydrogen and deuterium. Recent experimental results," in Exotic Atoms '79. undamental Interactions and Structure of Matter. Proceedings of the Second Course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms, (K. Crowe, J. Duclos, G. Fiorentini, and G. Torelli, eds.), pp. 169-75, 1980.
Abstract: Explains the muon transfer which occurs from the primary mu p ( mu d) atoms to a Y nucleus, following the reactions mu p+Y to ( mu Y)*+p to ( mu Y(1S))+X(p) and mu d+Y to ( mu Y)*+d to ( mu Y(1S))+X(d) where X is the muonic X-radiation characteristic of the element Y, which is promptly released in the de-excitation process of the mu Y atom formed in this way. A summary of the muon transfer effect on the Lyman series of mu Y atoms formed from free mu p and mu d systems is also included. (18 References).
M. Viviani, L. E. Marcucci, A. Kievsky, S. Rosati, and R. Schiavilla, "Electromagnetic and weak transitions in light nuclei," European Physical Journal A, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 483--7, 2003.
Abstract: Recent advances in the study of the p-d radiative and mu -/sup 3/He weak capture processes by our group are presented and discussed. The trinucleon bound and scattering states have been obtained from variational calculations by expanding the corresponding wave functions in terms of correlated hyperspherical harmonic functions. The electromagnetic and weak transition currents include one- and two-body operators. The accuracy achieved in these calculations allows for interesting comparisons with experimental data. (36 References).
P. Vogel, "Atomic after-effects and the line shape of muonic X-rays," Physical Review A, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 2292--7, 1973.
Abstract: The shape and the centre of gravity of the muonic X-ray line depend on depletion of the electron states by the Auger transitions in the muonic cascade, radiation and Auger widths of the initial muonic state and refilling of the 1s state by electrons from higher orbits. The general theory of radiative damping is used to obtain expressions for the line shape taking account of these effects. The results are tabulated for representative medium- and large-Z muonic atoms. It is shown that refilling of the 1s state results in almost full screening over a wide range of atomic numbers. The calculated energy shift is approximately 1-3 eV. The uncertainty in the muonic transition energy is discussed. (11 References).
P. Vogel, "Electron screening in muonic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 63--9, 1973.
Abstract: Screening corrections to the muon binding energies are computed for Pb, Tl, Ba, and O. Available methods of calculation are compared. It is shown that in a broad range of atomic charges and muon states the screening of nuclear charge by the muon is almost complete, and therefore the electron density of the Z-1 element can be used in most applications. The effect of the muon on the electron cloud and the effect of the vacancies in electron shells on the screening corrections are calculated and discussed. The degree of ionization of the electron 1s/sub 1/2/ orbit is determined by a cascade calculation including repopulation from the 2p shell. (12 References).
P. Vogel, "Muon-electron interaction in muonic atoms," in Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Physics (Extended Abstracts), (Boer J. de and HJ. Mang, eds.), 1973.
Abstract: Several aspects of the muon-electron interaction, relevant for the accurate description of the muonic orbits with relatively large (5[left angle bracket]or=n[left angle bracket]or=15) principal quantum numbers are described. Monopole electron screening, 1s electron population and electron shell polarisation are looked at. (0 References).
P. Vogel, "Tables of electron screening and higher-order vacuum polarization potentials in mesic atoms," Atomic Data & Nuclear Data Tables, vol. 14, no. 5-6, pp. 599--604, 1974.
Abstract: The electron screening potential, applicable to the screening correction calculation in exotic atoms, is tabulated. The potential is calculated for atomic numbers Z=35-90 (with steps Delta Z=5) and for radial distances from zero to the radius of the electron K-orbit. An empirical, three-parameter formula for the screening potential is suggested and its coefficients calculated. The radial dependence of the e/sup +/e/sup -/ vacuum polarization potentials of the order alpha /sup 2/(Z alpha ) and alpha (Z alpha )/sup 3/ is calculated and tabulated for radii 0.1-1.0 h(cross)/m/sub e/c. (8 References).
P. Vogel, "Energies of electronic K X-rays of muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 58B, no. 1, pp. 52--4, 1975.
Abstract: The shifts of the electronic K X-rays in muonic atoms are calculated and compared with the recent experimental data. The shifts may be caused either by the incomplete screening of the nuclear charge by the muon, or by additional electronic vacancies produced by preceding Auger transitions. The first mechanism explains the experiment well. The good agreement between the measured and calculated shifts for K/sub alpha / and K/sub beta / X-rays means that the electron L shell is not strongly depleted when the muon has reached orbits with n=6 to 9. (6 References).
P. Vogel, P. K. Haff, V. Akylas, and A. Winther, "Muon capture in atoms, crystals and molecules," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A254, no. 2, pp. 445--79, 1975.
Abstract: The slowing down and capture of negative muons in solids is discussed on the basis of classical equations of motion where the energy dissipation is described in terms of fractional forces. Transport equations determining the energy distribution of the muons in the target are formulated and solved for various models. Using a statistical model of the atom it is shown that the muons are captured typically at energies of a few tens of electron volts, that the angular momentum distribution of the muons at capture is almost statistical, and that this distribution is not expected to be qualitatively changed by the subsequent cascade to the tightly bound orbits. In mixtures of atoms with atomic numbers Z/sub 1/ and Z/sub 2/ the capture ratio is to a good approximation proportional to the atomic concentration and, in the statistical model, proportional to (Z/sub 1//Z/sub 2/)/sup 7/6/. (19 References).
P. Vogel, A. Winther, and V. Akylas, "On the capture of muons in atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 70B, no. 1, pp. 39--42, 1977.
Abstract: It is shown that the rare events where the muon, because of its high velocity in the inner parts of the atom, loses an energy which is larger than its total energy, are important for the average stopping power. The results differ significantly from those obtained previously (see Nucl. Phys. A, vol.254, p.475 (1975)) and are in better agreement with experiment. (10 References).
P. Vogel, A. Zehnder, A. L. Carter, M. S. Dixit, E. P. Hincks, D. Kessler, J. S. Wadden, C. K. Hargrove, R. J. McKee, H. Mes, and HL. Anderson, "Measurement of electron screening in muonic lead," Physical Review A, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 76--9, 1977.
Abstract: Measurements and analysis of transitions between high-lying states of muonic lead (n[right angle bracket]or=6) are reported. The data are analysed assuming a statistical angular momentum distribution at n=20 for the initial muon population with allowance for Auger conversion. Dirac eigenvalues are calculated with corrections for finite size, Lamb shift, relativistic mass effect, and nuclear polarization. Electron screening effects are calculated in several approximations, the most sophisticated of which is a Dirac-Hartree-Slater self-consistent calculation. The calculated transition energies with screening corrections differ from the experimentally measured ones by at most three parts in 10/sup 4/ while the overall uncertainty is approximately half of this. When this difference is divided by the calculated screening effect and averaged over all measured transitions an accuracy of better than 2% is obtained. This is interpreted as excluding a high degree of ionization of the inner (K, L) atomic shells during the Auger cascade. (11 References).
P. Vogel and VR. Akylas, "Nuclear polarisation in muonic atoms of deformed nuclei," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A276, no. 3, pp. 466--76, 1977.
Abstract: The treatment of nuclear polarisation correction in muonic atoms belonging to deformed nuclei is analysed. The geometrical factors involved are expanded into a series of multipoles and the exact expansion coefficients are calculated. It is shown that, using reasonable assumptions about the nuclear spectrum, the nuclear polarisation correction may be expressed as a shift of all hyperfine components plus a renormalisation of the even multipole hyperfine interaction constants. All nuclear excited states contribute to the shift, but the ground-state rotational band gives an overwhelming contribution to the multipole moment renormalisation. The effect of the ground-state band is analysed in detail. The radial coefficients are calculated and an approximate formula, applicable over a broad range of atomic numbers and deformations, is obtained. (8 References).
P. Vogel, "Muonic cascade: general discussion and application to the third-row elements," Physical Review A, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1600--9, 1980.
Abstract: The experimental data on muonic X-ray intensities for the third-row atoms (Z=11-17) are analyzed in a unified way. The deduced initial l distributions are not very far from the statistical ones; they are, however, somewhat steeper near the closed atomic shells and somewhat flatter in the middle of the shell. The K-electron refilling rate is fast increasing with Z; it is considerably smaller than the refilling rate of normal neutral atoms. The calculation shows that in these light atoms the inner electron shells (K and L) are strongly perturbed during the muonic cascade. Correct treatment of their depletion and refilling is essential. The two existing computer cascade programs are compared. It is stressed that a correct treatment of penetration effects as well as inclusion of quadrupoles in the Auger electron emission is necessary when one wants to utilize the full accuracy of the experimental data. (20 References).
MK. Volkov, "Dimesic atoms in a quark model of superconducting type," Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 381--7, 1987.
Abstract: It is shown how measurement of the lifetimes of the dimesic atoms A/sub 2 pi / and A/sub pi K/ can be used to verify and determine precisely the values of important parameters of a quark model of superconducting type such as the mass of the epsilon (700) meson and the coefficients of q/sup 2/ expansions of the quark loops, i.e., the form factors of the vertices of the phenomenological chiral Lagrangians. The lifetimes of the dimesic atoms A/sub 2 pi / and A/sub pi K/ and the scattering lengths of the pi pi and pi K systems are calculated. (238 References).
C. Volpe, N. Auerbach, G. Colo, T. Suzuki, and Giai N. Van, "Microscopic theories of neutrino-/sup 12/C reactions," Physical Review C, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 015501/1-11, 2000.
Abstract: In view of the recent experiments on neutrino oscillations performed by the LSND and KARMEN Collaborations as well as future experiments, we present new theoretical results of the flux-averaged /sup 12/C( nu /sub e/,e/sup -/)/sup 12/N and /sup 12/C( nu /sub mu /, mu /sup -/)/sup 12/N cross sections. The approaches used are charge-exchange random-phase approximation (RPA), charge-exchange RPA among quasiparticles (QRPA), and the shell model. With a large-scale shell-model calculation the exclusive cross sections are in nice agreement with the experimental values for both reactions. The inclusive cross section for nu /sub mu / coming from the decay-in-flight of pi /sup +/ is 15.2*10/sup -40/ cm/sup 2/ (when Hartree-Fock wave functions are used), to be compared to the experimental value of 12.4+or-0.3+or-1.8*10/sup -40/ cm/sup 2/, while the one due to nu /sub e/ coming from the decay-at-rest of mu /sup +/ is 16.4*10/sup -42/ cm/sup 2/ which agrees within experimental error bars with the measured values. The shell-model prediction for the decay-in-flight neutrino cross section is reduced compared to the RPA one, namely 19.2*10/sup -40/ cm/sup 2/. This is mainly due to the different kind of correlations taken into account in the calculation of the spin modes (in particular, because of the quenching in the 1/sup +/ channel) and partially due to the shell-model configuration basis which is not large enough, as we show using arguments based on sum rules. Results for exclusive and inclusive muon capture rates and beta decay are given and are close to the experimental findings. (45 References).
Egidy T. Von and HP. Povel, "Muonic and pionic L- and M-series in carbon and oxygen and the pionic 2p level shift and width of oxygen," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A232, no. 2, pp. 511--18, 1974.
Abstract: Muonic and pionic X-rays of the L- and M-series in C and O have been measured with a Si(Li) detector in the energy range between 7 keV and 60 keV. The target consisted of mylar (C/sub 5/H/sub 4/O/sub 2/). Energies and intensities of 21 transitions have been determined. The strong interaction shift of the pionic 2p level in O was measured and found to be +4.1+or-2.3 eV. The measured width of this level is 11P6eV. The measured yields have been compared with cascade calculations. (33 References).
Egidy T. von and JP. Desclaux, "Calculations of electron screening in muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 288, no. 1, pp. 23--8, 1978.
Abstract: The electron screening in muonic atoms (O, Al, Fe, In, Ho, Au, Th) has been calculated for p/sub 3/2/, d/sub 5/2/ and f/sub 7/2/ levels with n/sub mu /[left angle bracket]or=30 and for circular orbits with n/sub mu /[left angle bracket]or=12 using a relativistic Dirac-Fock program. Simple empirical formulae are presented which can be employed to calculate the screening corrections for all elements from Z=8 to Z=90, for p/sub 3/2/, d/sub 5/2/ and f/sub 7/2/ muons up to n/sub mu /=30. Screening corrections are also given for electron configurations with holes in the K and L/sub 3/ shell. (26 References).
Baeyer HC von and D. Leiter, "Nuclear recoil corrections to the lifetime of bound muons," Physical Review A, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1371--4, 1979.
Abstract: Recoil corrections of order (Z alpha )/sup 2/m/M, where m and M are muon and nuclear masses, to the ratio R of free- to bound-muon lifetimes are calculated by means of expansion in Z alpha . As in the case of (Z alpha )/sup 2/ corrections there are cancellations, but their physical interpretations are different in the two orders. The net result is R=1-1/2(Z alpha )/sup 2/-0.06(Z alpha )/sup 2/m/M. (13 References).
Egidy T. von, W. Denk, R. Bergmann, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, J. J. Reidy, and W. Wilhelm, "Muonic Coulomb capture ratios and X-ray cascades in oxides," Physical Review A, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 427--40, 1981.
Abstract: Muonic X-ray spectra from 57 oxides have been measured with Ge detectors at the muon channel of SIN. Coulomb capture ratios and muonic X-ray intensities were deduced. A novel method was applied for oxides of heavier elements. The results exhibit for the first time systematic relations between capture ratios, the X-ray intensities in the oxidized element and in the oxygen, and the radius of the atoms. Periodic behavior with Z was established in many cases. (62 References).
Egidy T. von and FJ. Hartmann, "Average muonic Coulomb capture probabilities for 65 elements," Physical Review A, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 2355--60, 1982.
Abstract: A total of 146 measured muonic Coulomb captures ratios of anhydrous solid binary compounds has been used to derive average muonic Coulomb capture probabilities for 65 elements. The measured capture ratios can be well reproduced by ratios of these capture probabilities. This is also true for ratios in ternary compounds, in glass, and in alloys. These muonic capture probabilities can serve as a basis for the application of muonic X rays in elemental analysis. (25 References).
Arb HP von, F. Dittus, P. Egelhof, H. Heeb, H. Hofer, F. Kottmann, S. Niggli, D. Taqqu, Ch Tschalar, and J. Unternahrer, "Measurement of the 2s-lifetime of muonic helium in the muon bottle," Sin Newsletter, vol. 15, no. , pp. 66-7, 1983.
Abstract: The measured long liftimes tau /sub 2s/ of the metastable 2s-state of muonic helium ions and the absence of radiative quenching in the pressure region 7 to 50 atm are in drastic disagreement with the calculated high rates of quenching due to external interactions. To clarify the strange situation of the muonic helium-lifetime, measurements at gas pressures below 1 atm have been suggested. If the quenching process depends more weakly on pressure than the build-up of a 'shielding' cluster, the 2s-lifetime could show an anomalous behaviour: it could be small in an intermediate region, where collisional quenching dominates, whereas it is approximately 1.8 mu s at very low and high gas densities. The authors report preliminary results of a short run performed in December 1982 where the lifetime was measured at 50 Torr, 600 Torr (0.8 atm) and 3 atm (300K) in the 'muon bottle' apparatus. (8 References).
Egidy T. von, D. H. Jakubassa-Amundsen, and FJ. Hartmann, "Calculation of muonic Coulomb-capture probabilities from electron binding energies," Physical Review A, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 455--61, 1984.
Abstract: Muonic Coulomb-capture probabilities are calculated assuming that electrons with binding energies less than a given limit (about 80 eV) contribute with a weight which is a function of the electron binding energy, the electron quantum numbers n and l, and Z. This functional dependence is suggested by a quantum-mechanical calculation. By fitting few free parameters, good agreement with experimental capture probabilities is obtained; in particular, the periodicity with Z of these values is well reproduced. (17 References).
Arb HP von, F. Dittus, H. Heeb, H. Hofer, F. Kottmann, S. Niggli, R. Schaeren, D. Taqqu, and J. Unternahrer, "Measurement of the lifetime and quenching rate of metastable 2S muonic helium ions," Physics Letters B, vol. 136B, no. 4, pp. 232--6, 1984.
Abstract: The lifetime of the 2S state in ( mu /sup -4/He)/sup +/ ions has been measured at He-gas pressures between 50 Torr and 6 atm (T=300K). The authors observed both X-rays from the two-photon 2S to 1S transitions as well as delayed K/sub alpha / X-rays associated with radiative quenching. The quenching rate is strongly pressure dependent; it is predominantly a quadratic function of pressure with a measured three-body rate coefficient k=(5.9+or-0.8)*10/sup -32/ cm/sup 6//s. At 6 atm, they find tau /sub 2S/[left angle bracket]250 ns because of the absence of two-photon transitions. (16 References).
Arb HP von, F. Dittus, P. Egelhof, H. Heeb, H. Hofer, F. Kottmann, S. Niggli, R. Schaeren, D. Taqqu, and J. Unternahrer, "Measurement of the lifetime and quenching rate of metastable 2S muonic helium ions," Sin Newsletter, vol. 16, no. , pp. 70-2, 1984.
Abstract: The authors summarise the important results from measurements of the dependence of the lifetime of the metastable 2S muonic helium ion on the gas pressure between 50 Torr and 6 atm. At subatmospheric pressures delayed 1P-1S transitions were detected caused by radiative quenching of the metastable 2S state. The lifetimes of the exponential tails were fitted by means of a least square procedure. The resulting values are confirmed by the observation of two photon 2S-1S transitions at pressures below 200 Torr. (11 References).
Arb HP von, C. Brandes, F. Dittus, P. Egelhof, H. Hofer, F. Kottmann, C. Luchinger, R. Schaeren, F. Studer, D. Taqqu, and J. Unternahrer, "Search for the Lamb shift in muonic helium at low helium pressures," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium, (HV. Klapdor, ed.), pp. 844--5, 1986.
Abstract: The measurement of the Lambshift, i.e. the 2s-2p energy difference in light muonic atoms leads to precise tests of the vacuum polarization and (by looking for different isotopes) to improvements in the determination of nuclear charge radii. A good experimental precision can be attained by using laser resonance techniques. (6 References).
Arb HP von, F. Dittus, P. Egelhof, P. Hauser, H. Hofer, F. Kottmann, C. Luchinger, R. Schaeren, F. Studer, D. Taqqu, and J. Unternahrer, "Laser resonance experiment with muonic helium ions," Sin Newsletter, vol. 19, no. , pp. 58-9, 1987.
Abstract: The measurement of the Lamb shift (2s-2p energy difference) in light muonic atoms leads to precise tests of the vacuum polarization and to improvements in the determination of nuclear charge radii. A good experimental precision can be attained by using laser resonance techniques. (7 References).
Arb VP von, F. Dittus, H. Hofer, F. Kottmann, and R. Schaeren, "Observation of muon-molecular X-rays from mu /sup -/ transfer processes in a H/sub 2/+/sup 4/He gas mixture," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, no. 1-2, pp. 61--72, 1989.
Abstract: The yield of X-rays at energies around 7 keV due to radiative deexcitation of muonic molecules (p mu /sup 4/He)* has been measured in a gas mixture of 2.5 atm H/sub 2/+2.5 atm He at T=300 K. The formation of such molecules was predicted theoretically to be the most important process for mu /sup -/ transfer from H to He. The corresponding X-rays have been first discovered experimentally by Matsuzaki et al. using a liquid D/sub 2/+/sup 4/He target at 20 K. At the authors conditions, the molecular formation rate deduced from the measured X-ray yield is lambda /sub p mu He/= (3.2+or-1.3).10/sup 6/ s/sup -1/, which is an order of magnitude lower than the values predicted by theory and measured at higher densities. (25 References).
H. P. von Arb and others, "A large--area xenon gas scintillation proportional counter (GSPC) with timing information for the detection of low energy x--rays," Nuclear Instruments and Methods, pp. 429--435, 1983.
H. P. von Arb and others, "Observation of muon-molecular X--rays from µ transfer processes in a H$_2$ + $^4$He gas mixture," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 4, pp. 61--72, 1989.
T. von Egidy and others, "Muonic coulomb capture in alkali and alkaline--earth oxides," Zeitschrift Für Physik A, vol. 308, pp. 107--110, 1982.
T. von Egidy, D. H. Jakubassa-Amundsen, and F. J. Hartmann, "Calculation of muonic coulomb capture probabilities from electron binding energies," Physical Review A, vol. 29, pp. 455--461, 1984.
AA. Vorobyov, "The muon catalyzed fusion experiments at LNPI," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, no. 1-4, pp. 17--35, 1988.
Abstract: Systematic studies of the muon catalyzed dd- and dt-fusion reactions were started at LNPI in 1981. The experiments were based essentially on the use as a sensitive target of a high pressure ionization chamber filled with pure deuterium or with H/D and D/T mixtures at 100 atm pressure. This report is a review of the main experimental results obtained at LNPI since 1981. Also, the current experiments are discussed including an experiment designed for direct measurements of the muon sticking probability omega /sub dt/. (33 References).
A. A. Vorobyov, D. V. Balin, V. N. Baturin, YuS Grigoriev, E. M. Maev, G. E. Petrov, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, N. I. Voropaev, J. Deutsch, J. Govaerts, R. Prieels, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, P. Kammel, B. Lauss, J. Marton, W. Prymas, J. Egger, C. Petitjean, T. Petitjean, den Brandt B. Van, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, M. Muehlbauer, W. Schott, Egidy T. Von, P. Wojciechowski, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, V. E. Markushin, and GA. Beer, "Precision measurement of nuclear muon capture by /sup 3/He," in Hyperfine Interactions, pp. 413-21, 1996.
Abstract: In this article we report the results of an experiment performed in 1993 at PSI. The goal was to determine the absolute rate of nuclear muon capture by /sup 3/He. In the experiment we used a new technique recently developed at Gatchina. As a preliminary result from this experiment we obtained Lambda /sub C/=(1496+or-3(stat)+or-3(syst)) s/sup -1/. (6 References).
A. A. Vorobyov, P. Ackerbauer, A. Adamczak, V. A. Andreev, D. V. Balin, G. A. Beer, W. H. Breunlich, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, H. Daniel, J. Deutsch, P. U. Dick, A. Dijksman, J. Egger, Egidy T. von, M. P. Faifman, A. A. Fetisov, V. A. Ganzha, J. Govaerts, V. V. Gusev, F. J. Hartmann, W. D. Herold, P. Kammel, A. G. Krivshich, B. Lauss, E. M. Maev, V. E. Markushin, J. Martino, J. Marton, L. I. Menshikov, M. Muhlbauer, C. Petitjean, T. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, L. I. Ponomarev, R. Prieels, W. Prymas, G. N. Schapkin, W. Schops, W. Schott, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, and NI. Voropaev, "Final results on the mu /sup 3/He-capture experiment and perspectives for mu p-capture studies," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 13--24, 1999.
Abstract: Muon capture on hydrogen gives a unique possibility for a measurement of the pseudoscalar form factor g/sub p/(q/sub c//sup 2/=-0.88 m/sub mu //sup 2/) of the nucleonic weak current, thus providing a sensitive test of the QCD chiral symmetry perturbation theory which predicts the value of this form factor with a precision of Delta g/sub p//g/sub p/ equivalent to 2%. For adequate comparison with theory, the muon capture rate Lambda /sub c/ should be measured with a precision of Delta Lambda /sub c// Lambda /sub c/[left angle bracket]or=1%, that is an order of magnitude better than the precision of the present world data. We report on the project of an experiment designed to provide the required precision. Also, we present the final result of our previous experiment on a high precision measurement of the mu /sup 3/He capture rate and compare this result with the PCAC prediction. (22 References).
N. I. Voropaev, D. V. Balin, W. N. Breunlich, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, H. Daniel, V. A. Ganzha, B. Gartner, F. J. Hartmann, P. Kammel, S. M. Kozlov, B. Lauss, E. M. Maev, V. E. Markushin, YuA Misko, M. Muhlbauer, C. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, W. Prymas, G. N. Schapkin, W. Schott, G. G. Semenchuk, YuV Smirenin, V. A. Trofimov, A. A. Vasiliev, A. A. Vorobyov, and J. Zmeskal, "First observation of spin flip in d mu -atoms via formation and back decay of dd mu molecules," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 135--40, 1999.
Abstract: We present the results of precision measurements of d mu spin-flip rates in pure D/sub 2/, in pure HD gas, and in the non-equilibrium and equilibrium H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ gas mixtures. The experiments were performed at PSI in 1994-1996 using the high pressure ionization chamber from Gatchina as a 100% efficient detector of the charged fusion products. The measurements have been carried out in the temperature range 28-300 K, at gas density of 5% of LHD. In pure deuterium, the measured temperature dependence of the spin-flip rate allowed us to separate the two components (resonant and non-resonant) of the spin-flip processes. From the experiments in H/D mixtures we have measured the non-resonant spin-flip rate in collisions of d mu -atoms with HD molecules. Comparison with the theory revealed considerable disagreement in the case of non-resonant spin-flip in collisions of the d mu -atoms with D/sub 2/ molecules. (7 References).
N. I. Voropaev, D. V. Balin, W. H. Breunlich, T. Case, K. M. Crowe, M. P. Faifman, B. Gartner, F. J. Hartmann, P. Kammel, B. Lauss, E. M. Maev, V. E. Markushin, C. Petitjean, G. E. Petrov, G. N. Schapkin, G. G. Semenchuk, and AA. Vorobyov, "mu CF experiments in D/sub 2/ and HD gases - final results," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 331--41, 2001.
Abstract: During 1994-1996, a series of mu CF experiments were performed at PSI by the PSI-PNPI-UMEP-LBNL-TUM collaboration. These experiments aimed at high-precision studies of the d- mu -d fusion in D/sub 2/ and HD gases in a wide temperature range. The Gatchina ionization time projection chamber has been used to detect the dd-fusion reaction products. The main parameters of d- mu -d fusion have been measured with high absolute precision. In this report, we present the results of the final analysis of the experimental data. The obtained results are compared with the calculations based on a recent mu CF-theory. (25 References).
J. L. Vuilleumier, W. Dey, H. K. Walter, A. Zehnder, R. Engfer, and H. Schneuwly, "Test of electron screening and vacuum polarization in heavy muonic atoms," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 278, no. 2, pp. 109--16, 1976.
Abstract: Energies of higher mu X-rays have been measured in /sup 103/Rh, /sup nat/Hg and /sup 203/Tl to test the vacuum polarization correction and the electron screening effect in heavy muonic atoms. For tests of the energy calibration delayed nuclear gamma -rays from the mu -capture reaction were used. The experimental data agree to better than 4% with self-consistent Hartree-Fock calculations of the electron screening. Transitions which are sensitive to the vacuum polarization correction mainly, verify the calculations to better than 1.5%. Comparing all existing experiments with latest calculations no significant deviation of more than 0.7% of the vacuum polarization correction can be deduced. (44 References).
J-L Vuilleumier, F. Boehm, A. A. Hahn, J. P. Miller, R. J. Powers, K-C Wang, A. Zehnder, and AR. Kunselman, "Nuclear charge parameters and quadrupole moment in /sup 105/Pd from muonic X-rays," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A294, no. 3, pp. 273--7, 1978.
Abstract: The K and L X-rays of muonic /sup 105/Pd were measured and the radial parameters of the charge distribution in /sup 105/Pd were derived. Based on 2p state hyperfine splitting, the spectroscopic quadrupole moment was determined to be Q/sub s/=0.660(11) e.b. (11 References).
F. R. Vukajlovi{\'c}, "Application of theoretical methods developed in muon physics to some problems of atomic molecular and solid state physics," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 2, pp. 149--156, 1988.
B. Vulpescu, J. Wentz, I. M. Brancus, H. Rebel, A. F. Badea, H. Bozdog, M. Duma, A. Haungs, H. J. Mathes, and M. Petcu, "Measurements of the mu(+)/mu(-) ratio of cosmic rays muons with a compact detector device," Nucl. Phys. B, pp. 195-197, 1997.
Abstract: A compact device of 10 modules, each consisting of 1 cm lead, 3 cm plastic scintillator and 1 cm aluminum is set up. Cosmic ray muons with primary energies in the range 0.4 divided by 0.9 GeV and incident angles up to 50 degrees are stopped and decay in the device. Positive muons stopped in the different layers decay with their free life time of 2.2 mu s, while the negative muons are captured by the atoms and build muonic atoms. Their reduced life time in these systems, i.e. 0.88 mu s in aluminum, is measured by a dedicated multiple time digitizer. An analysis of the combined decay spectrum on the basis of a Monte Carlo simulation using the GEANT code leads to the mu(+)/mu(-) ratio of 1.20 +/- 0.06 for a mean muon energy of 0.52 GeV.
B. Vulpescu, J. Wentz, I. M. Brancus, H. Rebel, A. F. Badea, H. Bozdog, M. Duma, A. Haungs, H. J. Mathes, M. Petcu, and M. Roth, "A compact detector for the measurement of the cosmic-ray muon charge ratio," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., vol. 414, pp. 205-217, 1998.
Abstract: A compact sampling calorimeter is developed and used to measure the ratio between positive and negative muons in the cosmic-ray flux at momenta below 1 GeV/c. The delayed coincidence method is used, based on the reduced mean lifetime of negative muons due to nuclear capture in matter. It is shown that aluminum is a good choice as a capture medium for negative muons and suitable for a simple detector set-up. The muon charge ratio is found to be 1.30 +/- 0.05 for a mean momentum of 0.86 GeV/c and over a zenith angle acceptance with Theta(mean) = 26 degrees. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
B. Vulpescu, J. Wentz, I. M. Brancus, H. Rebel, A. F. Badea, H. Bozdog, M. Duma, A. Haungs, H. J. Mathes, M. Petcu, and M. Roth, "Measurements of the charge ratio of atmospheric muons in the range 0.2-1.0 GeV/c by observing the decay electrons from muonic atoms," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 87, no. , pp. 528-9, 2000.
Abstract: The method of measuring precisely the different life times of negative and positive muons when stopped in matter, realised with the compact scintillator detector setup WILLI in the NIPNE-HH Bucharest, has been used to study the charge ratio of atmospheric muons. The results in the examined low energy range are relevant for recent investigations of atmospheric neutrinos and can be applied to verify calculations of atmospheric neutrino fluxes and the hadronic interaction models, used as generators in Monte Carlo simulations. (6 References).
B. Vulpescu, J. Wentz, I. M. Brancus, H. Rebel, A. F. Badea, H. Bozdog, M. Duma, A. Haungs, H-J Mathes, M. Petcu, and M. Roth, "Measurements of the charge ratio of atmospheric muons in the range 0.2-1.0 GeV/c by observing the decay electrons from muonic atoms," Romanian Journal of Physics, vol. 45, no. 3-4, pp. 259--61, 2000.
Abstract: The method of measuring precisely the different life times of negative and positive muons when stopped in matter, realised with the compact scintillator detector setup WILLI in the NIPNE-HH Bucharest, has been used to study the charge ratio of atmospheric muons. (3 References).
B. Vulpescu, J. Wentz, I. M. Brancus, H. Rebel, A. F. Badea, H. Bozdog, M. Duma, A. Huangs, H. J. Mathes, M. Petcu, and M. Roth, "Measurements of the charge ratio of atmospheric muons in the range 0.2-1.0 GeV/c by observing the decay electrons from muonic atoms," Nucl. Phys. B-Proc. Suppl., vol. 87, pp. 528-529, 2000.
Abstract: The method of measuring precisely the different life times of negative and positive muons when stopped in matter, realised with the compact scintillator detector setup WILLI in the NIPNE-IIII Bucharest, has been used to study the charge ratio of atmospheric muons. The results iu the examined low energy range are relevant for recent investigations of atmospheric neutrinos and can be applied to verify calculations of atmospheric neutrino fluxes and the hadronic interaction models, used as generators in Monte Carlo simulations.
B. Vulpescu, J. Wentz, I. M. Brancus, H. Rebel, A. F. Badea, H. Bozdog, H. J. Mathes, M. Petcu, and M. Duma, "The charge ratio of atmospheric muons below 1.0 GeV c/sup -1/ by measuring the lifetime of muonic atoms in aluminium," Journal of Physics G-Nuclear & Particle Physics, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 977--91, 2001.
Abstract: The compact scintillator device WILLI, set up in IFIN-HH Bucharest (44 degrees 26' N latitude and 26 degrees 04' E longitude), has been used for measurements of the charge ratio in the atmospheric muon flux. The experimental method, based on the observation of the reduced effective lifetime of negative muons stopped in matter, as compared with the lifetime of positive muons, gives accurate results and avoids some difficulties and systematic errors of magnetic spectrometers. The studies are focused on an energy range of the muons which provides relevant information for the discussion of the atmospheric neutrino anomaly and for studies of the atmospheric neutrino and antineutrino fluxes. From several measurements at moments below 1 GeV c/sup -1/, a decrease of the muon charge ratio from 1.30 (at 0.87 GeV c/sup -1/) to 1.15 (at 0.20 GeV c/sup -1/) has been found. (28 References).
O. N. Vyazankin and MG. Urin, "Strength function and rate of mu /sup -/-capture in moderate and heavy spherical nuclei," Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 2199--205, 1989.
Abstract: Within the framework of the optical-shell model, quantitative analysis of the strength function and rate of mu capture is undertaken for a series of moderate and heavy spherical nuclei. The results of analysis are compared with the conclusions of other theoretical approaches. (16 References).
M. Wada and others, "Nuclear laser spectroscopy with on--line ion traps," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 59--70, 1996.
L. K. Wagner, E. B. Shera, G. A. Rinker, and RK. Sheline, "Model-independent interpretation of the dynamic hyperfine effect in muonic atoms with an application to /sup 192/Os," Physical Review C, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1549--58, 1977.
Abstract: It is shown that the dynamic E2 effect may be analyzed by means of a model-independent method. New muonic-atom data obtained for /sup 192/Os is interpreted using this method. Charge parameters and electric moments are deduced and discussed. (29 References).
M. Wakai, H. Bando, and M. Sano, "Mesonic atom production in high-energy nuclear collisions," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atomic Nuclei), vol. 333, no. 2, pp. 213--18, 1989.
Abstract: The production probability of pi -mesonic atom in high-energy nuclear collisions is estimated by a coalescence model. The production cross section is calculated for p+Ne and Ne+Ne systems at 2.1 GeV/A and 5.0 GeV/A beam energy. It is shown that nuclear fragments with larger charge numbers have the advantage in the formation of pi -mesonic atoms. The cross section is proportional to Z/sup 3/ and of the order of magnitude of 1-10 mu b in all the above cases. The production cross sections of K-mesonic atoms are also estimated. (17 References).
S. S. Wald, A. Ray, and YN. Kim, "A unique parameterization for the transition potential in muonic X-rays," Zeitschrift fur Physik a (Atoms & Nuclei), vol. 289, no. 4, pp. 391--4, 1979.
Abstract: A single-parameter form approximating the transition potential in muonic atoms is presented. The single-parameter form yields comparable results with that obtained by the Barrett (1970) form in radial moment analysis. The single parameter, beta , is isotopically independent and is uniquely defined by the particular transition of a given element. (7 References).
JD. Walecka, "Electromagnetic and weak interactions with nuclei," in International Conference on Nuclear Structure and Spectroscopy, (H. P. Blok and AEL. Dieperink, eds.), pp. 438-56, 1974.
Abstract: Semi-leptonic electromagnetic and weak interactions with nuclei are discussed. Electron scattering and neutrino interactions are considered. Differential cross sections, form factors and partial muon capture rates are presented. The reasons why electron scattering is a valuable tool for studying nuclear structure are mentioned. (26 References).
JD. Walecka, "Semi-leptonic weak and electromagnetic interactions with nuclei: Muon capture to discrete nuclear levels from hyperfine states," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A258, no. 3, pp. 397--416, 1976.
Abstract: The author derives a general expression for the muon-capture rate to discrete nuclear levels from hyperfine states of the initial mu -nucleus system, in terms of the same few reduced nuclear matrix elements which govern all electromagnetic and weak semi-leptonic transitions involving these nuclear levels. He discusses a recently developed unified analysis of these matrix elements. Three examples are given: two simply demonstrate the relation of the present approach to previous work in this area, and one is a full, new calculation for the process mu /sup -/+/sup 6/Li to nu /sub mu /+/sup 6/He(g.s.) from the two initial hyperfine states F=/sup 1///sub 2/,/sup 3///sub 2/ using one-body densities for this system previously determined through electromagnetic interactions by Donnelly and Walecka (see Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci., vol.25 of 1975). As has been emphasized in the past by other authors, knowledge of muon capture from the hyperfine levels can give us invaluable information about the fundamental nature of the weak interactions and about nuclear structure. (31 References).
JD. Walecka, "Semi-leptonic weak interactions in nuclei," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 125-47, 1977.
Abstract: A theoretical study has been made (using experimental electron scattering data to determine the nuclear matrix elements) of semi-leptonic weak interactions (neutrino reactions, charged-lepton capture and beta -decay). Weak rates are tabulated, and plots of neutrino cross sections and other results are presented, while weak coupling constants, second-class currents, neutrino interactions and weak neutral currents are examined. Predictions of unmeasured weak nuclear processes are obtained. (20 References).
GE. Walker, "Study of transition rate renormalization induced by 2p-2h ground-state admixtures," Physical Review C, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1540--52, 1972.
Abstract: The magnitude of nuclear transition matrix elements calculated in the particle-hole model often must be renormalized to give agreement with experiment. The author introduces 2p-2h state admixtures in the ground state (of 'closed-shell nuclei') and consider transitions to the usual configuration-mixed p-h states. The resulting renormalized transition matrix elements are, for reasonable choices of the ground-state correlations, in better agreement with experiment. Because proper treatment of the excited states is also required for detailed comparison with experiment in the case of partial transitions, he studies the total muon-capture rate using the closure approximation. It is found that introduction of 2p-2h states in the ground state does not remove the theoretical-experimental discrepancy for the total capture rate in /sup 16/O if the usual range of values for the 'average' neutrino momentum is adopted.
D. C. Walker, Y. C. Jean, and DG. Fleming, "Muonium atoms and intraspur processes in water," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 70, no. 10, pp. 4534--41, 1979.
Abstract: Since muonium atoms come into existence as a result of stopping energetic positive muons, it has been suggested that intraspur reactions (primarily with thermalized electrons or OH radicals, in water) are responsible for: (i) muonium formation, (ii) direct generation of a fraction of the muons in diamagnetic molecules, and (iii) the 'missing' muon polarization. These postulates are examined in detail by adding scavengers which can preclude intraspur reactions without reacting with muonium. The results show convincingly that intraspur processes are insignificant in (i) and (ii). Furthermore, they could only be important in (iii) if a spin-exchange process occurred with a frequency which was much greater than the ordinary diffusion-limited encounter frequency. Rather than this 'spur model', the data obtained are consistent with the 'hot model', whereby hot muonium atoms form beyond the spurs of the muon track. (35 References).
J. Wallenius and P. Froelich, "Muon transfer via meta-stable dt mu * molecules and the kinetics of mu CF," Physics Letters A, vol. 206, no. 1-2, pp. 73--80, 1995.
Abstract: We have considered details of the lower stages of the muon cascade following formation of highly excited muonic atoms in D/sub 2/-T/sub 2/ mixtures. We show that when the muon reaches the n=2 states of the muonic atom, an important modification of the hitherto accepted cascade model takes place. Our new theory predicts that fast ( lambda /sub dt mu */ equivalent to 10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/) formation of metastable dt mu * in t mu (2s)-D/sub 2/ collisions and their further decay into t mu (1s)+d or d mu (1s)+t together constitute a deexcitation process quickly depleting the n=2 levels of muonic atoms. The decay into d mu (1s) can be seen as a muon transfer from the t mu (2s) to d mu (1s) via an intermediate resonant state of dt mu . This process provides an efficient mechanism for muon return from the tritium to deuterium atom which enhances the population of d mu (1s), thereby slowing down the cycling rate of the muon and quenching the fusion yield. This new understanding may help to further optimise physical conditions in order to maximise the fusion yield. (13 References).
J. Wallenius and P. Froelich, "Formation of metastable dt mu molecules in t mu (2s)-D/sub 2/ collisions," Physical Review A, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 1171--82, 1996.
Abstract: The formation process of metastable dt mu molecules in D/sub 2/-T/sub 2/ mixtures is investigated. The dt mu molecule exhibits a series of three-body resonances embedded in the t mu +d scattering continuum just below the t mu (2s)+d threshold. These states can be formed in collisions of excited t mu (2s) atoms with D/sub 2/ molecules, whereby the excess of binding energy is absorbed by the rovibrational degrees of freedom of D/sub 2/. We present a scattering-theoretic model for this process, and perform a numerical calculation of its cross section. The essential transition amplitudes are obtained from three-body wave functions for the drill subcluster, and adiabatic wave functions for the entire hybrid system in the final channel. It is found that the effective formation rate is limited by the Auger-transition rates of the molecular complex formed. The calculated cross sections exhibit broad {"}peaks{"}, with magnitudes large enough for the formation process to favorably compete with deexcitation of t mu (n=2) atoms via radiative and collisional processes. The formation of metastable dt mu can therefore be one of the fastest processes depleting the n=2 levels of the t mu atom in hydrogen mixtures, of importance for low-energy muon science, electroweak physics, and muon catalyzed fusion. (28 References).
J. Wallenius and P. Froelich, "Impact of the side-path model on the muon cycling rate density dependence in D-T mixtures," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 293-300, 1996.
Abstract: The side-path model previously suggested by us allows for muon transfer from tritium to deuterium via intermediate DT mu * resonances formed in T mu (2s)+D/sub 2/ collisions. Taking this effect into account, the density dependence of the muon cycling rate in D-T mixtures at low temperatures is analysed. Compared with cascade models where only one-sided transfer is present, the predicted density dependence of lambda /sub c/ is in better agreement with measurements. (14 References).
J. Wallenius, "Meta stable states of muonic molecules and the muon catalyzed fusion cycle", 1996.
J. Wallenius and M. Kamimura, "Resonance energies of meta-stable dt mu," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 319-24, 1996.
Abstract: Using the coupled rearrangement channel method, we have calculated resonance energies for meta-stable states of the molecular ion DT mu * associated with the adiabatic 3 sigma potential. The vacuum polarization effect was taken into account by direct inclusion of the Uehling potential in our three-body Hamiltonian. Comparing with the solution of the pure Coulombic Schroedinger equation a shift of approximately +0.1 eV is found. Thus the infinite series of states of the Coulombic Schroedinger equation becomes truncated. Eleven states remain semi-bound, five of them with binding energy smaller than the dissociation energy of the D/sub 2/ molecule, facilitating formation of DT mu * in T mu (2s)-D/sub 2/ scattering by means of the Vesman-mechanism. (17 References).
J. Wallenius, "Transmutation of Cs-137 and I-129 using a muon-catalyzed fusion neutron source," Fusion Technol., vol. 33, pp. 456-461, 1998.
Abstract: Transmutation of the radiotoxic isotopes Cs-137 and I-129 using a muon-catalyzed fusion (mu CF) neutron soul ce is considered. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations show that each fusion neutron may transmute up to 1.7 radiotoxic nuclei, depending oa geometry and choice of material. Further it is found that chemically confining cesium atoms in the compound Cs2O leads to higher transmutation efficiency for a given volume as compounded with pure cesium. Assuming that a minimal requirement for applying transmutation to Cs-137 is that the inventory half-life with respect to undergoing transmutation is less than twice the natural half-life T-1/2 = 30 yr; the highest transmutation rate in a system consisting of a mu CF source with a maximum achievable intensity of 5 x 10(18) n/s is similar to 5 kg/yr; at nn inventory of 300 kg. For larger inventories, the half-life becomes longer. Hence, it seems difficult to achieve a positive energy balance in the process, in contradiction with results of a previous study.
J. Wallenius, "Transmutation of /sup 137/Cs and /sup 129/I using a muon-catalyzed fusion neutron source," ANS. Fusion Technology, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 456--61, 1998.
Abstract: Transmutation of the radiotoxic isotopes /sup 137/Cs and /sup 129/I using a muon-catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) neutron source is considered. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations show that each fusion neutron may transmute up to 1.7 radiotoxic nuclei, depending on geometry and choice of material. Further it is found that chemically confining cesium atoms in the compound Cs/sub 2/O leads to higher transmutation efficiency for a given volume as compared with pure cesium. Assuming that a minimal requirement for applying transmutation to /sup 137/Cs is that the inventory half-life with respect to undergoing transmutation is less than twice the natural half-life T/sub 1/2/=30 yr, the highest transmutation rate in a system consisting of a mu CF source with a maximum achievable intensity of 5*10/sup 18/ n/s is ~5 kg/ yr, at an inventory of 300 kg. For larger inventories, the half-life becomes longer. Hence, it seems difficult to achieve a positive energy balance in the process, in contradiction with results of a previous study. (14 References).
J. Wallenius and P. Froelich, "Excited states of muonic helium hydride ions and their possible impact on muon reactivation," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 118, no. 1-4, pp. 223--8, 1999.
Abstract: Several previously unknown resonances of the alpha t mu helium hydride ion have been identified using a variational procedure. It is suggested that these resonances may form in alpha mu (1s)-TD(T/sub 2/) scattering, for centre of mass collision energies in the range 8-10 keV. If the molecular complex ( alpha t mu )*dee* is formed in a dissociative state (with respect to the alpha t mu -d coordinate), the dissociation energy may in part be transferred to the muonic degrees of freedom, opening the exit channel ( alpha t mu )*dee* to t mu + alpha e+T, effectively amounting to muon transfer from alpha to t. We present a theoretical formulation of this novel and hypothetical mechanism for muon reactivation together with a numerical calculation of its cross-section for a special case. (14 References).
J. Wallenius and P. Froelich, "Muon transfer in d mu +H/sub 2/ collisions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 165--71, 1999.
Abstract: The impact of excited state muon transfer in d mu +H/sub 2/ collisions has been investigated. The formation of metastable pd mu * molecules and their subsequent decay into the p mu (1s)+d channel opens a transfer channel that is otherwise closed at the n=2 level. This mechanism enlarges the fraction of muons arriving to the ground state of the lighter isotope. The resulting ground state population P/sub 1s//sup p mu / as function of deuterium concentration appears to be in qualitative agreement with recent measurements of the K/sub alpha / X-ray yield in H/sub 2//D/sub 2/ mixtures. (22 References).
J. Wallenius, S. Jonsell, Y. Kino, and P. Froelich, "Muonic atom deexcitation via formation of metastable molecular states, in light of experimental verification," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 285--8, 2001.
Abstract: In a recent experiment performed at PSI, a peak in the time-of-flight distribution of p mu (1s) atoms could be identified with decay of pp mu * molecular ions situated below the 2s threshold, providing 900 eV of kinetic energy to the p mu atom. This finding may be interpreted in terms of the side path model which suggests that metastable muonic molecules may form with high probability in resonant collisions between muonic hydrogen in the 2s state and hydrogen molecules, e.g., p mu (2s) + H/sub 2/ to [(pp mu *)/sub vJ//sup pq/ pee]/sub nu K/ to [(pp mu *)/sub v'J'//sup p'q'/ - pe]/sup +/ + e/sup -/. Coulombic decay of the Auger stabilised pplt* molecular ion then leads to the formation of highly energetic p mu (1s) atoms. In the present paper calculations of resonant formation rates in hydrogen are presented and compared to the quenching rate of p mu (2s) atoms measured at hydrogen density. (11 References).
H. K. Walter, H. Backe, R. Engfer, E. Kankeleit, C. Petitjean, H. Schneuwly, and WU. Schroder, "Comparison of Muonic and Mossbauer isomer shifts," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 47--9, 1972.
Abstract: Muonic isomer shifts for 30 gamma transitions in nuclei in the region 152[left angle bracket]A[left angle bracket]209 have been measured. Four new values of isomer shifts in /sup 153/Eu are presented. To compare the muonic with the Mossbauer isomer shifts, the almost model independent moment of the charge distribution R/sub K/=((K+3)/3(r/sup K/))/sup 1/K/ is used with K mu approximately=1.17 for the muonic ls-state in Eu and Ke approximately=2 for the Mossbauer data. (7 References).
H. K. Walter, J. H. Vuilleumier, H. Backe, F. Boehm, R. Engfer, Gunten AH von, R. Link, R. Michaelsen, C. Petitjean, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, W. U. Schroder, and A. Zehnder, "Test of quantum-electrodynamical corrections in muonic atoms," Physics Letters B, vol. 40B, no. 2, pp. 197--9, 1972.
Abstract: Energies of the 5f-4f muonic X-rays have been measured in /sup nat/Hg and /sup 203/Tl with an accuracy of about 25 eV. They are found to be smaller than theoretical energies including recently revised calculations of higher-order vacuum polarization, by about two standard deviations. (10 References).
HK. Walter, "Nuclear excitation and isomer shifts and muonic atoms II. Model-independent parametrization and discussion," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A234, no. 2, pp. 504--32, 1974.
Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.A234, p.469 (1974). Excitation probabilities and isomer shifts for about 50 excited nuclear levels from muonic atoms of Sm, Gd, Eu, Tm, Yb, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Hg, Tl, and Bi are discussed. The data for /sup 153/Eu are used in comparison with isomer shifts from the Mossbauer technique to evaluate electron density differences in rare earth compounds. Mossbauer and muonic isomer shifts are sensitive to different moments of the change of the charge distribution. Therefore, from a comparison new information can be deduced. The results of the muonic isomer shifts are compared with calculations based on various nuclear models. (86 References).
H. K. Walter, W. Joho, and U. Schryber, "Future plans at PSI," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 289--300, 1993.
K-C Wang, F. Boehm, A. A. Hahn, H. E. Henrikson, J. P. Miller, R. J. Powers, P. Vogel, J-L Vuilleumier, and R. Kunselman, "Experimental determination of the relativistic fine structure splitting in a pionic atom," Physics Letters B, vol. 79B, no. 1-2, pp. 170--2, 1978.
Abstract: Using a high-resolution crystal spectrometer, the authors have measured the energy splitting of the pionic 5g-4f and 5f-4d transitions in Ti. The observed fine structure splitting agrees, within the experimental error of 3%, with the splitting arising from the calculated relativistic term and other small corrections for spinless particles. (9 References).
K-C Wang, F. Boehm, E. Bovet, A. A. Hahn, H. E. Henrikson, J. P. Miller, R. J. Powers, P. Vogel, J-L Vuilleumier, and AR. Kunselman, "Experimental determination of the relativistic fine-structure splitting in pionic Ti and Fe atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1072--7, 1980.
Abstract: Using a high-resolution crystal spectrometer the authors measured the relativistic angular-momentum splittings of the 5g-4f and 5f-4d transitions in pionic Ti and Fe atoms. The observed fine-structure splittings of 85.3+or-3.0 eV in pi /sup -/Ti and 158+or-7.8 eV in pi /sup -/Fe agree with the calculated splittings of 88.5 and 167.6 eV, respectively, arising from the Klein-Gordon equation and from small corrections due to vacuum polarization, strong interaction, and electron screening. (24 References).
Rong. Wang, "Remarks on the possibility of cold fusion," Communications in Theoretical Physics, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 549--56, 1990.
Abstract: Various hypotheses of cold fusion are enumerated and examined. Except muon-catalyzed fusion, no real possibility of cold fusion has been found. (7 References).
C. S. Wang, K. C. Chung, and AJ. Santiago, "Systematics of nuclear central densities," Physical Review C, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 034310/1-6, 1999.
Abstract: The nuclear central density is calculated from the nuclear charge-density parameters measured by elastic electron scattering and muonic atom spectroscopy. The nucleon number and asymmetry dependences of the obtained nuclear central density are discussed based on the macroscopic description of nuclei. It is shown that the nuclear central density decreases slowly as the nucleon number or the nuclear asymmetry increases. The proton number and neutron number dependences of the nuclear central density show some structure that seems like the shell effect, since density peaks are formed around the proton and neutron magic numbers. The data fit to the nuclear half density radii measured by muonic atom spectroscopy yields the nuclear radius constant r/sub 0/=1.141 fm, and the data fit to the calculated nuclear central densities gives an estimation for the nuclear matter incompressibility K/sub 0/ in the range around 220-250 MeV. (22 References).
E. K. Warburton, D. E. Alburger, and DJ. Millener, "Shapes of the /sup 16/N and /sup 15/C beta spectra and extraction of matrix elements for /sup 15/C( beta /sup -/)/sup 15/(g.s.)," Physical Review C, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2281--9, 1984.
Abstract: The /sup 16/N and /sup 15/C spectra measured by Alburger, Gallmann, and Wilkinson were reanalyzed to obtain more accurate branching ratios as well as a shape factor for the first-forbidden, nonunique /sup 15/C(/sup 1///sub 2//sup +/) to /sup 15/N(/sup 1///sub 2//sup -/) decay. /sup 16/N beta /sup -/ branches were derived to the levels at 0 and 6.13 MeV of 27.9(5)% and 66.3(6)%, respectively; /sup 15/C beta /sup -/ branches were found to /sup 15/N levels at 0 and 5.30 MeV of 36.8(8)% and 63.2(8)%, respectively. The /sup 15/C shape factor was found to deviate significantly from the allowed shape. Analysis of the shape factor results in the determination of the rank zero component of the transition and determination of the two independent matrix elements which contribute to the rank one component. The possible role of muon capture in determining the rank zero matrix elements is considered. Comparisons, for both the /sup 15/C(/sup 1///sub 2//sup +/) to /sup 15/N(/sup 1///sub 2//sup -/) and /sup 16/N(0/sup -/) to /sup 16/O(0/sup +/) transitions, are made to shell-model calculations with particular emphasis on the sensitivity of the nuclear matrix elements to the choice of the single particle wave function. It is found that rank zero rates calculated with Woods-Saxon wave functions are much smaller than those calculated with harmonic oscillator wave functions. Possible meson-exchange contributions to the rank zero rates are discussed in light of this finding. (27 References).
E. K. Warburton, I. S. Towner, and BA. Brown, "First-forbidden beta decay: meson-exchange enhancement of the axial charge at A approximately 16," Physical Review C, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 824--39, 1994.
Abstract: Calculations are presented for four relatively strong first-forbidden beta decays in the region A=11-16 in order to study the very large mesonic-exchange-current enhancement of the rank-zero components. The mu /sup $/capture on /sup 16/O is considered on the same footing. The wave functions utilized include up to 4h(cross) omega excitations. Two-body exchange-current matrix elements are calculated as well as one-body impulse-approximation matrix elements. The resultant enhancement factor that multiplies the impulse-approximation axial-charge matrix element is thereby determined by comparison to experiment to be epsilon /sub exp/=1.61+or-0.03 from three beta /sup /sub //ecays and mu /sup -/ capture on /sup 16/O, which is in excellent agreement with meson-exchange calculations in the soft-pion approximation. (53 References).
T. Ward, M. Barker, J. Breeden, K. Komisarcik, M. Pickar, D. Wark, and J. Wiggins, "Laboratory study of the cosmic-ray muon lifetime," American Journal of Physics, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 542--6, 1985.
Abstract: The cosmic-ray muon lifetime was measured with a variety of counters designed to study both the free and mu /sup -/ capture lifetimes. The data were obtained using scintillation detectors and a lead glass detector. These data show the dependence of mu /sup -/ capture on the atomic number of the chemical element in the detector. The Z dependence of the weak interaction capture process is discussed in terms of the familiar Fermi ( Delta J=O) and Gamow-Teller ( Delta J=1) decays. This experiment was designed for use in advanced undergraduate physics laboratories. (22 References).
J. Warszawski, J. M. Eisenberg, and A. Gal, "The quadrupole term of the Lorentz-Lorenz effect in pionicatoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A312, no. 3, pp. 253--64, 1978.
Abstract: Two-nucleon contributions to the pion-nucleus p-wave optical potential at zero energy, not included in the standard Lorentz-Lorenz treatment, are considered. Such contributions involve coupling the external pion momenta k and k', which appear in the optical potential, to form a quadrupole term, and their neglect would appear to be justified only in a strict long-wavelength limit for the pion. The contribution of these quadrupole terms to the observed shifts of pionic atom energy levels is evaluated for /sup 27/Al and /sup 40/Ca, under the assumption of short-range repulsive nucleon-nucleon correlations, and found to constitute roughly between 10% and 15% of the standard Lorentz-Lorenz contribution, or 5% to 7% of the observed shifts. (16 References).
P. Warszynski, W. Czaplinski, and A. Gula, "Time distributions of muon-catalyzed fusion events in deuterium calculated using the existing theoretical predictions," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, no. 1-4, pp. 511--21, 1988.
Abstract: Time distributions of muon-catalyzed fusion events in deuterium are calculated in the temperature range 35-1000 K using predictions for the mu CF parameters. The kinetic graph taken into consideration includes spin structure of d mu and dd mu together with the associated hyperfine and back decay transitions. Comparison of the calculated curves with the experimental data at T approximately=35 K and T approximately=300 K is presented. In general, the data suggest the resonance rates which are smaller than recently calculated. An attempt is made to fit the data using the resonance and back decay rates rescaled by a common factor. The fits show that the rates should be reduced at least by a factor k approximately=3. However, this assumption is not sufficient for a consistent description of the time distributions at both temperatures and more data are required to resolve the existing ambiguities. The corresponding curves are calculated also for other temperatures. (29 References).
A. Warwick, R. Chapman, J. L. Durell, J. N. Mo, J. A. Kuehner, and P. Skensved, "The 1h/sub 9/2/ proton orbit size in /sup 209/Bi," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A356, no. 1, pp. 33--47, 1981.
Abstract: Angular distributions of alpha -particles from the reaction /sup 209/Bi(t, alpha )/sup 208/Pb (ground state) have been measured at bombarding energies E/sub t/=8.5 MeV and E/sub t/=9.0 MeV. Zero-range (ZR) DWBA analyses of the data are used to determine the radial extent of the wave function of the 1h/sub 9/2/ orbit in which the transferred proton is bound in /sup 209/Bi. The applicability of the sub-Coulomb ZR DWBA treatment is investigated by comparison of ZR and exact finite-range DWBA calculations. A value of the (t, alpha ) normalization constant of (20.8+or-3.1)*10/sup 4/ MeV/sup 2/.fm/sup 3/, based on forward dispersion relations, has been obtained from this comparison. The asymptotic amplitude of the wave function is measured directly and the RMS radius is extracted via a Woods-Saxon model. A value of square root (r/sup 2/)=6.10/sub -0.08//sup +0.12/ fm, corresponding to a point proton and to a local Woods-Saxon potential, is obtained. The RMS radius and radial wave function of the 1h/sub 9/2/ proton are compared with the results of electron scattering and muonic atom data on targets of /sup 209/Bi and /sup 208/Pb and with the results of Hartree-Fock calculations. (34 References).
R. Watanabe, M. Fukui, H. Ohtsubo, and M. Morita, "Angular distribution of electrons in bound muon decay," Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 114--22, 1987.
Abstract: A general formalism of the angular distribution of emitted electrons in the bound muon decay is made in terms of the multipole series of the relativistic electron wave functions. The effect of the finite size nucleus to wave functions is properly taken into account for the bound muon and emitted electron. In order to show the importance of this effect, energy spectra and asymmetry coefficients are given numerically in the cases of /sup 16/O, /sup 40/Ca, /sup 90/Zr and /sup 208/Pb. (19 References).
Y. Watanabe, S. Sakamoto, K. Ishida, T. Matsuzaki, P. Strasser, M. Iwasaki, and K. Nagamine, "New insights in muon transfer reaction of (d mu )+He," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 93--9, 1990.
Abstract: New insights were gained into the muonic deuterium to He transfer reaction in liquid D/sub 2/ as a function of He impurity concentration (below 300 p.p.m.) by detecting K/sub alpha / X-rays from (d mu ) (2.0 keV), radiative X-rays from (dHe mu ) (6.8 keV), and K/sub alpha / X-rays from (He mu ) (8.2 keV). The obtained photon intensities and decay time constants were explained by considering the formation rate of (dd mu ) and (dHe mu ) molecules, as well as the hyperfine transition rate in the (d mu ) ground state. (8 References).
R. Watanabe, K. Muto, T. Oda, T. Niwa, H. Ohtsubo, R. Morita, and M. Morita, "Asymmetry and energy spectrum of electrons in bound-muon decay," Atomic Data & Nuclear Data Tables, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 165--78, 1993.
Abstract: Theoretical values for the muon decay rate and the emitted electron energy spectrum and several kinds of asymmetry parameters for the angular distribution of the electrons in bound-muon decay are given in numerical tables and figures for /sup 16/O, /sup 27/Al, /sup 28/Si, /sup 40/Ca, /sup 56/Fe, /sup 90/Zr, /sup 96/Mo, /sup 118/Sn, /sup 208/Pb, and /sup 209/Bi. The present results are based on the general formalism of the angular distribution of emitted electrons in bound-muon decay published in Prog. Theor. Phys. 78, 114 (1987), in terms of the multipole series of the relativistic electron wave functions. The effect of finite nuclear size on the wave functions is properly taken into account for both the bound muon and the emitted electron. (12 References).
PJS Watson and MK. Sundaresan, "Discrepancy between theory and experiments in muonic X-rays-a critical discussion," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 52, no. 20, pp. 2037--59, 1974.
Abstract: The discrepancy between theoretical and experimental X-ray energies in muonic atoms is reviewed. Brief descriptions of all the known corrections are given, such as finite size, vacuum polarisation and electron screening, and an attempt is made to estimate the theoretical errors. The discrepancy is found to remain at the two standard deviation level in eight transitions, and some speculations on the resolution of the problem are offered. (65 References).
PJS. Watson, "The vanishing Cabibbo angle and muon capture rates," Physics Letters B, vol. 58B, no. 4, pp. 431--2, 1975.
Abstract: Recent papers have discussed the possibility that a spontaneously broken symmetry is restored at high magnetic fields. Possible evidence in favour of this idea is reported. (12 References).
K. D. Watts, S. E. Jones, and AJ. Caffrey, "Development of target capsules for muon catalyzed fusion experiments," in 10th Symposium on Fusion Engineering Proceedings (Cat. No. 83CH1916-6 NPS), pp. 1143-7, 1916.
Abstract: Muon-catalyzed fusion experiments were conducted to determine how many fusion reactions one muon would catalyze under various temperature, pressure, contamination, and tritium concentration conditions. Target capsules to contain deuterium and tritium at elevated temperatures and pressures were engineered for a maximum temperature of 540K and a maximum pressure of 103 MPa. Experimental data collected with these capsules indicated that the number of fusion reactions per muon continued to increase with temperature up to the 540K design limit. A second generation of capsules which have a maximum design temperature of 800K and a maximum design pressure of 103 MPa has now been engineered. These new capsules will be used to study the muon catalysis rate versus deuterium-tritium mixture temperature. (7 References).
K. D. Watts, S. E. Jones, and AJ. Caffrey, "Development of target capsules for muon-catalyzed fusion experiments," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, 1984.
Abstract: Summary form only given. A series of muon-catalyzed fusion experiments has been conducted at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility to determine how many fusion reactions one muon would catalyze under various conditions of temperature, pressure, contamination, and tritium concentration. Target capsules to contain deuterium and tritium at elevated temperatures and pressures were engineered for a maximum temperature of 540K (512 degrees F) and a maximum pressure of 103 MPa (15000 psig). Experimental data collected with these capsules indicated that the number of fusion reactions per muon continued to increase with temperature up to the 540-K design limit. Theory had indicated that the reaction rate should peak at approximately 540K, but this was not confirmed during the experiments. A second generation of capsules which have a maximum design temperature of 800K (980 degrees F) and a maximum design pressure of 103 Pa (15000 psig) has now been engineered and used in experiments.
J. K. Webb and others, "Search to time variation of the fine structure constant," Physical Review Letters, vol. 82, pp. 884--887, 1999.
R. Weber, J. Kern, U. Kiebele, J-A Pinston, B. Aas, I. Beltrami, T. Bernold, K. Bongardt, T. V. Ledebur, H. J. Leisi, W. Ruckstuhl, G. Strassner, and A. Vacchi, "Spectroscopic quadrupole moment of /sup 27/Al from muonic X-rays," Physics Letters B, vol. 98B, no. 5, pp. 343--6, 1981.
Abstract: The authors have observed, with the bent-crystal spectrometer at SIN, the quadrupole splitting of the 2p/sub 3/2/ state of muonic /sup 27/Al from a measurement of the 3d/sub 5/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ X-ray transition. The spectroscopic quadrupole moment of /sup 27/Al is deduced: Q=+0.153+or-0.008 b. (11 References).
R. Weber, B. Jeckelmann, J. Kern, U. Kiebele, B. Aas, W. Beer, I. Beltrami, K. Bos, Chambrier G. De, PFA Goudsmit, H. J. Leisi, W. Ruckstuhl, G. Strassner, and A. Vacchi, "Spectroscopic quadrupole moments of /sup 25/Mg and /sup 27/Al from muonic X-rays," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A377, no. 2-3, pp. 361--78, 1982.
Abstract: With the crystal spectrometer at Muon Channel I at SIN the authors measured the 3d/sub 5/2/-2p/sub 3/2/ X-ray transitions in muonic /sup 25/Mg and /sup 27/Al. The HFS of the 2p/sub 3/2/ was resolved and the spectroscopic quadrupole moment of the nuclear ground states determined: Q(/sup 25/Mg)=+0.201+or-0.003 b, Q(/sup 27/Al)=+0.150+or-0.006 b. They find agreement between the intrinsic quadrupole moment value derived from Q(/sup 25/Mg) with those calculated from measured B(E2) values. This indicates that for /sup 25/Mg the strong-coupling limit of the rotational model with an axially symmetric charge distribution is realized in the lower part of the ground-state rotational band. They combine the quadrupole moments Q with the quadrupole coupling constants measured in electronic atoms of /sup 25/Mg and /sup 27/Al and derive the electric field gradients at the nucleus (in units of e.a/sub 0//sup -3/, where a/sub 0/ is the Bohr radius): 0.339+or-0.005 for the /sup 3/P/sub 2/ state of /sup 25/Mg, 0.54+or-0.02 for the /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ state of /sup 27/Al. From Hartree-Fock calculations of the /sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ state of Al they derive values for the Sternheimer correction factor R and compare them with calculated values. (36 References).
P. Weber, D. S. Armstrong, D. F. Measday, A. J. Noble, S. Stanislaus, M. R. Harston, K. A. Aniol, and D. Horvath, "Pion transfer from hydrogen to deuterium in H/sub 2/+D/sub 2/ gas mixtures," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 1--10, 1990.
Abstract: The transfer of negative pions from pionic hydrogen to deuterium has been investigated in gas mixtures of H/sub 2/ and D/sub 2/ as a function of the D/sub 2/ concentration (C). The concentration dependence of the transfer rate was fitted using a phenomenological model with two parameters. For C to infinity (32+or-3)% of the pions undergo transfer. The fitted parameters reflect the ratio of pion capture to pion transfer in collisions of pionic hydrogen with protons or deuterons. No pressure dependence for pion transfer was found. (34 References).
B. C. Webster and R. Macrae, "On the interpretation of muon spin rotation and level-crossing resonance observations on the muonic ethyl radical," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 150, no. 1-2, pp. 18--22, 1988.
Abstract: Analysis of the muon spin rotation ( mu SR) data for the muonic ethyl radical CH/sub 2/MuCH/sub 2/ yields beta -hyperfine coupling constants in good agreement with the recent level-crossing resonance (LCR) measurements. Other coupling constants are predicted and await confirmation by LCR. The role of hyperconjugation in the ethyl radical is assessed by an ab initio molecular-orbital calculation. (10 References).
B. C. Webster and D. Buttar, "Zero-point vibrational corrections for the geometry, electric dipole moment and /sup 17/O nuclear quadrupole coupling constant calculated for the muonium isotopomers, MuOH and Mu/sub 2/O, of the water molecule," Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions, vol. 88, no. 8, pp. 1087--92, 1992.
Abstract: A variation-perturbation approach is applied to investigate isotope-dependent zero-point vibrational corrections to one-electron properties of a muonium-substituted water molecule in its ground electronic state. The corrections for MuOH and Mu/sub 2/O indicate that the root-mean-square displacement involving the OMu internuclear distance is ca. 11 pm with a root-mean-square displacement in the internuclear angle for MuOH of 12.73 degrees and Mu/sub 2/O of 14.71 degrees . As a consequence, the muonium-substituted species sample points on a property surface well distant from the equilibrium position. It is found that this behaviour alters the electric dipole moment and produces significant isotope effects on vibrational transition frequencies and the /sup 17/O nuclear quadrupole coupling constant. Single muonium substitution of H/sub 2/O produces a 2% increase in the zz-component of the quadrupole coupling constant rising to a 16% increase in the xx-component with respect to the vibrationally averaged values of H/sub 2/O in its ground vibrational state. (30 References).
R. Wedlich, M. W. Karl, H. Nakanishi, and DM. Schrader, "The chemical stability of positronic and muonic complexes with atoms and molecules," in Positron Annihilation. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference, (P. C. Jain, R. M. Singru, and KP. Gopinathan, eds.), pp. 408--9, 1985.
Abstract: Simple and reasonably accurate estimations of the binding energies of positronic and muonic complexes with atoms may be made from the vibrational spectra of corresponding protonic complexes. The authors have calculated binding energies of a total of 136 positronic and muonic complexes. A sampling of these is presented in the present work. (10 References).
AM. Weinberg, "Fission: an object lesson for fusion," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 440-50, 1988.
Abstract: The development of a new, and possibly hazardous, long-range energy source is beset with two political problems (as well as the many technical ones): survival and public acceptance. By survival the author means continuing support, year after year, of a very expensive enterprise whose promise always seems greater than its achievement: can this support continue long enough to allow the promised goal to be achieved. By public acceptance, he means the reaction of the public to the new energy source, assuming that it achieves its technological goals. Both of these problems have been faced by fission power: the author describes the experiences of fission in confronting these issues in the hope that they might be dealt with more deftly by fusion. (0 References).
W. Weise and L. Tauscher, "Kaonic atoms and the Lambda (1405)," Physics Letters B, vol. 64B, no. 4, pp. 424--7, 1976.
Abstract: Kaonic shifts and widths for /sup 12/C and /sup 32/S are analysed using an optical potential, which selectively incorporates nuclear shell structure aspects as well as effects of Lambda (1405) dynamics inside the nucleus. Good agreement with data is found and suggests a moderately repulsive interaction of the Lambda (1405) with surrounding nucleons. (13 References).
MS. Weiss, "Tau electron atoms at RHIC," in Phase Space Approach to Nuclear Dynamics. Topical Meeting, (Toro M. Di, W. Norenberg, M. Rosina, and S. Stringari, eds.), pp. 769--80, 1986.
Abstract: An ancillary to the proposed quark-gluon plasma production hypothesized from a relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC) may be a sufficient quantity of tau electrons to potentially admit the study of its exotic atoms. Given the wealth of nuclear phenomena derived from muonic atoms one might assume a tau atom would be even more forthcoming with information due to its lower orbits being entirely contained within the nucleus. The author discusses the production mechanism at a RHIC and delineates some of the more obvious properties of the tau atom. (4 References).
M. Weitz, F. Schmidt--Kaler, and T. W. Hänsch, "Precise Optical Lamb Shift measurements in atomic hydrogen," Physical Review Letters, vol. 68, pp. 1120--1123, 1992.
M. Weitz, A. Huber, F. Schmidt--Kaler, D. Leibfried, and T. W. Hänsch, "Precision measurement of the hydrogen and deuterium 1S ground state Lamb Shift," Physical Review Letters, vol. 72, pp. 328--331, 1994.
J. C. Wells, V. E. Oberacker, A. S. Umar, C. Bottcher, M. R. Strayer, and J-S. Wu, "Nonperturbative electromagnetic muon-pair production with capture in peripheral relativistic heavy-ion collisions," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, no.260, 1992, pp.215-27, pp. 215-27, 1992.
Abstract: The authors discuss preliminary calculations of impact-parameter-dependent probabilities and cross sections for muon-pair production with capture of the negative muon into the K-shell caused by the time-dependent-electromagnetic fields generated in peripheral relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Their approach is nonperturbative in that they calculate probabilities by solving the time-dependent Dirac equation on a three-dimensional Cartesian lattice using the basis-spline collocation method. Use of the axial gauge for the electromagnetic potentials produces an interaction easier to implement on the lattice than the Lorentz gauge. (19 References).
J. C. Wells, V. E. Oberacker, M. R. Strayer, and AS. Umar, "Lattice calculation for lepton capture from vacuum-pair production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials & Atoms, vol. B99, no. 1-4, pp. 293--6, 1995.
Abstract: The new colliding-beam heavy-ion accelerators, designed to investigate nuclear matter at high temperatures and densities, have motivated great interest during the last decade concerning possible new electromagnetic phenomena. One of the most interesting of these processes is the sparking of the vacuum to produce lepton-antilepton pairs. The process of electron capture from vacuum pair production is a principal beam-loss mechanism for highly charged relativistic ions in a storage ring, and thus must be considered in the design and the operation of these machines. In this paper, we present calculated impact-parameter-dependent probabilities and cross sections for muon capture from vacuum production in collisions of relativistic heavy ions by solving the time-dependent Dirac equation in unrestricted three-dimensional space using lattice-collocation techniques. Calculations are performed for muon-pair production with capture into the K-shell in collisions of /sup 197/Au+/sup 197/Au at collider kinetic energies of 2 GeV per nucleon. (16 References).
Bian Wensheng, Zhao Xian, Wang Yigui, and Wang. Yixuan, "Direct solution of the Schrodinger equation for some muonic molecules," Chemical Physics, vol. 242, no. 2, pp. 195--202, 1999.
Abstract: We use the hyperspherical harmonic method developed by us to directly solve the Schrodinger equation for some muonic molecules without recourse to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. In our method, a kind of simplified potential harmonic representation derived by us is used, and analytic expressions for all matrix elements are obtained; the generalized Laguerre function expansion method is used in the solution of the coupled differential equations. The practical calculations yield very good results for the energy. For example, we obtain a ground-state energy of -0.055623 pau for pp mu , -0.029884 dau for dd mu , and -0.020521 tau for tt mu , in good agreement with the exact values of -0.055676 pau, -0.029921 dau, and -0.020553 tau. The calculated energy values for the first excited states of pp mu , dd mu , tt mu are also reported. It is shown that, the potential harmonic representation we used is simple and convenient, and the convergence of the basis functions is uniform and rather rapid. (30 References).
J. Werner, P. Ackerbauer, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, S. Fussy, M. Jeitler, P. Kammel, J. Marton, A. Scrinzi, J. Zmeskal, J. Bistirlich, K. M. Crow, J. Kurck, C. Petitjean, R. H. Sherman, H. Bossy, H. Daniel, F. J. Hartmann, G. Schmidt, and W. Neumann, "Steady state in D/T gas: kinetics and experimental analysis," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 5, no. 1-4, pp. 209--15, 1990.
Abstract: Muon catalyzed fusion in gaseous deuterium/tritium mixtures from the steady state is analyzed by means of cycle rate analysis. Density spans from 1% to 8% and tritium concentration varies between 2% and 88%. The kinetics of the gaseous mixture and its relation to the cycle rate formalism is investigated. The existence of pre-steady-state oscillations (complex eigenvalues) cannot be excluded. Variation of lambda /sub d mu t//sup D2/ ( phi ) and lambda /sub d mu t//sup DT/ ( phi ) is studied with various models, with the other rates being kept at their known or estimated values. (12 References).
C. Werntz and HS. Valk, "Total radiative capture rates for three- and four-nucleon pionic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 724--30, 1988.
Abstract: A corrected closure approximation is used to calculate the reduced rates for radiative capture of negative pions from 1s and 2p orbitals in /sup 3/H, /sup 3/He, and /sup 4/He. For /sup 3/He and /sup 4/He the calculated rates are in good agreement with experimental data. In the case of /sup 3/H, the calculated value for 1s capture is combined with the measured radiative capture branching ratio to obtain a value of Gamma /sub tot//sup 1s/=2.2+or-0.4 eV for the total width of the 1s level in the /sup 3/H pionic atom. This value when compared to the measured total width of the 1s level in pionic /sup 3/H implies a small but definite contribution of singlet spin nucleon pairs to absorption of s-wave pions. (37 References).
A. Werthmueller, A. Adamczak, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, Y-A Thalmann, and S. Tresch, "Present status of the investigation on muon transfer in gaseous mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 271-5, 1996.
Abstract: To investigate the energy dependence of muon transfer to oxygen, we performed measurements in gaseous mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen. The time distributions of the muonic oxygen X-rays showed the same structure as the one observed earlier in H/sub 2/+SO/sub 2/ mixtures. In the delayed part of these distributions, one can distinguish a short-time and a long-time component. From the latter, we deduced the transfer rates from thermalized muonic protium, respectively deuterium, to oxygen. The short-time component can be interpreted as being due to muon transfer from epithermal muonic hydrogen atoms. The time parameters are characteristic for the deceleration process as well as for energy-dependent transfer rates. With results of recent research on the formation and the thermalization of muonic hydrogen, we performed Monte Carlo simulations in order to test the hypothesis of an energy-dependent transfer rate. (5 References).
A. Werthmueller, A. Adamczak, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, Y. A. Thalmann, and S. Tresch, "Transfer of negative muons from hydrogen to oxygen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, no. 1-4, pp. 147--55, 1996.
Abstract: Negative muons were trapped in gaseous mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen. The time distributions of the muonic oxygen X-rays showed a clear deviation from a single exponential structure. From these time distributions we evaluated the transfer rate from thermalized muonic hydrogen atoms to oxygen. In order to test the hypothesis of an energy-dependent transfer rate to oxygen we performed Monte Carlo simulations of the thermalization and the transfer process. We report on the present status of our investigations. (15 References).
A. Werthmüller, "Die Bestimmung der relativen Einfangsraten A(H/Ne) von Myonen in H$_2$ +Ne Gasmischungen", 1992.
A. Werthmüller and others, "Muon capture ratio A(H/Ne) in gaseous mixture of H$_2$ + Ne," Helvitica Physica Acta, vol. 66, pp. 439--440, 1993.
A. Werthmüller and others, "Muon transfer rates from thermalized $\mu p$ and $\mu d$ atoms to oxygen," Helvitica Physica Acta, vol. 67, pp. 783--784, 1994.
A. Werthmuller, A. Adamczak, R. JacotGuillarmod, F. Mulhauser, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, Y. A. Thalmann, and S. Tresch, "Present status of the investigation on muon transfer in gaseous mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 102, pp. 271-275, 1996.
Abstract: To investigate the energy dependence of muon transfer to oxygen, we performed measurements in gaseous mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen. The time distributions of the muonic oxygen X-rays showed the same structure as the one observed earlier in H-2 + SO2 mixtures. In the delayed part of these distributions, one can distinguish a short-time and a long-time component. From the latter, we deduced the transfer rates from thermalized muonic protium, respectively deuterium, to oxygen. The short-time component can be interpreted as being due to muon transfer from epithermal muonic hydrogen atoms. The time parameters are characteristic for the deceleration process as well as for energy-dependent transfer rates. With results of recent research on the formation and the thermalization of muonic hydrogen, we performed Monte Carlo simulations in order to test the hypothesis of an energy-dependent transfer rate.
A. Werthmuller, A. Adamczak, R. JacotGuillarmod, F. Mulhauser, C. Piller, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, Y. A. Thalmann, and S. Tresch, "Transfer of negative muons from hydrogen to oxygen," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 103, pp. 147-155, 1996.
Abstract: Negative muons were trapped in gaseous mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen. The time distributions of the muonic oxygen X-rays showed a clear deviation from a single exponential structure. From these time distributions we evaluated the transfer rate from thermalized muonic hydrogen atoms to oxygen. In order to test the hypothesis of an energy-dependent transfer rate to oxygen we performed Monte Carlo simulations of the thermalization and the transfer process. We report on the present status of our investigations.
A. Werthmüller, "Transfer of negative muons from hydrogen to oxygen", 1997.
A. Werthmuller, A. Adamczak, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, Y-A Thalmann, and S. Tresch, "Energy dependence of the charge exchange reaction from muonic hydrogen to oxygen," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 116, no. 1-4, pp. 1--16, 1998.
Abstract: The charge exchange reaction of negative muons from the ( mu p)/sub 1s/ atom to oxygen has been measured in gaseous mixtures of H/sub 2/+O/sub 2/. The measurements were performed at three different relative oxygen concentrations ranging from 0.2% to 0.8% and total pressures 3.5-15 bar. A mean transfer rate of lambda /sub pO//sup t/=0.85(2)*10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/, describing the transfer from the ground state of thermalized mu p atoms to oxygen, was determined. In order to investigate the energy dependence of the transfer rate, Monte Carlo simulations of the ( mu p)/sub 1s/ thermalization and the muon transfer were carried out. The comparison of measured and simulated time spectra yielded an epithermal transfer rate lambda /sub pO//sup e/=3.9*10/sup 11/ s/sup -1/ in the energy interval 0.12-0.22 eV. The analysis with the model of {"}Two components{"} shows that all measured time spectra can be reproduced with the same set of parameters. (31 References).
HJ. Weyer, "Pion absorption in light nuclei," Physics Reports, vol. 195, no. 6, pp. 295--367, 1990.
Abstract: The recent developments in the study of pion absorption are reviewed. The dominance of two-nucleon absorption is discussed for stopped and in-flight pion absorption. Emphasis is put on the latest developments in the knowledge of multi-nucleon absorption. The strong affinity of pion- and photon-induced reactions is discussed. (482 References).
R. J. Whitehead, J. F. McCann, and I. Shimamura, "Laser-assisted formation of antihydrogen," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 6402, pp. art. no.-023401, 2001.
Abstract: Capture of slow antiprotons by atomic hydrogen and positronium is simulated by the classical trajectory Monte Carlo method. Statistically accurate cross sections for protonium and antihydrogen formation are obtained and the energy dependence of the process is established. The results agree very well with experimental data for proton capture by positronium. Antihydrogen formation from anti proton-positronium collisions in the presence of a laser is simulated and the effects of laser polarization, frequency, and intensity are studied. Enhancements of the antihydrogen formation cross section are observed. For example, an increase of 70% is found for light of intensity 1.4 x 10(13) W cm(-2) and wavelength lambda = 248 nm, for an antiproton collision energy of 1 keV.
R. C. Whitten and JS. Sims, "Three-body Coulomb systems using generalized angular-momentum S states," Physical Review A, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1586--91, 1974.
Abstract: A generalised angular momentum eigenfunction expansion of the three-body Coulomb potential, previously described by Whitten (1968), has been used to determine energy, eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for bound S states of three-body Coulomb systems. Results are presented for He, H/sup -/, e/sup -/e/sup +/e/sup -/ and p mu /sup -/p. (18 References).
V. Wiaux, J. Deutsch, J. Govaerts, J. Lehmann, T. Otto, R. Prieels, V. B. Brudanin, V. G. Egorov, J. Rak, K. Lou, C. Petitjean, and P. Truol, "Muon capture on B-11: Pseudoscalar coupling and the hyperfine effect," Phys. Atom. Nuclei, vol. 61, pp. 1301-1306, 1998.
Abstract: A measurement of the ratio of partial hyperfine-muon-capture rates in B-11, lambda(+)/lambda(-) = 0.050(-0.025)(+0.022) (preliminary), which is based on hyperfine conversion, is reported. Through a nuclear model that takes into account the neutron halo in Be-11*, this result provides a preliminary value for the induced pseudoscalar coupling (g(p)/g(A) = 7.2(- 3.4)(+2.1)), in agreement with the PCAC prediction.
V. Wiaux, J. Deutsch, J. Govaerts, J. Lehmann, T. Otto, R. Prieels, V. B. Brudanin, V. G. Egorov, J. Rak, K. Lou, C. Petitjean, and P. Truol, "Muon capture on /sup 11/B: pseudoscalar coupling and the hyperfine effect," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 1403--8, 1998.
Abstract: A measurement of the ratio of partial hyperfine-muon-capture rates in /sup 11/B, lambda /sup +// lambda /sup -/=0.050/sub -0.025//sup +0.022/ (preliminary), which is based on hyperfine conversion, is reported. Through a nuclear model that takes into account the neutron halo in /sup 11/Be*, this result provides a preliminary value for the induced pseudoscalar coupling (g/sub P//g/sub A/=7.2/sub -3.4//sup +2.1/), in agreement with the PCAC prediction. (28 References).
V. Wiaux, R. Prieels, J. Deutsch, J. Govaerts, V. Brudanin, V. Egorov, C. Petitjean, and P. Truol, "Muon capture by B-11 and the hyperfine effect," Phys. Rev. C, vol. 65, pp. art. no.-025503, 2002.
Abstract: {This paper reports a precision measurement of the ratio of the exclusive capture rates from the two hyperfine levels of the muonic B-11 atom leading to the excited level of Be-11 at 320 keV: lambda(+)/lambda(-) = 0.028 +/- 0.021 (stat.) +/-0.003 (syst.). Using the most up-to-date halo wave functions of the nuclei involved, the induced pseudoscalar to axialvector form factor ratio is obtained as g(P)/g(A)=4.3(-4.3)(+2.8)(stat.) +/-0.5 (syst.). This value agrees with the partial conservation of the axial current prediction and does not reproduce the anomaly observed in radiative muon capture on hydrogen. The hyperfine conversion rate between the two hyperfine levels is also determined
V. Wiaux, R. Prieels, J. Deutsch, J. Govaerts, V. Brudanin, V. Egorov, C. Petitjean, and P. Truol, "Muon capture by /sup 11/B and the hyperfine effect," Physical Review C, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 025503/1-8, 2002.
Abstract: "This paper reports a precision measurement of the ratio of the exclusive capture rates from the two hyperfine levels of the muonic /sup 11/B atom leading to the excited level of /sup 11/Be at 320 keV: lambda /sup +// lambda /sup -/=0.028+or-0.021(stat.)+or-0.003 (syst.). Using the most up-to-date halo wave functions of the nuclei involved, the induced pseudoscalar to axialvector form factor ratio is obtained as g/sub P//g/sub A/=4.3/sub -4.3//sup +2.8/(stat.)+or-0.5 (syst.). This value agrees with the partial conservation of the axial current prediction and does not reproduce the anomaly observed in radiative muon capture on hydrogen. The hyperfine conversion rate between the two hyperfine levels is also determined
GL. Wick, "Exotic atoms: elementary particles go into orbit," Science, vol. 172, no. 3978, 1971.
Abstract: A short review is given of the phenomena involved in mesic and muonic atoms.
E. Widmann, "Measurement of the hyperfine structure of antiprotonic helium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, pp. 195--200, 1999.
CE. Wiegand, "Measurements of kaonic X-ray spectra and the capture of kaons on nuclear surfaces," in Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on high-energy physics and nuclear structure, (S. Devons, ed.), pp. 502-11, 1970.
Abstract: The authors have studied the X-ray emission of 29 elements ranging from Z=3 to Z=92 and conclude from the preliminary measurements on the medium and heavy elements that nuclear matter, very probably neutrons, extends to larger radii than the radii of the charge distributions given by the classic electron scattering experiments of Hofstadter and the Stanford group.
C. E. Wiegand and RH. Pehl, "Measurement of kaonic X-rays from /sup 4/He," Physical Review Letters, vol. 27, no. 21, pp. 1410--12, 1971.
Abstract: "Three spectral lines corresponding to Bohr orbit transitions n=3 to 2
CE. Wiegand, "Exotic atoms," Scientific American, vol. 227, no. 5, pp. 102-8, 1972.
Abstract: Describes how an electron in an atom can be briefly replaced with another particle. The resulting new atom yields information on the nature of the nucleus. (0 References).
C. E. Wiegand, G. K. Lum, and GL. Godfrey, "Experiments in hadronic-atom X-ray intensities of hydrides and deuterides," Physical Review A, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1780--1, 1977.
Abstract: The kaonic X-ray intensities of NaH and Na, CaH/sub 2/ and Ca were compared and the results from previous measurements of Li and LiH, C and CH and H/sub 2/O were studied. The intensity for O was extrapolated from known data. The emission of hadronic X-rays from atoms in hydrides was found to be inhibited. The ratios I(ZH/sub m/)/I(Z) have a strong Z dependence which the authors attribute to the relation of the X-ray intensities to the angular momentum distributions, dependent on electronic configuration, after capture. The intensities of the deuterides of C and O were approximately 0.95 those of the hydrides. (6 References).
B. R. Wienke and SL. Meyer, "Muon capture in Li/sup 6/ in the ditriton channel," Physical Review C, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 2179--85, 1971.
Abstract: Within the context of the impulse approximation the authors analyze the reaction mu /sup -/+Li/sup 6/ to H/sup 3/+H/sup 3/+ nu using the current-current theory of weak interactions and an alpha -d model of Li/sup 6/ fitted to the binding energy and charge radius of Li/sup 6/. The model is tested by considering the channel mu /sup -/+Li/sup 6/ to He/sup 6/+ nu . Within the limitations of the stated approximations, total rates are estimated for these two modes and the combined triton distribution given for the ditriton channel. (12 References).
A. S. Wightman, "Moderation of negative mesons in hydrogen. I: Moderation from high energies to capture by an H$_2$ molecule," Physical Review, vol. 77, pp. 521--528, 1950.
W. W. Wilcke, M. W. Johnson, W. U. Schroder, J. R. Huizenga, and DG. Perry, "Neutron emission from actinide muonic atoms," Physical Review C, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1452--62, 1978.
Abstract: The time distribution of neutrons from radiationless muonic transitions and muon capture has been measured for muonic /sup 232/Th, /sup 235/U, /sup 238/U, /sup 237/Np, /sup 239/Pu, and /sup 242/Pu. Evidence is found for muon capture in fragments from prompt muon-induced fission. Muon-capture rates are deduced and compared to the prediction of the Goulard-Primakoff theory. Isotopic effects of the capture rate are found to be smaller than expected from the systematics. Ratios of Gamma /sub n// Gamma /sub f/ are deduced for radiationless transitions. No clear evidence is found for isomeric-state excitation in muonic cascade transitions. (44 References).
W. W. Wilcke, M. W. Johnson, W. U. Schroder, D. Hilscher, J. R. Birkelund, J. R. Huizenga, J. C. Browne, and DG. Perry, "Actinide muonic atom lifetimes deduced from muon-induced fission," Physical Review C, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 2019--24, 1980.
Abstract: Time distributions of fragments from delayed fission after muon capture have been measured for muonic /sup 235/U, /sup 238/U, /sup 237/Np, /sup 239/Pu, and /sup 242/Pu. Comparison of these data with previously measured lifetimes using muon decay electrons, neutrons, and gamma rays emitted after muon capture indicates that the observed systematic discrepancies are due to atomic muon capture by fission fragments after prompt fission induced by radiationless muonic transitions. The deduced capture rates are compared with theoretical models, and very good agreement is found with a giant-resonance excitation model. (27 References).
L. Wilets and GA Jr. Rinker, "Estimate of the (Z alpha )/sup 2/ alpha /sup 2/ vacuum polarization term in muonic Pb," Physical Review Letters, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 339--41, 1975.
Abstract: The vacuum-polarization contributions to muonic-atom energy levels are calculated using second-order perturbation theory and the static Coulomb interaction. For the 4f/sub 5/2/ state in Pb, it is found that the polarization terms in (Z alpha )/sup 2/ alpha /sup 2/ increases the discrepancy between theory and experiment. (5 References).
W. Wilhelm, R. Bergmann, G. Fottner, F. J. Hartmann, J. J. Reidy, and H. Daniel, "Measurement of the Coulomb capture ratio of muons in 13 fluorides," Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 478--9, 1978.
Abstract: The Coulomb capture ratios for muons in 13 fluorides have been measured. The results show variations with the atomic number of the fluorinated element similar to those known from oxides. (7 References).
D. Wilkinson, "How exotic are very--ordinary nuclei," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 3--32, 1996.
RW. Williams, "'Chemical shifts of the mu /sup +/'-A comment," Physics Letters B, vol. 34B, no. 1, pp. 63--4, 1971.
Abstract: Correction of an error in the paper of the above title (see abstr. A67684 of 1970) reduces the calculated difference of chemical shift between mu /sup +/ and proton by 2 square root 2. The possibility of reducing the chemical-correction uncertainty in muon moment measurements is discussed.
N. Willis, Bornec Y. Le, A. Zghiche, C. Wilkin, R. Wurzinger, O. Bing, M. Boivin, P. Courtat, R. Gacougnolle, F. Hibou, J. M. Martin, F. Plouin, B. Tatischeff, and J. Yonnet, "eta -helium quasi-bound states," Physics Letters B, vol. 406, no. 1-2, pp. 14--19, 1997.
Abstract: The cross section and tensor analysing power t/sub 20/ of the dd to /sup 4/He eta reaction have been measured at six c.m. momenta, 10[left angle bracket]or=p/sub eta /[left angle bracket]or=90 MeV/c. The threshold value of t/sub 20/ is consistent with 1/ square root (2), which follows from parity conservation and Bose symmetry. The much slower momentum variation observed for the reaction amplitude, as compared to that for the analogous p d to /sup 3/He eta case, strongly suggests the existence of a quasi-bound state in the eta /sup 4/He system and simple optical model fits tentatively indicate that this might also be the case for eta /sup 3/He. (17 References).
L. Willman and others, "New bounds from a search for muonim to antimuoni conversion," Physical Review Letters, vol. 82, pp. 49--52, 1999.
H. D. Wohlfahrt, O. Schwentker, G. Fricke, S. Gluckert, H. G. Andresen, E. B. Shera, M. V. Hoehn, Y. Yamazaki, R. M. Steffen, T. Dubler, K. Kaser, B. Robert-Tissot, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, and HK. Walter, "Systematics of nuclear charge distributions in the region 40<or=A<or=100 deduced from elastic electron scattering and muonic X-ray measurements," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 44, no. , pp. 345-9, 1978.
Abstract: The nuclear charge distribution and nuclear charge distribution differences have been investigated by 300 MeV elastic electron scattering at the Institut fur kernphysik, Universitat Mainz. Muonic X-ray measurements yield complementary information to electron scattering results. Both experimental data are analysed in an almost model independent way. Preliminary data from the 1f/sub 7/2/ proton and neutron shell, measured at LAMPF and from the Sr-Mo region, measured at S.I.N. shows the same systematic behaviour as previous results in the Ni-region. As one result the systematic tendency of differences in nuclear radii between isotones and isotopes seems to be similar: there is a strong shell effect. One observes that the differences in radii are largest at the beginning of a neutron or proton shell and decrease linearly to the end of a shell. (18 References).
HD. Wohlfahrt, "Systematics of nuclear radii from elastic electron scattering and muonic X-ray measurements," in Nuclear Physics with Electromagnetic Interactions, (H. Arenhovel and D. Drechsel, eds.), pp. 65-75, 1979.
Abstract: Presents results of electron scattering and muonic X-rays on Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn isotopes. As well as nuclear radius, information on core polarisation and isotone shifts is obtained. (18 References).
H. D. Wohlfahrt, O. Schwentker, G. Fricke, H. G. Andresen, and EB. Shera, "Systematics of nuclear charge distributions in the mass 60 region from elastic electron scattering and muonic X-ray measurements," Physical Review C, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 264--83, 1980.
Abstract: Precise ratios of elastic electron scattering cross sections for the nuclei /sup 54,56,58/Fe, /sup 58,60,62,64/Ni, and /sup 64,66,68,70/Zn have been measured in the momentum-transfer region 0.6 fm/sup -1/[left angle bracket]or=q[left angle bracket]or=2.3 fm/sup -1/. Charge distribution differences were determined nearly model independently for the Delta A=2 isotope and isotone pairs. The Delta Z=2 isotone charge distribution differences show a strong shell effect, if one compares the Ni-Fe charge distribution differences, where the two added protons close the 1f/sub 7/2/ shell, and the Zn-Ni charge distribution differences, where the two added protons start to fill the 2p/sub 3/2/ shell. For the Delta N=2 isotopes the authors observe a nearly constant increase of the 'half density radius' in the investigated region of the 2p/sub 3/2/, 1f/sub 5/2/, and 2p/sub 1/2/ neutron shells. However, the skin thickness of the charge distribution increases strongly at the beginning (/sup 56/Fe-/sup 54/Fe) and decreases at the end (/sup 70/Zn-/sup 68/Zn) of these shells by adding two neutrons. The radii differences deduced from a combined analysis of the electron scattering data and present muonic X-ray data show the same trend. These differences, determined model independently with a typical accuracy of some 10/sup -3/ fm, decrease nearly linearly with increasing neutron number in the investigated region 28[left angle bracket]or=N[left angle bracket]or=40. These isotope shifts are nearly independent of the proton configuration of the involved nuclei, which indicates that the added neutrons interact primarily with the proton core rather than with the valence protons. Recent calculations, which include ground state correlations, show that the observed isotope shifts reflect deformation changes caused by changes of the amplitude of the zero-point quadrupole surface oscillations. A comparison of the experimental charge distribution differences with results of density dependent Hartree-Fock calculations also indicates the importance of deformation changes. (47 References).
H. D. Wohlfahrt, E. B. Shera, M. V. Hoehn, Y. Yamazaki, and RM. Steffen, "Nuclear charge distributions in 1f/sub 7/2/-shell nuclei from muonic X-ray measurements," Physical Review C, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 533--48, 1981.
Abstract: Precise 2p-1s muonic X-ray transition energies and energy shifts were measured for the 1f/sub 7/2/-shell nuclei /sup 39,41/K, /sup 40,42,43,44,46,48/Ca, /sup 45/Sc, /sup 46,47,48,49,50/Ti, /sup 51/V, /sup 50,52,53,54/Cr, /sup 55/Mn, and /sup 56/Fe. The data were analyzed in terms of the Barrett moments [left angle bracket]r/sup k/e/sup -ar/[right angle bracket] of the nuclear charge distribution, from which equivalent nuclear radii R/sub k/ and isotopic and isotonic differences Delta R/sub k/ were computed. For those nuclei for which electron-scattering data were available, model-independent RMS radii and radius differences were deduced from a combined analysis of the present data and elastic electron-scattering data. The Delta N=2 isotope shifts between even-A nuclei decrease nearly linearly with increasing N and become negative in the second half (24[left angle bracket]or=N[left angle bracket]or=28) of the 1f/sub 7/2/ shell; a strong shell-closure effect is evident at N=28. The isotope shifts are independent of Z, suggesting that the added neutrons interact with the entire proton core rather than with the valence protons. The Delta Z=2 isotone shifts between even-A nuclei decrease smoothly and uniformly with increasing Z for 20[left angle bracket]or=Z[left angle bracket]or=28 and are essentially independent of N. Like the isotope shifts, the isotone shifts display a sudden increase at Z=28. Both the Delta N=1 isotope shifts and the Delta Z=1 isotone shifts show pronounced odd-even staggering. A strong correlation is found between nuclear deformation, as revealed by experimental B(E2) values, and the measured isotope and isotone shifts. The measured isotope and isotone shifts, including those for odd-A nuclei, are satisfactorily described by a simple empirical formula. The experimental results were compared with Hartree-Fock calculations; some recent calculations that include ground-state correlations display improved agreement with experiment through the inclusion of these deformation-related effects. (58 References).
H. D. Wohlfarhrt, E. B. Shera, M. V. Hoehn, Y. Yamazaki, G. Fricke, and RM. Steffen, "Muonic isotope shifts in the stable Ca nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 73B, no. 2, pp. 131--4, 1978.
Abstract: Precise isotope shifts of the 2p-1s muonic transition energies for the stable Ca isotopes have been measured. Model-independent radius differences are derived from combined analysis of the present data and elastic electron scattering data. The precise new /sup 48-40/Ca isotope shift disagrees with Hartree Fock predictions. (19 References).
P. Wojciechowski and others, "Measurement of the stopping power for $\mu ^-$ and $\mu ^+$ at energies between 3 keV and 100 keV," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 82, pp. 127--131, 1993.
P. Wojciechowski and others, "Measurement of the stopping power for $\mu ^-$ and $\mu ^+$ at energies between 3 keV and 50 keV," in Muonic Atoms and Molecules, (L. A. Schaller and C. Petitjean, eds.), (CH--4010, Basel), pp. 345--350, 1993.
Ch. W. Wong, Int. J. Mod. Phys., vol. 3, 1994.
C. S. Wood and others, "Measurement of parity nonconservation and an anapole moment in cesium," Science, vol. 275, pp. 1759--1763, 1997.
J. Wozniak, V. M. Bystritsky, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, and F. Mulhauser, "Study of muonic hydrogen transport in TRIUMF experiment 742 by the Monte Carlo method," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 573-82, 1996.
Abstract: A technique of neutral muonic atom beams is proposed in the TRIUMF E742 experiment for measuring the scattering cross sections of muonic hydrogen isotopes in solid hydrogen. We present the results of Monte Carlo modeling of p mu and d mu atoms transport under the conditions of this experiment, taking into account the main physical as well as the geometrical aspects. The optimization of set-up parameters is performed in order to choose the most sensitive experimental conditions. (14 References).
J. Wozniak, "FOW Code", 1999.
J. Wozniak, A. Adamczak, G. A. Beer, V. M. Bystritsky, M. Filipowicz, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, M. Maier, V. E. Markushin, G. M. Marshall, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, V. A. Stolupin, and J. Zmeskal, "New effects in low energy scattering of p mu atoms," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 63--9, 1999.
Abstract: Strong solid state effects in low energy scattering of p mu atoms in solid hydrogen are reported and analyzed. Such effects have been observed in TRIUMF experiment E742 where muons are stopped in thin frozen (3 K) layers of hydrogen. Emission of low energy p mu atoms from the hydrogen layer into adjacent vacuum was much higher than expected, based on calculations which ignored the solid nature of hydrogen. Monte Carlo simulations, performed using the scattering cross-sections with solid state effects taken into account, show the important role of the coherent elastic Bragg scattering in the diffusion of p mu atoms. For p mu energies lower than the Bragg cut-off limit (~2 meV) the total scattering cross-section falls by several orders of magnitude, the hydrogen target becomes transparent and the emission of cold p mu atoms takes place. (20 References).
J. Wozniak, A. Adamczak, G. A. Beer, V. M. Bystritsky, M. Filipowicz, M. C. Fujiwara, T. M. Huber, O. Huot, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, P. Kammel, S. K. Kim, P. E. Knowles, A. R. Kunselman, G. M. Marshall, F. Mulhauser, A. Olin, C. Petitjean, T. A. Porcelli, L. A. Schaller, V. A. Stolupin, and J. Zmeskal, "Scattering of p mu muonic atoms in solid hydrogen," Physical Review A, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 62502--1--14, 2003.
Abstract: We present the results of experimental and theoretical study of the scattering of low-energy p mu atoms in solid hydrogen cooled to 3 K. Strong effects resulting from the solid state interactions have been observed in the TRIUMF experiment E742 where muons were stopped in thin frozen layers of hydrogen. The resulting emission of low-energy p mu atoms from the hydrogen layer into the adjacent vacuum was much higher than that predicted by calculations which ignored the solid nature of the hydrogen. New differential scattering cross sections have been calculated for the collisions of p mu atoms on solid hydrogen to account for its quantum crystalline nature. Analysis of the experimental data performed using such cross sections shows the important role of the coherent scattering in p mu atom diffusion. For p mu energies lower than the Bragg cutoff limit ( approximately=2 meV) the elastic Bragg scattering vanishes which makes the total scattering cross section fall by several orders of magnitude, and thus the hydrogen target becomes transparent allowing the emission of cold p mu atoms to occur. (53 References).
D. E. Wright and JE. Russell, "Energies of highly excited heliumlike exotic atoms," Physical Review A, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 2488--91, 1972.
Abstract: Extensive numerical results are presented concerning the energies of highly excited circular and nearly circular orbits of some helium like exotic atoms. The atoms, together with the ranges of principal quantum numbers considered, are the alpha pi /sup -/e/sup -/ with 13[left angle bracket]or=n[left angle bracket]or=20, the alpha K/sup -/e/sup -/ with 23[left angle bracket]or=n[left angle bracket]or=36, the alpha pe/sup -/ with 31[left angle bracket]or=n[left angle bracket]or=47, and the alpha Sigma /sup -/e/sup -/ with 34[left angle bracket]or=n[left angle bracket]or=52.
D. H. Wright, M. Blecher, K. Masutani, R. Seki, R. L. Boudrie, R. L. Burman, M. J. Leitch, M. Alsolami, G. Blanpied, J. A. Escalante, C. S. Mishra, G. Pignault, B. M. Preedom, C. S. Whisnant, and BG. Ritchie, "Indication of pionic-atom anomalies in pion-nucleus elastic scattering," Physical Review C, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 2258--61, 1987.
Abstract: Elastic cross sections for the scattering of positive and negative pions from /sup 58/Ni were measured at 30 MeV incident pion energy. Statistical errors of +or-3% and normalization errors of +or-6% were achieved. These data appear to confirm the theoretical construct that the physics which explains anomalously small shifts and widths in pionic atoms would be manifested in low energy pion-nucleus elastic scattering. The data show good agreement with the cross sections calculated assuming s and p partial waves are anomalous. Here anomalous refers to partial waves that are calculated from an optical potential which reproduces anomalously small level shifts and widths in pionic atoms. Conventional optical potentials do not agree as well with both the pi /sup +/ and pi /sup -/ data. Various conventional possibilities such as larger neutron radius than proton radius in the nuclear density were tried, but these did not result in good agreement with the data. (20 References).
D. H. Wright, S. Ahmad, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, M. Blecher, C. Q. Chen, P. Depommier, Z. H. Ding, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, R. Henderson, A. J. Larabee, J. A. Macdonald, S. McDonald, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, A. Serna-Angel, G. N. Taylor, C. E. Waltham, and NS. Zhang, "Radiative muon capture on hydrogen," in Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium (WEIN-89), (P. Depommier, ed.), pp. 645--7, 1989.
Abstract: Due to the extremely small branching ratio ( approximately 6*10/sup -8/), the elementary reaction mu /sup -/p to vn gamma has never been measured. Effort to date has concentrated on where the branching ratio is much larger, but the interpretation of these results is hindered by nuclear structure uncertainties. A measurement is being carried out at TRIUMF to determine the rate of radiative muon capture on hydrogen to a precision of 8% leading to a determination of g/sub p/ with an error of 10%. (15 References).
D. H. Wright, G. Azuelos, R. Henderson, J. A. Macdonald, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, S. Ahmad, C. Q. Chen, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, D. G. Sample, N. S. Zhang, D. S. Armstrong, M. Blecher, A. Serna-Angel, and BC. Robertson, "A cylindrical pair spectrometer for the detection of medium energy photons," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 425-8, 1991.
Abstract: A large acceptance, medium energy resolution cylindrical drift chamber has been constructed for use as a pair spectrometer for the detection of 50 to 100 MeV photons from radiative muon capture. The energy resolution for the detection of 129 MeV photons was found to be 12% (FWHM) at a magnetic field of 2.4 kG and 5.5% at 7.1 kG with the resolution for particle tracks is 150 microns ( sigma ). The acceptance for the detection of photons over the range 55-83 MeV was found to be 0.66% at 2.4 kG. All of these properties are reproduced by a Monte Carlo simulation of the spectrometer. Triggering schemes and further chamber characteristics will also be discussed. (4 References).
D. H. Wright, G. Azuelos, Egidy T. von, R. Henderson, J. A. Macdonald, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, S. Ahmad, C. Q. Chen, P. Gumplinger, M. D. Hasinoff, A. J. Larabee, D. G. Sample, W. Schott, N. S. Zhang, D. S. Armstrong, M. Blecher, S. C. McDonald, G. N. Taylor, P. Depommier, G. Jonkmans, W. Bertl, T. P. Gorringe, and BC. Robertson, "Radiative muon capture on hydrogen," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 789-92, 1991.
Abstract: The radiative muon capture (RMC) rate on hydrogen is particularly sensitive to the induced pseudoscalar coupling strength g/sub p/, of the weak hadronic current. Due to the very small branching ratio ( approximately 10/sup -8/) for this reaction, it has not been observed until now. Photons with energies between 40 and 140 MeV are detected in a large acceptance pair spectrometer. Subtraction of backgrounds due to pion contamination in the muon beam, high energy tail events in the spectrometer response function, muon stops in the target walls, cosmic rays and random events, yields the final RMC photon spectrum between 56 and 110 MeV. A preliminary spectrum for RMC on hydrogen will be presented and the extracted value of g/sub p/ will be compared to the Goldberger-Treiman prediction. (7 References).
D. H. Wright, S. Ahmed, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, M. Blecher, C. Q. Chen, T. P. Gorringe, M. D. Hasinoff, R. S. Henderson, J. A. Macdonald, J. M. Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, D. G. Sample, A. Serna-Angel, G. Taylor, and NS. Zhang, "The TRIUMF radiative muon capture facility," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A320, no. 1-2, pp. 249--62, 1992.
Abstract: Radiative muon capture (RMC) on hydrogen produces photons with a yield of approximately 10/sup -8/ per stopped muon. To measure RMC at TRIUMF the authors have constructed a large-solid-angle photon pair-spectrometer which surrounds the liquid hydrogen target. The spectrometer consists of a cylindrical photon converter and a large-volume cylindrical drift chamber to track the e/sup +/e/sup -/ pairs. It is enclosed in a spectrometer magnet which produces a highly uniform axial magnetic field. The detector subsystems, the hardware trigger and the data acquisition system are described, chamber calibration and tracking techniques are presented, and the spectrometer performance and its Monte Carlo simulation are discussed. (24 References).
D. H. Wright, S. Ahmad, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, M. Blecher, C. Q. Chen, P. Depommier, B. C. Doyle, Egidy T. Von, T. P. Gorringe, P. Gumplinger, M. D. Hasinoff, G. Jonkmans, A. J. Larabee, J. A. MacDonald, S. C. McDonald, M. Munro, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, D. G. Sample, E. Saettler, C. Sigler, G. N. Taylor, and NS. Zhang, "Radiative muon capture on hydrogen and the induced pseudoscalar coupling," in Baryons'95. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on the Structure of Baryons, (B. F. Gibson, P. D. Barnes, J. B. McClelland, and W. Weise, eds.), pp. 71--8, 1996.
Abstract: The photon energy spectrum from the elementary process mu /sup -/p to nu /sub mu /n gamma has been measured. From this spectrum the branching ratio Gamma and the pseudoscalar coupling constant, g/sub p/ have been determined. The values obtained are Gamma =(7.9+or-0.7+or-0.3)*10/sup -8/ and g/sub p/(q/sup 2/=-0.88 m/sub mu //sup 2/)=(10.0+or-0.9+or-0.3)*g/sub a/(0), respectively. The first error is the quadrature sum of statistical and systematic errors, while the second error is due to the uncertainty in lambda /sub op/, the decay rate of the ortho to para p mu p molecule. The measured value of g/sub p/ is 1.48 times the predicted value. (14 References).
D. H. Wright, S. Ahmad, D. S. Armstrong, G. Azuelos, W. Bertl, M. Blecher, C. Q. Chen, P. Depommier, B. C. Doyle, Egidy T. von, T. P. Gorringe, P. Gumplinger, M. D. Hasinoff, D. Healey, G. Jonkmans, A. J. Larabee, J. A. Macdonald, S. C. McDonald, M. Munro, J-M Poutissou, R. Poutissou, B. C. Robertson, D. G. Sample, E. Saettler, C. N. Sigler, G. N. Taylor, and NS. Zhang, "Measurement of the induced pseudoscalar coupling using radiative muon capture on hydrogen," Physical Review C, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 373--90, 1998.
Abstract: The photon energy spectrum from the elementary process mu /sup -/p to nu /sub mu /n gamma was measured using a photon pair-spectrometer at the TRIUMF cyclotron. Various sources of backgrounds are discussed in detail and evaluated. From the final spectrum the partial branching ratio R/sub gamma / and the pseudoscalar coupling g/sub p/ were extracted. The values obtained are R/sub gamma /(k[right angle bracket]60 MeV)=(2.10+or-0.21)*10/sup -8/ and g/sub p/(q/sup 2/=0.88m/sub mu //sup 2/)=(9.8+or-0.7+or-0.3)g/sub a/(0), respectively. The first error is the quadrature sum of statistical and systematic errors, while the second error is due to the uncertainty in lambda /sub op/, the transition rate of the p mu p molecule from ortho to para states. This measurement of g/sub p/, the most precise to date, agrees with all but one of the previous measurements. However it is 1.46 times the value predicted by the partially conserved axial current hypothesis and pion pole dominance. (69 References).
J. Wrzecionko and S. Wycech, "Few remarks about hadron resonances and their effects in hadronic atoms," Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol. B24, no. 11, pp. 1293--304, 1974.
Abstract: Interactions of antikaons, antiprotons and nucleons at very low energies are discussed in terms of separable potential models. Coulomb interactions are included and formulae for strong shifts of electromagnetic hadronic hydrogen are obtained. These are discussed as a way of determination of scattering amplitudes below thresholds. Applications to hadronic deuterium are mentioned. (10 References).
C. S. Wu and L. Wilets, "Muonic atoms and nuclear structure," in Annual review of nuclear science, 1969, vol. 19, no. (E. Segre, ed.), pp. 527-606, 1969.
Abstract: The following topics are dealt with:- muonic atom formation, a history of work from 1953 to 1964, salient features of muonic atoms and of their X-ray spectra, and nuclear monopole charge distribution, quantum electrodynamic effects, electron screening, nuclear polarization, isotope shifts, hyperfine structure and the dynamic E2 effect, the isomer effect and anomalous intensities.
CS. Wu, "Recent progress in muonic atoms," in Proceedings of the Arnold Summerfields contennial memorial meeeting and of the international symposium on the physics of the one-and-two-electron atoms, (F. Bopp and H. Keainhoppen, eds.), pp. 479-86, 1969.
Abstract: A general review of the present knowledge of the muonic atom is given including Lyman and Balmer series, nuclear charge distribution, muonic isotope shifts, static and dynamic hyperfine structure interactions and isomer effects. (65 References).
C. S. Wu and L. Wilets, "The muonic atoms. II. The application of muonic atoms to isotope and isotone shifts," Comments on Atomic & Molecular Physics, vol. 2, no. 6, 1971.
Abstract: Discusses the major contributions to isotope and isotone shifts. The role of isotope shifts in providing a normalization and calibration of the optical isotope (and isomer) shifts is considered. (13 References).
CS. Wu, "Magnetic hyperfine structure of muonic atoms," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol. 34, no. , pp. 47-62, 1973.
Abstract: Discusses nuclear moments determined by muonic atoms. The distribution of nuclear magnetism and the magnetic moments of excited nuclear states are reviewed. (21 References).
C. S. Wu and L. Wilets, "Recent progress in muonic atoms. IV. Nuclear polarization effects," Comments on Atomic & Molecular Physics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 9--15, 1973.
Abstract: For pt. III see ibid., vol.4, no.1, 1 (1973). The nuclear polarization due to the electric multipole interaction and the magnetic interaction between the nucleus and the muon, is discussed. (10 References).
C. S. Wu and L. Wilets, "Recent progress in muonic atoms. III. Distribution of nuclear magnetism and electric quadrupole moment," Comments on Atomic & Molecular Physics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1--8, 1973.
Abstract: For pt. II see abstr., A64051 of 1971. The M1 and E2 interactions are discussed. (12 References).
A. Wullschleger, "Partial radiative muon capture on /sup 12/C," Physical Review Letters, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 638--41, 1978.
Abstract: The exclusive radiative muon capture on /sup 12/C to /sup 12/B is treated in the impulse approximation. The photon spectrum and polarisation are discussed. nucleus are found to determine the induced pseudoscalar g/sub p/ with the assumption that second-class currents are absent. (13 References).
A. Wullschleger and F. Scheck, "Radiative muon capture on /sup 12/C and /sup 16/O," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A326, no. 2-3, pp. 325--51, 1979.
Abstract: The authors study exclusive radiative muon capture on /sup 12/C(g.s.) leading to /sup 12/B(g.s.), and on /sup 16/O(g.s.) leading to /sup 16/N(0/sup -/, 120 keV). The investigation, which is based on impulse approximation, puts special emphasis on elementary particle aspects of radiative capture, such as tests of magnitude and momentum transfer dependence on the induced pseudoscalar, and possible contributions of axial currents of second kind (weak electricity). They calculate several correlation observables which are sensitive to the nucleonic currents but depend very little on the structure of the nuclear initial and final states. In particular, it is shown that in capture on /sup 12/C the polarization and alignment of the /sup 12/B final state are very sensitive to the induced pseudoscalar and to weak electricity couplings. They also estimate the influence of the nuclear medium on the pion propagator in the induced pseudoscalar form factor. At least for /sup 16/O the effect is important but does not change the qualitative behaviour of the observables. (30 References).
C. S. Wu and others, Physical Review, vol. 105, 1957.
C. S. Wy and L. Wilers, "Recent progress in muonic atoms. I. The nuclear monopole charge distribution," Comments on Atomic & Molecular Physics, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 137--46, 1970.
Abstract: The aim of this series of short articles is to comment on the main results of muonic atoms studied during the past few years. It discusses first, the static properties of the nuclei, then the dynamic interaction between the muon and the nucleus. Some refinements in the theoretical calculations are also included. These materials are certainly equally appropriate to be classified in the realm of atomic physics as well as that of nuclear physics, as the subject of the muonic atom is closely connected with both fields: the muon behaves as an atomic particle but probes deeply into the properties of the nucleus.
S. Wycech, "On the induced pseudoscalar coupling in mu -capture," Nuclear Physics B, vol. b14, no. 1, pp. 133--42, 1969.
Abstract: The value of induced pseudoscalar coupling F/sub P/ in nuclear mu -capture is studied. The PCAC hypothesis brings about a renormalization of F/sub P/ due to the form of the pionic propagator in nuclei. This effect is estimated on the statistical model of nuclei to be approximately=50% of F/sub P/ measured in the free proton case. (20 References).
S. Wycech, "Strong interactions in strange hadronic atoms," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 390-403, 1979.
Abstract: Strong shifts and widths of atomic levels in the K/sup -/ and Sigma /sup -/ atoms are discussed together with their decay modes. An extraction of the elementary subthreshold Sigma N scattering amplitudes from nuclear effects is attempted. Introduction to the subject is made in the cases of hadronic hydrogen and deuterium. (34 References).
S. Wycech, "Production of mesic atoms in hadronic collisions," in Proceedings of the Workshop on Meson Production, Interaction and Decay, (A. Magiera, W. Oelert, and E. Grosse, eds.), pp. 65-74, 1991.
Abstract: Creation of pi pi and KK atoms in protonic collisions is discussed and decay rates of these states are calculated. Effects of atomic intermediate states in nuclear reactions are analysed, calculated in simple cases and estimated for heavier pionic atoms. (13 References).
S. Wycech and AM. Green, "The production of the exotic atoms pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/, K/sup +/ pi /sup $/and K/sup +/K/sup $/," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A562, no. 3, pp. 446--60, 1993.
Abstract: Estimates are made of the signals to be expected in the production of the exotic atoms Pionium ( pi /sup +/ pi /sup -/), Kaonium (K/sup +/K/sup -/) and also K/sup +/ pi /sup /n pp, pd and e/sup +/e/sup -/ reactions. Such experiments are now being undertaken or contemplated at CELSIUS, CERN, COSY, Indiana and SATURNE. (24 References).
S. Wycech, "The puzzling of K/sup -/ alpha quasi-bound state," in Proceedings of the Workshop on Strangeness in Nuclei, (St Kistryn and OWB. Schult, eds.), pp. 309-13., 1993.
Abstract: Atomic X-rays in K alpha systems detect anomalously large 2P level shifts and widths. A nuclear quasi-bound state is implied. One condition for its existence is adsorption blocking. Possible mechanisms and consequences are discussed. (15 References).
S. Wycech and J. Zylicz, "Predictions for nuclear spin-mixing in a hyperfine field, example of the /sup 229/Th/sup 89+/ ion and /sup 229/Th muonic atom," in International Symposium on Nuclear Physics of our Times, (AV. Ramayya, ed.), pp. 339-45, 1993.
Abstract: The nucleus /sup 229/Th is known to have two levels with I/sup pi /=5/2/sup +/ and 3/2/sup +/, separated by not more than 5 eV. These states can mix in a magnetic field. For a field of 28 MT, produced at the nucleus by a 1s electron in a hydrogenlike /sup 229/Th/sup 89+/ ion, an admixture of the 3/2/sup +/ state to the 5/2/sup +/ state is estimated at 1.1% for the 5 eV spacing and 31% in the case of complete degeneracy of the unperturbed levels. This applies to the F=2 components of the hyperfine structure. For comparison, an estimate of mixing in the field produced by a 1s muon is also presented. The branching of the /sup 229/Th to /sup 225/Ra+ alpha decay would be sensitive to the degree of mixing, but the long half-life of /sup 229/Th makes detection of this effect difficult. (18 References).
S. Wycech and J. Zylicz, "Predictions for nuclear spin mixing in magnetic fields," Acta Physica Polonica B, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 637--47, 1993.
Abstract: Mixing of nuclear states with different spins in external magnetic fields is briefly discussed. A case of special interest is the /sup 229/Th nucleus because of its 4.5(1) eV 3/2/sup +/ excited state which may mix with the 5/2/sup +/ ground state. Magnetic HFS and mixing of these states are calculated in cases of single electron and muonic atoms. Chances of experimental detection are considered. (18 References).
D. R. Wyman, R. E. Stone, and AA. Harms, "Stability of muon catalyzed fusion systems," Nuclear Science & Engineering, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 46--51, 1987.
Abstract: The temporal stability of a muon catalyzed deuterium-tritium fusion energy system with a variable muon injection mode is investigated. Based on a point kinetics linear systems analysis, it is found that stability is assured for constituent parameter values that presently appear plausible. (16 References).
A. Wyttenbach, P. Baertschi, H. S. Pruys, and EA. Hermes, "Yields of ( mu /sup -/, pxn) reactions," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 776--8, 1976.
A. Wyttenbach and others, "Probabilities of muon induced nuclear reactions involving charged particle emission," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 294, pp. 278--292, 1978.
L. Xiao, J. W. Darewych, and M. Horbatsch, "Excited states as resonances in the photon-atom continuum and the natural-line-shape problem," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 4026--36, 1992.
Abstract: A variational Hamiltonian method for quantum field theory is applied to the problem of natural line shape. Within scalar quantum electrodynamics, coupled variational equations are derived for the scattering of photons from a scalar (pionic) atom. It is shown that the coupled equations have a continuous spectrum for all energies above the atomic ground state. Excited states of the atom appear as resonances, in particular partial-wave cross sections. The line center and shape are derived from the behavior of the photon-atom scattering phase shifts. (21 References).
Song Xiao-tong, Ching Cheng-rui, and Ho. Tso-hsiu, "The approximate B-S wave functions for ( Sigma mu ) atom and the decay rate for Xi /sup 0/ to ( Sigma /sup +/ mu /sup -/)+ nu /sub mu /," Communications in Theoretical Physics, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 935--41, 1983.
Abstract: The Bethe-Salpeter equation for a Coulombic bound system consisting of a fermion (mass m/sub 1/ and spin 1/2) and an anti-fermion (mass m/sub 2/ and spin 1/2) is solved. The approximate B-S wave functions for ( Sigma mu ) atom are given. Utilizing the perturbative expansion of the quantum field theory of composite particles, the decay rate and branching ratio for Xi /sup 0/ to ( Sigma /sup +/ mu /sup -/)+ nu /sub mu / are calculated with accuracy up to order 0( alpha ). The results are w( Xi /sup 0/ to ( Sigma /sup +/ mu /sup -/)+ nu /sub mu /) equivalent to 1.12(1/Sec) and R=[W( Xi /sup 0/ to ( Sigma /sup +/ mu /sup -/)+ nu /sub mu /)]/[W( Xi /sup 0/ to Sigma /sup +/+ mu /sup -/+ nu /sub mu /)][right angle bracket]or approximately=4.7*10/sup -7/. Similarly, the process Lambda to (p mu /sup -/)+ nu /sub mu / is also discussed. (0 References).
Song Xiatong and Chen. Zheng, "The use of approximate Bethe-Salpeter wavefunctions for the radiative muon capture by deuterium," Journal of Physics G (Nuclear Physics), vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 853--8, 1986.
Abstract: The Bethe-Salpeter equation for an electromagnetic bound system which consists of a spin 1/2 particle is derived and the approximate Bethe-Salpeter wavefunctions for total angular momentum J=1/2 and J=3/2 are obtained. Using these wavefunctions, the cross sections for process mu +d to (d mu )+ gamma are calculated. These cross sections are of the order of 10/sup -27/ cm/sup 2/ in the rest frame of deuterium when the kinetic energy of the incident muon is of the order of keV. (10 References).
Zongrong Xu and Yanling. Gao, "On the mesonic molecules ( alpha p, mu /sup -/) and ( alpha p, 2 mu /sup -/)," Physica Energiae Fortis et Physica Nuclearis, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 392--5, 1988.
Abstract: The ACQM is applied to study the mu /sup -/-mesonic molecules ( alpha p, mu /sup -/) and ( alpha p, 2 mu /sup -/). It is found that the ground state X/sup 2/ Sigma /sup +/ of ( alpha p, 2 mu /sup -/) is the repulsive one and the ground state X/sup 1/ Sigma /sup +/ of ( alpha p, 2 mu /sup -/) is a bound state with the equilibrium proton-proton separation R/sub e/=0.0078 bohr and the minimum energy E=-551.78 a.u. (5 References).
V. L. Yakhontov and MYa. Amusia, "Hyperfine splitting computation in the 1s/sub 1/2//sup (e)/2s/sub 1/2//sup ( mu )/ state of the exotic (/sup 4/He/sup 2+/- mu /sup -/e/sup -/)/sup 0/ and (/sup 3/He/sup 2+/- mu /sup -/e/sup -/)/sup 0/ atoms," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 27, no. 16, pp. 3743--65, 1994.
Abstract: An ab initio calculation of the hyperfine splitting (HFS) intervals in the 2s/sub 1/2//sup ( mu )/1s/sub 1/2//sup (e)/ state of the exotic (/sup 4/He/sup 2+/- mu /sup -/e/sup -/)/sup 0/ and (/sup 3/He/sup 2+/- mu /sup -/e/sup -/)/sup 0/ atoms is carried out. The smallness of beta =m/sub e//m/sub mu /~1/200 (the electron and the mu -meson mass ratio) enables us to take into account the non-relativistic interparticle correlational interaction perturbatively. Corresponding corrections, which give the dominant contribution to the HFS, are calculated to logarithmic accuracy analytically and exactly. Together with the leading relativistic and radiative corrections the HFS values obtained turn out to be in accord with the results of other calculations. (33 References).
V. L. Yakhontov and MYa. Amusia, "Computation of the Auger decay ns/sub 1/2//sup ( mu )/1s/sub 1/2//sup (e)/ to ms/sub 1/2//sup ( mu )/ epsilon s/sub 1/2//sup (e)/ probability in the (/sup 3,4/He/sup 2+/- mu /sup -/e/sup -/)/sup 0/ atoms," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. L255-61, 1995.
Abstract: The Auger decay rates of the 1s/sub 1/2//sup (e)/ns/sub 1/2//sup ( mu )/ state in the exotic mesic helium atoms is calculated. The smallness of the ratio beta =m/sub e//m/sub mu / approximately=1/200 enables us to take into account the electron-meson interaction in the second-order perturbation theory and present the probability of the process in a closed analytic form. (8 References).
V. Yakhontov and M. Jungen, "Nonvariational and nonadiabatic calculations on the hydrogen molecular ion and its mu /sup -/ isotopes," Canadian Journal of Physics, vol. 80, no. 11, pp. 1423--32, 2002.
Abstract: A nonadiabatic, nonvariational, and computationally inexpensive scheme to describe bound and continuum states of three-body molecular ions, including mu /sup -/-mesonic ions, is proposed. The method relies on treating perturbatively the nonadiabatic coupling between the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) particle states and nuclear motion terms, such that the appropriate expansion parameter is the mass ratio of the lightest particle in the system to that of the heaviest one. In practice, the method requires solving, numerically, a system of coupled inhomogeneous Schrodinger equations with effective potentials that depend on the {"}internuclear{"} separation, R, and allow for the mixing of BO states because of nonadiabatic terms in the Hamiltonian. The utility of our approach is clearly evidenced by the results of the numerical calculations carried out for rovibrational states of several lowest J in the H/sub 2//sup +/ and (pp mu /sup -/) molecules. These demonstrate that nonadiabatic eigenenergies and eigenstates, both of the bound and scattering type, for ordinary as well as mu -mesonic molecules can be directly and quite accurately calculated from the same principles in the entire range of R, without making use of the variational techniques that more sophisticated studies of this kind are usually based on. (41 References).
C. Yamaguchi and V. Mares, "Pionic X-ray measurements from Al, Fe and Cu," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A264, no. 2-3, pp. 464--70, 1988.
Abstract: Pionic X-rays from Al, Fe and Cu have been measured with an intrinsic germanium detector using a counter telescope. The measured transition energies and intensities have been compared with the computer calculated values. (20 References).
N. Yamanaka and Y. Kino, "Time-dependent coupled-channel calculations of muon-transfer cross sections in muonic deuterium and triton collisions," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 85--90, 2001.
Abstract: A time-dependent coupled channel (TDCC) method has been developed to study rearrangement reactions in few-body Coulomb systems. We apply the TDCC method to muon transfer in muonic deuterium and triton collisions. The muon-transfer cross section (S-wave) is calculated for triton energies of 100 eV-3 keV. The present result is in good agreement with the previous calculation with the coupled rearrangement channel method [Hyp. Interact. 82 (1993), 45]. We also illustrate time evolution of wave functions to understand qualitatively the muon-transfer reaction. (7 References).
T. Yamazaki, S. Nagamiya, O. Hashimoto, K. Nagamine, K. Nakai, K. Sugimoto, and KM. Crowe, "Relativistic effect on magnetic moments of negative muons bound to high-Z nuclei," Physics Letters B, vol. 53B, no. 1, pp. 117--20, 1974.
Abstract: The g factors of the negative muons bound to Zn, Cd, and Pb nuclei have been determined. The observed values after the corrections for the internal fields have shown substantial deviations from the free-muon g factor: (g/sub free/-g)/g/sub free/ is (1.3+or-0.6)% for Zn, (2.2+or-1.4)% for Cd, and (5.0+or-2.2)% for Pb. These shifts are in good agreement with the relativistic binding corrections for finite-size nuclei calculated by Ford et al. (1963). (9 References).
T. Yamazaki, K. Nagamine, S. Nagamiya, and O. Hashimoto, "Negative muon spin rotation experiment," in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, pp. 587-97, 1975.
Abstract: The authors present results of a two-year experiment at the 184-inch (4.67 m) cyclotron of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The bound-muon g-factor are discussed as an unambiguous indicator of the magnetic core polarisability of the nucleus. Strange depolarisation of negative muons gives rise to questions of the difference between equivalent nuclear and muonic-atom probes. Application of this method to the study of magnetic oxides is outlined, and total muon capture rates in actinide nuclei are reported as a by-product of the described experiment. (23 References).
T. Yamazaki, K. Nagamine, S. Nagamiya, O. Hashimoto, and S. Kobayashi, "Strange depolarization of negative muon in Pd metal," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 410--12, 1976.
Abstract: The following anomaly factors are defined both for the static HF frequency Delta omega and for the dynamic relaxation time T/sub 1/, F/sub 1/ identical to ( Delta omega )/sub mu //( Delta omega ) /sub nucleus/, F/sub 2/ identical to (g/sup 2/T/sub 1/)/sub nucleus//(g/sup 2/T/sub 1/)/sub mu /. By studying the Pd case very carefully at various temperatures, using a very pure metal including only 5 ppm Fe, one should obtain F/sub 1/ and F/sub 2/, as large negative Knight shifts are observed in the corresponding nuclear case, Rh in Pd. No significant precession signal at any temperatures (4-300K) was found. This surprising fact indicates either of the following two cases: (i) If this depolarization takes place at the ground-state muonic atom, the relaxation time T/sub 1/ should be less than 50 nsec, corresponding to a surprisingly large hyperfine anomaly. F/sub 2/[right angle bracket]or approximately=300. (ii) This depolarization may take place before the muon reaches the ground state, i.e. during the slowing down, capture stage or muonic atom cascade, where the muon traverses through electrons of high spin densities. (4 References).
T. Yamazaki, R. S. Hayano, J. Imazato, K. Negamine, C. Y. Huang, and F. Boehm, "Circular polarization of muonic X-rays and origin of strange mu /sup -/ depolarization in Pd metal," Physical Review Letters, vol. 39, no. 23, pp. 1462--5, 1977.
Abstract: The fast depolarisation of negative muons in palladium metal was studied by measurement of the circular polarisation of muonic X-rays in attempt to discover exactly when the muon spin becomes depolarised. The high circular polarisation found, consistent with the maximum theoretical value, shows that the muon polarisation is preserved until the muon reaches the 1s atomic ground state. (14 References).
Y. Yamazaki, E. B. Shera, M. V. Hoehn, and RM. Steffen, "Measurement and model-independent analysis of the X-rays of muonic /sup 150/Sm and /sup 152/Sm," Physical Review C, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1474--96, 1978.
Abstract: Precision measurements, using a highly linear Ge(Li) spectrometer system, have been made of the muonic X-ray spectra of the /sup 150/Sm and /sup 152/Sm transitional nuclei. Equivalent Barrett nuclear charge radii for both of the isotopes have been determined. Generalized quadrupole moments of the charge distribution as probed by muonic atoms have been determined in a nearly model-independent way, and equivalent quadrupole radii for static and transitional quadrupole charge distributions of the 2/sup +/ states have been determined by comparison with Coulomb excitation data. The isomer shift of the 2/sup +/ state of /sup 152/Sm was measured directly from the K X-rays, while that of the /sup 150/Sm was determined from the observed nuclear gamma -ray. A phenomenological rotation-vibration-interaction model provides a satisfactory explanation for the observed quadrupole moment and isomer shift of the 2/sup +/ state in /sup 152/Sm. (43 References).
Y. Yamazaki, H. D. Wohlfahrt, E. B. Shera, M. V. Hoehn, and RM. Steffen, "Discrepancy between theory and experiment in nuclear polarization corrections of muonic /sup 208/Pb," Physical Review Letters, vol. 42, no. 22, pp. 1470--2, 1979.
Abstract: Experimental nuclear-polarization corrections for muonic /sup 208/Pb have been deduced from a model-independent analysis of elastic electron-scattering and muonic X-ray data. The result is in disagreement with theoretical calculations and suggests the existence of a fundamental problem in present theoretical approaches to the nuclear polarization effect. (17 References).
T. Yamazaki, "Basic physics aspects of muon spin research," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A335, no. 1-2, pp. 537--54, 1980.
Abstract: Various new developments in mu /sup +/ spin rotation and mu /sup -/ spin rotation are discussed. These include longitudinal relaxation of mu /sup +/ in zerofield and in low fields. Experiments on the circular polarization of muonic X-rays are reviewed and methods for repolarizing the mu /sup -/ are compared. (44 References).
T. Yamazaki, "Distribution of electron spin densities probed by negative muons," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 8, no. 4-6, pp. 463--70, 1981.
Abstract: The distribution of electron spin densities outside a nucleus can be probed by the negative muon through its giant hyperfine anomaly. Experimental efforts to attack this problem are described. A simple expression for the hyperfine anomaly of a muonic atom is given and compared with the recent experimental data on mu /sup -/He. (13 References).
T. Yamazaki, M. Aoki, M. Iwasaki, R. S. Hayano, T. Ishikawa, H. Outa, E. Takada, H. Tamura, and A. Sakaguchi, "Trapping of negative kaons by metastable states during the atomic cascade in liquid helium," Physical Review Letters, vol. 63, no. 15, pp. 1590--2, 1989.
Abstract: The authors observed two distinct peaks, 205-MeV/c pi /sup -/ and 235-MeV/c mu /sup -/, associated with K/sub pi 2//sup -/ and K/sub mu 2//sup -/ decays at rest, respectively, from negative kaons stopped in liquid helium. These peaks were found to be delayed with respect to the stopping K/sup -/, showing that about a 2% fraction of the stopped K/sup -/ mesons are trapped in metastable states with an overall lifetime of about 40 nsec. This observation provides direct evidence for Condo's trapping hypothesis for the at-rest decay components of K/sup -/ and pi /sup -/ in liquid helium. (18 References).
T. Yamazaki, R. S. Hayano, H. Toki, and P. Kienle, "Pion-transfer reaction spectroscopy of inverse kinematics for studies of deeply bound pionic atoms in heavy nuclei," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A292, no. 3, pp. 619--28, 1990.
Abstract: A new type of nuclear reaction spectroscopy using inverse kinematics is proposed and discussed with a special emphasis on the application to charge-exchange pion-transfer reactions such as (d, /sup 2/He) and (t, /sup 3/He) to embed real pions onto heavy nuclei forming deeply bound pionic atoms which were predicted by Toki and Yamazaki (1988) to have narrow widths due to the repulsive strong-interaction potential. A typical case considered is to use heavy-ion projectiles of 400 MeV/u range on a light target such as d or t and to measure the recoil particles of low-energy range corresponding to forward scattering. The recoil momentum is shown to be nearly equal to the Lorentz-invariant momentum transfer of the reaction, typically, around 140 MeV/c, which is proportional to the excitation energy,. Compared to the conventional method, the present inverse-kinematics one not only provides a better energy resolution (around 100 keV at 140 MeV excitation) but also permits studies of pi /sup -/ bound states on unstable nuclei, hitherto unconceivable objects for spectroscopy. Some experimental configurations to be used in a cooled circulating beam are discussed. (15 References).
T. Yamazaki, "Real-pion states formed by a virtual-pion beam: new family of nuclear excited states," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A518, no. 1-2, pp. 213--28, 1990.
Abstract: Deeply bound pionic states are discussed from various points of view; highly excited nuclear states as a cluster family of pionic bound states, Sigma atom/ Sigma hypernuclei, halo-like density distributions, virtual pion beam to produce pionic states, etc. (33 References).
T. Yamazaki, R. S. Hayano, and H. Toki, "d(HI,/sup 3/He) reaction spectroscopy for the formation of pionic bound states," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. A305, no. 2, pp. 406--9, 1991.
Abstract: The authors discuss the use of (d,/sup 3/He) reactions with inverse kinematics for high-resolution spectroscopy of pion bound states. (7 References).
T. Yamazaki, "High-resolution spectroscopy of deeply-bound pionic atoms in heavy nuclei by pion-transfer reactions of inverse kinematics using the GSI cooler ring ESR," in Proceedings of the 19th INS Symposium. Cooler Rings and Their Applications, (T. Katayama and A. Noda, eds.), pp. 138--46, 1991.
T. Yamazaki, "Nuclei with exotic constituents," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A522, no. 1-2, pp. 335-50c, 1991.
Abstract: The author discusses various interesting features in the behaviour of exotic constituents of nuclei such as hyperons and mesons in particular, with emphases on the aspect of exotic halos which are formed in general by short-range repulsion and long-range attraction. Specifically, Lambda and Sigma hypernuclei and bionic nuclei are discussed. (62 References).
T. Yamazaki, "Exotic few-body systems involving unstable particles," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A543, no. 1-2, pp. 229c-42, 1992.
Abstract: A new light is shed on anomalously long-lived (narrow-width) few-body systems which involve unstable hadrons such as hyperons, mesons and antiprotons. Sigma bound states in few-nucleon systems, deeply-bound pionic atoms and metastable hadronic helium atoms are discussed. (38 References).
T. Yamazaki, "Exotic states of hadronic atoms," Nuclear Physics A, vol. 553, no. , pp. 221c-32, 1993.
Abstract: Two exotic regions of hadronic atoms/nuclei which are not accessed at all by atomic X-ray spectroscopy are discussed. The extreme inner region of pionic atom is predicted to be 'halo nuclear states' of narrow widths due to the repulsive pion-nucleus interaction, and can be formed by various 'pion transfer' reactions. In the extreme outer region, where the negative hadron occupies the same spatial region as the atomic electrons, new features of 'halo atomic states' of large angular momenta have been indicated from recently discovered metastable states of pi /sup -/, K/sup -/, and p in helium media. (28 References).
T. Yamazaki, "Production of deeply-bound pionic atoms," Physica Scripta, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 169--72, 1993.
Abstract: Deeply-bound pionic atoms in heavy nuclei constitute a new family of Gamow-Teller resonance states which are located just below the pion emission threshold. Since they are not populated by pionic X-ray cascades, special nuclear reactions (pion-transfer reactions) have been proposed. Particularly interesting are (n,d) and (d, /sup 3/He) reactions on /sup 208/Pb. Theoretical studies as well as experimental programs are described. (13 References).
T. Yamazaki, "Hyperfine structure of exotic atoms-from muonic atoms to antiprotonic atomcules," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, no. 1-4, pp. 397--412, 1996.
Abstract: The author's personal trajectory of hyperfine interaction studies involving exotic atoms is traced, starting from a high-precision method for resolving the muonic hyperfine structure using polarized nuclei. It reaches a recent proposal on two-laser-microwave triple resonance to determine the hyperfine structure of the metastable pHe/sup +/ atomcule. (46 References).
T. Yamazaki, "Metastable antiprotonic helium atomcules," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101/102, pp. 451--461, 1996.
A. F. Yano, F. B. Yano, and HPC. Rood, "The extended nucleon and pion propagators in radiative muon capture," Physics Letters B, vol. 37B, no. 2, pp. 189--91, 1971.
Abstract: The effect of the finite size of the proton and pion propagator on the photon spectrum in radiative muon capture is investigated.
A. Yeremin, A. M. Frolov, and EB. Kutukova, "Precise calculation of Coulomb binding energies of mesomolecules," Few-Body Systems, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 111--14, 1988.
Abstract: The best variational energies obtained to date for the ground states of all mu -mesomolecules are presented. The results are of rather high accuracy and can serve as a theoretical basis for the experimental study of three-body systems. The energies of the e/sup -/e/sup +/e/sup -/, /sup infinity /H/sup -/ and 1/sup 1/S, 2/sup 3/S, 2/sup 1/P, 2/sup 3/P states of /sup 0/IHe are calculated using the same method. (7 References).
A. Y. Yeremin, A. M. Frolov, and AA. Nikishin, "High-accuracy calculations of Coulomb bound states of mesomolecules," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. L171-4, 1989.
Abstract: The results of high accuracy calculations on a number of ground and excited states of the deuterium and tritium mesomolecules dd mu , tt mu and dt mu are presented. The absolute errors of computed binding energies of the ground and excited states in most cases of these mesomolecules do not exceed 1*10/sup -6/ eV. (8 References).
S. Ying, W. C. Haxton, and EM. Henley, "Charged- and neutral-current solar-neutrino cross sections for heavy-water Cherenkov detectors," Physical Review C, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 1982--7, 1992.
Abstract: Charged- and neutral-current neutrino cross sections for deuterium have been calculated for the Bonn, Paris, and Hamada-Johnson potentials in order to estimate event rates (and their uncertainties) for solar and supernova neutrino detection in the Sudbury Solar Neutrino Observatory. Tests of the wave functions are provided by calculations of the j=1/2 hyperfine-state muon capture rate and of the total cross section for absorbing nu /sub e/s from stopped muon decay. Detailed tables of the Paris potential results are given, and comparisons are made to the work of Doi and Kubodera (1992). (16 References).
K. Yoshihara, "Is hot atom chemical consideration necessary in muon catalyzed fusion?," Journal of Radioanalytical & Nuclear Chemistry-Letters, vol. 119, no. 4, pp. 247--54, 1987.
Abstract: In muon catalyzed fusion ( mu CF) in a mixture of deuterium and tritium, there is a small probability of the muon sticking on a fusion product /sup 4/He and this causes a limit of cycle number of mu CF in the reaction system: D+T to /sup 4/He+n. The sticking loss is, however, to be re-considered by a bond rupture model of hot atom chemistry because the process has a similarity to hot atom chemical phenomena. (17 References).
K. Yoshihara and T. Sekine, "Muon transfer induced by collisional excitation of helium muonide He mu /sup +/ after muon catalyzed fusion," Journal of Radioanalytical & Nuclear Chemistry-Letters, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 53--60, 1988.
Abstract: The possibility of negative muon transfer from helium muonide He mu /sup +/ to T (or D) through collisional excitation after muon catalyzed fusion has been pointed out. The transfer process depends on the efficiency of collisional excitation of He mu /sup +/ in the medium of tritium or deuterium. It is argued that tritium has larger nuclear stopping power and better excitation efficiency than deuterium. This effect is in the same direction as the tritium concentration dependence of muon loss probability in recent experimental work. (9 References).
K. Yoshihara and A. Miyakawa, "Chemical behaviour of helium muonide just after muon catalyzed fusion," Journal of Radioanalytical & Nuclear Chemistry-Letters, vol. 144, no. 3, pp. 215--22, 1990.
Abstract: The chemical behaviour of a helium muonide atom (He mu /sup 0/) can be understood on the analogy of its hydrogen homologues, muonium, deuterium and tritium. In muon catalyzed fusion, a small fraction of negative muons in the fusion cycle sticks to helium to give proton-like He mu /sup +/ which easily picks up one electron forming He mu /sup 0/. The energy of He mu /sup +/ at birth is about 3.5 MeV being in a similar situation to the case of a hot tritium atom produced by (n, p) or (n, alpha ) reaction. The reaction cross section and rate of He mu /sup 0/ reactions are estimated. (11 References).
T. Yoshimoto, Y. Ohta, J. Maki, Y. Shigeta, H. Nagao, and K. Nishikawa, "Non-Born-Oppenheimer density functional theory for excited states by using Green's function techniques," International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 354--62, 2001.
Abstract: We have proposed a numerical scheme for the non-Born-Oppenheimer density functional calculation based upon the Green function techniques within the GW approximation for evaluating quasiparticle excitations of the electronic and nuclear motion in the full quantum mechanical treatment. We calculate the excitation energy and the orbital energy of a hydrogen molecule, a muon molecule, and a positronium-hydrogen complex within the treatment of the dynamical screening. (34 References).
Bae Suh. Young, "Perturbation calculation using Thomas-Fermi model," Physics Letters A, vol. 49A, no. 2, pp. 99--100, 1974.
Abstract: The possible perturbation calculation using TF (Thomas-Fermi) potential for heavy atoms is discussed together with the criteria for its validity. This simplifies the mathematics involved in the TF potential by using the Coulomb potential instead. (6 References).
D. Yu, P. W. Percival, J-C Brodovitch, Leung Siu-Keung, R. F. Kiefl, K. Venkateswaran, and SFJ. Cox, "Structure and intramolecular motion of muonium-substituted cyclohexadienyl radicals," Chemical Physics, vol. 142, no. 2, pp. 229--36, 1990.
Abstract: Hyperfine coupling constants of isotopically substituted cyclohexadienyl radicals have been measured as a function of temperature by muon spin rotation and level-crossing spectroscopy. Data are presented for the muon, proton and deuteron hyperfine couplings of the methylene groups in C/sub 6/H/sub 6/Mu and C/sub 6/D/sub 6/Mu, and also for all the /sup 13/C hyperfine couplings of /sup 13/C/sub 6/H/sub 6/Mu. Comparison of the results with semi-empirical calculations supports a planar ring configuration with complex motion of the methylene substituents. (24 References).
Hu C. Yu and AA. Kvitsinsky, "Faddeev calculation of the dt mu /sup -/ mesic molecule," Physical Review A, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 7301--2, 1992.
Abstract: An improved version of the authors' previously developed method (C.-Y. Hu, A.A. Kvitsinsky, and S.P. Merkuriev, Phys. Rev. A 45, 2723 (1992)) of solving the Faddeev equations in the total angular momentum representation is applied to calculate the dt mu /sup -/ ground and excited S-state energies with an accuracy of 10/sup -6/. (7 References).
A. A. Yukhimchuk and VN. Lobanov, "Tritium handling," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 101-102, no. , pp. 661-8, 1996.
Abstract: In recent years there has been much research into muon-catalyzed fusion in gas mixtures including tritium. To perform such research it is necessary to construct a high-pressure target and a gas supply system which allow to work safely with large amounts of tritium. In this article a description is given of the requirements a gas-handling system should meet in mu -catalysis research. The construction of such a system and the principles of operation and installation are also discussed. (10 References).
A. A. Yukhimchuk, V. A. Apasov, YuI Vinogradov, A. N. Golubkov, E. V. Gornostaev, S. K. Grishechkin, L. V. Drakin, N. A. Zagoruiko, V. N. Istratov, P. D. Ishkov, A. A. Kononenko, G. I. Karyakin, V. G. Klevtsov, V. A. Klishch, V. N. Lobanov, A. P. Maksimenko, S. S. Matveev, V. I. Pustovoi, I. I. Sukhoi, V. M. Solyankin, B. N. Tenyaev, and VM. Kharitonov, "A complex for gas-mixture preparation for experiments on muon-catalyzed fusion," Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, vol. 6, no. , pp. 17-23, 1999.
Abstract: We describe a complex for gas-mixture preparation which ensures safe operation of high-activity (up to 100 kCi) gaseous tritium in regular laboratory environment. The system is designed to prepare a mixture of a given isotopic composition with a contamination level of 10/sup -7/ vol fractions for impurities with Z[right angle bracket]1, deliver it to the target, and withdraw it after the work is completed. The system was used in experiments on muon-catalyzed fusion with liquid and high-pressure tritium targets. The operating pressure ranged from 0.1 to 120 MPa; the temperature varied between 20 and 800 K. Gaseous tritium of ~10-100-kCi activity was used in the experiments. The system operated reliably, and the tritium volume content in the working area and the exhaust-ventilation system was below background. (13 References).
A. A. Yukhimchuk, V. A. Apasov, YuI Vinogradov, A. N. Golubkov, E. V. Gornostaev, S. K. Grishechkin, L. V. Drakin, N. A. Zagoruiko, V. N. Istratov, P. D. Ishkov, A. A. Kononenko, G. I. Karyakin, V. G. Klevtsov, V. A. Klisch, V. N. Lobanov, A. P. Maksimenko, S. S. Matveev, A. E. Nikitin, V. I. Pustovoy, I. I. Sukhoi, V. M. Solyankin, B. N. Tenyaev, and VM. Kharitonov, "Facility for preparation of gas mixture in muon catalyzed fusion experiments," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 119, no. 1-4, pp. 341--4, 1999.
Abstract: A facility is described that allows safe handling of high tritium gas activity as dozens kilocuries in a regular laboratory environment. It is used to make and deliver into the target a mixture of specific isotopic composition with the contamination requirement of 10/sup -7/ v.f. for Z[right angle bracket]1 elements, and recover it upon completion of operation. With this facility, efforts have been accomplished to investigate into the muon catalyzed fusion on two targets - liquid tritium and high-pressure tritium types. Also, the operation range was 0.1-120 MPa for pressure and 20-800 K for temperature and the amount of tritium used was about 100 kCi. The facility showed reliability in operation without indications of radiation beyond the safety level. (6 References).
A. A. Yukhimchuk and VA. Arkhangel'sky, "Tritium Fuel Cycle for Muon-Catalyzed Intense Neutron Source (MC INS)," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 409--15, 2001.
Abstract: The paper presents a schematic design of a tritium fuel cycle for a muon-catalyzed intense neutron source (MC INS) capable of producing 14 MeV neutrons. Based on the assumption that the fuel mixture should be used in a liquid phase different approaches are proposed to incorporate a DT cell (synthesizer) into the MC INS facility. Estimations of the total tritium inventory in the MC INS facility are given. The calculations of the DT cell operation temperature regime using the code FLOW-3D/sup (R)/ are presented. The capability to remove the thermal energy released in the DT cell of the proposed design is shown. The MC INS design is analyzed from the viewpoint of tritium safety requirements. (3 References).
A. A. Yukhimchuk, "Tritium activities in Russia," Fusion Sci. Technol., vol. 41, pp. 334-338, 2002.
A. A. Yukhimchuk and VA. Arkhangel'sky, "Tritium fuel cycle for Muon-Catalyzed Intense Neutron Source (MC INS)," ANS. Fusion Technology, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 826-30, 2002.
Abstract: This paper presents a schematic design of tritium fuel cycle for Muon-Catalyzed Intense Neutron Source (MC INS) capable of producing monochromatic 14 MeV neutrons. Based on the assumption that the fuel mixture should be used in a liquid phase the different approaches arc proposed to incorporate a DT cell (synthesizer) into the MC INS facility The estimations of total tritium inventory in the MC INS facility are given, The calculations of the DT cell operation temperature regime using the code FLOW 3D are presented. It is shown the capability to remove the thermal energy released in the DT cell of the proposed design. The MC INS design is analyzed from the viewpoint of tritium safety requirements. (3 References).
Toya Yukio, Kino Yasushi, Kudo Hiroshi, and Yokoyama. Keiichi, "Coupled rearrangement channel calculation of ground state structure of H/sub 2/Mu/sup +/ molecule," Riken Review, vol. 30, no. , pp. 11-12, 2000.
Abstract: A muonic molecular ion H/sub 2/Mu/sup +/ consists of a positive muon, two protons and two electrons. The existence of H/sub 2/Mu/sup +/ was suggested by analyzing the mu SR (Muon Spin Relaxation) signals observed for a solid hydrogen target. Since the muon spin relaxation rate strongly depends on the distance between muon and proton, the calculation of the muon spin relaxation rate needs the accurate structure of H/sub 2/Mu+. The structure of H/sub 2/Mu/sup +/ is expected to be similar to H/sub 3//sup +/, but the accurate structure of H/sub 2/Mu/sup +/ is not known. The total energies and wave functions of the three-body system were calculated with a coupled rearrangement channel method. (3 References).
J. Zablotney, "Energy levels of a charged particle in the field of a spherically symmetric uniform charge distribution," American Journal of Physics, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 168--72, 1975.
Abstract: Since the muon in a mu -mesic atom often passes through the nucleus because its orbit is so close to the nucleus its energy levels have been used to study charge distribution in the nucleus. The mu energy levels are calculated assuming a spherically symmetric charge distribution in the nucleus and using the Schrodinger equation for the calculation. The form of the wave function is different inside and outside the nucleus and the condition that it and its derivative are continuous at the boundary of the nucleus is used. The muon ground state is calculated for the atoms from Z=20 to Z=92. The complete energy level structure in the case of Pb is also calculated. (9 References).
V. A. Zagryadskij, V. M. Novikov, and D. Yu. Chuvilin, "The experimental investigation of the neutron characteristic of the MCR blanket uranium multiplicator," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 3, pp. 619--626, 1988.
O. A. Za{\u{\i}}midoroga and others, "Formation of helium mesic atoms in hydrogen--helium gas mixture," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 44, pp. 1852--1858, 1963.
V. I. Zakharov and LB. Okun', "The problem of the K/sub L/ to 2 mu decay and mu -mesic atoms," Pis'Ma V Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 102--5, 1972.
Abstract: As a possible explanation why the K/sub L/ to 2 mu decay has not been experimentally observed, it has been recently suggested that a nonelectromagnetic interaction between muons and hadrons is possible. The authors discuss here the limitations that can be obtained from data on mu -mesic atoms for the constants g/sub i/ of the four-fermion muon-nucleon interaction. They assume for simplicity that the nucleon current is isoscalar. Three effects are considered: the shift and the fine and hyperfine splitting of the levels. The first effect is sensitive to the S and V interactions, the second to the S interaction, and the last to A, T, and P interactions.oend. (13 References).
V. I. Zakharov and MA. Shifman, "Anomalous interactions of muons and heavy mu -mesoatoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 162--6, 1973.
Abstract: Based on the data for the lead mu -mesoatom, a limit for the hypothetical scalar muon-hadron interaction constant is obtained, taking account of the nuclear formfactor. (12 References).
D. F. Zaretskii and VA. Lyulka, "On the theory of radiationless transitions in mesoatoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 726--30, 1974.
Abstract: Process of radiationless transitions in heavy mesoatoms, due to the transfer of the meson excitation energy to the nucleus, is considered. Cases of overlapping as well as of non-overlapping levels of the compound nucleus are studied. Probabilities of the radiationless nuclear excitation are calculated at various relations between the radiative and radiationless widths. (8 References).
D. F. Zaretskii and VA. Lyul'ka, "Resonance effects in mesoatoms," Zhurnal Eksperimental'Noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, Pis'Ma V Redaktsiyu, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 52-5, 1976.
Abstract: When the energy of the nuclear transition in a mesoatom is close to the energy difference of two mesoatomic states, resonant stimulation of the nuclear states may take place. Such effects occur in mu -mesoatoms, where resonance is due to e.m. interaction, as in pi and K-atoms, where strong interaction must be allowed for. An analysis is performed for two mesoatomic levels with energies E/sub 1/ and E/sub 2/, and an expression is derived for the probability of 2 to 2' transition. (5 References).
D. F. Zaretskii, V. V. Lomonosov, and VA. Lul'ka, "Induced photoassociation in the field of a strong electromagnetic wave," Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 884--98, 1979.
Abstract: The quantum-mechanical problem of the stimulated transition of a system in the field of a strong electromagnetic wave from the continuous spectrum to a bound state possessing a finite lifetime is considered. The expressions obtained are employed to calculate stimulated production of mesic atoms and mesic molecules (dd mu ). It is demonstrated that in an external electromagnetic field the probability for production of this type may considerably increase. (7 References).
D. F. Zaretskii and FF. Karpeshin, "Mesoatomic X-ray radiation of muons on fragments of instantaneous fission," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 306--10, 1979.
Abstract: Appearance of mesoatomic lines is predicted in the gamma -spectrum of fragments of prompt fission of nuclei induced by negative muons. The range of the effect is estimated. An experiment for investigation of the phenomenon is discussed. (9 References).
D. F. Zaretskii, F. F. Karpeshin, M. A. Listengarten, and VN. Ostrovskii, "The probability of entrainment of a muon by fragments of prompt fission," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 47--54, 1980.
Abstract: The effect of prompt fission of the nucleus in a muonic atom is considered. A formula for the probability of entrainment of the muon by the fission fragments is obtained in the adiabatical approximation with respect to the nuclear motion. (17 References).
D. F. Zaretskii and FF. Karpeshin, "Polarization of the nuclei in mu -mesic atoms during their nonradiative excitation," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 292--6, 1983.
Abstract: It is shown that the compound nucleus excited during a nonradiative transition of the muon in a mesic atom is polarized. The magnitude of the polarization is P/sub mu /[right angle bracket]or approximately=17%. Various experiments in which this effect can manifest itself are discussed. (12 References).
D. F. Zaretzkii and VA. Lulka, "Nuclear reactions in mu -mesoatoms," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 271--7, 1973.
Abstract: Some singularities of development of nuclear reactions arising due to the phenomenon of radiationless transitions in heavy mu -mesoatoms are being considered. (14 References).
E. Zavattini, "Muon capture," in Muon Physics II: Weak Interactions, vol. 2, (V. W. Hughes and C. S. Wu, eds.), (New York, USA), pp. 219--261, 1975.
E. Zavattini, "On the 2P/sub 3/2/-2S/sub 1/2/ energy difference in very light muonic systems," in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Laser Spectroscopy, (S. Haroche, J. C. Pebay-Peyroula, and TW. Hansch, eds.), pp. 370-9, 1975.
Abstract: In an attempt to measure the short range electron vacuum polarisation correction beta (r) the author describes an experiment to measure the energy difference between S and P states of light muonic systems. (11 References).
E. Zavattini, "Muon-electron universality and PCAC in muon capture in hydrogen," in Proceedings of the Fourth Course of the International School of Intermediate Energy Nuclear Physics, (R. Bergere, S. Costa, and C. Schaerf, eds.), pp. 385-95, 1984.
Abstract: The author discusses muon capture in hydrogen in general; the discussion also takes into account experimental results obtained by the Saclay-Bologna-CERN Collaboration working at Saclay on the capture process mu /sup -/+p=n+ nu /sub mu / (t/sub n/=5.2 MeV) observed by stopping negative muons in liquid hydrogen. (19 References).
A. Zehnder, H. K. Walter, and R. Engfer, "Determination of the charge distributions of even Yb isotopes from muonic X-ray transitions," Helvetica Physica Acta, vol. 47, no. 1, 1974.
Abstract: The muonic X-ray transitions of /sup A/Yb(A=170,172,174,176) were measured. The rotational states 2/sup +/ and 4/sup +/ were excited by quadrupole interaction within the cascades. The 3d-2p and 2p-1s transitions were evaluated by means of quadrupole charge distributions. The isotope effect was determined with a model independent moment method and the results are compared with electronic data.
A. Zehnder, F. Boehm, W. Dey, R. Engfer, H. K. Walter, and JL. Vuilleumier, "Charge parameters, isotope shifts, quadrupole moments, and nuclear excitation in muonic/sup 170-174,176/Yb," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A254, no. 2, pp. 315--40, 1975.
Abstract: Muonic X-rays and nuclear gamma -rays from separated isotopes of Yb with mass numbers 170-174 and 176 were measured. The parameters of the nuclear charge distributions were determined for each isotope. From the 2p splitting, intrinsic quadrupole moments were found. The combined analysis of the 2p and 3d splittings provided a sensitive test of the nuclear charge model in /sup 173/Yb. The isotope shifts were determined and interpreted in terms of a model independent parameter. The isomer shifts of the first excited 2 states in /sup 170/Yb and /sup 172/Yb were found, as well as the isomer shift of the 1.039 MeV 0/sup +/ state in /sup 172/Yb. In /sup 172/Yb evidence was found for a pronounced resonance between the 3d/sub 3/2/-1s/sub 1/2/ transition and a nuclear state at 6.9314(12) MeV. Several nuclear gamma -rays up to 5.11 MeV were observed in the prompt spectrum and a decay scheme for the 6.931 MeV state in /sup 172/Yb was proposed. (41 References).
Ya. B. Zel'dovich and S. S. Gershtein, "Formation of hydrogne mesic molecules," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 35, pp. 649--654, 1958.
Ya. B. Zel'dovich and S. S. Gershtein, "Nuclear reactions in cold hydrogen. I. Mesonic Catalysis," Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, vol. 71, pp. 581--630, 1960.
V. Zeman, EAG Armour, and Pack R. T, "Treatment of the t mu +D/sub 2/ reaction by the methods of quantum reactive scattering," Physical Review A, vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 052713/1-14, 2000.
Abstract: We have applied the methods of quantum reactive scattering to the key resonant reaction in the muon catalyzed fusion (MCF) cycle that leads to the formation of a dt mu muonic molecular ion, in which fusion takes place very rapidly. We have calculated reaction probabilities for the resonances that occur in t mu +D/sub 2/ scattering for incident kinetic energies less than 0.6 eV and total angular momentum J/sub tot/=0. To reduce the six-body problem to a three-body problem, the motions of the electrons were treated in the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation while those of the muon were treated with a sophisticated adiabatic approximation. The resulting three-body potential energy surface (PES) was represented by a pairwise additive approximation. The dt mu part of the PES was scaled to allow it to exhibit the correct binding energy of the crucial (J, nu )=(1,1) state. Scattering calculations were carried out using a hyperspherical formulation, and the positions of the resonances were found to occur at energies of a few meV greater than if dt mu is assumed to be a point particle. A comparison of the resonances with the Breit-Wigner formula allowed us to calculate partial widths for back decay, Gamma /sub e//sup Jtot/. Once these are known for all significant J/sub tot/, the rate of formation of dt mu can be determined. This rate, next to the sticking fraction, is the most important parameter in determining the rate of the entire MCF cycle. We have also carried out a calculation whereby the muon was treated in a BO formalism and have found significant differences in the final results, demonstrating the importance of treating the muon as accurately as possible. This work represents a successful ab initio calculation of this reaction. (57 References).
V. Zeman, E. A. G. Armour, and R. T. Pack, "Treatment of the t mu+D-2 reaction by the methods of quantum reactive scattering," Phys. Rev. A, vol. 6105, pp. art. no.-052713, 2000.
Abstract: We have applied the methods of quantum reactive scattering to the key resonant reaction in the muoncatalyzed fusion (MCF) cycle that leads to the formation of a dt mu muonic molecular ion, in which fusion takes place very rapidly. We have calculated reaction probabilities for the resonances that occur in t mu+D-2 scattering for incident kinetic energies less than 0.6 eV and total angular momentum J(tot)=0. To reduce the sixbody problem to a three-body problem, the motions of the electrons were treated in the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation while those of the muon were treated with a sophisticated adiabatic approximation. The resulting three-body potential energy surface (PES) was represented by a pairwise additive approximation. The dt mu part of the PES was scaled to allow it to exhibit the correct binding energy of the crucial (J,v)=(1,1) state. Scattering calculations were carried out using a hyperspherical formulation, and the positions of the resonances were found to occur at energies of a few meV greater than if dt mu is assumed to be a point particle. A comparison of the resonances with the Breit-Wigner formula allowed us to calculate partial widths for back decay, Gamma(e)(Jtot). Once these are known for all significant J(tot), the rate of formation of dt mu can be determined. This rate, next to the sticking fraction, is the most important parameter in determining the rate of the entire MCF cycle. We have also carried out a calculation whereby the muon was treated in a BO formalism and have found significant differences in the final results, demonstrating the importance of treating the muon as accurately as possible. This work represents a successful ab initio calculation of this reaction.
V. Zeman and EAG. Armour, "Results for the t mu + D/sub 2/ reaction by the methods of quantum reactive scattering," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 138, no. 1-4, pp. 255--64, 2001.
Abstract: In a recent paper, we applied the methods of quantum reactive scattering to the key resonant reaction in the muon catalyzed fusion (MCF) cycle that leads to the formation of a dt mu muonic molecular ion, in which fusion takes place very rapidly. We calculated reaction probabilities for t mu + D/sub 2/ scattering for incident kinetic energies less than 0.6 eV in the centre of mass frame and total angular momentum J/sub tot/ = 0, using the APH (adiabatically adjusting, principal axes hyperspherical) formalism of Pack and Parker (1989), which had previously been applied to simple chemical reactions. This was the first successful application of the above methods to the t mu + D/sub 2/ reaction. In this paper, we examine a significant discrepancy between our values for the back decay partial width for the resonances we consider and the results that have been obtained using previous methods. (21 References).
V. Zeman and E. A. G. Armour, "Results for the t mu+D-2 reaction by the methods of quantum reactive scattering," Hyperfine Interact., vol. 138, pp. 255-264, 2001.
Abstract: In a recent paper [1], we applied the methods of quantum reactive scattering to the key resonant reaction in the muon catalyzed fusion (MCF) cycle that leads to the formation of a dtmu muonic molecular ion, in which fusion takes place very rapidly. We calculated reaction probabilities for tmu+D-2 scattering for incident kinetic energies less than 0.6 eV in the centre of mass frame and total angular momentum J(tot)=0, using the APH (adiabatically adjusting, principal axes hyperspherical) formalism of Pack and Parker [2], which had previously been applied to simple chemical reactions. This was the first successful application of the above methods to the tmu+D-2 reaction. In this paper, we examine a significant discrepancy between our values for the back decay partial width for the resonances we consider and the results that have been obtained using previous methods.
A. Zglinski, T. Kozlowski, Z. Sujkowski, and VS. Evseev, "Fission of muonic /sup 232/Th and /sup 239/Pu," Nuclear Physics A, vol. A305, no. 2, pp. 381--96, 1978.
Abstract: The neutron emission is studied following the formation of muonic atoms of /sup 232/Th and /sup 239/Pu. Energy and time distributions are measured. Various processes which contribute to the measured spectra are considered. A collective resonance model of the muon capture is used to calculate the nuclear excitation function. The probability of the radiationless nuclear excitations and the influence of the presence of the bound atomic muon on the fission barrier are discussed. The existing data for the Gamma /sub n// Gamma /sub f/ are analysed. As a result the rates of the prompt and delayed fission events (due to the radiationless mu-atomic transitions and the nuclear muon capture, respectively) are deduced from the experimental data to be 0.006/muon and 0.045/muon for /sup 232/Th and 0.10/muon and 0.49/muon for /sup 239/Pu, respectively. The increase of the fission barrier for muonic atoms is confirmed. (46 References).
Shu-Ping Zhao, Zong-Lian Liu, Wei-Xing Ma, and Zheng-Yong. Feng, "The effect of pion condensate in ordinary finite nuclei," Science in China Series A-Mathematics Physics Astronomy & Technological Sciences, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 196--209, 1989.
Abstract: According to A.B. Migdal's prediction (1979) that a pion condensate should exist in ordinary finite nuclei, a nucleon density modulation due to pion condensate has been obtained from pseudovector pion nucleon coupling and a phenomenological effective repulsion interaction. Based on the nucleon density modulation, the authors study the effects of a pion condensate in some nuclear phenomena, such as high energy particle-nucleus scattering, X-ray energy spectrum of muonic atoms and nuclear binding energy. The results strongly indicate that there are sufficient opportunities in these processes for a pion condensate to manifest itself and the condensate could help us to improve the agreement between theory and experiments for many processes. (14 References).
Zhen. Zheng, "Effect of logarithmic terms on the energy level and wave function of a dt mu system," Physical Review A, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 87--92, 1990.
Abstract: The effect of the logarithmic terms on the ground-state energy level and wave function of a dt mu system is investigated. No significant contribution of the logarithmic terms on either the energy level or wave function is found. At the same time, the author finds the lowest upper bound of the ground-state energy ever obtained by the variational method using the Hylleraas-type trial function and that the corresponding wave function satisfies the cusp condition as r/sub dt/ to 0 automatically to a reasonable accuracy for r[left angle bracket]3 (muonic a.u.), where r is the distance between the fused dt nuclear compound and the muon. (24 References).
F. A. Zhivopistsev and ZhE. Kychkina, "Energy distribution of nonequilibrium neutrons in the energy range 25-50 MeV at muon capture by the /sup 208/Pb nucleus," Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 2183--8, 1998.
Abstract: The neutron energy spectrum at the CL capture by the /sup 208/Pb nucleus with excitation of isotopic analogues of multipole giant resonances (L=0, 1, 2, 3) at the excitation energy of the compound system U[left angle bracket]or=85 MeV is calculated within the quantum theory of statistical many-step direct and compound processes with discrimination between neutrons and protons. (11 References).
F. A. Zhivopistsev and ZhE. Kychkina, "Energy spectrum of neutrons from reaction of mu capture in /sup 208/Pb in quantum theory of statistical many-step direct and compound processes," Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 193--7, 1998.
Abstract: The energy spectra of neutrons from mu capture in /sup 208/Pb are calculated within the modified quantum formalism of statistical many-step direct and compound processes with discrimination between protons and neutrons. The quantitative description of the experimental spectrum in the entire energy interval 0[left angle bracket]or= epsilon /sub n/[left angle bracket]or=26 MeV is ensured by correct consideration of the partial contributions from direct and semidirect emission of neutrons, as well as from a statistical many-step compound process (single emission and multiple yield of neutrons). (16 References).
Y. S. Zhong, A. W. Thomas, B. K. Jennings, and RC. Barrett, "Radiative decays of the K/sup -/p atom," Physical Review D, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 837--44, 1988.
Abstract: The authors use an extension of the cloudy bag model to SU(3)*SU(3) to calculate the radiative decay of the K/sup -/p atom. Their result differs from earlier work in a fundamental way because of the inclusion of coupling to the open Sigma pi channel. The branching ratio into Sigma /sup 0/ gamma is predicted to be of order 10-20% bigger than that into Lambda gamma , which should make it accessible to a current experiment. (22 References).
Ma Zhong-yu, Wu Xi-zhen, Zhang Jing-shang, Zhuo Yi-zhong, and JO. Rasmussen, "Calculation of muon final probabilities after muon-induced fission in a four-state basis," Physics Letters B, vol. 106B, no. 3, pp. 159--62, 1981.
Abstract: An earlier theoretical work (1980) on the relative muon capture between heavy and high fission fragments is extended by including 2p sigma states as well as 1s sigma states. The authors calculate about 0.8% population of the 2p state in the heavy fragment with negligible change from the earlier two-state basis regarding the 1s population of light and heavy fragments. (10 References).
Y. Zhou, C. D. Lin, and J. Shertzer, "Hyperspherical approach to Coulombic three-body systems with different masses," Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular & Optical Physics, vol. 26, no. 21, pp. 3937--49, 1993.
Abstract: The authors adopted mass-weighted hyperspherical coordinates to study the properties of Coulombic three-body systems where all three particles are different. Using an adiabatic approximation, they applied the finite-element method to the two-dimensional eigenvalue problems at fixed hyperradius. The authors have calculated the adiabatic hyperspherical potential curves, and examined the wavefunctions (in terms of density plots) and the non-adiabatic coupling terms for a number of three-body systems. By fixing the masses of two of the particles, they examined how these properties vary with the mass of the third particle. The existence of stable bound states versus the masses of the systems is also investigated. (30 References).
V. A. Zhukov, T. N. Mamedov, B. A. Nikol'skii, A. N. Ponomarev, and VG. Firsov, "mu SR research at the phasotron of the Laboratory of Nuclear Problems of the JINR," Fizika Elementarnykh Chastits i Atomnogo Yadra, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 753--814, 1997.
Abstract: The most important results from the last thirty years of the study of matter using muons at the 680 MeV proton accelerator (phasotron) at the JINR Laboratory of Nuclear Problems are reviewed. The muon technique, which has become known as the mu SR method, was first widely used by a group of investigators from the Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, the Kurchatov Institute, and the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. The principles of the mu SR method are described, along with the experimental conditions under which these studies are performed at the phasotron. The results of the experimental measurement of the asymmetry coefficient in mu /sup +/ to e/sup +/ decay are discussed, along with results of the experiments which led to the discovery of two-frequency muonium spin precession, the sub-barrier incoherent diffusion of a positively charged muon in metals, and muonium in solids. The most important results on the study of semiconductors, dielectrics, ferro- and antiferromagnets, high-temperature superconductors, the diffusion of positively charged muons in metals, and chemical reactions involving muonium are presented, and the use of negatively charged muons to study matter is discussed. (118 References).
D. Zieminska, "Probability of formation of Sigma hyperonic atoms in various elements," Physics Letters B, vol. 37b, no. 4, pp. 403--4, 1971.
Abstract: The author has calculated the probability that a Sigma hyperonic atom is formed when a K/sup -/ meson is stopped in a target. He has found that this probability in heavy elements is about one half that for light ones. (9 References).
VA. Zilitis, "Relation between quantum defects and phase shifts for the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations," Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Fizika, vol. 8, no. , pp. 59-62, 1977.
Abstract: The Seaton relation (1955), which lies at the basis of the quantum defect method, is generalized to the relativistic case. A relation is obtained between quantum defect of discrete levels and phase shift of the wave function of continuous spectra for the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations. Possible applications of the relation are considered, particularly to the radiation properties of mesonic atoms. (8 References).
V. G. Zinov, A. D. Konin, and A. I. Mukhin, "Transfer of a negative muon from a proton to carbon," Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki, vol. 46, pp. 1919--1920, 1964.
V. G. Zinov, A. D. Konin, and A. I. Mukhin, "Atomic capture of negative muons in chemical compounds," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 2, pp. 859--867, 1965.
V. G. Zinov, L. N. Somov, and VV. Fil'chenkov, "Method for the determination of the processes of plural muon catalysis," Atomnaya Energiya, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 190--1, 1985.
Abstract: A characteristic feature of muon catalysis of the reaction of fusion of hydrogen isotopes is its multiplicity. This makes it possible to contemplate a complete cycle of measurements of constants that determine the kinetics of the process. The authors consider the kinetics involved in a multiple catalysis reaction. (5 References).
VG. Zinov, "Time distribution of multicycle mu -catalyzed events," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 419--22, 1992.
Abstract: The paper draws attention to the fact that the time distribution of multicycle nuclear fusion events, initiated by an individual muon in a mixture of hydrogen isotopes, differs essentially from the time distribution of the same events obtained after summation of the result over many muons. (1 Reference).
V. G. Zinov, A. D. Konin, L. Marczis, A. I. Rudenko, and VV. Filchenkov, "Time measurements with a total-absorption neutron spectrometer," Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 59--62, 1992.
Abstract: The authors examined the time characteristics of a full-absorption scintillation spectrometer for neutrons with 12 liters of NE-213 scintillator. The time resolution function of the spectrometer is found and methods for using it to analyze experimental time distributions are described. The results are used to explore spin effects during the resonance formation of muon molecules of deuterium. It is demonstrated that the parameters of the short-lived component ( tau =20-30 nsec) of the neutron spectrum are measured with the accuracy of 2-3%. (6 References).
V. G. Zinov, A. I. Rudenko, and VT. Sidorov, "A trigger device based on field programable gate array IC for investigations on muon catalysis," Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, vol. 3, no. , pp. 38-42, 1998.
Abstract: A trigger of TRITON setup data acquisition system for muon-catalized nuclear fusion reactions investigations is described. The trigger provides selection of muon stops in the target. Time resolution circuits are controlled by the external 100 MHz clock. The entire logic part of the trigger is housed in one Xilinx XC3142A-4 FPGA (field programmable gate array) integrated circuit. This chip contains 480 triggers with a toggle rate up to 230 MHz and 144 logic elements (2 inputs, 2 outputs) with a propogation delay of less than 3.3 ns. When supplied with power, the FPGA configuration is loaded from the external on-board EPROM. It is possible to load a new configuration via CAMAC dataway or by changing the EPROM. This allows the work logic of the trigger to be changed without mechanical intervention and to be modified for use of the trigger in many different muon experiments (differing by target, detectors, event criteria, etc.) (4 References).
V. Zlatarov, "Neutron angular distribution in polarized muon capture by /sup 40/Ca nucleus," Fizika, vol. 9, no. , Yugoslavia, 1977.
Abstract: A theoretical discussion of the neutron angular distribution following polarized muon capture by /sup 40/Ca is presented, and the effect of various relativistic corrections on the values of matrix elements has been evaluated. Radiative corrections are shown to be negligible ([left angle bracket]1%), but the contribution from the muon wave function amounts to 7%. The space distribution of charge considerably affects the muonic wave function, and thereby changing the magnitude of matrix elements up to 20%. The asymmetry coefficient has been estimated, and shown to be sensitive to the final state wave function. (4 References).
J. Zmeskal, W. D. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, H. Fuhrmann, P. Kammel, J. Marton, P. Pawlek, J. Werner, W. H. Bertl, and C. Petitjean, "Muon catalysis-hyperfine effects in the resonant formation of d mu d-molecules," Atomkernenergie Kerntechnik, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 193--4, 1983.
Abstract: Experiments of the authors group have demonstrated recently that hyperfine effects lead to dramatic changes (by two orders of magnitude) in the formation rate of d mu d molecules. A further experiment at SIN in 1980 aimed for a determination of the temperature dependence of the hyperfine components of the molecular formation rate in gaseous deuterium between 25 and 150K. These investigations were completed in 1982, when the authors measured the absolute molecular formation rates in liquid deuterium. For the first time now, measurements reveal the full complexity of the resonance mechanism and allow for a quantitative comparison with theory. Finally, these investigations are relevant for muon catalysis, since resonance effects are to be expected in the deuterium-tritium system also. (16 References).
J. Zmeskal and RH. Sherman, "An apparatus for the safe handling of deuterium and tritium for muon-catalyzed fusion experiments," in Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop, pp. 29-41, 1984.
Abstract: An apparatus has been constructed for the safe handling of deuterium and tritium as part of a series of studies of mesomolecular formation in the deuterium-tritium system being carried out at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research (SIN). The apparatus is self-contained in a portable glovebox whose monitored atmosphere was connected to the SIN effluent stack. The equipment was designed to handle 10 grams of tritium (10/sup 5/ Ci). Appropriate pumps are installed to cover the pressure range from 10/sup -7/ to 4*10/sup 3/ torr. The system was used successfully for continuous periods of operation of over one month. This constitutes a significant test of the non-lubricated noncontaminating vacuum and gas transfer system designed at the Tritium Systems Test Assembly for fusion power fuel systems. (15 References).
J. Zmeskal, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, H. Fuhrmann, P. Kammel, J. Marton, N. Naegele, P. Pawlek, A. Scrinzi, J. Werner, W. H. Bertl, and C. Petitjean, "Resonant formation of d mu d molecules," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 1, no. 1-4, pp. 109--14, 1987.
Abstract: "The temperature dependence of the d mu d molecular formation rates from the atomic hyperfine states F=1/2 and F=3/2 was measured in the range 24 K to 150 K. Good agreement with the theory of resonant molecular formation was achieved at a d mu d (J=1
J. Zmeskal, P. Kammel, A. Scrinzi, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, J. Marton, N. Nagele, J. Werner, W. Bertl, and C. Petitjean, "Muon-catalyzed dd fusion between 25 and 150 K: experiment," Physical Review A, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 1165--77, 1990.
Abstract: The paper reports an experimental investigation of muon-catalyzed fusion in pure deuterium by detection of dd fusion neutrons. Target temperatures of 25.5-150 K and gas densities of 2% and 5% liquid-hydrogen density were used. The rates lambda /sub F/ for dd mu formation from both hyperfine states of d mu atoms as well as the hyperfine transition rates lambda /sub FF'/ were separated in a kinetic analysis of the observed time spectra. This measurement of the temperature dependence of all important rates in the dd mu catalysis cycle allows a comprehensive and quantitative test of the present theory of resonant molecule formation. In particular, the temperature behavior of dd mu formation from the d mu quadruplet state determines the binding energy epsilon /sub 11/=-1966.1(3) meV of the participating dd mu state with unique accuracy. In general, convincing agreement between experiment and theory concerning the dd mu formation process is found, whereas the theoretical hyperfine rates, consisting of nonresonant and resonant contributions, exceed the experimental values by approximately 40%. (36 References).
J. Zmeskal, P. Ackerbauer, R. H. Sherman, W. B. Durham, H. C. Heard, W. Neumann, and H. Bossy, "A tritium target system for mu CF," Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol. 6, no. 1-4, pp. 379--85, 1991.
Abstract: An apparatus has been constructed for the safe handling of tritium as part of a series of muon-catalyzed fusion experiments. The equipment was designed to handle 100 kCi of tritium. The main parts of this system are the oil-free high vacuum and transfer system, and the quadrupole mass analyzer for a direct determination of the target content. The system was used successfully for five continuous periods of operation of over one month each. A new target system was constructed at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) for ultimate use at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) to investigate the high temperature and high pressure region. (9 References).
V. A. Zotev and TK. Rebane, "Calculation of symmetric mesomolecules in the exponential basis set," Optika i Spektroskopiya, vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 935--41, 1998.
Abstract: A method is developed for variational calculations of four-particle Coulomb systems in the basis of functions which exponentially depend on all six interparticle distances and take into account correlation in the movement of particles. The method is described for calculations of nine-dimensional integrals in terms of which matrix elements of the energy operator of the four-particle system are expressed in this basis. The method is used for calculations of mesomolecules p/sup +/p/sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/, d/sup +/d/sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/, t/sup +/t/sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/, p/sup +/p/sup +/K/sup -/K/sup -/, d/sup +/d/sup +/K/sup -/K/sup -/, t/sup +/t/sup +/K/sup -/K/sup -/, t/sup +/t/sup +/d/sup -/d/sup -/, and pi /sup +/ pi /sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/ in their ground state. Variational energy values found for molecules p/sup +/p/sup +/ mu /sup -/ mu /sup -/ and p/sup +/p/sup +/K/sup -/K/sup -/ using the exponential basis of 240 functions with partial optimization of nonlinear parameters slightly surpass in their accuracy the results of calculations in a broad Gaussian basis, while for the remaining mesomolecules (calculated without the optimization of nonlinear parameters) their accuracy is slightly inferior. The results of calculations confirm a high accuracy of the approximation of the dependence of the energy of mesomolecules on masses of particles constructed with the help of the Born-Oppenheimer expansion, taking into account the symmetry of the energy relative to the inversion of the ratio of masses of particles. (28 References).
M. G. Zreda, F. M. Phillips, D. Elmore, P. W. Kubik, P. Sharma, and RI. Dorn, "Cosmogenic chlorine-36 production rates in terrestrial rocks," Earth & Planetary Science Letters, vol. 105, no. 1-3, pp. 94--109, 1991.
Abstract: Chlorine-36 is produced in rocks exposed to cosmic rays at the Earth surface through thermal neutron activation of /sup 35/Cl, spallation of /sup 39/K and /sup 40/Ca, and slow negative muon capture by /sup 40/Ca. The authors have measured the /sup 36/Cl content of /sup 14/C-dated glacial boulders from the White Mountains in eastern California and in a /sup 14/C-dated basalt flow from Utah. Effective, time-integrated production parameters were calculated by simultaneous solution of the /sup 36/Cl production equations. The production rates due to spallation are 4160+or-310 and 3050+or-210 atoms /sup 36/Cl yr/sup -1/ mol/sup -39/K and /sup 40/Ca, respectively. The thermal neutron capture rate was calculated to be (3.07+or-0.24)*10/sup 5/ neutrons (kg of rock)/sup -1/ yr/sup -1/. The reported values are normalized to sea level and high geomagnetic latitudes. Production of /sup 36/Cl at different altitudes and latitudes can be estimated by appropriate scaling of the seal level rates. (64 References).
A. L. Zubarev, M. Z. Nasirov, and EM. Gandyl', "The Sturm-functions method in the formalism of the Faddeev-Hahn equations for mu -molecular systems," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 641--6, 1991.
Abstract: The Sturm-functions method is applied to the solution of the Faddeev-Hahn equations for mu -molecular systems. The energy levels of the systems are calculated as functions of the number of Sturm functions. The results are compared with variational calculations. (18 References).
AL. Zubarev, "Nonradiative pt capture rate in the pt mu molecule," Physics Letters B, vol. 295, no. 3-4, pp. 187--9, 1992.
Abstract: The nonradiative pt capture rate in the pt mu molecule is estimated for the ground state of the pt mu molecule. The author has found that the */sup 4/He resonance has only a small effect on this rate. (5 References).
K. Zuber, "Effective Majorana neutrino masses and Delta L=2 processes," Progress in Particle & Nuclear Physics, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 223--9, 2002.
Abstract: A generalisation of neutrinoless double beta decay is discussed in the more general context of Delta L=2 processes mediated by virtual massive Majorana neutrinos. Neutrinoless double beta decay measures only one out of nine possible effective Majorana neutrino masses in case of three flavours. Limits obtained for all the matrix elements are presented using data from mu -e conversion, neutrino-nucleon scattering, HERA and rare kaon decays. An outlook towards future possibilities to improve on the bounds is given. (20 References).
G. zu Putlitz, "Muonium," Hyperfine Interactions, vol. 103, pp. 157--168, 1996.
"Symmetries in Nuclear Structure. Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Symmetries in Nuclear Structure", edited by K. Abrahams, K. Allaart, and AEL. Dieperink, Plenum Press, 1983.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: electromagnetic and weak currents in nuclei; unification of weak and electromagnetic forces; breaking of fundamental symmetries in nuclei; microscopic basis of collective symmetries; symmetry aspects of the shell model; energy of a nucleon in a nucleus; general principles of statistical spectroscopy; search for neutrino masses and oscillations; electron scattering; Delta dynamics; and parity non-conservation in muonic He atoms.
"Canadian Association of Physicists' annual congress", Physics in Canada, vol.27, no.4, 1971.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: medical and biological physics; nuclear levels; plasma heating; time dose effects in radiobiology and radiotherapy; particle physics; plasma diagnostics and measurements; lattice dynamics; magnetism; chiefly in metals; astrophysics and astronomy; physics education: upper atmosphere; theoretical and model studies; film and surface studies; superconductivity; pulsars and black holes; molecular lasers; nuclear instrumentation; NMR and ESR; theoretical physics; heavy water separation; polyatomic molecules; laser applications and instrumentation; muonic atoms; insulators; metals; optics; thermonuclear fusion; electron collision physics; resonance spectroscopy; seismic studies; semiconductors; solid state theory. Individual papers within the subject scope of this journal will be abstracted in this or a subsequent issue.
"Triangle Meeting on Weak Interactions", Acta Physica Slovaca, vol.24, no.3, 1974.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: K-meson decay; CP violation; Delta I=1/2 rule; relativistic quark model; SU/sub 3/ breaking; Cabibbo angle; Pade approximants; muon capture; CPT violation;.
"High Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure-1975", American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, no.26, 1975.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: Pion interactions; nucleons and nuclei; high energy interaction; nuclear chemistry; electromagnetic probes; weak and electromagnetic interaction; exotic atoms; relativistic heavy atoms; and nuclear matter.
"Weak Interaction Physics-1977", in American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, no.37,, 1977.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: elementary particle weak interactions; neutrino interaction; charmed meson production; solar neutrinos; neutron star; element production; big bang model: nuclear muon capture; beta decay; 10 papers were presented, of which 10 are published in full in the present proceedings.
"Proceedings of the International School of Nuclear Physics", Progress in Particle & Nuclear Physics, vol.1, 1978.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: understanding of the atomic nucleus; meson fields; nuclear magnetic moments; hadron scattering; nuclear muon capture. 10 papers were presented, of which all are published in full in the present proceedings.
"Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on High Energy Physics and Nuclear Structure", Nuclear Physics A, vol.A335, no.1-2, 1980.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: nuclear EM interactions; muonic atom; electron scattering; pionic atoms; nuclear forces; nuclear weak interactions; nucleon+nucleon interactions; hypernuclei; pion+nucleus interactions; proton+nucleus interactions; heavy ion collisions; experimental high energy facilities; 401 papers were presented, of which 47 are published in full in the present proceedings, and 1 as abstract only.
"Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on the Few Body Problem", Nuclear Physics A, vol.A353, no.1-2, 1981.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: nuclear few body problems; NN interactions; three nucleon systems; four nucleon systems; Coulomb problems; n-particle collision problems; muonic atoms; particle physics; atomic few body problems; molecular few body problems. Abstracts of individual papers can be found under the relevant classification codes in this or future issues.
"Proceedings of the Symposium "Mesons and Light Nuclei"", Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, vol.B32, no.2, 1982.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: pion-nucleus reactions; light nuclei; muon capture; bound states; hypernuclei; pionic atoms; nuclear forces; meson interactions; mesonic degrees of freedom; few nuclear systems; 47 papers were presented, of which 17 are published in full in the present proceedings. Abstracts of individual papers can be found under the relevant classification codes in this or future issues.
"3rd International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems", Atomkernenergie Kerntechnik, vol.43, no.3, 1983.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: nuclear energy prospects and muon catalysed fusion. Abstracts of individual papers can be found under the relevant classification codes in this or other issues.
"Contributions to the Muon-Catalyzed Fusion Workshop", EG&G Idaho. pp.ii+259. Idaho Falls, ID, USA, 1984.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: recent experimental results; muon catalysis theory; applications. Abstracts of individual papers can be found under the relevant classification codes in this or other issues.
"Proceedings of the Yamada Conference VII on Muon Spin Rotation and Associated Problems", Hyperfine Interactions, vol.17, no.1-4, 1984.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: mu SR and its neighbours; diffusion and intrinsic muon localisation; trapping and detrapping at impurities and defects; local fields of mu /sup +/ in solids; distribution and fluctuation of local fields probed by muon; muonium-like states in solids; muonium formation and chemical reactions; muonium radical formation and chemical reactions; hyperfine structure of muonic atoms; mu SR methods and electroweak interactions; new mu SR technology; future perspectives. 132 papers were presented.
"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Hyperfine Interactions", Hyperfine Interactions, vol.24, no.1-4, 1985.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: hyperfine interactions in atoms, molecule ions and other simple systems; laser applications in nuclear physics; muonic atoms; beam foil polarization techniques for nuclear studies and the low energy antiproton ring (LEAR). A table of delta (r/sup 2/) values is included for twenty long chains of isotopes. Abstracts of individual papers can be found under the relevant classification codes in this or other issues.
"RIKEN Symposium on Interdisciplinary Science Studies with Intermediate Energy Accelerators", Scientific Papers of the Institute of Physical & Chemical Research (Japan), vol.80, no.2, 1986.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: muon catalysed fusion; neutron scattering and magnetism; muon spin resonance; positron and muon experiments; thermal muonium; material synthesis and nuclear/muon probes. Abstracts of individual papers can be found under the relevant classification codes in this or other issues.
"International Symposium on Muon Catalyzed Fusion ( mu CF-86)", Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol.1, no.1-4, 1987.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with on muon catalyzed fusion: review of mu CF studies; recent mu CF experiments; mesomolecular processes; properties of mesomolecule bound states; muon sticking probability; prospects on energy production; future of muon-catalyzed fusion. Abstracts of individual papers can be found under the relevant classification codes in this or other issues.
"International Symposium on Muon Catalyzed Fusion ( mu CF-87)", Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol.2, no.1-4, 1988.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: muon-catalysed fusion; D-D fusion; D-T fusion; H-T fusion; muonic atoms; muonic molecules; reaction kinetics and intermediate states; energy levels of muonic atoms and molecules; sticking and stripping effects; nuclear resonance effects; pion production for mu CF; muon-catalyzed reactors; neutron flux calculations and neutron characteristics in proposed reactors. Abstracts of individual papers can be found under the relevant classification codes in this or other issues.
"Third European Conference on Atomic and Molecular Physics ECAMP 1989 (papers in summary form only received)", Eur. Phys. Soc. pp.2 vol.(xliii+xxxvii+697) Petit Lancy, Switzerland, 1989.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: cold atoms; electronically excited states; coherence; Rabi and Ramsay effects; photodissociation; selective fragmentation; spontaneous ionisation; short-wavelength lasers; vibrational dynamics; core excited molecules; atomic dynamics; Rydberg states; reaction dynamics; long-range forces; charge exchange; conformational processes; muon catalysed fusion; neutrino mass determination; multichannel quantum defect theory; molecular clusters; highly excited atoms; laser excitation; atomic diamagnetism; one-atom masers; high resolution atomic spectroscopy; stellar atmospheres; associative ionisation; ion storage rings; electron-molecule collisions; resonance processes; squeezed light; metrology; atomic dynamics; potential surfaces; parity nonconserving phenomena; molecular chaos; multiple ionisation; symmetric two-electron resonances; infinitely excited quasimolecular states; transition moment calculations in weakly bound systems; oriented molecules; reactive collisions; synchrotron radiation; multiphoton processes; predissociation; helicopter polarisation; photoelectron spectroscopy; free metal clusters; laser manipulation of particle size distribution; collision processes.
"Fourth Internationnal Workshop on Cross Sections for Fusion and Other Applications", Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials & Atoms, vol.B42, no.4, 1989.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: muon catalysed fusion; Coulomb ionisation; K-shell ionisation; L-subshell ionisation; light ion-electron impact; electron+ion collisions; positron+alkali collisions; atom+ion collisions; plasma-beam interactions; X-ray production; electron capture; kicked Rydberg atoms; traps and rings; variational theory of excitation; transfer ionisation; matter+antimatter atom collisions; antiparticle+atom collisions; fast protons; ionising collisions; fine-structure splitting; Hartree-Fock and correction calculations; resonant radiative recombination in plasmas; inelasticities for multiple ionisation.
""International Symposium on Hypernuclear and Low-Energy Kaon Physics"", Nuovo Cimento A, vol.102A, ser.2, no.1, 1989.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: constituent quark model; multiquark exotics; chiral models; PQCD; proton wave function; hidden local symmetry; rare kaon decays; LEAR experiment; kaon capture; hypernuclear formation; kaonic hydrogen; K/sup +/-nucleus scattering; Lambda hypernuclei; Sigma hypernuclei; ( pi /sup +/,K/sup +/) reaction; nuclear collective excitations; relativistic heavy-ion collisions; H particle production; heavy flavours production; nuclear matter binding; INC model; strangeness production by antiprotons and hadron facilities.
"15th Symposium on Fusion Technology", Fusion Engineering & Design, vol.11, no.1-2, 1989.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: JET; US magnetic fusion program; Japanese fusion technology programme; NET; technology transfer; NET-materials testing and development; reliability; erosion and deposition processes; plasma heating; high temperature superconductors; EMC; ceramic breeder materials; low activation materials; free electron; muon-catalyzed fusion.
"Plasma Spectroscopy and Atomic Processes. Proceedings of the Workshop (NIFS-PROC-4)", Nat. Inst. Fusion Sci. Nagoya, Japan, 1990.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: perturbation theory; polarisation plasma spectroscopy; Heliotron E; electric fields; plasma rotation; X-ray spectra; high temperature plasma; X-ray amplification; atomic calculations; charge transfer; doubly excited states; electron spectra; muonic molecules; muon-catalysed fusion; ATOM code; electron impact excitation; plasma diagnostics; solar flares; He-like spectra; correlation effects; relativistic configuration interactions.
"Twelfth International IUPAP Conference on Few Body Problems in Physics (Few Body XII)", Nuclear Physics A, vol.A508, 1990.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: atomic and molecular problems; chaos, exotic atoms and hypernuclei; few nucleon systems; nucleon-nucleon problems; meson production and scattering; NN interactions; baryon models; QCD; pion interactions; new directions in theory and experiment.
"International Conference on Muon Catalyzed Fusion mu CF '90", Muon Catalyzed Fusion, vol.5, no.1-4, 1990.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: muonic atom processes; three body calculations; electron screening; deexcitation; muon transfer; muon catalysed fusion; muonic molecules; D-T experiments; sticking phenomena; targets; fusion kinetics.
"Few-Body Problems in Physics. 13th European Conference on Few-Body Physics", Few-Body Systems Supplementum, no.6, 1991.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: hadron structure; hadronic interactions; few-body systems; quark models; mesomolecules; moon catalyzed fusion; high energy interactions and few-body systems; few-body problems in atomic/molecular physics; deuteron electrodisintegration; deuteron photodisintegration;.
"Particle Production Near Threshold", American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, no.221, 1991.
Abstract: Particle production near threshold is discussed including rare decays; electro-production and photoproduction; meson production from hadronic beams; meson-meson interactions; strange particle production and meson-baryon interactions.
"Intersections between Particle and Nuclear Physics", American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, no.243, 1991.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: unified field theories; neutrino detection and measurement; solar interior; solar cosmic ray particles; cosmic ray neutrinos; heavy ion-nucleus reaction; nuclear matter; neutron-nucleus reactions; P invariance; nuclear forces; colour model; chiral symmetries; proton-proton interactions; elementary particle spin and parity; meson decay; CP invariance; kaon decay; muon decay; strange particles; hypernuclei; electromagnetic corrections; lepton-deuteron scattering; deuteron photodisintegration; high temperature superconductors; muon catalysed fusion; axiomatic field theory.
"Few Body Problems in Physics. Thirteenth International IUPAP Conference", Nuclear Physics A, vol.A543, no.1-2, 1992.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: nuclear forces; pion-nucleus reactions; nucleon-nucleon interactions; photon-nucleus reactions; photodisintegration; colour model; quantum field theory; chiral symmetries; muon catalysed fusion; axiomatic field theory; hadron mass; pion-nucleon interactions; quantum theory; electron-nucleus reactions; nuclear binding energy;.
"Workshop on Nucleon-Antinucleon Interactions", Yadernaya Fizika, vol.55, no.6, 1992.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: meson spectroscopy; charmonium formation; Fermilab experiment 760; JETSET; quarkonium; mesonic molecules; fundamental symmetries; proton form factor and experimental facilities.
"International Workshop on Few-Body Problems in Low Energy Physics", Yadernaya Fizika, vol.56, no.7, 1993.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: heavy ion-nucleus reactions; nuclear reaction theory; muonic molecules; S-matrix theory; many-body problems; N-body problems; quantum theory; scattering; Schrodinger equation; photodisintegration.
"IXth International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions (HFI-IX). Yamada Conference XXXIV", Hyperfine Interactions, vol.78, no.1-4, 1993.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: nuclear forces; interacting boson model; nuclear moments; nuclear shell model; g-factor; particle traps; atomic hyperfine structure; muonic atoms; beta-decay.
"International Workshop on Muon Catalysed Fusion (CF-92)", Hyperfine Interactions, vol.82, no.1-4, 1993.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: theoretical studies of muonic atom-nuclei collision and muon transfer; experimental studies of muon transfer; muon stopping and formation of muonic atoms; formation of muonic molecules, properties of muonic molecules; fusion reaction and varies as - mu sticking; experimental phenomenology of pd, pt, dd and tt fusion; phenomenology of the dt fusion cycle; experimental investigations of muon capture by /sup 4/He after fusion reaction; kinetics of muon catalysed fusion; technology and applications; interphases of muon catalysed fusion with other fields; developments and perspectives for the future; thermonuclear fusion in plasma.
"Spring Meeting of the Swiss Physical Society", Helvetica Physica Acta, vol.68, no.2, 1995.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: spin systems; near field optics; corona; electron-phonon couplings; photoelectron spin polarisation; scanning force microscopy; HTSC films; sub-MM telescope; pipe flow; wakes; nuclear muon capture.
"International Workshop on Exotic Muonic Complexes: Experiment, Theory", Nukleonika, vol.40, no.2, 1995.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: muonic atoms; muonic molecules; muon catalysed fusion; cold fusion; NE213 neutron counting; targets.
"International Symposium on Muon Catalyzed Fusion and the Physics of Exotic Atoms and Molecules ( mu CF-95)", Hyperfine Interactions, vol.101-102, 1996.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: muonic atoms and molecules formation, muonic atoms and molecules transport, resonant formation, muon transfer, electronic structure, muon capture, antiprotonic atoms, collisions and reactions; muon catalysed fusion.
"Exotic Atoms and Nuclei. International Symposium", Hyperfine Interactions, vol.103, no.1-4, 1996.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: exotic nuclei, muon and neutrino physics, strange nuclei, deeply bound pionic atoms, the antiprotonic He atom.
"Muon-Catalyzed Fusion 1988 Meeting", American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, no.181, 1988.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: muon-catalyzed fusion; muonic atom and muonic molecule formation; D-T fusion; laser-induced effects; molecular effects in mu CF; muon sticking and muon regeneration; muonic ion collisions; targets and sources for mu CF;.
"International Symposium on Exotic Atoms, Molecules and Muon Catalyzed Fusion (EXAT 98)", Hyperfine Interactions, vol.118, no.1-4, 1999.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: Strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions in exotic atoms, muon catalysed fusion, kinetics, scattering and muon transfer, few-body systems, new facilities, detectors and ideas.
""MESON 2000. Production, Properties and Interaction of Mesons"", Acta Physica Polonica B, vol.31, no.10-11, 2000.
Abstract: The following topics were covered: pion hadroproduction; final state effects; NN collisions; radiative K/sub e3/ decays; nuclear pion production; photon-photon collisions; meson resonance production; Hagedorn temperatures; (p,X); subthreshold kaon production; rho mesons in nuclear medium; pion-nucleus scattering; strangeness production; dp collisions; effective field theory; pion mass; eta production; CELSIUS/WASA detector; DEAR experiment; shadowing; fragmentation; pp collisions; mesic atoms; antikaon production; meson exchange; nuclear matter; pionic fusion; photon production; meson electroproduction; meson photoproduction; hyperon production; nucleon resonances; lifetime Coulomb corrections; semi-inclusive pion production; OZI rule violation; deep inelastic scattering; QCD; form factors; strong meson decays; chiral symmetry; exotic mesons; glueballs; helicity; CP violation and isospin violation meson spectrum.
"Second International Conference on Nonaccelerator New Physics", Yadernaya Fizika, vol.63, no.7, 2000.
Abstract: The following topics were discussed: Neutrino physics at accelerators; double beta decay; muon capture; neutron decay; dark matter searches and WIMP searches.
"17th European Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics (Few-Body Evora 2000)", Nuclear Physics A, vol.A689, no.1-2, 2001.
Abstract: The following topics were discussed: Nuclear few body systems; nuclear forces; hypernuclei; charge symmetry breaking; effective field theory; baryon-baryon interactions; baryon bound states; electroweak probes; quark degrees of freedom; hadron structure; atomic and molecular systems; halo nuclei and radioactive beams.
"Atomic Physics 17. 17th International Conference. ICAP 2000", American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, no.551, 2001.
Abstract: The following topics are dealt with: Bose-Einstein condensation; angular momentum of vortices; entanglement, quantum computing and cryptography; gravitational waves detection; optical frequency metrology; femtosecond laser sources; optical fibers; fundamental constants; clocks; dark resonance; QED with ions, atoms and muonic systems; laser cooling and degenerate matter; quantum control and collisional dynamics.
"RIKEN Conference on Muon Catalyzed Fusion and Related Exotic Atoms (MuCFO1)", Hyperfine Interactions, vol.138, no.1-4, 2001.
Abstract: The following topics are dealt with: muonic hydrogen processes; muon-catalyzed fusion in D-T; D-D studies and fundamental muon physics.
"Quantum Electrodynamics and Physics of the Vacuum, QED 2000 Second Workshop", American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings, no.564, 2001.
Abstract: The following topics were discussed: Aspects of supercritical heavy ion collisions; Lamb shift measurement in muonic hydrogen; precision measurements of the Casimir force using an atomic force microscope; QED in the worldline formalism; dissipative effects in the propagation of polarized photons; self-energy screening in two-electron ions; quantum algebraic representation of localization and motion of a Dirac electron; anisotropy of the phase velocity of light in vacuum due to a static magnetic field; pseudoscalar production in electromagnetic fields by a Schwinger-like mechanism; decay of the vacuum with production of e/sup +/e/sup -/ pairs in very strong magnetic fields; Lorentz and CPT tests in QED; heat-kernel coefficient at and the Casimir energy of a dielectric cylinder; 25 T dipole pulsed magnet to study the magnetic birefringence of vacuum; electro-optical signal readout for gravitational waves resonant detectors; atomic quasi-degeneracy in bound-state QED; 1s2p states of He-like ions; magnetic moment anomaly of the electron bound in hydrogenic ions; atomic energy levels with QED and contribution of the screened self-energy; neutrino scattering in a magnetic field; second-order radiative corrections to the axial vector anomaly; alpha (Z alpha )/sup 3/ muonium hyperfine structure; quantum fluctuations of the gravitational field and propagation of light; atomic interferometry; muon anomalous magnetic moment experiment at Brookhaven; hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the spectra of hydrogenic atoms; DEAR experiment on DA Phi NE; axial anomaly and mass singularity cancellation in QED; hydrogen atom Rydberg constant and Lamb shifts; limits on sizes of fundamental particles and on gravitational mass of a scalar; QED effective actions in inhomogeneous backgrounds; QED test at LEP200 energies in the reaction e/sup +/e/sup -/ to gamma gamma ( gamma ); muon electric dipole moment; crystal spectroscopy and exotic atoms; proton polarizability contribution to the hydrogen Lamb shift and hyperfine splitting and high-precision spectroscopy of antiprotonic helium.
"Perspectives in Physics with Radioactive Isotope Beams 2000", European Physical Journal A, vol.13, no.1-2, 2002.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: high spin states; high spin isomers; gamma-ray spectra; heavy ion deep inelastic collisions; cluster structures; heavy ion scattering; shell model; Monte Carlo calculations; collective excitations; pairing; fusion-fission; superheavy elements; entrance channel; giant resonances; hypernuclei; muonic atoms; nucleosynthesis; neutron stars and radioactive ion beam facilities.
"Exotic Atoms '79. Fundamental Interactions and Structure of Matter. Proceedings of the Second Course of the International School of Physics of Exotic Atoms", edited by K. Crowe, J. Duclos, G. Fiorentini, and G. Torelli, Plenum, 1980.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: muonium; positronium; muon capture and lepton number conservation; polarisation experiments in Godfrey-cycle; parity non-conservation in atoms and molecules; quark atoms; baryonium; chemical physics of mesic atoms and molecules; muon spin rotation; hydrogen diffusion and trapping in BCC and FCC metals; positive muons as impurities in metals; LAMPF results on mu /sup +/ diffusion in metals; mu Sr in semiconductors and ferromagnetic metals; free radicals in muonium chemistry. Abstract of individual paper can be found under the relevant classification codes in this or future issues.
"Collisions involving: positronium or muonium, theoretical, pp. 426-31", in Sixteenth International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Abstracts of Contributed Papers, edited by A. Dalgarno, R. S. Freund, M. S. Lubell, and TB. Lucatorto, AIP, 1989.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: triply excited auto-dissociating resonant states; positronium hydride; muonic quasimolecule; d-t fusion probabilities; alpha -p sticking fractions; dtp systems; classical-quantum coupling; muon capture; antihydrogen formation; eikonal approximation. (25 References).
"Related topics: general (atomic and electronic collisions conference), pp.824-51", in Sixteenth International Conference on the Physics of Electronic and Atomic Collisions. Abstracts of Contributed Papers, edited by A. Dalgarno, R. S. Freund, M. S. Lubell, and TB. Lucatorto, AIP, 1989.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: Li-like Xe; Zeeman coherences; autoionising Rydberg series; photoexcitation; vibrational autoionisation; He; Ba; double Rydberg states; Sr+inert gas; Ag I; two-body problem; allowed transition; gauge invariance; atomic physics data; electron swarms; doubly excited states; electron-electron interference; Auger line shapes; intrashell resonance states; oscillator strength; He isoelectronic sequence; radiative muon capture; parity-nonconserving interactions; Dyson equation; Ca/sup -/. (104 References).
"Atomic Physics 6", edited by R. Damburg, Plenum. New York, NY, USA, 1978.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: energy transfer; electronic transition probabilities and excited states lifetimes; atomic levels; atomic spectra; multiple charged ions; relativistic perturbation theory; electron impact excitation and ionisation; spectroscopy; mesic atoms; mesic molecules; Lamb shift; threshold processes; correlated transitions; quasiresonance processes; gas laser models; optical pumping; interstellar molecules; atomic polarisation moment decay; excited atom alignment; anticrossing spectroscopy; quantum beats; single atom detection; coherent phenomena; parity nonconservation. 32 papers were presented, of which all are published in full in the present proceedings.
"Proceedings of International Conference on Weak and Electromagnetic Interaction in Nucleii - WEIN 95", edited by H. Ejiri, T. Kishimoto, and T. Sato, World Scientific. Singapore, 1995.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: symmetries; conservation laws; neutrino physics; double beta decay; beta -decay; weak form factors; nuclear weak processes; muon capture; flavour nuclei; EM probes; astroparticle physics; cosmology.
"Proceedings of an International Symposium on Interaction Studies in Nuclei", edited by H. Jochim and B. Ziegler, North-Holland. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1975.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: Parity violation in light nuclei and muonic atoms; neutral currents; many-body theory; beta-decay; time reversal invariance; photonuclear studies; pion nucleus interactions; NN interactions; nuclear isobars and meson currents. 57 papers were presented, of which all are published in full in the present proceedings, and none as abstracts only.
"Atomic physics methods in modern research", edited by K. Jungmann, J. Kowalski, I. Reinhard, and F. Trager, Springer-Verlag. 1998, pp.457. Berlin, Germany, 1998.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: Two-photon method for metrology in hydrogen, high precision atomic spectroscopy of muonium and simple muonic atoms, in solid He trapped atoms for physics studies beyond the standard model, g-factors of subatomic particles, laser spectroscopy of metastable antiprotonic helium atomcules, polarized compressed /sup 3/He-gas, medical NMR sensing with laser polarized /sup 3/He and /sup 129/Xe, test of special relativity in a heavy ion storage ring, resonance fluorescence of a single ion, resonance Raman studies of photoexcited molecule relaxation in solutions, four-quantum RF-resonance in the ground state of an alkaline atom, hard highly directional X-radiation from a charged particle moving in a carbon nanotube, quasiclassical approximation for polarized atom scattering, ion beam inertial fusion, spin-echo experiments with neutrons and atomic beams, light sources for spectroscopy, remote environment sensing by laser radar techniques, applied laser spectroscopy in combustion devices, the liquid helium surface, laser-assisted scanning tunneling microscopy of thin organic layers, optical spectroscopy of metal clusters, information storage on color centers, excitons and radiation damage in alkali halides, polarization of mu /sup -/ implanted in the fullerene C/sub 60/, positronium in condensed matter studies with spin polarized positrons, light-induced liberation of atoms and molecules from solid surfaces, early history of hyperfine structure spectroscopy.
"Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions in Nuclei. Proceedings of the International Symposium", edited by HV. Klapdor, Springer-Verlag. Berlin, West Germany, 1986.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with concerning weak and electromagnetic nuclear properties and excitations: nuclei at low excitations; high spin states; giant resonances and sum rules; exotic nuclei and beta -decay far from stability, spin-isospin excitations; electroweak interactions in nuclei and subnucleonic structure; status of electroweak theory; weak coupling constants; parity and CP violation, charge symmetry; double beta -decay; solar neutrinos; reactor neutrino oscillation experiments; tritium decay and electron capture; muon decay and lepton-flavor conservation; muon capture and mu -atoms; basic experiments for GUT's SUSY's and superstrings; weak interactions in astrophysics; evolution and structure of the Universe. Abstracts of individual papers can be found under the relevant classification codes in this or other issues.
"Atomic Physics 7. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Atomic Physics", edited by D. Kleppner and FM. Pipkin, Plenum. 1981, New York, NY, USA, 1980.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: high Z-systems, relativistic beams; time reversal symmetry and parity; parity violation effect; Rydberg atoms; two electron Rydberg states; hydrogen Stark resonances; nuclear properties studied by atomic physics; quantum electrodynamics; muonic helium; geonium spectra; autoionising atoms; laser induced collisional energy transfer; electron-atom scattering; three-body problems; synchrotron radiation; cooled ions and spin-polarised hydrogen. 22 papers were presented, all of which are published in full in the present proceedings. Abstracts of individual papers can be found under the relevant classification codes in this or future issues.
"Muon Science. Muons in Physics, Chemistry and Materials. Proceedings of the Fifty First Scottish Universities Summer School in Physics", edited by S. L. Lee, S. H. Kilcoyne, and R. Cywinski, IOP Publishing. Edinburgh, UK & Briston, UK, 1998.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: mu SR studies; muon production; relaxation functions; spin fluctuations; spin glass dynamics; vortex lattice in superconductors; unconventional superconductors; NMR; muonium and muon catalysed fusion.
"Advances in nuclear physics", edited by J. W. Negele and E. Vogt, Plenum. New York, NY, USA, 1987.
Abstract: The book comprises five chapters dealing with the following subjects: nuclear magnetic properties and Gamow-Teller transitions; advances in intermediate energy physics with polarized deuterons; pp interactions and baryonium searches; radiative muon capture and weak pseudoscalar coupling in nuclei; weak and hypoweak interactions.
"Methods in subnuclear physics", edited by M. Nikolic, Gordon & Breach. London, UK, 1977.
Abstract: Contains lecture notes of the fifth session of the International School of Elementary Particle Physics, September 1969. Includes papers on high energy hadron-nucleus collisions, the inelastic shielding effect, pi d coherent scattering experiments, coherent production of resonances in nuclei, photon interactions with matter, experimental analysis of interactions on nuclei, mesic atoms, and hypernuclei spectroscopy.
"Italian Physical Society. Proceedings of the International School of Physics 'Enrico Fermi' Course CXVI. Status and Perspectives of Nuclear Energy: Fission and Fusion", edited by C. Salvetti, R. A. Ricci, and E. Sindoni, North-Holland. Amsterdam, Netherlands., 1992.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: enhanced reactor safety; nuclear energy for space propulsion; nuclear power; CMFBRs; French nuclear power industry; radioactive waste management; new safer reactors for the USA; MARS PWR; dose limitation; JET results; advanced fusion; NET project; ICF; muon catalysed fusion and cold fusion.
"Electromagnetic Cascade and Chemistry on Exotic Atoms. Proceedings of the Fifth Course of the International School", edited by L. M. Simons, D. Horvath, and G. Torelli, Plenum. New York, NY, USA, 1989.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: exotic H; particle slowing and capture; slow muons; atom+antiproton collisions; pionic H; light exotic atoms; cascade processes; Mainz cascade model; X-ray yields; kinetic energy distribution; antiprotonic H; hypernuclei; cascade trapping; muonic He/sup +/ lifetime; metastable states; strong interaction effects; optical potential; radiative transitions; muon capture; muon transfer; muon-catalysed fusion; muonic atom collisions; cold fusion; pulsed muon beams; pionium atom formations; X-ray spectroscopy.
"Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems 1989, ICENES '89. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference", edited by Mollendorff U. von and B. Goel, World Scientific. Singapore, 1989.
Abstract: The following topics were dealt with: advanced fission reactors; fission reactor waste management; magnetic confinement fusion; hybrid reactors; symbiosis; inertial confinement fusion; advanced fuel fusion; fusion reactor neutronics; nuclear space power systems; muon catalysed fusion and cold fusion.
Vyach. M. Bystritsky, V. V. Gerasimov, A. R. Krylov, S. S. Parzhitski, F. M. Pen'kov, O. M. Shvyryaev, V. A. Stolupin, G. N. Dudkin, B. A. Nechaev, V. M. Padalko, J. Wozniak, G. A. Mesyats, Vit. M. Bystritskii, V. I. Makhrin, and N. A. Ratakhin, "Measurement of the Astrophysical S Factor for dd Interaction at Ultralow Deuteron-Collision Energies Using the Inverse Z Pinch," Physics of Atomic Nuclei, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 1683--90, 2003.
Abstract: "This paper is devoted to measurement of the astrophysical S factor and cross sections of the d + d --> 3He + n reaction at ultralow deuteron-collision energies. Formation of the flow of the accelerated deuterons incident on the CD2 solid-state target was made within the scheme of the inverse Z pinch. The liner in the initial state was a hollow supersonic deuterium jet of radius of 15 mm and length of 20 mm. The experiment was carried out at the pulsed high-current accelerator (I = 950 kA
G. N. Dudkin, B. A. Nechaev, V. N. Padalko, V. M. Bystritsky, V. A. Stolupin, V. M. Bystritskii, and J. Wozniak, "Generation and interaction of intense counterpropagating plasma flows," Fizika Plazmy, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 714--21, 2003.
Abstract: Results are presented from experimental studies of the parameters of two counterpropagating (colliding) plasma flows generated by discharges in crossed electric and magnetic fields. It is shown that the conversion efficiency of the energy deposited in the discharges into the energy of directed plasma flows is 0.3-0.6. For discharge current pulses with a duration of ~10 mu s, the energy flux density in the plasma flow reaches ~10 J/cm/sup 2/ and the total energy of the flows is on the order of 300 J. The density of deuterons in flows is ~10/sup 15/ cm/sup -3/ , and the flow velocity is [left angle bracket]or=2*10/sup 7/ cm/s. The total number of particles carried by flows is about 10/sup 19/. The possibility of using counterpropagating plasma flows to study reactions involving light nuclei (dd, pd, dt, and dHe reactions) in the range of ultralow collision energies is discussed. (12 References).
V. M. Bystritskii, V. M. Bystritsky, J. Wozniak, V. M. Grebenyuk, E. Gula, G. N. Dudkin, G. A. Mesyats, B. A. Nechaev, V. N. Padalko, S. S. Parzhitski, F. M. Pen'kov, N. A. Ratakhin, S. A. Sorokin, and VA. Stolupin, "Deuterium liner and multiparametric studies of the formation of an inverse Z-pinch," Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, vol. 72, no. 9, pp. 29--37, 2002.
Abstract: "A method and results of measurements are presented of the ion energy distribution in a deuterium liner accelerated in the inverse Z-pinch, in which the plasma is accelerated electrodynamically from the liner axis. Knowledge of the deuteron energy distribution is of primary importance for the correct interpretation of the experimental results from the study of the dd-reaction in the range of infralow energies with the use of a liner plasma. Experiments were carried out in a high-current pulsed accelerator (I=950 kA
V. F. Boreiko, V. M. Bystritsky, V. M. Grebenyuk, A. I. Vanov, A. I. Kalinin, A. R. Krylov, S. S. Parzhitsky, V. M. Slepnev, V. A. Stolupin, and J. Wozniak, "/sup 3/He detectors in experiments at powerful pulsed accelerators," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 490, no. 1-2, pp. 344--55, 2002.
Abstract: A possibility of using a thermal neutron detector in the high gamma -quantum and bremsstrahlung fields is considered in the paper. The design of the thermal neutron detector consisting of 10 counters filled with /sup 3/He under a pressure of 2 atm and enclosed in a polyethylene moderator is described. The results of measuring the neutron recording efficiency and neutron lifetimes by this detector exposed to a neutron flux from the dt-reaction and from /sup 252/Cf and Pu-Be sources are reported. The thicknesses of the polyethylene moderator and the Pb layer used for suppression of the background in the fields of powerful electromagnetic radiation are optimized. (18 References).
V. Bystritsky, G. Dudkin, V. Grebenyuk, E. Gula, B. Nechaev, V. Padalko, S. Parzhitski, F. Pen'kov, N. Ratakhin, S. Sorokin, V. Stolupin, J. Wozniak, and V. Bystritskii, "Measurement of the deuterium liner characteristics in the inverse Z-pinch configuration," in PPPS-2001 Pulsed Power Plasma Science 2001. 8th IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science and 13th IEEE International Pulsed Power Conference. Digest of Papers, (R. Reinovsky and M. Newton, eds.), pp. 1031-4, 2001.
Abstract: This work is a part of a continuing research on measuring dd- reaction cross sections in keV energy range using accelerated ion flow in the liner of the Z-pinch generator. The knowledge of the ions energy distribution in the accelerated liner is crucially important for calculation of cross section. Diagnostics and the first results on the measurement of the energy distribution of the liner ions in the inverse Z-pinch geometry are described. Experiments were fulfilled in HCEI (Tomsk, Russia) at the nanosecond pulsed generator of 1 MA, 80 ns pulse. The spatially and time resolved liner dynamics and its radiation were measured with a set of light detectors (LDs), placed at various radii registering H/sub alpha / and H/sub beta / deuterium lines, and with B-dot probes, measuring the dynamics of the current carrying plasma liner. Processing of the LDs signal waveforms based on assumption of ordered ion flow between the LDs provided compatible information on the ion energy distribution. The neutron TOF measurements provided data on the high energy deuterons flows, responsible for the main neutron output. These experiments substantiate potential of using optical plasma diagnostic, which in combination with conventional electro-physical and neutron diagnostics could significantly improve reliability of dd-reaction cross-section measurement. (5 References).
V. Bystritskii, V. Bystritsky, S. Chaikovsky, M. Filipowicz, V. Grebenyzuk, E. Gula, V. Makhrin, G. Mesyats, S. Parzhitski, F. Pen'kov, N. Ratakhin, V. Sinebryukhov, S. Sorokin, V. Stolupin, E. Volkov, and J. Wozniak, "The astrophysical S-factor for dd-reactions at keV-energy range," Kerntechnik, vol. 66, no. 1-2, pp. 42--6, 2001.
Abstract: The experimental results of measurements of the astrophysical S-factor for dd-reaction at keV-energy range collision energies using liner plasma technique are presented. The experiments were carried out at the high current generator of the Institute of High-Current Electronics in Tomsk, Russia. The measured values of the S-factors for the deuteron collision energies 1.80, 2.06 and 227 keV are S/sub dd/=(114+or-68), (64+or-30), (53+or-16) b.keV, respectively. The corresponding cross sections for dd-reactions, described as a product of the barrier factor and measured astrophysical S-factor, are sigma /sub dd//sup n/(E/sub col/=1.80 keV)=(4.3+or-2.6).10/sup -33/ cm/sup 2/; sigma /sub dd//sup n/(E/sub col/=2.06 keV)=(9.8+or-4.6).10/sup -33/ cm/sup 2/; sigma /sub dd//sup n/(E/sub col/=2.27 keV)=(2.1+or-0.6).10/sup -32/ cm/sup 2/. (36 References).
V. M. Bystritskii, V. M. Bystritsky, S. A. Chaikovsky, M. Filipowicz, V. M. Grebenyuk, E. Gula, V. I. Makhrin, G. A. Mesyats, S. S. Parzhitski, F. M. Pen'kov, N. A. Ratakhin, V. A. Sinebryukhov, S. A. Sorokin, V. A. Stolupin, E. N. Volkov, and J. Wozniak, "Astrophysical S factor for dd interaction at ultralow energies," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 920--5, 2001.
Abstract: Experimental results are presented that were obtained by measuring the astrophysical S factor for dd interaction at very low deuteron collision energies by using the liner-plasma technique. The experimental was performed at the high-current generator of the High-Current Electronics Institute (Tomsk, Russia). The values found for the S factor at the deuteron collision energies of 1.80, 2.06, and 2.27 keV are S/sub dd/=114+or-68, 64+or-30, and 53+or-16 keV b, respectively. The corresponding dd cross sections obtained as the product of the barrier factor and the measured astrophysical S factor are sigma /sub dd//sup n/(E/sub c0l/=1.80 keV)=(4.3+or-2.6)*10/sup -33/ cm/sup 2/, sigma /sub dd//sup n/(E/sub c0l/=2.00 keV)=(0.8+or-4.6)*10/sup -33/ cm/sup 2/ and sigma /sub dd//sup n/(E/sub c0l/=2.27 keV)=(2.1+0.6)*10/sup -32/ cm/sup 2/. (38 References).
J. Wozniak, "Strong interactions between light nuclei at low energies," in Collaboration between JINR and Institutes and Universities of Poland, (V. G. Kadyshevski, A. N. Sisakyan, and A. Hrynkiewicz, eds.), pp. 48--54, 2001.
V. M. Bystritsky, V. M. Grebenyuk, S. S. Parzhitsky, F. M. Pen'kov, V. A. Stolupin, G. A. Mesyats, V. I. Makhrin, N. A. Ratakhin, V. A. Sinebryukhov, E. N. Volkov, V. M. Bystritskii, M. Filipovicz, J. Wozniak, E. Gula, G. N. Dudkin, B. A. Nechaev, and VN. Padalko, "Inverse Z-pinch in fundamental investigations," Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors & Associated Equipment, vol. 455, no. 3, pp. 706--14, 2000.
Abstract: This paper is devoted to examination of the possibility of using a deuterium inverse Z-pinch for investigation of the dd reaction at ultralow deuterium collision energies. The experiment was carried out at the Institute of High-Current Electronics (Tomsk) using the high current accelerator (the current pulse amplitude is 850 kA, the high-voltage pulse duration is ~80 ns). The characteristic data of the deuterium liner accelerated by the inverse Z-pinch process up to (2.8-7.2)*10/sup 7/ cm/s were measured for the first time. The type and values of gamma and neutron radiation that occurred during liner acceleration process were examined. The application of fast scintillator neutron detectors with definite size and a deuterium target located at distances more than 140 mm from the liner axis was demonstrated to allow reliable time separation of {"}useful{"} events from background events. (23 References).
V. M. Bystritsky, V. M. Grebenyuk, S. S. Parzhitski, F. M. Pen'kov, V. T. Sidorov, V. A. Stolupin, T. L. Bulgakov, G. A. Mesyats, A. A. Sinebryukhov, V. A. Sinebryukhov, S. A. Chaikovsky, A. V. Luchinsky, V. I. Makhrin, N. A. Ratakhin, S. A. Sorokin, V. M. Bystritskii, M. Filipowicz, J. Wozniak, and E. Gula, "Experimental investigation of dd reaction in range of ultralow energies using Z-pinch," Laser & Particle Beams, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 325--33, 2000.
Abstract: Experimental results on measurement of dd-reaction cross sections in the energy range of 0.1-1.5 keV using the Z-pinch technique are presented. The experiment was fulfilled at the high current generator of the High-Current Electronics Institute, city of Tomsk, Russia. The dd-fusion neutrons were registered by time-of-flight scintillator detectors and BF/sub 3/ detectors of thermal neutrons. The estimates were obtained at 90% of the confidence level for the upper limits of the neutron-producing dd-reaction cross sections for average deuteron collision energies of 0.11, 0.34, 0.37 and 1.46 keV. These results substantiate feasibility to get a cross section magnitude for dd-reaction in the range of the collision energy of 0.8-3 keV using similar technology at the pulse current level of 2-3 MA. (53 References).
V. M. Bystritsky, V. M. Grebenyuk, S. S. Parzhitski, F. M. Penkov, V. T. Sidorov, V. A. Stolupin, T. L. Bulgakov, G. A. Mesyats, A. A. Sinebryukhov, V. A. Sinebryukhov, S. A. Chaikovsky, A. V. Luchinsky, N. A. Ratakhin, S. A. Sorokin, V. M. Bystritskii, A. Toor, M. Filipowicz, A. Gula, E. Lacki, J. Wozniak, and E. Gula, "A new approach in the experimental studies of nuclear reactions at ultralow energies," Nukleonika, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 775--800, 1997.
Abstract: A new experimental approach in the study of strong interactions between light nuclei at ultralow energies (100 eV-3 keV) is proposed. The method is based on the use of nanosecond ion beams generated by plasma linear accelerator. This approach will allow one to obtain information about characteristics of nuclear reactions in the indicated energy region. The use of classical accelerators is difficult because according to theoretical calculations the range of the cross section values for the studied reactions in this energy region is 10/sup -43/-10/sup -32/ cm/sup 2/. In this paper, the method of measurement of the cross section is described and the first result of experiment on measurement of the (dd) reaction cross section at deuteron collision energies 220 eV is presented. (16 References).
T. L. Bulgakov, V. M. Bystritskii, V. M. Bystritsky, S. A. Chaikovsky, M. Filipowicz, V. M. Grebenyuk, A. Gula, A. V. Luchinsky, V. I. Makhrin, G. A. Mesyats, S. S. Parzhitski, N. A. Ratakhin, B. M. Sabirov, A. A. Sinebryukhov, V. A. Sinebryukhov, S. A. Sorokin, V. A. Stolupin, and J. Wozniak, "Measurement of the cross section for the reaction d+d to /sup 3/He+n at ultralow collision energies by the Z-pinch technique," Yadernaya Fizika, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 1349--52, 1997.
Abstract: The cross section was measured for the reaction d+d to /sup 3/He+n induced by incident deuterons with a mean energy of about 440 eV. The intense deuteron beam employed in this experiment was generated during the implosion of a liner. The experiment was performed at the high-current accelerator of the Institute of High-Current Electronics (Tomsk). The maximum current, voltage, and current-saturation time of the accelerator were 750 kA, 700 kV, and 60 ns, respectively. A two-jet gas liner involving 17% D/sub 2/ acid 83% N/sub 2/ was used (the inner jet served as a target). Neutrons emitted in deuteron-deuteron collisions were detected by scintillation spectrometers according to the time of flight and by BF/sub 3/ thermal-neutron detectors encased in a polyethylene moderator. From a preliminary analysis of experimental data, it was found that the upper limit on the cross section for the reaction d+d to /sup 3/He+n is 2*10/sup -34/ cm/sup 2/ (at confidence level of 90%). (11 References).
T. Bulgakov, Vit. Bystritskii, G. Mesyats, A. Sinebryukhov, V. Sinebryukhov, V. Bystritsky, V. Grebenyuk, S. Parzhitski, B. Sabirov, V. Stolupin, A. Luchinsky, S. Chaikovsky, V. Makhrin, N. Ratakhin, S. Sorokin, A. Gula, M. Filipowicz, and J. Wozniak, "Nuclear reactions cross section measurement using Z-pinch technology," in Proc. 11-th Int. Conf. on High Power Particle Beams "Beams'96", 1996.
V. B. Belyaev, Vyach. M. Bystritsky, V. M. Grebenyuk, O. I. Kartavtsev, S. S. Parzhitsky, B. M. Sabirov, V. T. Sidorov, S. G. Stetsenko, V. A. Stolupin, T. L. Bulgakov, G. A. Mesyats, A. A. Sinebryukhov, Vit. M. Bystritsky, W. Czaplinski, M. Filipowicz, A. Gula, E. Lacki, J. Wozniak, F. E. Zyazula, S. K. Anrukhovich, A. V. Luchinsky, N. A. Ratakhin, S. A. Sorokin, and S. A. Chaikovskii, "Investigation of interaction between light nuclei at superlow energies 100 -- 2000 eV (project LESI)," JINR Communications, vol. D15-95-378, no. , JINR, Dubna, 1995.
V. B. Belyaev, A. Bertin, Vit. M. Bystritsky, Vyach. M. Bystritsky, A. Gula, O. I. Kartavtsev, A. V. Kravtsov, A. V. Luchinsky, G. A. Mesyats, L. I. Rivkis, N. A. Ratakhin, A. A. Sinebryukhov, S. A. Sorokin, S. G. Stetsenko, V. A. Stolupin, A. Vitale, and J. Wozniak, "Investigations of strong interactions at very low energies (50 eV - 1000 eV)," JINR Communications, vol. D15-92-324, no. , JINR, Dubna, 1992.